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A.V. Debolov, O.V. Smirnov, E.V. September, K.V. Trektnik, O.Yu. Quirkina
New data on the ichthyofauna of the Kara Sea (based on the results of the PINRO research in 2007-2008)
Polar Research Institute of Maritime Fisheries and Oceanography. N.M. Knipovich (Pinro), Murmansk
annotation
The paper discusses the results of three scientific expeditions performed by the Polar Institute (Pinro) to the Kara Sea in August-September 2007-2008. A updated list of fish species found in the Kara Sea, which includes about 70 species of 20 families. According to the catch of bottom trawl filming, for the first time for this sea, information on the distribution and structure of ichthyocenes were obtained. New data was obtained that completely changed the existing ideas about the distribution of the Black Haltus of the Barentsomo Corporation. In the northern part of the sea, significant accumulations of the black halibuts were first discovered, the total biomass of which was estimated at 31-46 thousand tons.
Introduction
The studies of the ichthyofauna of the Kara Sea were launched at the end of the XIX century. More detailed history of such studies is considered in the relevant work ( Esipov, 1952; Ecology and bioresources of the Kara Sea, 1989; Ecosystem of the Kara Sea, 2008). Heavy ice furnishings and harsh weather conditions for most of the year create significant difficulties for this kind of work. Nevertheless, in the process of a few for almost a semi-deed history of research expeditions to the Kara Sea, most scientists, as far as possible, the collection and processing of ichthyological material was obtained. Only in the second half of the XX century. Several focused flights were performed using ships capable of working trawls, in which it became possible to fully engage in the study of ichthyofauna. Until now, Ihthyofauna of the Kara Sea is studied quite not enough. More or less studied only the species composition of the fish communities of this area, as in the pre-war period ( Soldiers, 1923; Knipovich, 1926; Probs, 1934.) and in the following years ( Ponomareva, 1949; Norvilo et al., 1982; Astafieva et al., 1983; Norvilo, 1989.). More detailed studies were performed only in the coastal zone of the Kara Sea, mainly in Bidhacki Libe ( Birulya, 1934; Ivanova, 1959; Kobhelev and Novoselov, 2000). At the same time, the data on the structure of the ichthyocene and the peculiarities of the biology of individual species of fish are practically absent.
In the last few years in the Barents Sea, an increased heat-containing of the aquatic masses was noted, and individual years according to the water temperature on the standard section of Kola Meridian were characterized as the warmest over the entire observation period since 1900. Joint Pinro / Imr Report ..., 2008). This in turn caused a reduction in ice cover in the Kara Sea and allowed the Polar Institute for Maritime Fisheries and Oceanography. N.M. Knipovich (Pinro) to fulfill in 2007-2008. 3 Sea expeditions to the Kara Sea. These flights were carried out within the framework of the International Polar Year and were carried out in order to find a possible additional resource base of the fishery and alternative use of bioresources, as well as a comprehensive study of the biota of the area. The main results of these expeditions PINRO and are considered in this work.
Material and technique
Due to the peculiarities of the ice conditions of the Kara Sea flights were carried out in the summer-autumn period (August-September) (Table 1). Studies in 2007-2008 Districted areas from the archipelasses New Earth and the Land Franz Joseph in the West to 85 ° V.D. in the east and from 82 ° S.Sh. In the north to oh. Vaigach and Baidarats Lips in the south of the sea (Fig. 1). At the same time, the research water area included both the Kara Sea directly and the adjacent areas of the northeastern part of the Barents Sea. It should also be noted that in 2008, favorable ice conditions allowed not only to conduct observations in the gutter of St. Anne, but also, thanks to the extensive shelf, who went into the ice array between 81 ° 40 'and 82 ° 20' S.Sh., for the first time in Stories perform bottom trains at the mouth of Voronin's gutter (up to 85 ° E.D.).
Fig. 1. Location of trawl stations made in August 2007 NIS "Professor Boyko" (a), September 2007, NIS "Furoof Nansen" (b) and in August-September 2008, NIS "Obva" (B)
Table 1. Information about PINRO expeditions to the Kara Sea in 2007-2008.
The ichthyological material was collected by traces of two types: accountable bottom (Campelen 1800) with a fine insert (the inner size of the cell 22 mm) and pelagic metabolubic (03 tr - RG A8-623-000) with a trawl bag and insert from a 4-mm Delhi. Duration of traws was usually 30 minutes, speed - 3.0-3.5 nodes. In each catch, the number and mass of fish of each species was determined, their length was measured with an accuracy of 0.5-1.0 cm with a separation when necessary on the floor. In some cases, weighing and field nutritional analysis were performed. The focus was paid mainly to fishing like fish. Unprofitable fish species were recorded for processing in cameral conditions. When performing ichthyological works, standard techniques adopted in Pinro ( Instructions and guidelines ..., 2004). A total of 107 bottom trains and 4 pelagic were completed.
Latin names and systematics of fish are given in accordance with FishBase ( www.fishbase.org.). The environmental and zoogeographic characteristics of species borrowed from A.P. Andriyasheva and N.V. Chernova (1994).
Works were a complex ecosystem character and allowed not only to significantly add the list of ichthyofauna, but also identify the features of the distribution and biology of most caught fish species and the structure of ichthyocenosis in general.
Data 96 oceanographic stations were used to assess the habitat of the hydrobionts, on which temperature measurements and salinity were measured from the surface to the bottom. To analyze the vertical water structure, graphs of the vertical distribution of temperature and salinity on conditional cuts, crossing individual seats in the latitudinal and meridional directions, were constructed.
Results and discussion
Species composition of catch
According to the results of three expeditions, Pinro in the waters of the Kara Sea during the studies in the catch, 59 species of marine fish and fishery from 20 families were noted (Table 2). The largest number of species were presented families of the Belarusian zoarcidae (12), cattidae (9), liparidae (6) liparidae (6), grabbed Gadidae (5) and spidter stichaeidae (4). Of the other families in the trains met 1-2 types. For the first time in this area, 6 species of fish were marked - fishing black halibuts and Okun-Kuvach, as well as unsophisticated northern skate Amblyraja Hyperborea., Northern Veretnik ArctoZenus Risso., Northern Bentosome Benthosema Glaciale and bright mixture MyCTophum Punctatum. It should be noted that the number of species may increase. In particular, representatives of some families (lipar, white), which could potentially be new to science species. Including our data, the total number of fish species that can occur in the Kara Sea is about 70 species of 20 families ( Ecosystem of the Kara Sea, 2008).
Table 2. List of fishery and fish various families and species found in the Kara Sea in August-September 2007-2008.
* - first noted in the Kara Sea
Most of the species met in catch in the Kara Sea referred to bottom species (66.1% of the total number of species) (Fig. 2). In addition, the proportion of bottom and bottom-pelagic species was relatively large - 8.5%, respectively. Batipelagic species were 6.8%. The proportion of other types (neutopelgic, passing and cryopelgic) was very small and did not exceed 3.4%.
Fig. 2. The ratio of species of various environmental groups in the ichthyofaun of the Kara Sea.
More than half (57.6% of the total) of all species of fish that met in the catalogs in the Kara Sea was treated at a cold-water. Of these, most were typical arctic species (44.1%), and the share of predominantly arctic and arctic-boreal species was significantly lower (8.5% and 5.1%, respectively) (Fig. 3). A large number of types in catch belonged to predominantly boreal species (35.6%), while the proportion of typical boreal species did not exceed 5.1%. In addition, representatives of widespread species were also noted in the catch, but their share was small (1.7%).
Fig. 3. The ratio of species of various zoogeographic groups in the ichthyofuna of the Kara Sea.
Compared to the Barents Sea, where according to the latest data there are more than 206 species of fish ( Debt, 2004.), Ihthyofauna of the Kara Sea is much poorer, primarily due to a significantly smaller number of heat-water species of southern working, boreal and, to a lesser extent, mainly boreal complexes.
The number of types in trains changed over wide range and ranged from 2 to 19 (Fig. 4). The minimum number of species was noted in the study of the water area directly by the Kara Sea - from 2 to 12 species (an average of 7.1 types of trawling). When expanding the area of \u200b\u200bresearch to the north and north-west, the number of species increased, mainly due to the appearance of heat-water species, which could go far to the north of the Barents Sea in jets of warm currents and from there penetrate the Kara Sea. At the same time, in September 2007 and in August-September 2008, there were from 2 to 19 species in the catches, and the average number of species was 12.0 and 10.8 species, respectively.
Fig. 4. The number of species of fish in 1 in the Kara Sea in August 2007 (a), September 2007 (b) and in August-September 2008 (B)
The number of species in pelagic trains was significantly lower than in the bottom, and changed from 2 to 6 species (on average 4 species).
Values \u200b\u200bof catch
During the study period, the mass of the catch was changed over a wide range - from 0.1 kg to 2.7 tons per 1 hour trance (Fig. 5). The minimum grades were noted on the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Kara Sea. So, in August 2007, on the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Kara Sea, the middle catch for 1 hour of trawling was only 19.5 kg with a range of 0.5 to 121 kg. In the areas of the Kara Sea, adjacent to the Barents Sea, the catch increased sharply, as a result of which the middle catches in September 2007 and August-September 2008 were 296 and 151 kg per 1 hour of trains, respectively, and maximum catch - 2.7 and 1.5 T per 1 hour trawls.
Fig. 5. General fish catches in the Kara Sea in August 2007 (a), September 2007 (b) and in August-September 2008 (B), kg per 1 hour trawls
Dominant species
According to bottom trawls on the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Kara Sea in August 2007, the subsidies were fully dominated in the catches, which was almost 85% in terms of numbers and 95% by weight (Fig. 6). From other species the greatest number And the mass was observed in the Black Liparis Liparis Fabricii.Arctic slave Gymnacanthus Tricuspis., Polar Triglopsa Triglops Nybelini. and Cambala-Yersch Hippoglossoides Platessoides. At the same time, by weight due to single catches, Navaga and Kambala-Ersh were greater importance.
Fig. 6. Structure of fish catches in bottom trains in the Kara Sea in 2007-2008.
In September 2007, in connection with the expansion of the study of research to the north, the number and mass of the black halotus increased during the dominance of Sayki - up to 0.6 and 5.9%, respectively. In terms of numbers and biomass continued to dominate the skike (95.7 and 88.9%, respectively). At the same time, at the expense of single catch in adjacent to the Barents Sea of \u200b\u200bCod, Kanino-Pechora herring and Navaga, the mass fraction of these species increased.
In 2008, by shifting the area of \u200b\u200bresearch on the North, the proportion of black halibut in numbers and the mass increased sharply and reached 2.1 and 24.8%, respectively. At the same time, the dominant species continued to remain a dies, which was 91.3% in numbers and 49.8% by weight.
It should be noted that, despite the periodic increase in the value (in numbers or mass) of some heat-water fishing fishes, there are almost always a significant amount of numbers for the number of multi-industrialized liparis and polar triglops, which accounted for 0.8-2.0% and 0.3-1.7% by numbers, respectively.
According to the four pelagic tracts of significant differences in the dominance of certain types of fish from bottom traws, it was not detected (Fig. 7). The pelagial was also dominated by Sayka, the share of which in the catches was 91-93% in terms of biomass. In addition, relatively high mean In the catch in pelagic, as well as the bottom layers of water, had black-borough liparis and polar trigops - 2.8-3.1% in numbers and 0.62-0.67% by weight. The high proportion of pikes by mass was due to the presence of one large copy of the pike peak in the Kar's gate area.
Fig. 7. Structure of fish catches in pelagic trains in the Kara Sea in 2007
Thus, the size and biomass dominant in the Kara Sea is a skike. In addition, a black-born liparis, polar trigles, to a lesser extent - Cambalu-Yersch, a marine focus, arctic helmet bull, European hooks, and lycodes, can also be attributed to mass species. In addition, black halibuts can be attributed to the northern part of the Kara Sea to mass species. Most of the heat-made fishing species (cod, piksha, ochun-kevucheach, dyeing) in the area belong to random migrants and can only be found in the areas of the Kara Sea adjacent to the Barents Sea.
In general, for the central part of the Kara Sea, the type of ichthyocene with the dominance of Sayki is characteristic. In the northern part of the Kara Sea, the species composition and structure of ichthyocene are similar to those adjacent areas of the Barents Sea (water area between Spitsbergen Archipelago and Land Franz Joseph, the northern part of the New Earth archipelago) ( Borkin, 1983, 1994; Smirnov et al., 2000).
Dimensional community structure
Data on the dimensional composition of the Kara Sea's community has shown that in the ichthiocene of this area, small fish are dominated with a length of 6 to 20 cm (Fig. 8). In August 2007, when shooting was covered by the water area of \u200b\u200bthe Kara Sea, maximum dimensions Fish did not exceed 33 cm, and the foundation of the catch was 6-10 cm long. When expanding the research water area in the Northern and North-West direction, with coverage of the adjacent areas of the Barents Sea, where there were warm-water species of fish, the maximum sizes of fish increased to 80-90 cm , these were single individuals of large species (cod, pike, rims), whose share in the total size of extremely small. As a result, the share of larger fish of size groups 11-15 and 16-20 cm increased in the catch.
Fig. 8. The size of fish communities in the Kara Sea in 2007-2008.
Such a dimensional structure of ichthyocene indicates almost the absence of predators in the Ecosystem of the Kara Sea, which is probably due to the relatively low biological productivity of this area. At the same time, this creates the conditions for an increase in the role of the outskirts of the Kara Sea as a successful exigration section for black halibuts due to, on the one hand, the lack of predators, and on the other, due to the presence of a sufficient feed base in the form of hyperide and small food fish ( Sayka and Moja).
