Rally of the coastline of the sea Laptev. What did we know? Animal and vegetable world

Location of the reservoir

If you look into dictionaries and reference books, you can find out that the sea is called part of the ocean, separated by the land or the peculiar relief features. Following the definition given, it can be said that the Laptev Sea is part of the Arctic Ocean. Almost all experts note that this is one of the harsh Arctic seas. If the Barents and Kara Sea are under the influence of the warm ocean flow of Gulf Stream, then it does not reach these places. Continuous I. saw Winter Promotes the formation of large amounts of sea ice.

Features of climate

Laptev Sea is located at the same distance from both the Atlantic and the Pacific Ocean. Warm aerial masses In arctic latitudes practically do not make their way. Even in the southern part of the water area, negative temperatures are saved for 9 months a year. In the north this period is even more - almost 11 months. The average January temperature ranges from 25 to 35 degrees below zero. The absolute minimum temperature recorded here is 61 0 C. At the same time, it is mainly preserved clear, cloudless weather. This fact It is explained by the fact that the Siberian anticyclone dominates in these latitudes.

Coastline

Laptev rivers flowing into the sea: Anabar, Khatanga, Olenek, Lena, Yana - carry a large amount of snack in his waters, pebble, sand and boulders. Plus, river water significantly dismisses sea water in places of imposition. So, at the mouth of the Lena, the salinity of water is only 1%. While the average equal is 34%. On the big depths The bottom of the sea is covered with sludge. This is explained by the fact that rivers regularly carry out significant amounts of soil in the sea. River precipitates are up to 25 centimeters per year. For this reason, coastal areas are distinguished by relatively small depths: 20 - 50 meters.

Ice setting

Unlike other reservoirs, most of the year the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev is covered with ice. Ice formation begins in September almost throughout. In winter, there is a thickness of up to two meters in the eastern part. Ice begins in June-July. And by August, a significant part of the water area is exempt from ice. In warm, if you can put it, the period of ice edge changes its position under the influence of winds and flows. Taimyr ice array descends into the sea. It carries a large volume of many years of ice, which does not have time to melting for a short polar summer.

Vegetation and animal world

It is not difficult to guess that the temperature of the sea determines qualitative composition Plants and animals that live in his waters. Phytoplankton is presented in limited quantities. marine algae and plants that are common in desalinated waters. Zoological Plankton is represented by certain types of infusories, trashrats and other organisms that are food for the Arctic species of fish. Among them, Sig, Omul, Halto, Nelma and Ostr. Froghogs, seals and white bears are inhabited from among mammals here. Not far from the coast nest sea seagulls.

Sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev - the outskirts of the Northern Ice Ocean, named in 1935 in honor of the Russian researchers of the North of the Hyriton brothers and Dmitry Laptev, who were the first to drive the coastline of the sea (1735-1740), is located between the coast of Siberia, the Peninsula Taimyr, Islands Northern Earth and Novosibirsk. In the West, it is connected to the Kara Sea, in the East - with the East Siberian Sea. The seaside of the sea is 662 thousand km 2, the amount of water is 403 thousand km 3, the average depth of 578 m, the largest - 3385 m. In the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, there are large contrasts of depths. In its southern part, medium depths do not go beyond 15-25 m, and the northern borders of the sea pass over the false ocean with depths of more than 2000 m.

Fig.1. Laptevih sea

The sharp range of the depths of a steep mainland slope, starting with 100 m and ending with 3000-meter foods, divide the sea to the northern and southern parts of almost the parallels of Wilkitsky bay. The nature of the soils in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev corresponds to the distribution of depths. At large depths, the bottom is covered with sludge. In shallow areas, bottom sediments consist of sludge and sand with the addition of pebbles and boulders. On sedimentation in the coastal zone of the sea big influence Remote rivers whose water carries significant number Weighing. Washing the precipitation and the abrasion of the shores lead to the fact that in the coastal part, the speed of sedimentation reaches 25 cm / year. A variety of rivers, the largest - Lena, Hatanga, Yana, Olenek, Anabar, flows into the sea. In the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, several dozen islands ( total area 3784 km 2), mainly in the western part of the sea.

In the cliffs of the coast of the Novosibirsk Islands there are exits of relict ice of a significant thickness. Numerous mammoth remains are found in the exposed layers of ice. Numerous Northern Land glaciers (the total area of \u200b\u200bglaciation is 16,900 km 2), descending into the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev along the U-shaped valleys, produce icebergs. High ice content in the thicker breeds of quaternary age, the southern seaside of the sea, contributes to the strengthening of the abrasion process in the area. The rate of destruction of the shores sometimes reaches 30-40 m / year with an average value of 5 m / year. The melting of ice and the waveguard process sometimes lead to the destruction of small islands.

Meteorological and hydrological conditions

Laptop sea climate is very stern. The position of the sea in high latitudes, its remoteness from the sweeping effects of the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean, proximity and free communication with the central Arctic pool - factors that determine the severity of the climate of the sea. In the winter, the Laptev Sea is influenced by three baric formations: from the south-east, the comb of the Siberian Anticyclone stretches, from the north - the crest of the Arctic anti-kilon, and the flavor of the Icelandic cyclone suits the western part of the sea, stretching over the Kara Sea.

The main influence of winter is still the Siberian Anticyclone. In this season, the southern and south-western winds prevail average speed 3-4 m / s in the southern part and 5-6 m / s in North. These winds take the cooled and dry continental polar air on the sea. About 3 months in the south and 4 months in the north, the polar night continues. The air temperatures below zero are saved in the northern part of the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev about 11 months, in southern 9 months. The average air temperature of the coldest month is January from -26 to -28 ° C in the south and from -31 to -34 ° C in the north. The absolute minimum temperature is -61 ° C. Over the sea, calm and cloudless weather prevails, but sometimes it is disturbed by cyclones passing the south of the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev.

