Everything aerial masses In winter, colder, and summer warmer. Therefore, the air temperature in each separate location changes in a raid course: average monthly temperatures in winter months Below, and in the summer - above. If we calculate the average monthly temperatures for a long-term observation row, we will get that these average monthly temperatures are smoothly changing from one month to another, rising from January or February by July or August and then falling (Fig. 5).
Fig. 5. Annual air temperature on a latitude of 62 °
The difference between the average monthly temperatures of the warmest and the coldest month is called annual air temperature amplitude. Climatology discusses the annual amplitudes of temperature calculated by many years of monthly temperatures.
The annual amplitude of the air temperature is primarily growing with geographic latitude. At the equator, the influx of solar radiation changes very little during the year; towards the pole of differences in admission solar radiation Between winter and in the summer, they increase, and at the same time the annual amplitude of air temperature increases. Over the ocean, away from the shores, this is a latitudinal change in annual amplitude, however, is small. If the land was completely covered with an ocean, free from ice, the annual amplitude of the air temperature would change from zero at the equator to 5-6 ° in the pole. In fact, NAD southern part Pacific Ocean, away from the continents, the annual amplitude between 20 and 60 ° latitude increases from approximately 3 to 5 °. However, over a narrower northern The Pacific Ocean, where the effect of neighboring continents, the amplitude between 20 and 60 ° latitude is growing from 3 to 15 °.
The annual amplitudes of the temperature above the land is significantly larger than over the sea (as well as daily amplitudes). Even over relatively small mainland southern hemispheres, they exceed 15 °, and under the breadth of 60 ° on the mainland of Asia, in Yakutia, they reach 60 °.
But small amplitudes are observed in many areas above the land, even away from coastlineif air masses from the sea often come there, for example in Western Europe. On the contrary, elevated amplitudes are observed above the ocean, where air masses from the mainland often fall into the western parts of the oceans of the northern hemisphere. Therefore, the magnitude of the annual amplitude of the temperature depends not simply on the nature of the underlying surface or from the proximity of this place to the coastline; It depends on the repeatability in this place air masses of marine and continental origin, i.e. from conditions total circulation Atmosphere.
Not just sea, but also big degenerate annual amplitude Air temperature and thus soften the climate.
With high-generable amplitude temperature decreases. In the mountains of the endropic belt, this is a decrease of 2 ° for every kilometer of height. In the free atmosphere it is more. However, in the vneipic latitudes, the significant annual movement of the temperature remains even in the upper troposphere and in the stratosphere. It is determined seasonal change absorption conditions and returns of radiation not only ground surface, but also by the air itself.
Depending on the latitude and continentality, the following can be distinguished types annual stroke Temperature (Fig. 6).
Fig. 6. Some types of the annual movement of air temperature: 1
- Equatorial,
2 -
tropical in the field of monsoon, 3 -
marine B. moderate belt, 4 -
continental in moderate belt
Equatorial type
Small amplitude, since differences in the flow of solar radiation during the year are small, and time the greatest tributary Radiations on the border of the atmosphere coincides with the greatest cloudiness and rains. Inside the continents, the amplitude of about 5 °, on the coasts less than 3 °, on the oceans 1 ° and less. Although it is not always clear, two maximum temperatures after the standing of the Sun in Zenith (equinoxies) and two colder seasons at the lowest positions of the Sun (solstice).
Tropical type
The amplitude is greater than in the equatorial type: on the coasts of about 5 °, inside the mainland 10-15 °. One maximum and one at least during the year, for the most part after the highest and lowest standing of the sun. In monsoon regions, the maximum in this type is observed before the beginning of the summer monsoon, which brings some temperature decrease.
Type of moderate belt
Extreme values \u200b\u200bare observed here after the solstice, and in marine climates They are departed compared to continental. In the northern hemisphere, the minimum is observed on land in January, and above the sea - in February or March; Maximum above the land in July, and above the sea - in August and sometimes even in September. It is easily explained by differences in heating and heat transfer of sushi and the sea.
Continental type in moderate belt
For him is especially characteristic cold winterHowever, the summer is hotter than in the sea climate. Transition seasons take their own character here, and in the typical seaside climate of spring cold of autumn, and in continental - warmer. However, in the mainland areas with abundant snowpot (for example, on European territory CIS and B. Western Siberia.), where a lot of heat goes to the melting of snow, spring, as in the maritime climate, colder autumn. Annual amplitudes of about 25-40 °, and in Asia may exceed 60 °.