Analysis of oceanographic conditions in the Kara Sea showed that the distribution of the halotus and other heat-water species of fish first met at the investigated water area (Northern Bentoshema, a gridy mixture, northern pleasure), including such commercial, like Okun-Kuvach and Mois, in the north of the examined The water area is natural and is not accidental. Previously, there was already an opportunity to penetrate herring to the Kara Sea when water warming ( Yukkin, 1948.). Analysis of the relationship between water temperature and the number of species marked in the catch showed the presence of a significant connection between these parameters, despite the rather low correlation coefficient. In general, there was some increase in the number of species with an increase in the bottom temperature of the water (Fig. 9). This is due to penetration from the Arctic basin into the deep-water gutter of St. Anne and Voronin in a layer of 100-300 m of transformed atlantic water with a temperature of more than 1 ° C.
Fig. 9. Dependence between the bottom water temperature and the number of species in the catch
Some features of the distribution and biology of fishing fish in the Kara Sea
Black halibut. One of the most important results of Pinro expeditions to the Kara Sea was to obtain fundamentally new data on the distribution of black halight, one of the important fishing species of the Barents Sea fish.
The halibut met in the northern part of the Kara Sea almost everywhere, mainly at depths of more than 300 m (Fig. 10). The most dense clusters (from 400 to 800 copies or more than 100 kg for half-hour trains) were noted in the Holy Anne's gutter area and further in the East - in the sections of the Voronin's gutter at depths from 400-450 m to 780 m at the water temperature at the bottom from minus 0.6 to 1.2 ° C. As the fish distributed in the western and southern directions, where the depths of the sea gradually decreased to 300 m and less, the catch of the halotus decreased to single instances. In the trains of south of 76 ° 40 'S.Sh. This species did not meet. To identify the northern and eastern borders of the distribution of black halibut in the Kara Sea to identify failed due to the complex ice environment.
Fig. 10. Distribution of the halotus in the Kara Sea (ex. / 0.5 hours of trawling) in August - September 2007 (a) and 2008 (b) GG: 1-1-10; 2 - 11-100; 3 - 101-400; 4 - more than 400; 5 - isobate 300 m).
The black halotus in the catch in 2007 was represented by individuals from 11 to 58 cm with a predominance of 4-30 cm features, in 2008 - at a length of 11-90 cm Dominated fish with a length of 29-34 cm. Among both males and The females dominated individuals with a length of 32 cm. Almost all analyzed individuals (99.9%), including individual large fish up to 68 cm long, were imperceptible. At the surveyed water area, individuals prevailed at the age of approximately 5-6 years (the crop generations 2002-2003). The number of younger individuals was slightly. A larger halibut met at large depths. An increase in the average length of fish with increasing depth was noted.
Food halibuts relatively actively - the average stomach filling score in 2007 and 2008. amounted to 2.1 and 1.6, respectively. This significantly exceeds the intensity of the nutrition of this species in the Western and North-Western regions of the Barents Sea, where the average filling point of the cavities rarely exceeds 0.5-1.0. The basis of food was a dies (45-72% in frequency of occurrence). More rarely, other fish were celebrated in the diet, mainly trigles, liparis and lycodes ( Triglops Nybelini, Liparis SPP., Lycodes SPP..), as well as shrimp ( Pandalus Borealis, Pasiphaea Tarda, SClerocrangon SPP.) And other plankton ( EuPhausidae, Hyperiidae.) and bentos ( Calliopiidae, Eusiridae, StegoCephalidae) Cruise.
Calculations have shown that the total number of halves in the northern part of the Kara Sea in 2007, taking into account its distribution on an area of \u200b\u200b54.5 thousand square meters. Miles amounted to 146 million copies., Biomass - 31 thousand tons. Equipment of Haltus in 2008 on an area of \u200b\u200b71.7 thousand square meters. Milf was estimated at 181 million ecz., Biomass - 46 thousand tons.
Thus, data on dimensional and sexual composition, semi-produce and nutrition, as well as estimates of the number obtained in 2007-2008, indicate that the northern part of the Kara Sea is one of the most important outgoing outgrowths for the black halves of the Norwegian-Barentsevoomoremor's population . In addition, taking into account obtained in last years New information about the distribution of black halight, there is no doubt that this species can occur in the more eastern and northern regions of the Russian Arctic within the gutters and on the slopes of the continental shelf of the Northern Arctic Ocean.
Sayka. The features of the distribution and biology of Sayki in the Kara Sea were studied in detail. It was established that in September 2007, the Sayka was distributed in the Kara Sea relatively evenly with some increasing catch in the north, where larger individuals met (13-15 cm). In the southern part of the sea, in this period, the shallow impaired and for the first time the ripening skylight was prevailed, 7-10 cm long. At the same time, its concentrations were low, and the catch did not exceed 20-30 kg per 1 hour of trawls.
In August 2007, the clusters of the semi-creation of Sayki were celebrated in the northern and southern parts of the Kara Sea. In the northern part of the sea in the area of \u200b\u200bthe cape of a desire near the northern tip of the archipelago, the new land of the skike was concentrated in the bottom layer of water at depths to 400-530 m, while on the water area adjacent to the Vaigach and Karsian island, the accumulations of the sacks were observed in the thickness of water And at the bottom at the depths of 80-185 m. In both areas, the catch reached 1.6-2.8 tons per 1 hour of trawling. Said sizes in catch were from 8 to 25 cm during fish dominance 14-16 cm. The character of the flocks and the behavior of the sacks during this period was pointed to the formation of preinstalized sack clusters and the possibility of subsequent migrations to spawning areas. In addition, the spawning sites in the southwestern part of the Kara Sea were revealed in the south-western part of the Kara Sea in shallow water adjacent to the New Earth's Island and Archipelago ( Ecosystem of the Kara Sea, 2008).
According to research data in September 2007, the total number of sakes in the Kara Sea was estimated at 52.8 million copies. And biomass amounted to 35.8 thousand tons. This makes it possible to assume the possibility of conducting domestic skyski fishing in the Kara Sea, for what, However, additional research is needed. In addition, the question of the relationship of the Populations of Sayki Barents and Kara Seas is not clear - whether the Sayka of these seas is various populations or a dies enter the Kara Sea as a result of seasonal migrations.
Conclusion
Made by the Polar Institute (Pinro) ichthyological studies in the Kara Sea are unique for the entire study period of this sea. Studies PINRO made it possible to obtain new data on the composition of ichthyofauna and the structure of ichthyocene. In addition to information that has important fundamental biological significance for understanding the adaptation of marine fish to habitat in the Arctic waters and features of the functioning of the Ecosystem of the Kara Sea, there were practical, having a large fisheries, results.
New data was obtained on the distribution of the black halves of the Barentsomoremore population, and the ideas about its life cycle were revised. In turn, this will strengthen the Russian positions as the country, coastal in relation to this valuable field form, which is a joint commercial resource of Russia and Norway. In connection with the expansion of the habitat area of \u200b\u200bthe Black Falus in Russian waters, the ratio of distribution of quotas for this species will be revised in favor of increasing the Russian share.
In addition, for the first time information was received on the presence of fishing sailions in the Kara Sea and the spawner of this species in the Kara Sea. This can lead to the organization of the new full-scale fishery of this species, which can increase the total Russian catch of hydrobionts in the northern basin.
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Abstract
Results of Three Scientific Expeditions in the Kara Sea, ConduCed by Polar Institute (Pinro) During August-September 2007-2008, Are Considered in The Paper. New List of Fish Species Occurred in the Kara Sea Was Prepared, Which Consists of ApproxiMately 70 Species from 20 Families. Based on Catches from DeMersal Trawl Surveys Quantitative Data On Distribution and Structure of the Kara Sea Fish Community Were Obtained. In addition, Quite New Data, Which Complety Changed EXISTING Knowledge ON Distribution of Greenland Halibut from the Barents Sea Population, Were Collected. Dense Concentrations of Juvenile Greenland Halibut Were Found In The Northern Kara Sea. Their Total Biomass Was Evaluated AS 31-46 Thousand Tons.
The severity of climatic conditions, the widespread of ice, the limited relations with other oceans determined: relative species poverty, the absence or weak development of some groups of living organisms, the limited biomass and the uneven distribution of its distribution within the pool, is also relatively big number As part of the fauna (mainly mammals, both aquatic and leading ground lifestyle) of the so-called cryophiles. This is currently almost exterminated Greenland whale, walrus, some types of seals and a representative of ground fauna, a polar bear. In total, the composition of the ocean fauna has 17 types of large mammals. Also, as a sign of adaptation to existence in cold waters, there are giantism of some living organisms, for example: the largest Cyania jellyfish, giant spider And others. Along with this, the process of development in cold water in living organisms is stretched for a longer time than in warmer waters. This increases the life expectancy of some fish, mollusks and other animals sometimes several times compared with the inhabitants of warmer reservoirs.
The Arctic Ocean corresponds to Arctic biogeographic Areas, within the limits of which also includes the most severe natural conditions. Part of the Atlantic Ocean: Sea of \u200b\u200bBuffin and areas adjacent to Greenland and Labrador.
The greatest species wealth is characteristic of North European Basin: in the Barents, White and Kara Sea. This concerns as species compositionand the amount of biomass and the total fishery of its value. Also, this is the wealth of phyto and zooplankton, the composition of necton is dominated by fishing fish (ocean herring, sea bass, pike, cod, palus), as well as fish that do not have a large fishing value, but serving seals, whites and other aqueous mammals.
Favorable Har-us conditions for the development of a rich organic world on the shelf and in the Litoral strip. Those parts of the ocean that wash the shores of Eastern Siberia, Alaska and Canada, are characterized by the increase in the severity of natural conditions and the general depletion of the organic world. Some exception constitutes only the Chukchi sea, where through the beerings the strait penetrate relatively warmer water from the Pacific Ocean, and therefore some enrichment of the species composition of zooplankton occurs. Especially poor organic world of central part of the Arctic Ocean, including Beaufort sea, covered with ice all year. Phytoplankton (70 species), zooplankton (80 species). Poof the species composition of fish. The biomass density as a whole from the Atlantic to the pole decreases 5-10 times. But on the outskirts of the Arctic basin among perennial ice, walruses are found, the Greenland seal and some other representatives of aqueous mammals, whose fishery is prohibited or strictly regulated by international agreements. Biological resources. More than 150 species of fish live in the seas of the Northern Ocean, some of which has a commercial value. In the Barents Sea dwells cod, pike, halibut, sea bass, herring, sail. In addition, there are 5 types of freshwater ichthyofauna: grayling, pike, roach, Gollyan-Pestruha and a sub-brander. Fishes living in the Kara Sea are represented by both European and siberian species. It takes the eastern border of the salt of salmon, pikes; Western border of the Siberian Rocky, Goltz. Endemics are not here. Gorbowa dwells in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. In the East Siberian Sea catch golden crucian, Nalima. For seas, straits and bays of the American ocean sector are characteristic of 17 freshwater species, identical to Siberian and Pacific: Siberian Ostr, Midhog, Keta, Gorbow, Asian Koryushka and others. Many species live in the saline waters of the seas, and spawn in fresh waters of rivers. From the mammals living in the waters, the ocean, the most widely represented by the laston-related: seals, nerves, walruses. From other mammals living in the waters of the Arctic seas can be called: whale, unicorn, in the Greenland Sea - Greenland Kit. At the shores of Alaska, gray whales, a polar bear. The inhabitants of the rocks - bird bazaars, where huge populations of fishing birds are formed - seagulls, cakes, dead-end gaga.
21. Atlantic Ocean: General Information, Story of Studies, Islands and Coast.
The Atlantic Ocean is the second largest ocean. His area It is 91.66 million km², water volume - 329.66 million km³. It extends from subarctic latitudes to the Antarctica itself. The border The Indian Ocean passes through the Meridian of the Cape Needle (20 ° V.D. To the coast of Antarctica (the land of the queen mod). The border with the quiet ocean is carried out from Cape Municipal in Meridian 68 ° 04 'or by the shortest distance from South America To the Antarctic Peninsula through the Strait of Drake, from the island of Oste to Cape Sternek. The border with the North Arctic Ocean passes through the eastern entrance of the Hudson Scholiva, then through the Strait of Davis and along the coast of Greenland to Cape Bruster, through the Danish Strait to the Cape Radinupur on the island of Iceland, on his coast to Cape Herpir, then to the Faroe Islands, further to Shetland Islands and 61 ° north latitude to the coast of the Scandinavian Peninsula.