The passage of cyclones is accompanied by strong winds and snowfall. Summer Siberian Anticyclone is replaced reduced pressure, Filled with an Icelandic cyclone. Above the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev pressure turns out to be higher than south of it. The northern and northeastern winds prevail, mostly weak. Strong winds in summer is usually not observed. The air temperature rises, its maximum values \u200b\u200bare marked in August, average temperature which reaches 5-7 ° C in the south and 1 ° C in the north. In deep-smoking bays, even hot weather can be observed on some days, most values Air temperatures reaches 22-24 ° C. Absolute maximum in Tiksi Bay 32.7 ° C.

Yet hot weather, even along the southern coast, the phenomenon is rare and unusual, while the negative temperature can happen in any month of summer. Thus, the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptevs most of the year is under the influence of the Siberian anticyclone. This causes relatively weak cyclonic activities and mainly weak winds that have a monso. Long and strong cooling with calm wind vehicles - the most important climatic trait of the sea.

Flow

The Laptev Sea current system is not well studied. As in other Arctic seas, the circulation system is cyclonic, in the formation of a water cycle against a clockwise, some role belongs to river waters. Along the mainland shore, water moves from west to east, in the eastern part to the northeast. From the mouth of r. Lena is also directed in the same way, which enhances the overall coastal stream. Most of the water of this flow turns to the north along the Novosibirsk Islands, forming the Novosibirsk current, but some of these waters through the Strait of Sannikov enters the East Siberian Sea. In the north of the sea, Laptev Novosibirsk current turns to the northwest, involving in the transitational course of the Central Arctic Basin.

At the northern tip of the islands, the northern land from the edge of the transactic flow is separated by the branch of the south, the water of which form the current along the eastern shores of the islands of the North Earth and P-Oova Taimyr, called the East Taimyr current. This flow and closes the cyclonic circulation in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. The speed of flows forming the circulation are small and do not exceed a few cm / s. Inside the cycle of flows unstable in the direction and very weak. In some cases strong winds Can cause non-periodic flows with noticeable speeds other than constant flows, directions.

Laptev Sea ice furnishings

Part of the year (from October to May) the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev is covered with ice. Ice formation begins at the end of September and runs at the same time on the entire sea space. In winter, in its shallow Eastern part, extensive digests up to 2.15 m thick are developed. The distribution boundary of the spread is the depth of approximately 25 m, which in the area of \u200b\u200bthe sea is removed several hundred kilometers from the coast. Space area is about 30% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire sea. In the western and north-western parts of the sea, the digest is small, and there are no at all in the winter. The north of the gap zone is drifting ice.

The melting of ice cover begins in the southern regions of the sea and on average falls on June 5-10. By this time, ice-formation is stopped in wormwood, and they become heat accumulators and foci of sea cleansing from ice. The beginning of hacking soldering in the Laptev Sea on average at the end of June. A gradual hacking soldering is happening for a month, and finally digest collapses at the end of July, less often in early August. After hacking, the process of cleansing the sea occurs intensively.

During the melting period and the destruction of ice cover, the cohesive 7-10 balls are localized in two icy array - Jansky and Taimyr. Cohesive ice of the western part of the sea form a Taimyr ice array, which summer period Replenished with ice coming from the Arctic basin with the East Siberian current. The Taimyr array is one of the most significant across the area of \u200b\u200bthe second oceanic arrays. On average, this array in mid-July occupies about 60% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe western part of the sea Laptev, and at the end of September, 25%. The Taimyr Ice array rarely disappears completely by the end of the melting period. According to data for 1938-2007, this happened in 15% of cases, and 5% of cases had been in August.

Laptev Sea is one of the outskirts of the northern ice ocean seas located between the Taimyr Peninsula and the Novosibirsk Islands.

The area of \u200b\u200b672,000 square kilometers, the average depth of 540 meters, in some places more than 3 thousand m. Shipping for all marine ships.

In the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev flows the most big River Siberia - Lena, which is exported by the forest and other wealth of Siberia. The length of the coast is 1300 km. Many bays, bays, peninsulas and islands.

Ships in the sea ... Witus ships ... Islands in Mor ...

If you move along the northern sea route to the east, then overcoming, and after, the North Earth is a clean water over the north earth. After cluttered torus Kara Sea It seems incredible, but nevertheless it is so, in front of you Laptev's Sea.

Such warming over the past two decades, scientists explain global warming And the geographically position of the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, detonated with the West by the Peninsula Taimyr, and from the east by the Novosibirsk Islands. In addition, the big tributary of the Khantanga, Anabar, Olenek, Lena and Yana, also contribute to the formation of laptian coastal water in the sea.

In the cold year, this sea is also covered with a solid ice shell, and frosts here are up to - 35 degrees, there were cases when the temperature was supplied to - 50. Not in vain the discovers of this sea, the names of which it is also named, the cousins \u200b\u200bof Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokopyevich Laptevs traveled here on Lena from Yakutsk.

In those days, when the first researchers of the Russian North came here, this sea was called the Siberian or the outskirts of the sea. The beginning of the Great Northern Expedition, the most ambitious of all known, put Peter I at the beginning of the 20th century. This expedition was headed by Commander Vitus Bering, one of the best Petrovsky Savior. The task of this expedition was the study of the Russian shores from the Ugra Bowl to Kamchatka. In the expedition, several detachments worked, the total number of more than 600 people. Two detachments who were commanded by Lieutenant Pronchishchev and Lasinius, coming out of Yakutsk on Lena to the sea, had to examine the coast from the mouth of Lena to the Yenisei, to Kolyma and then to Kamchatka.