Sea Type in temperate belt
Annual amplitudes Even in the maritime climate of a moderate belt of about 10-15 °.
In a moderate belt, it is possible to distinguish subzones: subtropical, actually moderate, subogenous. The first seasons are well expressed only in the middle of them; In it, annual amplitudes have the greatest differences for the continental and sea climate.
Polar Type
Minimum in the annual progress moves at the time of the appearance of the sun over the horizon, after a long polar night, i.e. In the northern hemisphere for February-March, in South - for August-September; Maximum in the northern hemisphere is observed in July, in South - in January or December; The amplitude on land (Greenland, Antarctica) is great - about 30-40 °. In the naval climate of polar latitudes - on the islands and on the outskirts of the mainland - it is less, but still about 20◦ or more.
annual amplitude - The difference in the greatest and smallest average monthly values \u200b\u200bof which or changing during the year meteorological element ... Dictionary on geography
amplitude - s, g. 1) Range of oscillations, the greatest deviation of the oscillating body from the equilibrium position. The amplitude of pendulum oscillations. 2) the difference between extreme values. Annual amplitude of temperature fluctuations. Related words: amplitude / bottom etymology ... Popular Dictionary of the Russian Language
S; g. [from Lat. Amplitudo value]. what. 1. Phys. The greatest deviation of the oscillating body from the equilibrium position; Range of fluctuations. A. Pendulist. 2. The difference between extreme values. Annual a. Temperature oscillations. 3. Book. What's l., Extremely ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
amplitude - s; g. (from lat. Amplitudo value) See the DVG. Amplitude 1) Piz. The greatest deviation of the oscillating body from the equilibrium position; Range of fluctuations. Amplitude / yes pendulum. 2) the difference between extreme values. Annual amplitude / yes oscillations ... ... Dictionary of many expressions
- (Greek. κλίμα, κλίματος means the slope of the Sun, otherwise to say the midwood height of the sun). Ancient geographers shared the land on climatic belts depending on this phenomenon and the length of the day, taking into account the so-called astronomical climates, ... ...
Climax - (from Greek. Climax staircase), mactery, menopausal period, transitional age, transitional years, woman's life period, when its reproductive ability ceases, one of whose manifestations is the presence of ov, ... ... Big medical encyclopedia
R. occupies such a large space not only with Z. on V., but also with S. on Y. that the climate of different parts, of course, is very different; But the unfairly quite common opinion is that in R. there are all climates from the polar to tropical: ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- (Add. to Art. Polar Countries Sev. and South. Hemisphey). 1) European Arctic Ocean (Sea Barents in wide sense Words and white). Research recent years (Starting from 1898), and especially in 1898 1901, greatly expanded knowledge of ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
- (Supplement to the article) (Extras. To Art. Polar Countries Sev. and South. Hemisphey). 1) European Arctic Ocean (Barents Sea in a broad sense of the word and white). Studies of recent years (starting from 1898), and especially in 1898 1901, strongly ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Many years of weather in this area. Weather at any time characterize certain combinations of temperature, humidity, direction and wind speeds. In some types of climate, the weather varies significantly every day or ... ... Encyclopedia Color
The statistical mode of weather conditions characteristic of this area for a period of several decades (usually in 30 years). In other words, the concept of climate includes not only Wed. The values \u200b\u200bof meteorological parameters for a certain interval ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
The term "amplitude" is used in different sciences to describe the oscillations of any values \u200b\u200b(temperature, speed, vibration, etc.).
The meaning of the term "amplitude"
Amplitude is calculated when physical significance Unstable (i.e. there is a greater indicator and smaller). Thus, this concept can be applied to those phenomena that have wave races for a specific period of time. The amplitude can be calculated using various formulas depending on the type of oscillations.
The term "amplitude" in geography
In geography, the concept of "amplitude" is used in two cases:
- Height amplitude;
- the amplitude of temperatures.
The height amplitude is used to count the altitude oscillations and is used mainly when drawing up cards. The concept can be applied both to a small region and to the whole mainland. For example, the most high Point Eurasia - Mount Everest (8848 m above sea level), and most low place on continent - valley Dead Sea (430 m below sea level). To calculate the amplitude of heights, we use the following formula:
Maximum height - minimum height
In the case of Eurasia we get: 8848 - (430) \u003d 9278 (m). Such is the amplitude of the heights of the mainland, the largest among all other continents.