Long before the era of the great geographical discoveries, the expanses of the Atlantic korozdili numerous vessels. Another 4000 years before our era, the peoples of Phenicia led maritime trade with residents of the Islands of the Mediterranean Sea. By VI century to our era Ancient Greece (England and Scandinavia, in the Baltic Sea and to the Western Coast of Africa), in the X-XI Art. - Vikings (shores of America, opened Greenland and Labrador). VGO - XV century. - spaniards and Portuguese (Columbus 1492, yes Gama - 1497 in India, Magel-1520, Around Move), from America - Gold, Silver, Drag.Kameni, Cocoa, Spices, Sugar; in America - weapons, fabrics, alcohol, products + pirates, cat. Made a certain contribution - John Hawkins, Francis Dreyk and Henry Morgan. Lazarev and Belinzgauzen In 1819-1821, Antarctica (coast) was opened. In 1803-1806, the first Russian round-the-world expedition of Ivan Kruzenshtern. From 1872 to 1876, the first scientific ocean expedition was held in English sailing and vapor Corway "Challenger"Working in different directions: Piz, Chem, Geol and Bio Ocean. In 1877 g, Amer. ship "Blake" With the help of a metal cable made a measurement of the depth of Puerto Rico, the depth of 9207 m. Refined data of the Vima ships (USA) and "Academician Kurchatov": Gutter depth 8742 m. In 1886 ship "Vityaz" Makarov conducted studies of water of the Atlantic: the temperature, density, specific weight, as well as the role of rivers in the allocation of ocean water was determined. 2 Paul XX in the ocean and seas. Difficulties of Issla: work climates sent, accumulation of standard data; comprehensive research in poorly learned regions; Work on the dynamics of ocean water and, finally, the work related to the service of the economy, servicing vessels. From 1951 to 1956 Anglo-am Expedition Wire Large-scale shooting of the structure and dynamics of water in mind and tropical latitudes northern Hemisphere, Prombs of depths were carried out, led the worker oceanologist G. Dietrich.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe seas, the bays and the straits of the Atlantic Ocean is 14.69 million km² (16% of common Square Ocean), amount of 29.47 million km³ (8.9%). Seas and main bays (clockwise): Irish Sea, Bristol Bay, North Sea, Baltic Sea (Batnic Bay, Finnish Bay, Riga Bay), Biscay Bay, Mediterranean Sea, etc.
The largest islands and archipelagoes of the Atlantic Ocean: British Islands (United Kingdom, Ireland, Hebrid Islands, Orkney Islands, Shetland Islands), Large Antilles (Cuba, Haiti, Jamaica, Puerto Rico, Huelitud), Newfudland, Iceland, Archipelago Fire Earth (Fire Earth, Oste, Navarino), Maramery, Sicily, Sardinia, Small Antilles (Trinidad, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Curaçao, Barbados, Grenada, Saint Vincent, Tobago), Falkland (Malvinsky) Islands (East Falkland (Soledad), Western Falkland (Grand Malvina)), Bahamas (Andros, Big Inagua, Big Bahamas), Cape Breton, Cyprus, Corsica, Disco, Crete, Antiquities, Canary Islands, etc.
Biological resources White Sea
Theoretical and applied basics of their recovery and rational use
For almost a thousand years, the White Sea provided Pomoros of the prey of fish and marine mammals, gave food and goods for trade, allowed to develop navigation, build villages, cities and monasteries, develop the economy. In the last century, the crafts fell into decline. At the same time there was an outflow of the local population from the shores of the sea and the extinction of Pomeranian villages.
The once prosperous edge that did not know the serfdom, which was distinguished by a high level of education and culture, developed for navigation turned into an abandoned outskirts. The situation has not improved and after the collapse of the USSR, when it remains the only fully Russian sea. It is still considered poor and unprofitable, with which it is impossible to agree. First, faunistic depletion is not the basis for the withdrawal of the quantitative poverty of the White Sea (Kudrasky, Scarlado, 1986). Secondly, data on the low abundance of Plankton and Benthos (Zenkevich, 1947, 1963; Izhevsky, 1961; Epstein, 1963) erroneous and cannot be used in the assessment of its product potential. Thirdly, the White Sea crafts knew the best times (Kuznetsov, 1960) and the sea could not be considered the poor. It is necessary to find out the reasons for the current depression of the crafts and find ways out of the situation. And finally, the encouraging results of the mariculture testify to high productive opportunities of the sea and allow you to outline one of the most effective ways to increase its fishing level.
With a relatively good study, it is not enough to assess the productive potential and justify the rational seizure of commercial facilities. A comprehensive analysis of the processes occurring in the main ecosystems of the White Sea is required. This tried to make the author, summarizing the original and literary materials.
To achieve this goal it was necessary to solve the following tasks:
1) based on a systematic approach to the study of production processes occurring in the White Sea and determining the level of biological resources and rational, scientifically based fishery, to estimate the production capabilities of the White Sea ecosystems and the field potential, both of the individual species and groups inhabiting its organisms and the reservoir as a whole ;
2) taking as a basis the historical approach, analyze the dynamics of the White Sea and to make ideas about the maximum level of mining macrophytes, fish and marine mammals;
3) The judgment of the poverty or wealth of the sea may be justified only in the presence of a comparative approach that allows you to relate biological resources and the production potential of various seas, both from the same biogeographic area of \u200b\u200bthe World Ocean and from its various parts. Such a comparison that was one of the main tasks of the dissertation work, was also implemented.
4) Find out the reasons for the current depression of Belomorsk and outline the ways out of the current situation aimed at increasing its field productivity and the development of mariculture of valuable commercial facilities.
General characteristic of the White Sea.
The White Sea is part of the Arctic Ocean. Its area is 89600 km2, and the volume is 5400 km3, the average depth is 60 m, and the maximum - 343 m. The sea is deeply going to the mainland and is surrounded by land from all sides, which leads to the predominance of continental climate traits. Summer is relatively warm, and winter is harsh. In the open parts of the sea, the climate is softer and even more than in the depths of the bays. The air temperature is lowered in winter to -30 ° C and below, and in the summer usually do not exceed + 20 ° C. About six months the sea is covered with ice. The temperature of the surface waters is close to the freezing point. Warming begins usually in May. In the fall, the spatial variability of the water temperature in the open part of the sea is minimal. In October, there is a rapid cooling of coastal waters, and they become much colder than the water of the open sea.
In areas with intense turbulence (throat, online bay), the water temperature at depth and on the surface are usually weakly different. In the pool and sea bays on the surface, it usually reaches 13 - 15 ° C, and in shallow water is significantly higher (up to 20 - 24 ° C). Summer heating affects the depths of about 15 m. Below the temperature drops sharply and deeper 60 m has negative values whole year.
The salinity of water is lower than in the Barents Sea. Deep parts of the sea have salinity 29.5-30% about. On the surface of the open areas, it varies from 24 to 27% about. In the tops of the bays and estuaries large rivers The salinity is very lowered. The greatest decline in salinity in the upper 2-З-meter layer is observed during the melting period. At the same time, the water on the surface becomes almost fresh (Lucanin, grandkov, 1985).
Waters are well aerated. The oxygen content varies from 6 to 9 ml / l. The surface water of the Gulf and throat is as enriched with oxygen as oxygen, i.e. Places of high hydrodynamics.
The limiting factor in the development of phytoplankton is a nitrogen in a minimum (Belaya, Fedorov, 1972; Fedorov et al., 1995; Ilyash et al., 2003). The duration of regeneration of nitrates is close to three months. The duration of the regeneration of phosphate twice is smaller (Maximov, 1982).
Floro faunistic composition of the White Sea.
The animal and vegetation world of the sea is very diverse and is heterogeneous. Its multi-component is due to the heterogeneity of hydrological conditions in various sections of the water area and the complexity of the post-colonal history of the sea (Derdygin, 1928; Kvasov, 1975; Naumov, 2004).
According to the number of taxes, planktonic microalgae of the White Sea is practically not inferior to the Barentsomorsky (Makarevich, Larionov, 1992; Ilyash et al., 2003). Arctic-boreal (28%) and cosmopolitan (25%) form diatoms are dominated. During the year, four main seasonal complex of phytoplankton, and replacing each other. They have different composition, distinguished by abundance, the rates of reproduction, the ratio to the temperature and concentration of biogenic elements. In the Arctic seas from Karaki to Chukotka there is only one maximum development of phytoplankton (biological spring) and zooplankton (biological summer). For phytoplankton, white is characterized by two maximum development (Fedorov et al., 1995; Ilyash et al., 2003).
Zooplankton has 142 species. The basis is Correoa (Persheva, Jugunkova, 1995). Mass development achieve those that live in the upper layers of water. Living deeper 20 - 25 m less abundant. Changes in abundance of abundance during the year are usually monocyclic. The peak of the number falls at the end of July - August, and the biomass peak is in July. The stretched summer period of the maximum abundance of zooplankton is characterized by imposing periods by the development of species from various ecological complexes (Jumunkova, 1984).
Macrofitobenthos consists of 183 species of algae and 2 types of higher plants. Dominate brown algae. (75 species). On red and green, there are 69 and 39 species, respectively. Women's universal and arctic-boreal forms prevail (Biminskaya et al., 1995). Fitobenthos is timed mainly to the upper submern. Deeper 22 m macrophytes are absent.
Zoobentos studied quite fully (Derrygin, 1928; Kudrasky, 1966; Beklemishev et al., 1975; Yaitoou, 2001). The total number of species reaches 800. The foundation is made up of multi-minded worms, boilers, mollusks and intestinal. The share of arctic-boreal forms accounts for about 50%. By the method of nutrition, filters and dedprofagi predominate.
Ichthyofauna, not so diverse as in the Barents Sea, there are 56 - 57 species. The share of arctic, boreal and arctic-boreal species accounted for 45.46 and 9% of the total number respectively (Russ, 1995). The basis of ichthyofauna is the cream and kerchaki (5-6 species). The family of white, sigal, koryushkovy, lumines, agon and liparone numbers are 3 - 4 species. In the remaining 17 families - 1 to 2 species. White Sea fish are represented mainly shallow coastal shelf types of saltwater. The White Sea is part of the arqual of arctic species. At the same time, it serves as the limit of the boreal species of the Atlantic genesis in the Arctic. Whale shark, ops, eel, sargan and mackerel are encountered episodically and not every year. Mackerel also enters the White Sea, sometimes large flocks, giving the catches of industrial significance (Andriyashev, 1954). Often found polar and barbed shark, Side, Piksha, Sayka, Marine Okun, Sea Flock and Young Atlantic Herring, not multiplying in the White Sea.
In the White Sea, there are much fewer types of seabirds than in the Barents. There are practically no birds preferring open maritime expanses and fish feed. Bentophages prevail. Extensive shallow water and many islands are very favorable not only for their nesting and fattening, but also for recreation and feeding migrants from of Eastern Europe and Western Siberia (Bianca et al., 1995).
Marine mammals are presented with a smaller number of species than in the Barents Sea. Among the marine mammals inherent in the White Sea is the biggest Belukha. These animals are found throughout the water area of \u200b\u200bthe White Sea, and for the winter, as a rule, go to the Barents Sea. In the White Sea, Beluhi feed in mainly herring and washing, and to a lesser extent by Koryushka, Navaga, Pinagorom, Cod and Shrimps (Vinogradov, 1949).
The Greenland seal has long been an object of intensive fishery. At the beginning of the winter, seals form on the ice of the northeastern part of the pool and the south of the throat large clusters and begin to confidence. After it there is a molt. Then seals leave the white sea along with drifting ice. For the White Sea period, they practically do not eat. Ottav occurs mainly in the Barents Sea (Tymoshenko, 1995).
The ringed nerve is spread throughout the sea, it is kept one by way, forming temporary clusters on ice only during the pairing period and molting. Cubs appear at the end of February - early March.
Power base - staked fish and crustaceans (Tymoshenko, 1995).
The sea hare is found throughout the water area. Puppy takes place at the end of April on the ice funnels and the Mezen Bay. After it, mating and molt occur when animals do not eat. Bentophage marine hare feeding with molluscs and shrimps (Vinogradov, 1949).
Relatively rare and small in the White Sea Atlantic walrus, gray seal and hokhlach. Episodically enter the lighter and one of the smallest dolphins is a sea pig. Finvals, savals, coushlots and bottles are isolated.
The main components of the production processes.
In the 70s - 80s of the XX century. The content of organic substances in the White Sea was an average of about 7 mg / l. In recent years, higher concentrations (Agatova et al., 1994) have been registered. In the Barents Sea, the content of the organicity is 4.6 -6.6 mg / l (Maximova, 2004). Consequently, on the concentration of organic substances, the White Sea exceeds the Barents.
About 5.4 million tons of organic substances (Maksimova, 1991) comes with a river runoff for the year. In the area of \u200b\u200bmarginal filters (Lisolisin, 1994), approximately 1.9 million tons are deposited. Since the organizing agent, bringing rivers, is absorbed three times worse than autochthone (Maksimova, 1991), then the remaining 3.5 million tons of alcohton organic capacity is equivalent to 1.2 million tons. Associated autochthon substance (0.6 million tons of carbon).
The weighted average concentration of chlorophyll in the fotic layer is close to 1.5 mg / m3, which is higher than in the Barents Sea 2 - 3 times (Bobrov, Shmelev, 1985).
Seasonal and inter-innovative changes in the performance of phytoplankton are best investigated in the Selo Salva Strait and in the mouth of the lip of the chip (Fedorov et al., 1995). The level of primary products determined by the radio carbon method was in the 60s of the XX century. At these points of the Kandalaksha Bay on average 200 - 250 mg C / m2 per day. The total level of primary products can be estimated by a value of about 3 million tons of organic carbon per year. Similar indicators were obtained by calculating primary products, based on the winter stock of biogenic elements and their 1.5 - 2-fold turnover over the vegetation period and on the dynamics of phytoplankton biomass (Fedorov, 1970; Bobrov et al., 1995).
The southern regions of the Barents Sea have higher primary products (500 - 600 mg C / m2 per day) than in the White Sea. Western regions are similar, and where the Arctic waters are dominated in the Barents Sea, the daily primary products (50 - 140 mg C / m2) are less than White Sea several times (Bobrov, 1980; Savinov, 1987). Karoskaya, Laptev and East Siberian Sea of \u200b\u200b2 - 3 times inferior to white and only Chukotka surpasses it (200 - 500 mg of SS per day) in terms of phytoplankton products.