However, none of the detachments in front of them could not fulfill the task. Lieutenant Peter Lacinius with a team of fifty people on a two-person deck bot "Irkutsk" came out of Yakutsk, reached the mouth of Lena, came out in the sea and on August 20, 1735 took the course east. A few days later, because of the fogs and ice, he stopped at the mouth of the Haraulh River. There bot "Irkutsk" and remained frozen in the ice. The fate of the "Irkutsk" team is perhaps the most tragic of all expeditions. During the wintering, the qing began and 42 people, including the Lasinius himself died. Only 9 team members survived after terrible wintering. For their salvation, the Commander Bering sent a specially group led by Schcherbinin, who delivered the survivors to Yakutsk.

After such a failure of Lieutenant Lacinius squad, Commander Bering appointed the Lieutenant Dmitry Lapteva commander, his best assistant.

Dmitry Laptev and his cousin Hariton Laptev began the maritime service in 1718 by Gardemarin, in Peter. By the beginning of the Great Northern Expedition, Dmitry was already experienced navigated, so he fell into an expedition. After the order of Bering, preparing for a campaign, he scored the best sailors in the team and with this brave team, on small boats, she got to the mouth of the Haraulh River, where the "Irkutsk" was abandoned. Restoring the bot, Laptev led him to the delta r. Lena. There, the bot was loaded with everything necessary, and on August 22, 1736 went out into the sea and took the course to the east. But the time was lost and after four days "Irkutsk" rested into the wall of the ice. Laptev, not to destroy the team, was forced to return to Lena and stand up for wintering in the bushoon area.

The hardest wintering nearly destroyed this expedition, but Dmitry Laptev, taking into account the sad experience of Lasinius, took everything to save the crew of Irkutsk. Again there was a qing, and whatever your sailors from Qingi, Laptev forced everyone to drink decoction from cedar cones, they ate ice cream raw fish And constantly were in work. This time even the qing did not destroy brave sailors. Although everyone sinks, but only one person died. The model of the bot "Irkutsk", built by the masters of Rogachev and Kuzmina in Okhotsk in 1733-1736, was preserved.

In the summer of 1737, Laptev on "Irkutsk", returned back to Yakutsk, but he no longer found Bering in Yakutsk. In Yakutsk, Laptev learned about tragic fate Commands of Pronchischev.

The second detachment of Lieutenant Pronchischev on the two-volume dubelshup "Yakutsk" was released from Yakutsk in the summer of 1735. Going along Lena "Yakutsk" came out into the sea and took the course to the West. However, due to the ice setting, the detachment had to get up on the winter at the mouth of the River Olenek. And only in August 1736, after the ice retreated, Pronchishev could move on. It was not necessary to advance as much as the sail as in the oars or pushing the plane barrams.

His expedition examined all the mouth of the Lena, as well as the east coast of Taimyr: the shores, depths of water, bay. And all this was applied to the map. But north of 77 ° Z1` They failed to move, then the impassable ice stretched.

It was decided to return, but on the rewind of Vasily Pronchishev himself and his wife, Tatiana, who participated in the campaign, died from Qingi with the difference in just a few days. The surviving members of the detachment buried their commander and his wife in the village of Ustowel. There, the grave of these brave spouses remained to this day.

After another wintering, the navigator seed Chelyuskin, who took the command of the crew, brought the ship with the surviving team to Yakutsk.

In order to get permission to further research, Dmitry Laptev went to St. Petersburg. A huge path from Yakutsk to St. Petersburg Laptev overcame on horseback. During this time, he thoroughly thought out the causes of failures and arrived at the Admiralty-Board with a clear plan of action.

The Admiralty College appreciated everything that Lieutenant D. Laptev reported in his report and decided to continue the work of the expedition. At the request of D. Lapteva, Dmitry's cousin, Khariton Laptev, who gladly accepted this proposal was appointed to Yakutsk, because he always dreamed of the north.

In March 1738, Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, having received all the necessary gear and food, went to Yakutsk. Arriving in place, they put their vessels in order, the expedition plans worked. And on June 18, 1739, Dmitry Laptev on his "Irkutsk" with a team of 35 people went swimming. On July 5, Irkutsk was already in the open sea, and kept the course east.

At this time, the expedition D. Laptev worked with both the sea and sushi. Passage heavy way Before the mouth of the Indigir River, the expedition stayed on the wintering. We safely overlooked on the shore. During this time, a huge work was performed on the study of the coast. In the spring to go to clean water, I had to cut a whole channel long in Mile. After this titanic work, the ship, going to the sea, got into the storm and was stranded. But brave sailors, price huge efforts, unloading the ship and removing the mast, removed it from the mongs and continued the path to the east along the coast of the East Siberian Sea. The part of the team was sent on foot to the coast of the Kolyma River. Having reached the mouth of Kolyma, D. Laptev stopped his expedition to the second wintering in Nizhnekolumsk. This winter was held relatively calmly, continuing work on land.

In the summer of 1741, Dmitry Laptev took an attempt to go on the east of Kolyma for the third time. But Cape Baranov again met impassable ice, and the expedition had to return to Nizhnekolmsk. Covering all records of the coastline from the Delta Lena to Kolyma, Dmitry Laptev on dog sleds went to Anadyr Ostrog, and made a thorough inventory of the Anadyr River basin. And in the fall of 1742, he arrived in St. Petersburg with a presentation on the work done.

After the Great Northern Expedition, D.Ya. Laptev continued the service on the fleet, in 1762 he retired in the rank of vice-admiral.

With great difficulties, the expedition of Hriton Laptev was completely safely passed. Knowing the brother's stories about the difficulties of swimming in the North Sea, Hariton Laptev arrives in Yakutsk, thoroughly prepared for the upcoming expedition.