The concept of "amplitude of temperatures" is more often used, since meteorological reports are compiled daily. It is calculated over the following time intervals:
- Month;
- season;
For example, in the city of Moscow, the temperature comes to 26 ° C, and at night it drops to 12 ° C. The amplitude per day will be an average and will be 14 ° C.
If the height amplitude is approximately constant, then the daily temperature amplitude may depend on of different factors, in particular, from the type of relief. On the annual amplitude of temperatures has the greatest influence climate belt and geographic latitude. So, it is known that equatorial zone The amplitude will be insignificant, since there are almost no oscillations there, and in a moderate belt it will increase its value, since the temperature difference will be large and will provide a greater indicator as a result.
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Annual amplitudes.
The annual amplitude of the surface temperature is the difference between the maximum and minimal average temperatures. It increases with an increase in the latitude of the place, which is due to the increase in the oscillations of solar radiation. The greatest values amplitude reaches on continents; On the oceans and marine shores it is significantly less. The smallest amplitude is celebrated in equatorial latitudes (2-3 °). The largest - in subarctic latitudes on the mainland (more than 60 °).
Determined primarily with breadth. The annual temperature of the air temperature is the change in the average monthly temperature during the year. The annual amplitude of air temperature is the difference between the maximum and minimum average monthly temperatures.
4 types of the annual movement of temperature are isolated; In each type, two subtypes are sea and continental, characterized by various annual amplitude of temperature.
In the equatorial type of the annual temperature movement there are 2 small maxima and 2 small minimum. The maxima occurs after the equinox days when the sun is in the zenith over the equator. In the sea subtype, the amplitude is 1-2 °, in the continental 4-6 °. The temperature is positive all year.
In the tropical type there is 1 maximum after a day summer Solstice and 1 minimum - after a day winter Solstice In the northern hemisphere. In the sea subtype, the amplitude is 5 °, in the continental 10-20 °.
The moderate type also has 1 maximum after the day of the summer solstice and 1 minimum after the day of the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, the temperature of the temperature is negative. Above the ocean amplitude is 10-15 °, it increases over the dryness as it removes from the ocean: on the coast - 10 °, in the center of the mainland - up to 60 °.
In the polar type 1 maximum after the day of the summer solstice and 1 minimum after the day of the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere, temperature most year - negative. The amplitude at the sea is 20-30 °, on land - 60 °.
The zonal temperature of the temperature due to the influx of solar radiation is reflected. Big influence It has the movement of air masses. In Europe, there are refunds of cold weather due to the invasion of the Arctic air masses. Early autumn - Returns of warmth due to tropical air.
Geographically, temperature distribution is shown by isotherms - lines connecting on a point of point with identical temperatures. Distribution of temperature zone, isotherms have a subshiroid stretch and correspond to the annual distribution of radiation balance. All parallels Northern Hemisphere The warmer of the southern, especially great differences in polar latitudes. Antarctica is a planetary refrigerator and acts heaving to earth. The thermal equator - the strip of the highest annual temperatures - is located in the northern hemisphere on the breadth of 10 ° C. sh. In summer, the thermal equator is shifted to 20 ° C. sh. , in winter, approaching the equator 5 ° C. sh. The displacement of the thermal equator in the northern hemisphere is explained by the fact that in the northern hemisphere Sushi area located in low latitudes, more compared to Southern Hemispheme; and it has more over a year high temperatures. The distribution of the isotherm violates warm and cold flows. IN moderate latitudes Northern Hemispheres Western Coast, washed warm currents, the warmer of eastern shores, along which cold flows pass. Consequently, the isotherms from the Western shores bend to the pole, in the eastern shores to the equator.
On the summer temperature map (July in the northern hemisphere and December in southern) isotherms are located subshir.
On the winter temperature map (December in the northern hemisphere and July in southern) isotherms are significantly deviated from parallels.
Annual amplitudes.
Good luck to you!
We all know that residents globe Live in completely different climatic zones. That is why with the onset of colds in one hemisphere, warming begins in the other. Many ride on vacation to warm up under the sun in other countries and do not even think about the annual amplitude of temperatures. How to calculate this indicator, children will be learned from school bench. But with age, often just forget about his importance.
Definition
Before calculating the annual amplitude of temperatures on schedule, it is necessary to remember what is this definition. So, the amplitude, by itself, is defined as the difference in the maximum and minimum indicator.