The annual production of macrophytes, calculated by different methods, is an average of 0.6 x 1013 kcal, which is 5 times less than phytoplankton products. In the World Ocean, this indicator does not exceed 1% (Moiseev, 1989). High products of the White Sea macrophytes are due to the presence of large shallow sections favorable to grow algae. However, macrofite products plays a completely different role than phytoplankton products. In the White Sea there are practically no organisms that feed on macrophytes. They may be part of food in the form of pieces of layers exposed to bacterial destruction. Obviously, high products of macrophytes indicate development in the White Sea of \u200b\u200bDetriton Chain.
Zooplankton has high biomass: an average of 120-200 mg / m3 (Pershova, Jumunkova, 1995). In some cases, they can reach 1.8 and even 2.5 g / m3 (Troskov, 1998). Dominated for a long time an idea of \u200b\u200ba low abundance of zooplankton is not true.
Macrobenthos biomass will vary from 100 g / m2 (pseudobatial) to 59 kg / m2 - Midida banks in the upper subinterli (Lucanin et al., 1983). The average biomass -200 g / m2 (Yakpou EX A1., 2003), which is 10 times higher than the previously cited data (Zenkevich, 1963). The average biomass of benthos on the ocean shelf is 70 - 200 g / m2 (Moiseev, 1989). Consequently, in this indicator, the White Sea can attribute to productive reservoirs.
The total biomass of the macrobenthos is about 2 million tons. (Yaishou EX A1., 2003). With an annual R / B-coefficient - 0.5 (Konstantinov, 1986), the annual production of macrosis is 0.5 x 1012 kcal. Based on the data on the coefficients of the digestibility and efficiency of products (Alimov, 1989), it can be calculated that food consumed by these organisms per year is equivalent to 3.8 x 1012 kcal.
The total stock of the fish is currently 24 - 30 thousand tons. Caloric content - 1 kcal / g, and the annual P / B-coefficient is 0.3 (Yablonskaya, 1971; Alimov, 1989). Annual products - 0.8 x Yu 10 kcal. A close value indicates other researchers (Alimov et al., 2005). Given the appropriate factors of the digestibility and efficiency of products (Alimov, 1989), can be determined fish diet: 4 x Yu 10 kcal / year.
The total biomass of mammals living in the White Sea constantly (ringed nerve and sea hare) or a significant part of the time (Beluha) is about 2 thousand tons. At p / B-coefficient 0.35 and energy equivalent 1 kcal / g (Moiseev, 1989) Annual products are 7 x 108 kcal. The digestibility and coefficient of growth efficiency are unknown, but adopted equal to the fish, give a mammalian diet about 3.5 x 109 kcal.
Birds in the first approximation (Bianki et al., 1995) consume about 15 thousand tons of mollusks and 1 thousand tons of fish, which is equivalent to 8.5 x 109 kcal.
Fish can be divided into two main groups by the nature of the power: planktonophages and bentophags. The basis of the fishery is planktonofagi, among whom the share of herring accounts for the greatest biomass (about 12 thousand tons). If you relate to the annual products of zooplankton (1.125 x 1012 kcal) with its consumption of herring (1.8 x 1010 kcal), it turns out that these values \u200b\u200bdiffer in almost 2 orders (Table 1). Consequently, herring reserves are not limited to food resources.
Bentophages are based on the products of Zoobenthos, which makes up about 0.5 x 1012 kcal, and the number of bottom organisms, equivalent to 2.2 x y.10 kcal, will be released. Consequently, this group of fish, although not limited to the products of Zoobenthos, but the food relationships in it are much more intense, especially if we consider that many birds and mammals eaten a significant part of the macrobenthos. A total of various bentonfags (fish, birds and lobs) over a year, about 0.5 x 1011 kcal will be released.
Table 1.
The components of the balance of substances and energy (kcal / year) in the White Sea (Orig.)
Ecosystem elements Products Consumption
Products
Phytoplankton 3.0x10 °
Macrofits 0.6 x 1013
Allohtonic Organic 0.6 Hyu13
Amount: 4.2 x 10 "
Consue
Zooplankton 1.125 x 10 "^ 8.5x10"
Zoobentos 0.5x1012 3.8x10 "
Amount: 1.625 x Yu12 1.23 x 10 "
Fish 0.81 x 10sh 4x10sh
Birds - 8.5 x 10
Mammals 0.7 x 10u 3.5 x 10 *
Surrounded by a plurality of islands, among which there are, for example, a new earth, on the northern coast of Eurasia, it is successful Kara Sea, where Ob, Taz and Yenisei bearing, where the abundant number of fish is inhabited, Belukha and a polar bear are found. Sea I changed my name every time, and it was not only Kara, but also Narcean, Nizarzomsky, Tartar, Icendi, Ice. The history of its occurrence is associated with the last glacial era, when an increase in and a decrease in glacial coverings was carried out. The sea appeared on the map in 1736. Today is a particularly significant object in the Russian Federation.
Territory of the Kara Sea in Russia
The average depth of the Carian Sea ranges from 50 to 100 meters, the maximum is 620 meters. The area is about 900 thousand km², the volume is approximately 100 thousand km².
In fact, the reservoir is placed on the loop with depths less than 100m, which is cut down in the direction from the north to the south of the Holy Holy Anna and Voronin. Along the eastern shore of the island, the New Earth passes the East-Novoemel zhicle. In the area between the gutters, the central plateau is comfortably located with a total depth of less than 50 m.
The reservoir is among the coldest seas in our country. Next to the mouths of the rivers, the temperature values \u200b\u200bof water in the warm season of the year exceeds the mark at 0 ° C. IN winter time These values \u200b\u200bare lowered almost to 2 ° C, which is essentially the freezing temperature. A fog is often formed above the sea, storms are also a permanent satellite. The degree of salinity of water fluctuates in a wide range.
In the eastern region of the reservoir there is a large Arctic reserve with a rare fauna and flora - flower plants, birds, fish and mammals.
The saturation of the Fauna and Flooma of Karis reservoir is largely superior to the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev. So, if more than 50 species of fish live in the first, then in the second - about 40. The most appropriate objects for the fishery are bays, bays and lower rivers, where hunting for salmon, sings, cream and koryushkov family are possible. In addition, in the waters of the sea you can meet Nerpen, sea hares and sometimes - walrus.
In the cold, rather long, season of the year, the Kara Sea is covered with ice, forming even at the beginning of autumn. Ice thickness in some places comes up to 4 meters. Speaks can be seen along the shores of the sea, and in the central part - floating ice.
In the warm season of the year, ice is divided into single arrays. The bottom of the reservoir is covered primarily by sands and sandy sludge, gutter, like the basins - glasses of gray, blue and brown.
Swimming in the Car Marine is traditionally considered a sufficiently difficult matter.
Cities in the Kara Sea
(Port settlement Dixon, the most northernmost locality in Russia)
A city type settlement and the only port on the Kara Sea - Dixon, formed in 2015. More than 500 people live on the territory of the village, there is unfavorable weather and a large number of tourists. Travelers here attract the advantages of nature, a wide range of attractions, in particular, the local local history museum, a polar station and a fish manufacturing plant. The unofficial name of the city is the "capital of the Arctic".
The coast of Russia is washed by 13 seas: 6 seas are among the northern ice ocean pool, 3 - to the pool of the Pacific Ocean, 3-Atlantic, and the Caspian Sea does not have direct communication with the ocean and it would be more correct to call it lake. However, the Caspian represents the remains of once located
here is a big, with a complex history of the sea, and many of its characteristics, like fauna, can be understood only when taking into account the former marine ties.
Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Arctic Basin,of which most Barentsva, White, Karsky, Laptev, East Siberian and Chukotka belong to Russia, have a lot in common and physical properties, and on the animal population. All of them are epi-continental seas, in varying degrees of desalinated large North European and Siberian rivers and, with the exception of the south-western part of the Barents Sea, are in extremely harsh climatic conditions: even at the very warm season, ice floes flooded. The more east, the weaker the influence of the polisy and warm atlantic waters introduced to the Barents Sea of \u200b\u200bGolfustrim affects the Fauna, and only in the eastern east, in the Chukchi Sea, it again is somewhat enriched by penetrating on the relatively warm and salt waters of Bering seas. Especially affecting the depletion of the population in the littoral and the upper horizons of the subcrone.
Floating ice, which is always covered with the Northern Arctic Ocean, and its outskirts - more than the year, determine the biological structure and dynamics of the ecosystems of the Arctic seas. With melting of ice begins the cycle of development of trophically related organisms: enormous phytoplankton masses that consume cash supply of nutrient salts develop. This outbreak of phytoplankton is the intensive development of zooplankton. There is a maximum of zooplankton. By this time, large spaces are exempted from ice. Then, with the formation of a young ice, the number of plankton sharply decreases.
In the Arctic seas, from Karaki to Chukotka, there is only one peak of the number of phytoplankton (biological spring) and zooplankton (biological summer), in other seas they are usually two.
The feature of the Arctic basin is the abundance of animals that in the summer come from rivers in the sea, often not extending beyond the bays and lips; In the fall, they go to the river, often climbing high upwards, and spawn at the coldest season, mainly in fresh water. All this fauna is a heritage of ice-time with its systems of strongly desalinated marine pools, in which they were produced from sea salt-flowable fauna, which became equally a cold-water appearance.
In the Siberian seas, flora and fauna purely marine, salt-water and freshwater are vividly different. Accordingly, the distribution of water in salinity freshwater and salt-water planktones penetrate far north, and the bottom marine -
far to south. Sea fauna in the main part (more than 50%) consists of arctic species widespread in the highlyarthic subdomain of the Arctic region.
Special medium for habitat and resettlement of animals and small algae are floating ice. The edges are holding their fish, as well as seabirds, seals, white bears.
In biogeographic terms, our northern seas belong to the Arctic region, the Barents and the White Sea are part of the Lower Arctic subdomain of the Arctic region, as well as the southeastern part Chukotka sea. The seas are karsky, Laptev, the East Siberian and Western part of Chukotka are included in the High Arctic subsection of the Arctic region (Fig. 92).
Fig. 92. Biogeographic zoning of the Arctic region (L.A. Zenkevich, 1977): I - Assual Arctic subsection; II - Lower Arctic shallow moisture; III - High Arctic shallow moisture: IIIa 1 - Siberian district; IIIA 2 - North American-Greenland district; IIIIB - Solonital Province
Barencevo sea- The largest of our Arctic seas. It only in a low degree has a depth of 200 m inherent in coast seas. The preferent depth of its water is from 200 to 400 m, but there are areas and with depths of over 400 m. Despite the northern position, it is relatively warm, and although in winter all the sea (for The exception of the south-western part) is covered with floating ice, in the summer it is free of its large part, and in other years and the sea is completely. This is due to the action of Golfustrum, the strong influence of which affects the Western shores of the new land. The powerful flow of the Barents Sea is obliged to its uniform, almost ocean salinity, which, along with strong winter cooling, the surface layers contributes to the occurrence of vertical currents and the uniform distribution of oxygen. Favorable conditions (temperature, salinity and oxygen content) contribute to the rich development of both plankton and benthos. On the Murmansk coast that does not know polar iceIn the strip of tidal and tidy oscillations reaching here 4 m vertically, the inhabitants of the littoral are very richly represented. Despite the continuous fence, all new and new masses of warm water from the south, the northern and southeastern parts of the Barents Sea, especially deeper than 50-150 m, is the kingdom of the harsh Arctic, the water temperature is negative. By figuratively described L.A. Zenkevich, "Barents Sea represents a springboard between the first and second lines of fortifications that the Arctic and its population are fenced off from warm atlantic waters. The first line of defense separates the southwestern part of the sea, in which Boreal Flora and Fauna prevail, from the rest of the Barents Sea, The fauna of which in the predominant part is already clearly pronounced arctic character. "
Barents Sea is one of the most studied in the environmental and biogeographic relationship. A significant role in the study of this sea was played by the work of the expedition, organized in 1898 by the famous Russian zoologist and oceanographer N.M. Knipovich, and the activities of the Murmansk biological station, launched in 1899. The wonderful result of the activities of the expedition N.M. Knipovich was the opening of them Development in the Barents Sea of \u200b\u200brich fisheries.
The species composition of the fauna of the Barents Sea is rich, although a number of thermo-loving groups - radolaria, corals, changogo mollusks, Salps and others - in it completely or almost completely absent. But bivalve and bucheloga mollusks, igblerine, crustaceans, sponges, ascisia, etc. are very diverse. For the Barents Sea, 114 species of fish from 41 families are known. As it moves to the East, the species diversity of fish is rapidly decreasing, and in the eastern part of the sea can be found barely half of the specified number. There are whales, various dolphins and seals.
Big bird bazaars are characteristic, mainly from Kair and three-palls-money, and on more northern islands - from a small gagkka, or a leir. The bazaars on the West Bank of the New Earth, sometimes squeezing to 1.5 million birds, are the largest in the world. The abundance of feed benthos and plankton make the Barents Sea by the area of \u200b\u200bconstant habitat or seasonal feeding of many important commercial facilities, among which there are representatives of the Arctic (Sayak, Navaga, Polar Cambala), Subarctic (Moisa) and Boreal Fauna (Cod, Picksha, Side, Herring, Sea Perch, sea flabble, etc.). More heat-water fish - mackerel, Mlow and others come here.