Having collected everything you needed and retrofitting the team of Lieutenant Pronchischev's strongest and experienced sailors, he at the end of July 1738 at Yakutsk took a course north. On August 17, Xariton Laptev, having reached the first Taimyr bay, explored these places and gave her the name "Nodvik". Then "Yakutsk" went further to the Khatanga lip exams its shores and coastal waters. And at the exit from it, it was opened and recorded an island of transformation. After that, the expedition began to move along the eastern shore of Taimyr, exploring his coast. But at Cape Fadey solid ice wall blocked the path. Ahead was winter and Xariton Laptev, knowing the tragedy of his predecessor, turned back and stood on the wintering in the Khatanga lip, at the mouth of the river the prodigal.

Prudant Hariton, the team by the team quickly built a small house from the fin, in which the expedition was safely overwhelmed. During the wintering time, the time was not lost, all available places were examined, as well as everything was prepared in the spring to continue work.

In the spring, leaving the stocks of food and equipment on Zimovka, H. Laptev sent a part of the team to the Taimyr research. And he himself with the remaining part of the team, immediately at the opening of ice, once again tried to bypass the Taimyr from the north, but the ship was tightly clamped and crushed by ice. And although all the cargo was unloaded in advance on the ice, all this was on foot in the ice axes had to drag on it to the place of wintering. In the way, 4 people lost, who did not bring the weight of the transition, but the remaining still got to the place. At the old place, the expedition quite successfully led the winter, continuing to work on land.

In the spring of 1741, the expedition of Hyriton Laptev, now no longer having a ship, continued to study the Taimyr Peninsula. After breaking the expedition into three detachments, H. Laptev put them the task to examine the Taimyr coast.

And although due to incredible difficulties, not all the tasks of H. Laptev were fulfilled, in general, the work of the expedition could be considered successful. The ball has a reliable map of Taimyr. Their groups were led by Semyon Chelyuskin, who continued the study of the Arctic, whose name was wearing the most northern Point Asia. The rocky "Cape Chelyuskin" is located at 77 ° 43 "northern latitude and 104 ° 17" Eastern longitude.

X. Laptev himself examined all available places in the depths of the Taimyr Peninsula. On foot on Ice Toros, I'll tell you on the dogs, he reached Lake Taimyr, and fully described its surroundings.

After that, along the River Taimark, Khariton descended to the sea and moved to meet Chelyuskin. Having finished the work, Khariton Laptev and Semyon Chelyuskin on dogs got to Tourukhansk on the Yenisei River. In Turukhansk, Laptev and Chelyuskin spent the winter. But the time was not lost. For this winter, they led to all the records of individual expedition groups and all this was put on the map. Almost there, in Turukhansk was drawn up detailed map The eastern coast of the sea Laptev and Peninsula Taimyr.

After the end of the expedition, Hariton Prokopyevich Laptev returned to St. Petersburg, where his work was highly appreciated. After he continued the service on the fleet. He completed the service in the rank of the captain of the first rank.

Very informative in the description of the Harriton Laptev expedition history, the book of Owned Alexandrovich Troitsky "Notes Harriton Lapteva". The author of the book describes the life and travel of a participant in the Great Northern Expedition, the Owner of Taimyr, Hriton Lapteva (1736 - 1743). The book describes in detail how the first Taimyr map was created, as the islands in the Laptev Sea were opened, a complete geographical description of this edge was given.

IN different times This sea was called differently. In the XVI-XVII centuries, on the maps, it was called the Tatar or Lensky Sea, in XVIII-XIX centuries He was called Siberian or Arctic. In 1883, the Norwegian researcher of the Arctic Furoof Nansen called him the "sea of \u200b\u200bNordenšeld".

But despite the fact that many times have passed a lot of time, the Motherland has not forgotten the discovers of this distant and important sea for Russia. In 1913 "Russian geographical Society"He offered in honor of the discovers of the Dmitry brothers and Hyriton Laptev brothers this sea to name the" Sea Laptev ". Officially, the name" Sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev "was legalized only in 1935 by the decision of the USSR CEC. This name was recognized by all countries from now so it is applied on maps.

Laptev Sea for Russia and currently plays a very big role. In principle, this is the sea gate medium Siberia.. From here all over the world ships are loaded siberian forest and other wealth of this edge. In addition to the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, is a kind of reserve of Russia's strategic oil and gas reserves.

This is primarily due to the oil and gas potential of the Laptev Sea. The sea is fairly shallow and therefore there is gas and oil here just from the shore or from bulk islands. And this can significantly reduce the cost of mining. In addition, Laptev Sea is located in the very center of the Northern Sea Route, which gives a great advantage for transportation.

Also is real opportunity Attach these deposits to the oil pipeline system Eastern Siberia - Pacific Ocean". What is behind this region, you can not doubt. Especially since lately The Russian government began to pay great attention to the development of the northeast Russian Federation, improving the living conditions of the local population, enhance their employment and in general the development of this region.

These places and tourism are quite attractive. Of course, the lack of tourist infrastructure while makes these places inaccessible for a wide visit, but nevertheless lovers of Northern Extreme are increasingly visiting these edges. Well, for hunters and fishermen here is a real paradise. After all, the impertons of the centuries are indigenous local population: Nganasans, Enzi, Dolgans, Nenets, Evenks, Khanty, Mansi, Komi, Selkups and Yakuts were nomaded in these places and were mainly fishing and hunting.

In abundance and now there are various beasts and marine animals. You can hunt for seal, nerpe, walrus and deer. It can easily meet, sheby or even.

Well, the birds are like dirt, especially greyhounds, ducks, tundra and northern partridges, kelits, bunches and of course geese. They are just not reading here.

But is there always a hand on such beauty as a chamber.