In case of calculation annual temperature The amplitude will serve as the thermometer readings. For the accuracy of the results, it is important that the thermometer is always used only one. This will allow independently in a particular region to determine the chart of the temperature of temperatures. How to calculate an annual amplitude in climatology? Experts use for this middle testimony of monthly temperatures over the years, so their indicators are always different about those that are calculated independently for their settlement.
Change factors
So, before calculating the annual amplitude of the air temperature, you should consider several important factorsaffecting its indicators.
First of all, it is the geographical latitude of the required point. The closer the region is located to the equator, the less will the annual fluctuation of the thermometer indicators. Closer to the poles of the globe of the continent, the seasonal change of climate is stronger, and, consequently, the annual amplitude of temperatures (as calculating - further in the article) will increase in proportion to grow.
Also on air heating indicators also affects the approximate region to large water bodies. The closer the coast of the sea, the ocean, or even the lake, the climate is softer, and the temperature change is not so pronounced. On land, the difference in temperature difference is very high, and, both annual and daily. Of course, you can change such a situation that often coming from the sea by the air, as, for example, in Western Europe.
Depends on the amplitude of temperatures and from the height of the region above sea level. The higher the desired point is, the less difference will be. With each kilometer, it is reduced by approximately 2 degrees.
Before calculating the annual temperature amplitude, it is necessary to take into account and seasonal climate change. Such as monsimes or droughts.
Calculations for daily amplitude
Make such calculations each thermometer and free time owner can independently. To get the maximum accuracy for a specific day, the thermometer readings should be recorded every 3 hours, starting from midnight. Thus, from the resulting 8 measurements it is necessary to highlight the maximum and minimum indicators. After that, the less is less taken away, and the result obtained is a daily amplitude of a particular day. This is how specialists are calculated on meteorological stations.
It is important to remember the elementary rule of mathematics, which is, if the calculations are carried out in the cold season, and the daily temperature ranges from a positive day to a negative night, the calculation will look something like this:
5 - (-3) \u003d 5 + 3 \u003d 8 - daily amplitude.
Annual temperature amplitude. How to calculate?
Calculations by definition annual oscillations The thermometer readings are carried out in a similar way, only the average and minimum meaning of the thermometers of the hottest and coldest months of the year are taken for the maximum and minimum value. They, in turn, are calculated due to the preparation of the average daily temperatures.
Obtaining medium testimony
To determine the average testimony for each day, it is necessary to fold into a single number all the readings recorded during this period of time, and split the result by the number of folded values. Maximum accuracy is obtained when calculating the average indicator from more Measurements, but most often enough to remove data from the thermometer every 3 hours.
Similarly, data on average temperatures for each month of the year are also calculated from the already calculated average daily targets.
Calculation
Before determining the annual amplitude of the air temperature in a specific region, you should find the maximum and minimum average monthly temperature indicator. From greater, it is necessary to take away less, also given the rules of mathematics, and the result is considered the very desired annual amplitude.
The importance of indicators
In addition to calculating the air temperature for various geographical purposes, the temperature difference is important in other sciences. Thus, paleontologists explore the vital activity of extinct species, calculating the amplitudes of temperature fluctuations in the entire epochs. For this, various soil samples and other methods of thermography are helped.
Exploring the operation of internal combustion engines, specialists determine the periods as certain time intervals constituting the fraction of seconds. For accuracy of measurements in such situations, special electronic recorders apply.
In geography, temperature changes can also be recorded in shares, but it requires a thermograph. Such a device is a mechanical device, continuously fixing the temperature of the tape or digital carrier. It also determines the amplitude of the changes, given the exhibited time intervals. Such accurate devices are used in areas where people are closed, for example, in the zones of nuclear reactors, where every shares of degrees are important, and it is necessary to monitor their changes constantly.
Conclusion
Of all the above, it is clear how to determine the annual amplitude of the temperature, and for which these data is needed. Experts to relieve the task share the atmosphere of the entire planet to certain climatic zones. This is also due to the fact that the spread of temperatures on the planet is so wide that it is impossible to determine the average for it, which would have responded. Climate separation on Equatorial, tropical, subtropical, moderate continental and sea, allows you to create a more realistic picture, taking into account all the factors affecting the temperature indicators in the regions.
Due to this distribution of zones, it can be determined that the amplitude of temperatures is growing depending on the remoteness from the equator, the approximity of large water bodies and many other conditions, including the period of the summer and winter solstice. Interestingly, depending on the duration and transition seasons, as well as the peaks of hot and cold temperatures.
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