The cod, pike, dies, sea bass, herring and washing, constituting up to 95% of the total catch are decisive in the fishery. Various Cambalous, in particular, halibuts, separate copies of which reach a mass of 80 kg are also of great importance in the fishery. Whaling fishery that flourished in the Barents Sea in the XVIII century, due to the exhaustion of China's stocks fell. But the fishery of Beluhi and Lysún from seals is developed and now.
Zooplankton Barents Sea is qualitatively quite poor, it includes approximately 145 species. As in other seas, weakly crustaceans make up the predominant mass, and this is mainly Calanusfinmarchicus,this owner in the plankton of the cold seas of the northern hemisphere and the main feed of animals that feed on zooplankton, from jellyfish to whales.
In the open parts of the Barents Sea, the mass of zooplankton is on average for the entire sea 140 mg in 1 m 3 of water, but in certain periods, and especially in the south-western part, it usually ranges from 200 to 2000 mg / m 3, and sometimes does not exceed 6 - 8 g / m 3. We can assume that the raw mass of zooplankton in the Barents Sea is in summer time Approximately 100 million tons. Only for the proceedings of this mass of zooplankton, it is necessary at least 1000 million tons of phytoplankton, which covers this colossal decline in its ability to restore by rapid reproduction. The littorals of a special abundance reaches brown algae, which sometimes gave a mass of several tens of kilograms with 1 m 2.
Barents Sea bacteria make up a very significant part of the population in the thickness of the water and the bottom. Accurate quantitative accounting of bacteria showed that their mass is quite commensurate with a mass of all other organisms. The number of bacteria in the upper ground layer is particularly large, where 1 cm 3 contains up to 500 million copies.
The animal population of the bottom of the Barents Sea includes more than 1,500 species, mainly Cornozhk, sponges, shell-free, mollusks, worms, iglinodes, etc. Three groups, which are founding the main mass of Bentosa of the Barents Sea, are not detailing in different parts. Mollusks focused
mostly in the southeastern shallow part of the sea at depths of less than 200 m. Icharkinskie populate more deep areas Western and northern parts of the sea. Polycetes are distributed more or less evenly, but the bulk of them is settled by those parts of the sea, which are busy with softer, or strengths.
Zogeographic analysis of the fauna of the Barents Sea shows that the central part of the sea should refer to the Lower Arctic subdomain of the Arctic region. The South-West Sea section heated with warm atlantic waters, with the bottom temperature above 1 ° C should be classified as the composition of the fauna to the boreal area.
White Sea,connected to the Barents through a wide, but relatively shallow strait, is out of the influence of the Gulf Stream. In winter it freezes, and ice hold on it for at least six months. Thus, the winter conditions here are much severe than in most of the Barents Sea, although the White Sea lies south. In summer, the surface layers are heated to 14 - 16 ° C, the deep layers are retained all year round temperatures close to -1.5 ° C.
In the White Sea, a large amount of fresh water of Northern Dvina, Onega and many other rivers, and it is due to insufficient water exchange through the strait with the Barents Sea, has a reduced salinity. The salinity of the surface layers of the sea is 25-6 ‰, and the deep layers - 30 -31.
The history of the study of the White Sea has more than 200 years. Already in the second half of the XVIII century. Petersburg academics I. I. I. I. P. S. Pallas and N. Ya Coseretkovsky publish information on the fauna of the White Sea. More serious scientific interest To the study of the vegetable and animal population of the White Sea appeared in 1837, when Academician K. Baire was visited by some items of the White Sea and noted the wealth of his fauna. White Sea Biot studies have been continued by many wonderful domestic biocoanologists, and in 1881, a Solovetsky biological station was created for research work. In 1928, the fundamental summary of K. M. Derugin "Fauna of the White Sea and the conditions for its existence" was published, for many decades, which became a model of regional ecological and biogographical examination of the seas. Modern knowledge of the biology of the sea is contained in the generalized reports of L. A. Zenkevich (1949, 1963) and in the book "White Sea. Biological resources and problems of their rational use" (1995).
The features of the Biot of the White Sea are associated with a quaternary history. In the era of glaciation, it was entirely made by a powerful cover of mainland ice. Life in it could not exist at this time. The rights were C.M. Deregin, when he said that the whole of the White Sea fauna was in the late sense of the era and numbers
not more than 13,500 years old. Along the most part of the White Sea, from the north-west to the southeast, occupying the deep part of the Kandalaksha Bay and the central part of the sea, the deep (up to 340 m) of the chute, which is nothing but a small glacier.
For a few exceptions, the flora and the fauna of the White Sea are extremely similar to the Flora and the fauna of the Barents Sea and are as if derived from them, and the most importantly of their difference lies in the relatively small diversity of the inhabitants of the White Sea: the number of species for different groups is 40 - 80% of the flora And the fauna of the Barents Sea, and for the fauna, the reduction in species diversity is felt stronger than for the flora. The main reason for this loss is a decrease in the salinity of the White Sea compared to the Barents. Phytoplankton, as in the Barents Sea, consists of 90% of diatoms of algae and periodines, and in total presented with 106 species. Zooplankton, consisting of 84 species, is also the most diverse in the groups of simplest, intestinal and weak crustaceans. The bottom sea macrophytes in terms of the number of species are a little inferior to those of the Barents Sea; In the White Sea, green, brown and red algae are represented by 134 species.
The number of types of bottom fauna is two times lower than the corresponding indicator of the Barents Sea. The fish here are only 50 species against 114 species in the Barents Sea, and in the White Sea there are no many the most ordinary and mass forms marked in the Barents Sea, and among them representatives and a more thermal-loving, and more cooling faun. Among the first are not presented and the main fishing fish of the Barents Sea (Piksha, Side, Marine Okun and Atlantic Herring), or not at all in the White Sea, or penetrating it with small jambs and sporadically.
The fauna of the White Sea in zoogeographic relations is heterogeneous. In the littoral zone, heavily heated in the summer and retaining heat in the ground at a depth of 20 - 30 cm, boreal flora and fauna predominate. With increasing depth, the number of arctic forms is becoming more and more, and finally, the pseudo-salasal of the sea is settled by the fauna, which has a clearly pronounced highness.
The greatest fishing value from fish in the White Sea has herring, dies, Navaga. An important group of fishing fishes make up salmon and kumzha. These two major salmon shapes have long been valued for high taste qualities. The similarity between them is that they live in an adult in the sea, and for reproduction they enter the rivers and often rise highly upwards. There are between them and a significant difference. Salmon, entering fresh water, ceases to eat, and Kumja is more attached to the rivers and, entering them, never ceases to fed.
Kara Sea- one of the most peculiar and sophisticated faunistic terms, most rich life Among the Siberian seas. The composition of the inhabiting fauna is pretty well studied.
By distribution, the depths of the Carian Sea can be divided into two unequal parts: a smaller, but deeper western and more extensive shallow-free space from Baidarats lips to northern land in the northeast.
A characteristic feature of the bottom relief is two deep gutters in the meridional direction - St. Anne and Voronina, which are two bays of the central part of the Arctic Ocean. The presence of these gutters has a huge impact on the hydrological and biological regime of the closed layers of the Kara Sea. They cause penetration from large depths of the polar basin of water of the intermediate warm layer and underlying its cold waters with high ocean salinity, and together with them there are also a number of deepening organisms of North Atlantic origin.
Of the features of the hydrological regime, first of all, it should be indicated on a large influence of the coastal runoff, which brings in the Kara Sea annually about 1,500 km 3 of fresh water. Somewhat warmer and lightweed, despised by the drain r. Obi Surface waters slide, almost without mixing, along the underlying more salted and cold waters of the underlying layers of the sea. Below 50 m, the temperature of the water in the open sea drops to 0 ° C, and in the bottom layers, from the depths of about 100-150 m during almost a year round, the water temperature is held in the range from -1.0 to -1.7 ° C. Seasonal and annual temperature fluctuations and salinity are usually sharply manifested only in shallow water.
By the variety of fauna, the Kara Sea is inferior to the Barents, but significantly exceeds the variety of species of white and sea Laptev. It can be considered that the number of animal species living in the Kara Sea is about 70% of the Fauna of the Barents Sea and almost half more than in white.
In accordance with the distribution of environmental conditions in the bottom layers, primarily depending on the depth, the properties of the soil, temperature and salinity, the biocenoses of the bottom fauna disintegrate into two extensive groups: the biocenoses of the open sea and the biocenosis of the coastal strip. According to the composition of the fauna and in its quantitative indicators, the differences between them are very cutting. In both parts of the Kara Sea, L.A. Zenkevich (1957) distinguished four groups of biocenoses of bottom fauna:
high-Arctic depth biocenoses with the predominance of Ichalkinskih (mainly soothed), Cornozhk, small mollusks and polychaetes;
high-Arctic shallow water biocenoses of the Open Sea also with the predominance of Ichalkin, mostly small officers;
high-Arctic biocenoses of coastal shallow cattle with the predominance of mollusks (dertyady and filter);
lower Arctic Barentsomora Biocenoses, modified within the Kara Sea due to the fallout and oppression of a number of Lower Arctic and arctic-boreal forms.
According to the features of the movement of deep waters, the Kara Sea gives a picture of a sharp two-layerness and in this regard can be put on second place after black. Parts of the bottom with depths less than 50- 100 m are busy rather rich fauna with the predominance of bivalve mollusks and polychite, which is about 120 g / m 2. In the deeper parts in the fauna, igblerine with a very small common biomass are dominated: only a few grams per 1 m 2.
If you leave the coastal mainland portion as well as the mouth of the rivers and the parts of the sea, where it is concentrated in a rather large number of a peculiar set of fishing fish (Omul, Sigov, Navaga, Koryushka, etc.), the rest of the sea in all its open part With a sufficient basis, it can be called "unborn". The bottom fish of the Kara Sea is mostly small irresistible forms. An insignificant fish in general and the complete absence of large fishing fish is also characteristic of the seas of Laptev and East Siberian.
Laptevih seaaccording to the hydrological regime and climatic conditions close to Karos, but still severe, much smaller and stronger is despicable. Life in it is poorer and quantitatively and efficiently; Fish, for example, known to 31 views against 61 species found in the Kara Sea.
In the East Siberian Seait is mostly solon-water and the most endless sea forms.
Chukotka Seapretty salty, and the fauna is richer than in the sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev and East Siberian. Fish is about 60 species, of which 16 are common with the fauna of the Bering Sea. On about. Wrangel and in the shores of Chukotka are the birds of the birds of cleaner birds, although they are weaker than on the shores of the Barents Sea.
Far Eastern seas.Huge edge seats separated from open Ocean The ridges of the islands, shallow-water in the northern parts and deep-water in the southern, have a weak salinity and sharply distinguishing temperature regime in the winter and summer periods: in winter they are covered with floating ice (except for the southern part of the Japanese Sea), in the summer - are completely freed from them. The largest of these seas of Beringovo, it is also the deepest. The smallest is the Okhotsk Sea. The fauna of these seas is typically oceanic and for wealth, and in a variety of composition
significantly surpasses all other seas of Russia. Its base is a boreal Pacific fauna with a significant admixture of arctic forms.
The biogeographic features of the Far Eastern seas largely determines the powerful warm flow of Kurosio, which gives a rather strong branch to the Japanese Sea (the Tsushimo current), very little penetrates the Okhotsk and individual jets enter the Bering Sea.
The modern stage of studying the Far Eastern seas is largely connected with the name of the hydrobiologist K. M. Derugin, who organized the Pacific Scientific and Fishing Station in 1925, which became in 1930 by the Pacific Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography (TINRO) in Vladivostok. The works of the largest marine biologists of the country were identified by the biological resources of the Far Eastern seas, a number of fundamental discoveries were made. In 1970, at the initiative of Academician A.V. Zhirmunsky, the Institute of the Biology of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Far Eastern Scientific Center of the USSR Academy of Sciences was formed, and since 1975, a special academic journal "Biology of the Sea" begins to leave in Vladivostok.
The bottom fauna is rich and diverse - benthos, which up to the depth of 200 m, the mollusks dominate, at the depths of 200 - 600 m inhabited by iglobler, and even deeper - crustaceans and worms. Especially numerous bottom fauna develops in the northern part of the Bering Sea, in the Bering Strait and the southern part of the Chukotka Sea, up to 1 kg and above 1 m 2 bottom. Very high the density of the bottom population and in some other places of the Far Eastern seas, for example, in a shallow water along the west side from Kamchatka, in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, where in the summer large quantities Kamchatka crab, flounder and cod are rejected.
The most characteristic fish is endemic for the northern part of the Pacific, the genus of Far Eastern salmon, numbering six species (Keta, Gorbow, Chavik, Nerk, Kizhuch, Sima). It is very close to real salmon, and its representatives are also typical passing fish, which include huge jambs in the Far Eastern River and have a very large commercial importance.
Whales and dolphins are presented by a number of species, of which most are very widespread in the World Ocean. From the eared seals in all these seas are endemic for the northern part of the Pacific Cat and Sivuch. Real (Beehood) of seals are presented by a number of species: sea hare, cruise (striped seal), ordinary seal and nervous, which form sharply pronounced local subspecies.
Bering Seait has a relatively moderate water temperature. The northern part of the sea is especially cold, with relatively poor flora and fauna. There are only 60 species of fish. Meet
polar bear and walrus. The southeastern part adjacent to the American shores, the warmest, with a rich fauna. 172 species of fish live in this part of the sea. The coastal ecosystems of the Commander Islands are especially allocated. Thick thickets of various algae, some of which have a layer of up to 10 - 12 m long, rise to the sea surface from a depth of 20 - 30 m. They hide a variety of fish and richest invertebrate fauna.