Although the main types of fish are mainly found here: Koryushka, Sayka, Moja, Navaga and other gravy, but quite often you can find perch, ciga, salmon, sturgeon that go into the sea for feeding, but such a fish is far from the mouth of the rivers are not deleted. Not uncommon in the local waters of Muksun, Nelma, Harius and of course the time. But such Arctic Goltsi, on the local "Kunga" you can catch only here. Fish is caught mainly in the bays, in the bays and in the mouths of the rivers.

Having been in these places, it is necessary to ride in narts harnessed by the reindeer.

Well, the northern lights will not leave anyone indifferent. Such beauty can be seen only here.

Of course, rest in the local places will not be very comfortable, but the days spent here will remain in your memory for a long time. And we are confident, sometimes in these harsh places, you will be amazed by this northern beauty, she will always bear you to themselves, and someday returned here.

Video: Sea Laptev: History ...

Sea Laptev, photo and description of which are presented in the article, belongs to the Northern Ocean Basin. The harsh temper of this sea, as well as the entire Arctic, is of interest among researchers for several centuries. But today, scientists can give reliable answers to questions relating to the characteristics of the climate, the animal and the plant world of this mysterious edge. Although some time ago such tasks seemed insoluble.

Laptev Sea on the map

In 1735-1742, thanks to the efforts and long work of Russian researchers, the coastline of the sea was applied to geographical map. For example, Dmitry and Khariton cousins, in honor of whom the Sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, devoted to the study of the region for many years of their lives. While serving navy Russia, they were participants in a grand scientific research, which was organized by Peter I and got the name of the Great Northern Expedition.

Today, the borders of the sea are completely accurate, but the beginning of this difficult and dangerous work It was such selfless people in those distant years as the Laptev brothers - Dmitry and Khariton, Semyon Dezhnev and many others our compatriots.

From the west, the sea washes the eastern shores from the Cape Arctic to the mainland coast of the Hatang Bay. In the north sea borders Pass from the Cape Arctic to the northern shores of the island of the boiler. In the eastern part of the sea, the western shores of the islands islands, small and large Lyakhovsky Island. Then the frontiers pass along and Dmitry Laptev.
From the south, the sea border passes along the northern shores of Eurasia from Cape Holy Nose to the Hatang Bay. It was these marine binds that the Laptev brothers were investigated. The length of the coastal border is 5254 kilometers. The distance from the southeastern shores to the north-western - 1300 kilometers. This is the greatest indicator characterizing the size of the sea.

History of research in the region

Considering harsh natural conditions Laptev's sea, it is not difficult to assume that the process of studying its water area travelers was not simple and safe. In addition, it is necessary to take into account that work began in the XVIII century - during the time when the development of many sciences, including the navigation, was at the stage of formation. The level of geographical knowledge was also not very high.

Invaluable contribution to the organization of work on study northern coast Eurasia across its length and seas of the Northern Ocean Basin made brave travelers. Many researchers were officers of the Russian Marine Fleet.

Brothers Hariton and Dmitry, in honor of whom the Sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, began service on the fleet in 1718, where they were enrolled in the young age by Midshipmen. By 1721, young people were already produced in Michman. Fate ordered so that for a while life paths The brothers diverged. But Dmitry and Khariton were always true to the sea, the Russian fleet, giving the best years of their life.
In 1734, Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev was introduced to the Great Northern Expedition as one of the best officers of the Russian Fleet. His reputation was so high that he took the position of one of the assistants of Vitus Bering, who was appointed head of this large-scale event.

Dmitry Laptev was prescribed to take the place of the deceased captain of the vessel "Irkutsk". It was on it that an attempt was made to explore the waters of the seas, wash the mainland from the mouth of Lena to the east. The expedition turned out to be extremely unsuccessful, since in its course, almost the whole team died from the cold, zingles and other diseases.
In August 1736, Irkutsk under the command of Dmitry Laptev, coming out of the Delta of the Lena River, was again in the open sea. But after a few days the swimming had to be interrupted and turn the ship back, since powerful ice Blocked the path of navigators. The captain, given the experience of the previous expedition, decided to preserve the lives of people and overheat on land.

Tragic was the fate and those navigators who, on the Yakutsk vessel, were to move from the mouth of Lena in the western direction (for the study of marine expanses). Circumstances have developed in such a way that Dmitry Laptev personally had to go to St. Petersburg for receiving instructions relating to further study of the region. He himself also had a plan and was ready to offer his leadership, hoping for understanding. The positive outcome of the expedition is most worried about the Russian officer.

Brothers Laptev

So, since 1738, the brothers begin to serve one again common cause. On the recommendation of the cousin Brother Laptev Khariton Prokofievich was appointed Captain of the Yakutsk vessel instead of the killed in the expedition.
In the summer of 1739, an expedition began, which was its goal of not only the survey of marine northern expanses, but also inventory of coastal territories. Therefore, in its composition, detachments, followed by land.

Having a competently developed action plan, a brave loyal team on Earth and at sea, Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev by 1741 on the vessel "Irkutsk" was able to overcome the distance from the mouth of Lena to Kolyma. Carefully process the received information, it returned to St. Petersburg in the fall of 1742.

Khariton Prokofievich was to explore the coast and the sea to the west of the mouth of Lena. Huge difficulties and deprivation had to experience the detachments that Laptev supervised. The researcher and his satellites did not stop even when they lost the vessel, which was destroyed by ice. The expedition was continued on foot. Its result was the description of the territories from the mouth of the Lena River to the Taimyr Peninsula.

The life of such people as the Brothers Hariton Prokofievich and Dmitry Yakovlevich, in honor of whom the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, can rightly be called a feat. This understands everyone who touches the study of the history of amazing perseverance and purposefulness, the limitless love of Russia helped these people to overcome, it would seem insurmountable.

Geological structure of the bottom of the sea

The depth of the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev is very contrast. This circumstance was discovered more than 200 years ago, when vessels of the first expeditions were stranded repeatedly. It should be noted that the greatest depth rate is 2980 meters, the smallest - 15, and the average - 540 meters. This can be explained by the steep mainstream slope of the site where the sea is. Considering the depth rate, it is divided into southern and northern part. At the same time, it serves as a parallel, where Vilkitsky Bay is located.

The nature of the sea bottom of the Laptev Sea is greatly influenced by rivers flowing into it. They are carrying a large number of Sand, El and other sedimentary breeds. Their accumulation is 25 centimeters per year. In addition, boulders, large and small pebbles are found in the shallow zone at the bottom of the sea.

Huge Glaciers of Northern Earth contribute to the formation of icebergs. In the thickness of the water of the sea Laptev contains a large amount of ice. His melting and wolfring actively destroy the coastline. Sometimes, as a result of such processes, small islands go under water.

Climatic conditions

There are several factors that determine the harsh climate of the region.
Considering the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev on the map, you can draw the following conclusions:

• it is located in high latitudes of the northern hemisphere;
• the proximity of the Central Arctic Basin cannot do not affect the climate of the region;
• the remoteness of the sea from the Atlantic and Pacific Ocean is deprived of its capabilities to obtain the sweeping effect of water.

Above the sea most of the time is prevailing calm, cloudless weather. Only cyclones that pass the south of the water area bring abundant snowfalls, accompanied by strong winds.

In the southern part of the sea, Laptev is cold for nine months, and in his northern regions Negative temperature is fixed for 11 months. Most cold month Winter - January. The average monthly air temperature is 26-28 degrees below zero. There are cases of lowering the mercury column to the election -61 o C.
cool summer here is not rarely rare. Rather, even on the contrary, a significant increase in temperature (for example, up to 24-32 degrees) is rare and unusual phenomenon. The warmest summer month is the August. At this time, the thermometers fix +7 ... + 9 degrees in the south and +1 o C in the northern part of the sea. The main distinguishing feature of the climate of the sea Laptev - strong and long-term cooling with a relatively calm wind mode.

Salt and water temperature. Flows and glaciers

On the distribution of water salinity in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev, the fact that the largest rivers of the continent carry a significant volume here fresh water. In this regard, the salinity of the southern areas of the sea is significantly lower than the northern. For the same reason, the percentage of salt content rises in winter, and in the warm season there is desalination of water. The Lena River, Hatanga, Yana, Olenk, bring to 90% of the annual flow of fresh water. At the same time, it happens intensive that also affects the salinity indicator. It should also be noted that this indicator of neodynaks in the surface and deep layers of the thickness of sea water. On the surface salinity below.

The depth of the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev determines the water temperature. Depends this indicator And on the location of water relative to the coastal part, the effects of the currents, the time of year. Most often it is zero. In summer in separate coastal zones And in shallow water temperature is 4-6 degrees Celsius. In the bays, which, by the way, there are a lot of people, it approaches the mark of 10 o C, and in the open sea does not exceed two degrees.

The flow system in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev studied is not good enough. However, it is known that the rivers carrying huge amounts of water in the sea play a big role in this.
Among the constant currents of the sea, Laptev can be called Novosibirsk and East Taimyr. It should be noted that the speed of movement of water is small, the strength of the flows is weak unstable.

At the end of September, the process of formation of ice begins throughout the water area, which greatly complicates shipping. From October to May the water of the sea Laptevs are ice. At the same time, approximately 30% of its area is formed, the remaining part is covered with drifting floors. In June and July, their melting occurs. However, only by August big square The surface of the sea is freed from the ice shacks.

Animal and vegetable world

Flora and the fauna of the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev is typical of the Arctic. Phytoplankton is represented by algae. Sea infusories, contourodes and amphipods, provicrats are typical representatives of zooplankton.

IN sea depths Such such rocks such as Siberian Sig, Omul, Nelma, Ostr are common. Walroges, Beluhi, Tweys - Mammal detachments representatives. IN ice deserts A terrible resident of the Arctic is found - a polar bear.

Laptev Sea Islands

There are about two dozen major and small islands on the sea. Noteworthy the fact that the remains of mammoths were discovered on their scientists. They are well preserved, so the finds represent a greater scientific value. Modern inhabitants of the islands are the sands and white bears.
Near the coast of the continent, small islands are usually located groups. We are talking about such sites of sushi as about Komsomolskaya Pravda, Faddeya, Peter, Aeros, Danube. There are and larger, located singly. These include Big Begichev, Sandy, Moray, Makar.

River sea Laptev

As mentioned earlier, the largest rivers flowing into the sea have a significant impact on many factors. Their location in the direction from East to the West looks like this: Yana, Lena, deer, Anabar, Khatanga. It was these reservoirs that were actively used by the edge researchers - Hariton and Dmitry Laptev, in honor of whom the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev.

The listed rivers affect the level of salt content in sea water. Thanks to the work mentioned water arteries The relief of the seabed, the outlines of its coastline, the composition of sedimentary breeds and suspensions.

Prospects for the development of the region

Today Laptev Sea is included in the research program that is conducted with common effort Scientists of Russia and Germany have been over twenty years. Modern scientists always remember that the beginning of this event was laid by Peter I. And such brave travelers, like Vitus Bering, Laptev Dmitry and Khariton and many other polar explorers, are forever inscribed in the history of the study of the Arctic.

Now the program for studying the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev and the territories adjacent to it received the status of international. About 15 Russian and 12 German scientific organizations of various profiles are included in the activities mentioned. Work is calculated until 2015. And today, scientists have been made a lot of sensational discoveries.

The results obtained during the study of the territories under consideration are unique. Thanks to the materials mined during marine and terrestrial expeditions, scientists can learn a lot of interesting things about past climatic epochs of the Arctic, to understand the conditions for the formation of a climate existing in the region today.