In the summer, cats that spend most of their lives in the open seas of moderate latitudes of the Pacific Ocean are published for breeding on the rookery of the Commander Islands. Kalans, or maritime otters, preserved only on the commanders and in very small quantities of somewhere in the Pacific Coast North America, lead a settling life and constantly hold in coastal sections of the sea among the thickets of sea cabbage, protecting them from the wicked enemies of all marine mammals - large whales-tales. In contrast to the fishing cat, Kalan feeds mainly by sea hedgehogs. Fisheries ichthyofauna is represented by cod, Montami, Sayka, herring, flushed, climbs, sea perch, thermal, pacific salmon, washing, macroers, coal fish.
Biological resources of the Bering Sea are intensively exploited, the stocks of most fishery facilities (Cambals, sea bass, salmon, kamchatka crabs et al.) are in a tense state. The volume of fish products on the shelf exceeds 1500 kg / km2, in Pelagial - 500 kg / km 2 and reaches the levels of the most productive areas of the world.
Okhotsk Seaalthough it is located south, but colder Beringov. The fauna of this sea is extremely rich and diverse, and the percentage of endemic forms in it is very high. Fish approximately 300 species, of which almost a quarter - endemic, and 30 - commercials. More than half of the types of Okhotsk ichthyofauna are represented by fish living in all three seas, and they are, for few exceptions, cold-water.
On fish stocks, the Okhotsk Sea occupies a prominent place among our Far Eastern seas, and in terms of the volume of fishery - one of the first places in the world. The basic value is salmon - Far Eastern and Kamchatka salmon, close to real salmon, as well as Keta and Gorbow. An important place in the fishery occupies a herring, which is common in all three seas, but especially large clusters forms northern coast The Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea, which suits huge shoals at the beginning of summer. Cod, considerable amounts of which are marked with the western banks of Kamchatka are widespread. The shallow water of the Japanese, Okhotsky and Bering seas only are located along the coast, which limits the possibilities of the development of the bottom
fisheries. The richest plankton represents unlimited food resources for planktonoid fish (Fig. 93).
Modern fish productivity of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk reaches 1300- 1400 kg / km 2. In recent years, 65 -70% of the total fish and fish facilities in the Far East (2300 - 2400 thousand tons) accounted for the Okhotsk Sea - the main fishing pool of Russia. The main part of the production was the most important commercial facilities: Mintai, crabs, herring and salmon. The biological resources of the Sea of \u200b\u200bthe Sea will retain a priority value for Russian fisheries and in the foreseeable future, therefore, the most important task remains annual monitoring as the state of stocks of commercial facilities and bioresources in general.
Fig. 93. Distribution of benthos biomass (g / m2) in the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk (M.I. Savinkov, 1960): 1-
Japanese Sea- The warmest of the Far Eastern seas of Russia. The deep part that occupies without a small one of its bottom and descending to 3000 m, and in places and below 4000 m, is completely isolated both from the adjacent seas and from the ocean. Thanks to the effect of warm and cold currents, the southern and eastern part of the sea is much warmer than North and Western, which is very affected by the animal world.
The fauna of the Japanese sea in a variety exceeds several times the Fauna Bering and Okhotsky, as well as the fauna of our northern and southern Moreley.. In the Japanese Sea, up to 600 species of fish are known. This variety of fauna is due to the presence of both the northern cooling representatives and subtropical and even tropical. In general, in the fauna of the Japanese Sea, thermal-loving forms prevail in its southern part. Up to Vladivostok, subtropical species like tuna, mackerel, flying fish, a dog-fish out of needle, huge hammer fish from sharks, which occasionally occurs even in the Tatar Strait. At the shores there are separate cases of appearance and such tropical forms like a sailboat, sea turtles.
The bottom fish of the Japanese Sea, in particular the cod and various cambals (there are up to 40 species here), due to the weak development of the mainland, the mainland is found in it relatively in small quantities. Even less in it salmon fishsticking to the northern part of this sea. From invertebrates are characterized by a row of mollusks: scallops, white shells, oysters, as well as duck tremblies.
Fisheries ichthyofaun North-western part of the sea is represented by cold-water forms: Navaga, Minttai, Cod, Herring, Cambals, Terpug and others. In the south, heat-water types are dominated: mackerel, stavride, carozub, sail, anchov, etc. until 1940-1941 The Pacific Sardine (Ivasi), the catch of which reached 2 million tons in the Japanese Sea, in the following years as a result of changing the hydrological conditions among the southern shores of Japan, where her spawning occurs, the number of this fish has declined sharply. In recent years, however, an increase in Ivasi reserves is observed, and in 1975 its catch off the coast of Japan reached 800 thousand tons.
The total catch of marine facilities in the Japanese Sea exceeds 1 million tons, most of all (over 0.6 million tons) pelagic (mackerel, stavrids, anchovy, hair carriage, etc.) and significantly less donon. The fish product is pretty high: 830 kg / km 2 bottom fish and about 700 kg / km 2 - pelagic.
In the eastern shores of Japan, the number of production produced on the shelf reaches 1300-1500 kg / km 2, and in pelagial - 1200-1300 kg / km 2, i.e. significantly exceeds such indicators of most other areas of the world ocean.
Baltic Seait belongs to the Atlantic Ocean pool and stretched from the south to the north almost 1200 km. According to the hydrological regime and fauna, it occupies a separate position among other seas of Russia. Approved only by narrow straits with the Northern Sea, being in general shallow water and getting a lot of water from rivers, the sea is very despicable, and since the winter in this region is relatively harsh, the northern part of the sea freezes for 4-6 months. Saltness, especially low in the upper layers of water, gradually decreases towards the northeast, almost coming to not at the vertices of the combat and Finnish bays. In the same direction, the number of animal species decreases. In the southwestern part of the sea adjacent to the sheds, salinity can undergo strong oscillations, sometimes for short periods of time. A significant difference in the salinity of the surface and depth water of the Baltic Sea is primarily due to the presence of two flows. Surface flow (drain), more freshwater is taken out in the straits, the more salted water is entered into the sea with the bottom course.
In the history of the Baltic Sea, freshwater fauna seized the reservoir almost completely. Freshwater shapes penetrate it to salinity 4 -5, and individuals are found at salinity 7. Of the freshwater clams, various ponds, Nenitin, Bitinium, Paludina and Coils are common here. Often there is a waters of water donkey, hill the larvae are abundant.
During the glacial epochs, the Baltic Sea was all covered with the tremendous masses of ice, and life, like in the White Sea, could not exist in it. It can be assumed that the formation of the modern Baltic fauna occurred over the last 12-13 thousand years, when the sea was released from ice. The melting of ice filled the Baltic Basin of the tremendous mass of water. The level of thus formed widely spilled ice-sea ice was higher than the ocean level, and its water was glad to west to the Atlantic Ocean, and the Lake Lake Ladoga was blocked in the east. The fauna of this ice lake was scarce and had a purely freshwater character. Approximately 12 thousand years ago, the Baltic Sea entered the new phase - the Ioldiye Sea. When the sea level dropped, a wide connection with the North Sea was established, and salted sea waters were injected into the Baltic waters, as well as their flora and fauna. At this time, the sea was settled with arctic cold-water species, including the Greenland seal.
The IOLDIE Phase in the history of the Baltic Sea existed for long (500 to 700 years). As a result of a significant raising of sushi, the Baltic Sea again separated from the ocean and the water was pretended by secondary very strong desalination. This is an ancilate lake-sea
spenting freshwater fauna, and the name itself is given according to the leadership of this period - mollusk Ancylusfluviatilis.At the same time, it was populated with other shellfish-ponds, toothless and other inhabitants of freshwater. This phase lasted over 2,200 years.
The new lowering of the sushi in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Straits caused an increase in the inflow to the Baltic Sea of \u200b\u200bSalted Sea Water and the settlement of it with the corresponding Flora and the fauna. The phase of the so-called Latience Sea came, when the salinity of water reached a level at 5 - 6 ‰ above the modern, and the fauna was more "marine" than now. The temperature of the water, as in the "ancilor" time, was higher than modern on 2 - 3 ° C. This phase had a duration of about 4,000 years. The mollusk is especially characteristic of this time, by whose behalf and this period, as well as mussels, edible heart and others. Approximately 3000 years ago, again, the exchange of waters with the North Sea decreased, the Baltic Sea was slightly designed, the water temperature dropped slightly and switched to the water. Modern condition.
The poverty of the fauna of the Baltic Sea and the relative monotony of the conditions of existence determine the small variety of bottom biocenoses. Only in the southern and preproy portion of the sea, the number of biocenoses increases, the main part of the sea is occupied, essentially with one biocenosis of bottom mollusk Masput Baltica.Like Plankton, Bentos does not forms such powerful clusters in the Baltic Sea, as in the adjacent parts of the Atlantic Ocean or even in the Barents Sea. Only in the south-western part of the sea and at the entrance to the Finnish Bay of Benthos Bay of the Bentos reaches hundreds of grams per 1 m 2. Usually it is expressed in several dozens of grams.
The fauna of the Baltic Sea by origin is mixed. In general, it is a strongly depleted boreal-atlantic fauna with a strong adherence to the freshwater and significant content of arctic forms. Atlantic species include, for example, cod, flounder, ordinary herring (forming a local subspecies), sea needle, spray. Some of them are absent in the more northern Barents Sea, but are noted in Mediterranean and black. Such, for example, seahorse and mackerel. Of freshwater fish We point out the pike perch, pike, bream.
Arctic forms are concentrated mainly in the northeast, the coldest part of the sea. The typical representative of them is a four-legged goby-slingshot, widespread along the Arctic coast of Eurasia and America, in the White Sea and for large lakes of Karelia and Finland, but the missing in the Barents Sea. There is also a nonsense, having a circumpolar spread and dwelling in Lake Ladoga.
A peculiar place in the fauna of the Baltic Sea is occupied by salt-water migrants from the distant south - from the Caspian Sea, penetrating there quite recently can be said, in the last century, according to the Volga and the Mariinsky system of channels with river vessels. This is a hydroid polyp. Cordylophora Caspia,bivalve Dreissena Polymorpha.and amphipode.
For the Baltic Sea, a weak vertical stirring of water is characterized, which prevents the rise of the bottom reserves of nitrogen and phosphorus to the upper, productive layers. In addition, lowers biological production processes in the Baltic Sea and significant winter cooling. Pretty rapidly flowing spring period of "flowering" of plankton quickly ends as soon as nutrient salt turns out to be used. In the winter in the central part of the sea, "Zama" are marked - almost the complete disappearance of oxygen dissolved in water. By virtue of this, the productivity of plankton on the same latitudes in the Atlantic Ocean several times higher and with the transition from the North Sea to the Baltic sharply falls.
South Sea(Black, Azov and Caspian) are very different from each other by physical properties, but they have a lot in total in the hydrological mode and in the composition of the inhabitants. In the warm season, the surface layers of these seas are heated (up to 27-30 ° C), while in the winter they are significantly cooled and is largely covered with ice, even the Black Sea freezes from the North-Western and northeastern shores.
Low salinity of water is the main reason why many freshwater animals are found in them, including fish: pike, pike perch, roach (on the Black and Azov seas called Tarahmy, in Caspian - Vobly), Bream, Sazan (otherwise, carp) and Dr., penetrating here from rivers. For all these seas, the presence of sturgeon, endemic genus of Caspian-Black Sea herring, bulls are richly represented.
The similarity between our southern seas is due primarily to a single origin associated with the history of the development of the ancient Nautical Basin of Tettis to continue almost all of all. During this time, the degree of insulation of the individual seas was changed and the liquidation phase associated with it was changed.
As part of the fauna, a peculiar relic group (called "Caspian"), inherited from Tethys, is distinguished. In a larger or smaller number, Arctic and Mediterranean migrants are presented, separate representatives of which penetrated up to the Aral Sea. Large or smaller among the fauna also includes sewers from freshwate.
The feature of the hydrological regime of the entire system of South European reservoirs is comparatively difficult to vertical
circulation of water. Weak, and sometimes very weak stirring of water leads to stagnant phenomena in the seas, to the absence of oxygen in depths, saturation of water with hydrogen sulfide and the accumulation of indecomposable organic substances in bottom sediments. With special intensity, this process goes in the Black Sea, where in some bottom sediments the amount of organic matter reaches 35%. Such ils are similar to sapropelam and in the dried form can burn. it organic No longer turns on in the cycle of substances, it is buried for tens of millions of years.
It is necessary to highlight the process of hydrogen sulfide fermentation in the Black Sea, which flows here in a huge scale. For the first time in the "deep-doubling" Black Sea Expedition 1890-1891. Microbiological studies and academician N.D. Zelinsky were satisfied with water saturation from 125-200 meters and to the bottom of the hydrogen sulfide. Special bacterium was allocated - Microspira Aestua-RII,forming hydrogen sulfide. The total amount of gaseous hydrogen sulfide contained in the waters of the Black Sea exceeds 16 thousand km3.
With the transition from the Mediterranean to our southern seas, due to a significant drop in salinity, the qualitative composition of plankton changes. The number of types of salt-water and freshwater forms, mainly green and blue-green algae, sharply increases and is 43% of all phytoplankton forms.