A huge storage of ice and fresh water is considered to be the sea Laptev.
Expedition, carried out by the efforts of two states using the most modern technology, devices and scientific techniques will allow you to expand the ideas of people about the Arctic, use the scientific data obtained for practical purposes.

The Laptev Sea, the outskirts of the Northern Ocean, the Northeast Coast of Asia, between the Archipelago North Earth, the Taimyr Peninsula, the coast of Siberia and the Novosibirsk Islands. It is reported through the straits with the seas: in the West with Kara, in the East with East Siberian. Western border It takes place from the Cape Arctic (North point of the island of Komsomolets) along the eastern shores of the Islands of the Archipelago of the Northern Earth and the Straits of the Red Army, Shokalsky, Wilkitsky, then on the eastern coasts of the Taimyr Peninsula to the mouth of Khatanga; South - further on the mainland coast to Cape holy nose (141 ° Eastern longitude); Eastern - on the strait of Dmitry Laptev, the western coast of the Big Lyakhov Island, the shedding of Etoistan, the West Bank of the Small Lyakhov Island, the Sannikov Shannikova, the west coast of the island of the boiler to Cape Anisions, then in the open sea to Meridian 139 ° East longitude to the parallel 79 ° of northern latitude; North - from this point along the arc of a large circle to the Cape Arctic. In these borders, the area of \u200b\u200bthe Lapte Sea of \u200b\u200b662 thousand km 2, the volume of 353 thousand km 3. The greatest depth 3385 m (79 ° 35 'northern latitude, 124 ° 40' Eastern longitude).

Strongly rugged the shores of the Lapte Sea form a lot of bays, bays, peninsulas. Large bays - Khatanga, Anabar, Olenek, Yansky, Faddey; Bay - Proncischeva, Kozhevnikova, Nudevik, Tiksi; Lips - Bore-Haya, Wankina, Sellyakh, Ebeli; Peninsula - Hara-Tumus, Nudevik, widely. There are several dozen islands (mainly small), located in the western and southern shores; The largest islands - Big Begichev, Small Taimyr, Starokadovsky, Belkovsky, Pillar; Groups of Islands - Faddey, Komsomolskaya Pravda, Peter, Danube. Many small islands are located in the mouths and delta rivers. The nature of the shores is diverse, abrasive, accumulative; Large areas of coasts are composed of fossil ice, they are susceptible to intensive erosion; So, Vasilyevsky Islands and Semenovsky, open in 1815, were completely blurred and in the mid-1950s turned into sand banks with the same names. The coast is mostly lowlands, but in some sections to the coastal feature, low mountains are closely suitable.

Relief I. geological structure DNA. The bottom of the Lapte Sea is represented by a slightly lowered by several plain gutters, hollowing from the south to the north. The sea is shallow, about half of the bottom is at depths less than 50 m, the shelf (by exorbitant 200 m) takes 72%. The mainland slope is cut to the deep-sea frown of Sadko, north of Nansen turning into the brand. Square with depths of more than 2000 m (the north-western part of the sea) make up only 13%. Large, shallow part of the Lapte Sea is located in the articulation of the Taimyr, Upper-Kolyan and Novosibirsk-Chukchi folded systems, the Mesozoic complexes of which dissected the branched Cenozoic rift system of the North-Western Stretch and blocked by the Cover of Uppermal - Cenozoic precipitation from 1-1.5 km on raising up to 8-12 km in deflection. In the northern, deep-sea part of the sea, the sedimentary case lies at the magmatic rocks of the oceanic crust. Modern bottom deposits on the shelf are represented by sands, alaverite il, sometimes with the inclusions of pebbles and boulders; In deep-water areas, there are predominantly aeurito-clay and clay ils. The sedimentation of coastal areas is under considerable influence of solid river flow. Only Lena and Yana annually bring in southeast Sea to 17.5 million tons of suspended nanos. The eastern part of the Lapte Sea seismically active (earthquakes with magnitude to 6); There is an increased seismicity of the coast.

Climate. Arctic marine climate, with signs of continental in southern coastal areas; High-grade position, the proximity of the mainland, isolation from the softening effect of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans determine its severity. The polar night continues from three to five months. Most of the year, the sea is under the influence of the Siberian maximum, which causes weak cyclonic activity and the monsime nature of the wind situation. In winter, the southern and south-west winds are dominated at a speed of 8-10 m / s, the air is severely getting out, the temperature in January is reduced to -34 ° C, the absolute minimum was -61 ° C. In the summer mostly northern winds (speed 3-4 m / s), air temperature in July from 0 ° C on the northern borders up to 4 ° C southern coasts. In small bays well-protected bays, the air is heated to 12-15 ° C, maximum temperatures In the summer they reach 22-24 ° C, the minimum decreases to -4 ° C.

Hydrological mode. There are many small and several large rivers in the Laptev Sea, so fresh stock has a noticeable effect on the hydrological mode of the shallow sea. One of the largest rivers The basin of the Northern Ice Ocean - Lena annually brings 520 km 3 of the water, Khatanga - 105 km 3, Olenek - 38 km 3, Yana - 31.5 km 3. In total, in the Lapte Sea, more than 700 km of 3 freshwater, or more than 30% of the river flow arctic basin. The runoff is unevenly distributed by season of the year: in January in January flows about 36 km 3 (over 5% of the annual value), and in August to 290 km 3 (over 40%) of water. In coastal areas with strong influence The river flow in the surface layer in the summer is formed highly desalinated water, when the saline decreases on the preystone plot of Lena to 10. Salty increases towards the north and northwest, reaching the arctic 31 ‰. The water temperature on the surface at this time changes, respectively, from 4 to -1 ° C. In winter, the salting everywhere increases significantly due to the decrease in the fresh flow and the coalion of the surface layer in the process of the Ice formation: in the Tiksi area up to 15, at the Arctic Cape to 33. The water temperature on the surface in winter is everywhere close to the freezing point and is determined by the saline of water, changes accordingly from -1 to -1.8 ° C. With a depth of temperature quickly decreases and deeper 15-20 m even in the summer everywhere takes negative values. Only in deep-sea areas, in a layer of 100-300 m, the water temperature is higher than 0 ° C due to the heaven effect of intermediate atlantic water.

Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. The Introduction Season continues from 7-8 months in the south to 9-11 months in the north. In the cold years, ice can be formed in all seasons, in very warm years at the end of August - early September, the sea is freed from ice from the ice. Extensive coastal areas, especially in the southeastern part, covered with immobile ice-in-law.

Typically, the bandwidth of the digest is determined by a 25 m's hand-made, so in the Lapte Sea, the soldiers can take up to 30% of the water area. On the rest of the sea, the ice is drifting. By the end of the winter, the soldiers and drifting ice can (in one season) increase in thickness to 1.8-2.0 m. The cohesion of drifting ice is highly dependent on the prevailing winds. Sustainable winds of Eastern Rumbes often distinguishes drifting ice from soldering, creating even in the most very coldy The space of open water is the so-called evaporated wormwood. Such a phenomenon in the past received the name of the Great Siberian Walnings. With termination of action oriental winds Warmistry is quickly tightened with young ice.

Due to the weak winds in summer and high ice cohesion in winter, the wind mixing is developed poorly and usually does not penetrate the deeper 8-10 m. Autumn-winter heating and gland formation contribute to the development of convective mixing, which in the shallow southern regions penetrates the end of winter to the bottom, and in Northern - to a depth of up to 90-100 m. Horizontal circulation is mainly cyclonic. Along the mainland shore, the flow is moving from the west to the east. From Novosibirsk Islands most of The flow goes to the north in the form of a Novosibirsk current, where it is divided into two branches: one turns to the east, to the East Siberian Sea, the other goes to the West. In the northern land, the current is rejected to the south and called the East Taimyr flow closes a circulation.

The tides are incorrectly semi-sufficient character, the height is 0.3-0.8 m. Only in the top of the funnel of the Khatang Gulf in Sizigia, the tide exceeds 2 m. Up Hetang, the tidal wave penetrates 200-300 km. Sign-navigable level fluctuations usually do not exceed 2.0-2.5 m. Seasonal fluctuations in the level are small, are observed mainly only in southeastern regions, where they reach 0.4 m (the minimum level is observed in winter, the maximum - in summer). The prevailing excitement of 2-4 points with a wave height of about 1 m. In the central part of the sea during the autumn storms by force of 5-7 points, the wave height reaches 4-5 m, their maximum height 6 m.

Story study. Russian landlockers of the Laptev Sea are known from the 1st half of the 17th century. Taimyr traces found on the shores of Pomeranian Peninsula, testify that the Russians penetrated the Lapte Sea no later than 1620. In 1633-34, the landlocker Ilya Pontifers and I. I. Rebrov, descending on Lena, opened the Olenek bay, the mouth of the River Olenek, the Yansky Bay, the mouth of the Yana River. The first filming of the shores of the Naptev Sea from the mouth of Lena to the northern shores of Taimyr was performed in 1735-36 Lieutenant V. V. Brachechev. The former names of the sea - Siberian, since the end of the 19th century - Nordenchelda, in 1935 there is a modern name in honor marine officers, participants of the 2nd Kamchatka Expedition V. I. Bering, cousins D. Ya. Lapteva and H. P. Lapteva, who ended the shooting of his mainland coasts and made up the first reliable map of this area. Novosibirsk Islands are open to Siberian Fishing Hunters in 1712-1812. The first reliable maps of the islands amounted to the Government Expedition of Lieutenant P. F. Anju in 1821-23. The North Earth archipelago was opened in 1913 by the hydrographic expedition of the Northern Ocean Ocean, which was led by Senior Lieutenant B. A. Vilkitsky. Map of coasts of northern land was compiled by the expedition of G. A. Ushakov in 1930-32.

Economic use. The Laptev Sea is characterized as a region of weak economic use. Fisheries has a local meaning. Among the commercial is the Arctic Caulfur, Siberian Sig, Omul, Nelma, Osperature, Rocky, Muksun. Mammals are represented by walries, seals, whites. On the islands are offspring white bears. On the shores - white sands, lemmings. The world of birds is diverse, especially on bird bazaars, where carts nest, numbers; Numerous types of chaps, pieces; The polar owl and others are common.

Laptev Sea is part of the Northern Sea Route. The main port is Tiksi, where there is a passing of cargo river - the sea. Trucks, construction materials, freshers, food are dominated in cargo transportation. Sea freight transportation is carried out under icebreaking wiring. The Laptev Sea is promising from the point of view of oil and gas, however, its development is difficult due to harsh natural conditions.

Ecological situation. Generally ecological situation Lapte Seas is characterized as a prosperous due to the weak economic use of this area. Clear parts of the sea are slightly contaminated, with the result that the eutrophication of the bays, bays, coastal areas of the sea is noted; There is a decrease in the size of hydrobionts.

Lit.: Dobrovolsky A. D., Zubdivin B. S. Sea of \u200b\u200bthe USSR. M., 1982; Atlas Arctic. M., 1985; Tectonic map of the seas of Kara and Laptev and the North Siberia / Edited by N. A. Bogdanova, V. E. Heina. M., 1998; Svalodin B. S., Kosarev A. N. Sea. M., 1999; Geoecology of the shelf and coast of the seas of Russia / edited by N. A. Aibulatova. M., 2001.