The Azov Sea in terms of biological productivity is in the first place among all marine water bodies of the world. The maximum biomass of phytoplankton during flowering period reaches a colossal value of 200 g / m 3, in the Caspian Sea it is half less - 100 g / m 3; 10-15 g / m 3 Quite the usual indicators of phyatoplankton biomass in the Azov and Caspian seas in springtime. A similar picture can be observed in relation to benthos. In the Azov Sea, the Benthos biomass reaches a maximum (300 - 500 g / m 2 or more), in the Black Sea, its indicators are up to several hundred grams per 1 m 2, then it decreases again to the east.
Fish catch per unit area in the Mediterranean and the Azov seas differ in 150 - 200 times.
A wonderful phenomenon in the life of the Southern Seas can be considered permanent migration of fish, which have one common orientation: for fattening to the east, to areas with more abundant food, and in winter and for breeding - west, in warmer seas. With the beginning of summer from the Mediterranean Sea to black migrates masses of fish and among them Pelamid, mackerel, Hams, and others. Many black Sea Fish, "Winter" in the southern, warmer part of the Black Sea, in the summer are moving to the north in more stern places, inaccessible to them in winter. Mass is noted
the transition of some fish from the Black Sea through the Kerch Strait to Azov. By winter, they leave him.
Thus, fish, inhabiting the Black and Azov Sea and capable of moving over long distances, are used with the greatest benefit for themselves in different periods of the year and at different stages of their life cycle Different areas of three marine reservoirs. Something similar on land can be seen in seasonal migrations of migratory birds.
Black Seaaccording to physical properties and on the species composition of the inhabitants of all South Russian seas, the concept of "sea" is best. Rivers give every year in the Black Sea approximately 400 km 3 of fresh water, i.e. Approximately 0.001 of the entire amount of the sea. More than half of this water brings Danube. The feature of the Black Sea is that animals and plants are inhabited only the upper layers of water: from the coast to the depth of about 200 m, in the open sea - even more surface waters, in places only up to 90 m.
Despite the message through the Bosphorus Straits and Dardanelles with the Mediterranean Sea, the Fauna of the Black Sea is 14 times the poorer in the view and is completely deprived of a number of groups widespread in the latter. This depletion is connected both with a decrease in salinity and so that the "kingdom of hydrogen sulfide" and all organisms, the lives of which are associated with great depths begins to be deeper than 120-150 m, and they cannot exist in it.
The temperature of surface water in summer reaches the coast 27 - 28 and even 29 ° C, and in the central parts of the sea up to 22 ° C. With depth, the temperature drops and from 150 - 200 m to the bottom remains constant during the year (about 9 ° C). In winter, the surface waters of the Black Sea are greatly cooled. In the northern part of it, in the north-western and northeastern areas, in the winter, the temperature can be lowered to -1.4 ° C and ice is formed. Surface layers of the rest of the sea, especially the southern, retain the temperature of 8 -9 ° C.
Black Sea Phytoplankton includes approximately 150 species unicellular algae, and their main mass relates to diatomic (over 50 species); A little inferior to the Peridinea (36 species). Due to the significant desalination of water in plankton, green and blue algae predominate. As in the seas and oceans moderate zoneIn the development of phytoplankton, there are two maxima - autumn-winter-spring, when the mass development of diatoms is observed, and the summer is the period of dominance of Peridinea. During the "flowering" of water, the number of phytoplankton diatom cells in one liter reaches tens of millions, and Peridineans are tens of thousands. As usual, the coast and in the Bay of Plaknkton are much more abundant (up to several milligrams, and sometimes grams of 1 m 3 of water) than in the open parts of the sea, where its number does not exceed several tens of milligrams
in 1 m 3. With a depth, the amount of phytoplankton decreases and at a mark of 100 - 200 m goes off.
The overall nature of the distribution of the bottom fauna from the water rivation to the depth of 200 m was established by S. A. Zernov (1912), which described the eight basic types of benthos biocenoses, published the first biogeographic map of the distribution of marine benthos. Benthos biomass, according to it, is 0.5 - 4 kg / m 2, and in the whole sea - 15 - 20 million tons.
Fishes in the Black Sea approximately 150 species. Compared to the Mediterranean Sea (about 550 species), Black Sea ichthyofauna is poor. It consists mainly of Mediterranean migrants (105 species), relatively non-demanding water salinity. Such, for example, from coastal-bottom fish Two types of skate, Sultanka, Sea Yers, Sea Konk, Zeleshushki, Kefali, Pelagic - Hamsa (Anchovus), Mackerel (Macrel), Akula Katran (the only widespread in the Black Sea, reaching Only one meter of length), etc. The significant group consists of Chernomorsky-Caspian relics, such as Caspian-Black Sea herring and numerous bulls. Finally, large group Form, in essence, freshwater fish common in this sea, such as pike and pike perch.
Fisheries gives up to 50 thousand tons on the Black Sea, it is confined to the areas of the development of phytoplankton and benthos.
In the spring through the Bosphorus in large numbers included in the Black Sea of \u200b\u200bHams, mackerel, pelamic, Lufar, Study, Tuna, Sprot, Sardine and some other fish. The fish of the Black Sea migrate on fattening from its western part to the north-western, and from the eastern part - through the Kerch shed to the Azov Sea.
Marine mammals are presented in the Black Sea with three species. Of these, a real dolphin, or a white-white dolphin, having a length of 1.5 -2 m, a long, sharp fish, black back and bright, like belly, sides. This is the inhabitant of the open sea, feeding on fine pelagic fish, and only individual individuals are approaching close to the shores. He holds the jambs, the number of goals in which sometimes reaches several thousand. Smaller Tombord Põhun, or a guinea pig, sticks to the shores and mouths of the rivers and eats mainly small bottom fish. Finally, Athlegal, which is, like Belobobychka, a cosmopolitan, is a coastal dolphin, hiding in the afternoon among the rocks, and at night the hunting small groups, mainly behind the major bottom fish.
Azov Sea- The smallest and petty of all seas of Russia. The total influx of fresh water from Don and Kuban is about 60 km 2, i.e. almost a quarter of the entire amount of the sea. By virtue of this, in the eastern part of the Taganrog Bay, the salinity drops to 2 - 3, in the central part of the sea it reaches 10-1, in the part adjacent
to Kerch Strait, - 17.5, in Northern Sivola (rotten sea) - 40. In winter, the Azov Sea freezes, in other years for 4 - 4.5 months. Ice thickness reaches 80 - 90 cm.
The main mass of the fauna is the Mediterranean fears, some of them found exceptional conditions for mass development here. All these are heurigaline forms, occurring at salinity from 7 to 27, and some of them even from 2 to 50 - 70. Smaller presents pontic relict forms, which, for few exceptions, are inhabited at salinity 3 -5. For the Azov fauna, ultrahagine forms are also characteristic, so typically pronounced in the sivache and in mass quantities occurring at salinity above 30, among them - Artemia Salina.
From Mediterranean immigrants the greatest value There are polyhetic groups (22 species), mollusks (12 species) and amphipod (11 species). High-quality dedication of the Mediterranean fauna in the Azov Sea can be seen in the following example: from 137 species of the intestinal Mediterranean Sea here only 3, out of 1450 types of mollusks - 12, out of 300 species of plankton's weary crustaceans - 8, out of 51 types of crabs - 1, out of 223 species Amphipod - 12 species, etc.
The two main fauna of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov - Mediterranean and relict Pontic - exist separately, without mixing. In the eastern part of the Taganrog bay, the relict fauna is concentrated, in Western - Mediterranean, and between them is a wide zone with salinity of 3.6 - 7.2, where only the most heurigaline representatives of both fauna live.
The Don Biocenoses of the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov are characterized by high biomass and productivity and productivity and along with this very small number of species that are included in biocenosis. Here bivalve mollusks Much exceeding the abundance of all other groups of animals. With full right, the Azov Sea may be called a mollusk sea, where two forms (cardium and syndesmy) are significantly dominated by the number over the rest. In the eastern part of the Taganrog Gulf, in front of Done Dance, freshwater bivalve mollusks also live in large quantities.
Huge masses of plankton and benthos are used by fish - finite food chains. Thanks to the shallow water of the sea, the benthos is easily accessible to all fish, even pelagic. Inedible groups in it are very small, large organisms are also absent, even the only grinding in the Azov Sea - Brahinotus - in many people eaten by fish. Especially intensively goes outpass fish in a smaller part of the Azov Sea to a depth of 5 -6 m, in its eastern and northern parts. In the eastern half of the sea, in the summer, bream, seven, taran, and
the eating of the benthos is so large that the biomass of it is significantly reduced by autumn.
In total, 79 species of fish live in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov. As the formulation of the fauna is close to the Black Sea, but a number of fish common in the Mediterranean and the Black Seas are not penetrating to the Azov. However, there are some freshwater fish that are missing in the Black Sea, such as Lin and June. At the same time, many fish are found in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, the spread of which in the Black Sea is limited to despicable limans. Here they are found in large quantities (perch, Sazan, etc.). From the dolphins in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov, only a guinea pig is common.
Piece of fish, such as bulls, keeps in the Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov all year round, part of them comes to the warm season from the rivers (Sudak, Bream, Sazan, Tarant), part of the Black Sea (Hamsa, Fambal, herring). Azov fishery is based on valuable in food relationship sturgeon, carp and Sudak. They constitute almost half of the total catch, give about a quarter of the sturgeon mined in Russia and approximately half the total mining of Sudak.
In the past 20 years, the Azov Sea was severely contaminated with pesticides and heavy metals, submitted with the river drain, it increased salinity due to the reduction of the inflow of river water taken in large volumes of irrigation and technical needs. This led to a decrease in the number of plankton species and at times massive development of the comb.
Caspian Sea- The world's greatest in the world, somewhat superior in the Black Sea area, - with water of small salinity (2-13), inhabited peculiar relic, previously much more widespread fauna.
Fully isolated and thousands of kilometers removed from the World Ocean, located in the inner areas of Eurasia, it has many properties of the sea: a large area and volume of water, strong storm activity, a kind of hydrochemical mode. Caspian - the largest lake of the world: it accounts for more than 40 % total volume of lakewater world. The Caspian Square at the current height of its level is about 400 thousand km 2 (without the Gulf of Kara-Bogaz-Gol), the volume of water is 78 thousand km 3. Wpadina of the sea is elongated meridional almost 1200 km with a width of 200 - 450 km, the length of the coastline (along with the islands) is about 7 thousand km.
As if natural way The Caspian Sea is divided into three parts - northern, very shallow (no more than 10-1 m), middle, with depths to 770 m, and southern, even deeper (up to 1000 m). The average and southern parts of the Caspian Sea are separated by shallow water on the latitude of the Absheron Peninsula. A feature of the Caspian Sea is the strong fluctuations of its level, including a decrease in almost 2 m in the 30 -50 and rise in the 90s of the last century.
According to the temperature regime, the northern and southern part of the Caspian will differ greatly. In the summer, a high temperature is installed in the surface layers around the sea in the northern part to 27 ° C - in South. In winter, the differences are very cutting: in the open southern waters of the Caspian Sea, the temperature does not fall below 9 ° C, and in its northern part drops below zero, and ice is formed on the surface of the sea, in many places, solid and persisting within a few months. With depth, the temperature of the water drops, but deeper than 400 m is constant all year and amounts to 5 -6 ° C.
The periodic variability of the Caspian level is one of its brightest phenomena. At historical time, the Caspian Sea was located below the world's ocean. Since the start of instrumental observations (since 1830), behind the sea level of the amplitude of its oscillations was 4 m, from -25.3 m (in relation to zero of the world's ocean level) to -29 m in 1977 in the 20th century, the level of the Caspian Sea significantly changed twice. In 1929, he stood at about -26 m and was close to this mark for almost a century, so this position of the level was considered as a mean and age or century. In 1930, the level began to decline rapidly. Already by 1941, he dropped almost 2 m. This led to the engineering of the extensive coastal areas of the bottom. The level of level continued until 1977 and reached a mark -29.02 m. This is the lowest situation over the past 200 years.
In 1978, it began, contrary to all forecasts, raising the sea level. As of 1994, the Caspian Sea level was at 26.5; For 16 years, the level has risen more than 2 m. The speed of this raising was 15 cm / year. The increment of the level in some years was higher and in 1991 reached 39 cm (Fig. 94).
In the mid-1990s, the trend towards the level of the Caspian level was evaluated as stable. The balance sheet was predicted,
that by 2005 the level can reach the mark -24.8 m with a security of 5%. However, since the reasons for the oscillations of the Caspian level are not clear enough, it was not expelled that the rapid rise of the level could change the stabilization phase or even its fall. In fact, the lifting phase since 1995 replaced the phase of its stabilization and fall, the duration and intensity of which is also not amenable to forecast. In 1996 (for the first time since 1978), a decrease in the level on average per year is 18 cm.
Historical and paleogeographic data indicate that changes in the Caspian level of a quasi-periodic nature with an amplitude of up to 15-25 m are its characteristic feature In the last 5 - 2 thousand years.
R. K. Kley (1998) showed the fact of the feedback of fluctuations in the Caspian level and the World Ocean over the past 2000 years. At the same time, if the ocean levels changed in amplitude of about 1.4 m, the Caspian level ranged from 6 m. It follows that the instability of the "lake medium" is significantly higher than the oceanic. If you keep in mind incommensurable small sizes of the Caspian with respect to the ocean, it becomes obvious how unstable Caspian Wednesday and what high level of environmental plasticity should have species that survive in its water area or related to it as with a habitat.
The level changes lead to deep transformations of the coastal zone, changes in the conditions for the placement of numerous species of nesting birds, nagules of many species of fish, salinity, groundwater levels on the adjacent territories. The complex structure of the terraces shows the historical "normality" of these reversible transformations.
During the fall of the Caspian level, all such transformations were considered as a catastrophe for the state of its resources and ecosystems. How the disaster was interpreted and the subsequent rise. However, the repeatability and frequency of these transformations make it possible to consider the Caspian biota very fitted to them. Apparently, the variety in itself does not suffer from all these natural oscillations and only its structure varies. Moreover, the fractal nature of the oscillation of the Caspian level shows that the Caspian boundary as a region should be considered as a function of time.
As an extensive reservoir, the Caspian Sea has a long-term paleogeographic development, which included the stages of open, semi-insulated and isolated pools. Its newest geological history is characterized by a sharp non-stationary regime - alternating the transgressive and regressive epochs that determined the main tendency of the paleogeographic development of the coastal zone.
High biodiversity of water and coastal habitats and communities, as well as mixing species in the Caspian Sea unique. The Caspian Sea region is at the intersection of migration paths of millions of migratory birds. Water views include freshwater fish, migrating fish that multiply in rivers and fell into the sea, and fish that live exclusively in the sea. Sturgeon are known among fish adapted to a strongly changing salinity of the Caspian Sea. The Caspian seal is a common fishing species, indicates possible ancient ties with species inhabited in cold Arctic waters.
Modern Caspian on origin is part of an ancient underworld Pontic Lake, which existed 5 - 7 million years ago. Therefore, the most ancient organisms is a group of saltwater. Among them are the highest percentage of endemic species and even childbirth.
Due to the relatively stable time in time, the salinity regime (constantly solonitan) and its geographical position, almost all autochthonous species are found in the middle part of the Caspian Sea and, accordingly, the highest number of endemic species is numbered here. On the contrary, the northern part of the Caspian Sea has the greatest variety of habitats and their biota. This is due to the presence of large rivers, such as the Volga and the Ural, thanks to the flow of which there is a mixing of marine and freshwater fauna. It was through the Volga's river system at different times to penetrate the Caspian Sea Arctic and Mediterranean species.
IN glacial period From the Arctic seas in the Caspian penetrated, seal, whites, salmon, small crustaceans penetrated. The usual for the seas connected to the ocean, cephalopod mollusks, jellyfish, sponges, multi-art worms, polyps and others in Caspians are absent, but, as acclimatization activities have shown, they are good. There are no these hydrobionts in the Caspian Sea, since in the Black Sea from the Mediterranean they got when the Caspian was already insulated, and only a marine needle, Aterain and one kind of a bull, who fell into the Caspian to disconnect with the Black Sea, have a Mediterranean origin.
Within the Caspian Sea, more than 200 cultures of heterotrophic bacteria belonging to 60 species and 22 species of labor Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Micrococcus, Sarcina, Chromobacterium.In the northern part of the Caspian Sea, there are more types and varieties of bacteria than in its southern and middle parts, which is again associated with the receipt of the Volga waters rich in biogenic elements. Of the 145 studied strains 59 can oxidize crude oil. In total, 13 species of hydrogen yeast are described in the Caspian
to four types. All of them in small quantities are found in the waters of the Northern part of the Caspian Sea and some of them actively assimilate oil and petroleum products. Fe- and Mn-oxidizing bacteria are most numerous and diverse in the Els of this part of the Caspian Sea.
About 450 types of phytoplankton, 120 species and forms of zooplankton, 380 species of macrosobenthos and 126 species and subspecies of fish are registered in the entire Caspian Sea. The distribution of this biodiversity in the water area is uneven, the greatest diversity is observed in the northern part of the Caspian Sea due to its special hydrological, physical and geological conditions. For example, from 450 species and formations of phytoplankton 414 lives in the northern part of the Caspian Sea and only 71 in South. Phytoplankton is represented by six main departments from which the most rich in species Bacillariophyta.and Chlorophyta.Besides, Chrysophyta.and Euglenophyta.presented 1 - 5 species that are found only in the northern part of the Caspian Sea. The main biomass of phytoplankton is concentrated in the delta of the Volga and the Urals, as well as on the border separating the northern and middle part of the sea. Delta regions have the greatest variety of species. Moreover, 203 species belong to freshwater. The number of truly marine species is small (39 species) in the northern part of the Caspian Sea.
In the zooplankton of the Caspian Sea, weakly are represented by 18 species, branching 24 species, provicrats 33 species. Taking into account the freshwater species from the Volga and the Urals Delta and the Urals, the number of types of weary increases to 50, branches up to 43, and travmatics up to 300 species. Thus, the main variety of types of zooplankton is timed to the delta districts and the desired northern segment of the Caspian Sea. However, most autochthonous species (about 50% zooplankofauna) dwells at salinity 12 - 23% 0, mainly in the deep sea part of the sea. Five representatives of the Arctic species are also deep-water and withstand high salinity. Representatives of the Mediterranean complex are mostly Eurygalin and dwell in all areas of the Caspian Sea. Plankotofauna endemism is quite high and represented by 16 species of branchist raffs, seven types of weary racks and two types of travots, which is about 20% of the total number of species.
The bottom fauna of the Caspian Sea was formed by 379 species - representatives of the 13th grades. As for the entire fauna of the Caspian Sea, among the bottom fauna, the percentage of endemism at the generic and species levels (41%) is high. Endemism is characteristic of crustaceans and mollusks, which indicates antiquity of the Caspian ecosystems. In general, the bottom fauna is distributed as follows:
autochthonic Caspian Complex - 310 species;
mediterranean complex - 29 species;
arctic complex - 9 species;
freshwater complex - 31 views.
More than half of autochthonous species are adapted to various salinity and temperature conditions. Bottom fauna of the northern part of the sea compared to his middle and southern parts Much poorer in species. With Promotion from the south to the north, the autochthonous bivalves and the bunthrodium mollusks, nematodes, turbo, deep-water amphipods, isopods and courage are gradually disappeared. In the northern part of the sea, 234 species of bottom animals were found, 132 types of autochthon complex, 4 species of the Mediterranean complex and a single representative of the Arctic complex.
The composition of ichthyofauna, as noted, reflects the complex evolution of this reservoir. Representatives of the modern Caspian Nihthyofauna for the first time appeared 5 - 7 million years ago in the weakly catering Pontic Sea. Among them were fish of the following birth, typical of modern fresh and saltwaters: Huso, Acipenser, Clupeonella, Alose, Rutilus, Scardinius, Tinea, Pelecus, Cyprinus, Cobitis, Percaand representatives of the Gobidae family.
Representatives of 17 family families live in the Caspian Sea. Most of them carp (33 % the total number of species), bulls (28%) and pusons (14%). A relatively high percentage is sturgeon (5.5%). 63 species and subspecies of fish (50%) by origin are autochtons, 5 species belong to the Mediterranean complex, two species to the arctic and 56 species and subspecies (44%) - to freshwater complexes. Eight species of fish appeared in the Caspian as a result of human activity (Keta, Motley and White Tolstolob, White Amur, River Acne, Gambusia and two types of Kefali).
Compared to the World Ocean and the seas connected with him, the animal world of the Caspian Sea is poor to species, especially strictly marine groups. There are completely lack of corals, iglobler, crabs, rods, sharks, cetaceans. However, the percentage of endemic species is very high (about 60%). The main part of the fauna is Caspian autochon. Some of them have sea ancestors (Some Herring), other - freshwater, such as carp and ocumer. A very characteristic group make up immigrants from the Arctic, which fell here in post declarations, mainly on river systems. From fish, they include Belorybits (from salmon) and real salmon, or salmon, both in Caspians are local subspecies, from mammals - the Caspian seal, very close to Northern Narre. It is very noteworthy that these on the origin of the northern animals breed in winter, seal - on ice. Dolphins are not.
Endemism is traced from the genus and increases when moving to smaller taxonomic categories. In all Caspians, representatives of four endemic
childbirth, 31 endemic species and 45 endemic fonts of fish. The largest number of endemic species and subspecies refers to families of bull and herring, which indicates the energetic process of speciation in these groups. Special hydrological conditions allowed to form different groups Herring - passing, semi-pass and sea. The differences between these groups have reached a species status, which led to the formation of six new endemic species. The reasons for the rapid formation of bulls are not clear. On the one hand, some marine species adapted to habitat in desalinized delta waters, on the other, the maximum species diversity of bulls is noted in the deep sea areas of the sea.
Along with the species of fish, the range of which is relatively limited, there are many forms that make extended migrations from the Kaspian zones to others, as well as from the sea in the river. From the composition of the ichthyofauna of the sea, the greatest number of forms refers to the categories of sea and river fish, the rest - to the passing and semi-pass (Table 10).
It is essential to the sea predominantly herring and bullish, Kefali, Atherina and Sea Sudak. Representatives of the family of sturgeon, herring, salmon, carp, ocupal, sash, salmon, carp, ocupal, and others are breeding in the rivers and reservoirs of the Delta and floodplain, Sneshilla, while for others (Sazan, Usach) - River.
In the distribution of the ichthyofauna of the Caspian, as well as all its fauna as a whole, the vertical zonality is pronounced. The bulk of fish lives in the coastal zone to a depth of 50 - 75 m. The Caspian Pelagic Fishes include all kinds of herring, kalems, Atera, Kefal, Vobla, Sudak, Som. By the number of forms (species and subspecies), the number of pelagic fish is equal to the number of bottom fish, however
Table 10.
The distribution of ichthyofauna by biological groups
by mass in the sea, pelagic fish predominate, mainly sprouts (ordinary, anchovoid and largelase).
Biological diversity and biomass of species of aquatic bioresources prevails in the northern part of the Caspian Sea. The ichthyofaun of this area is represented by 17 families, 53 species and 63 species and subspecies. Great sturgeon (serum, Beluga, spike, Russian sturgeon), salmon (Boryboy), carp (bream, Sazan, Vobla), Okunenye (Sudak), as well as the Caspian seal, the numerous numerous colonies of waterfowl (geese, ducks, herons, Lyshuhi).
A small variety of species composition of Caspian fish compared to the Black and Mediterranean seas is accompanied at the same time, the high number of individual forms, which puts the Caspian Sea to the first place in the magnitude of the ichthyomass among the other seas of the south of Europe.
In the Caspian Sea dwells six types of sturgeon. This is an ancient phylogenetic group. There is no more such a diversity of sturgeon anywhere in the world. The presence of extensive and extensive river systems, such as Volga, Ural, Kura, etc., allowed to exist with the richest species and environmental diversity of sturgeon Caspians who mastered the entire rich spectrum of habitats. This led to the maximum development of Caspian sturgeon resources. The uniqueness of the Caspian Sea as a natural laboratory is that existing conditions are allowed to maintain an ancient group of sturgeon and actively develop other groups of fish, such as bulls and herring.
For most fish, life expectancy does not exceed 6-8 years. The mansion is sturgeon, which live much longer: Beluga - up to 60 years old, sturgeon - up to 40 years old and seven - up to 30. The shortest cycle of kalems, bulls and a boobs - 2 to 4 years.
On the ecology and nature of the use of the sea water area among Caspian fish, it is possible to highlight a group of passing, very richly presented here. These include vobla, many other carp, sturgeon, salmon and some herring, to semi-pass - sterling, pike perch, bream and some herring. Caspian herring is performed within the sea regular migrations. In winter, they are all concentrated in the southern and middle parts of the Caspian Sea, in the summer moved for reinforced feed in the northern and middle part of the sea.
The Caspian Ecosystems, especially its shallow northern part, is highly productive and in relation to phytoplankton, and zooplankton, and benthos, which make up the fodder base. Among the fish that feed on the bottom fauna, you can distinguish between molluscisters (for example, vobla), cravings (many bulls, bream and sazan), Cvetov (Ostr, Severuga and sterlet) and, finally, predators (Beluga, Sudak and some Herring).
The Caspian Sea is one of the richest fish pools not only Russia, but also the whole world. It is explained by both its feeding and extremely favorable conditions for breeding and growing fish. Delta Volga and shallow northern seas are a huge feeding area. Caspian is rich in particularly valuable fishing fishes. So, in the Black Sea lives 180 species of fish, in the Mediterranean Sea 540 species, and in all the Caspians only 62 species. With considering river species Fisy This number increases to 126 species and subspecies. Most fish are identical to the fishes of the Black and Azov seas, and some are representatives of the Mediterranean and Red Seas.
Of the Caspian fish, only 40 species and subspecies have commercial importance, and such species like Mingroy, Svetma and Usacht, are very rare in catch.
The total catch of fish in the Caspian Sea, usually amounted to about 5 million c, and mainly it accounted for the northern part of the Caspian Sea, which gave an average of 31 -32 kg of fish with 1 hectare. It produces more than half of the total catch especially valuable breeds. At the beginning of the 30s of the last century, mass acclimatization from the Azov Sea was carried out in the Caspian two types of valuable fishing fish - Kefali. Kefal has greatly multiplied in the Caspian Sea and is currently an essential object of fishery.
The state of the Caspian fish reserves is currently due to the transgression and many times of the Volga in recent years. Improved conditions contributed to the increase in biomass of all units of the food chain - phyto and zooplankton, benthos. A favorable trophic environment in the northern part of the Caspian Sea for gagua of ordinary spin, semi-pass fish and seven. However, the absolute number of sturgeon compared to 1991 continues to decline and is 25-30 million copies. Against the background of a sharp reduction in sturgeon, the proportion of their juveniles as a whole according to the Caspian region for all types from 56 to 70%\u003e, which implies the restoration of fishing reserves after 8-16 years.
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