Andrey Shalygin: Continuing our new series of materials about Russian fishes, I have collected several interesting species at once for another selection and, from the very beginning, together with biology, I give a description of the local names of fish that exist in the regions. That is to say, so that the nonsense was clearly visible.
Several years ago, the former deputy chief editor of Hunting and Fishing XXI century, and then he, being the chief editor of Okhotnichy Dvor, Oleg Malov, began to argue with me about one word form - how is it correct "trout or kunja" and what it is. And at the same time his editor of the Fishing section of the same magazine. They tried to tell me idle tales that, supposedly, it is correct to say not "trout", but "kunja". And even a special article was later put in the journal to consolidate the results of the dispute. This is a practice for children (or senile, I don’t know).
In general, I am very much amused by people in Russian hunting and fishing, who do not have a specialized education, and not only get confused in their inventions, but then they deliberately mislead people, and even this nonsense in the magazine and books is painted in thousands of copies. You go into a store, and there the replicated dullness with gold embossing piles up on the shelves. True, it is not particularly bought, but nevertheless, someone acquires this waste paper as a gift to someone. Not the Kutepovs and the Sabaneevs at all, I want to note.
At one time, three years ago, I revealed this moment a little in a series of materials about spearfishing., but now, since I undertook to describe the views, I will remind you again. Malov then screwed me up with stories - like this local population correctly calls "kunja" in the local dialect ... Yeah, only he could not name the ethnic group, neither name the language, nor cite the source, and even name at least a local resident, a native speaker , who would have heard what is right from the ancestors - everything is like this - invented from the ceiling, that's all the arguments.
Fishermen and tricks often get in the way of the names "trout" and "kunja", finding it difficult to actually call this char, and argue to the point of madness - who is smarter. Nobody. All are illiterate. First, - "she" - male, because it is at least "salmon", at least "char" - it is still male, or even average, because the morphology comes from the GENDER (at least by semantics, at least by Orthodoxy), and not from something else. Whatever you call it, no one knows this naming except you and me, but it came from a small-town subspecies, about which no one in the world has even heard, and no one knows such a nationality, as well as the language. Ichthyologists use Latin, the whole world calls it Brown Trout. And do not distort local names like you into Russian - it will still not work out correctly - the aborigines themselves do not know their language at all, and there is no such written language to write it down correctly. So all the innuendo - as it should be - is the essence of semantic exhibitionism not from a big mind, but from a desire to show off.
So how do you do not get rid of this occasion, - as commonly used, - and correct. We now also have coffee all over Russia of a middle clan, so we have no time for the Selkups and Khanty-Mansiys.
But in the description of the species below, I ask you to take a closer look at the local names and understand that throughout Russia we have biological speciation, the local population inclines some into the forest, some for firewood. That is why we also call brown trout - taimen and trout, and no one represents the adaptation of morphs among the people, and char is called brown trout, and Dolly Varden trout and char, ... a terrible thing.Therefore, you will save a link to this material so that at least one can understand each other on the forums, otherwise we have an ide with a roach and a roach with a chebak and rudd - either one fish of different sizes, then different types... so after all, the dullness of the forums is the only education among the people today. And who are the moderators - but those same retired editors without education as experts and earn extra money, because they are no longer good for anything. Horror in one word.
Taimen
Taimen - Local names
Talmen, on the Kama - line tench, laziness, krasulya, red pike; bil (Yakut.)
River fish preferring fast mountain rivers and streams; never leaves the sea. It does not gather in a flock, it keeps one by one.
Spring spawning, occurs shortly after the opening of rivers, in the second half of May and June; on the Amur, spawning takes place in May in small rivers with fast currents. Taimen lays eggs in nests on rocky, pebble with sand soil, at a depth of 0.5 m, and buries it in the sand. On Far East taimen chooses the same rivers and the same places as chum salmon for spawning.
The fertility of taimen (Amur basin) is 10–34 thousand eggs.
Bottom caviar, large. Two-year-olds in r. Yenisei reach a length of 46 cm, in the river. Lena - 2.1.4 cm and weight 182 g.
Reaches a length of 1.5 m and more, weight - up to 31 kg (as an exception, 65-80 kg).
Taimen reaches sexual maturity in the fifth or sixth year of life, less often in the fourth year.
Juveniles up to four to five years old feed on invertebrates and small fish. The adult taimen feeds mainly on fish, mainly carp, then on tugun (Coregonus tugun), lamprey, nelma, grayling, pinched fish, pike, perch and burbot (Lozva river). Sometimes it swallows frogs, ducklings, etc. It also feeds on invertebrates: insect larvae and insects themselves, as well as plankton (Cladocera and Copepoda). The most varied food is in the fall, and it does not stop in winter.
In the spring, shortly after the passage of ice, in May - June, taimen rises to spawning grounds. After spawning, from the end of June, in July and until late autumn, it moves in the direction from the upper sections of the river to the lower ones. From morning until noon, taimen stays in deep areas with a fast current, and from the second half of the day begins to appear off the coast, where it hunts for fish gathering here.
Brook trout
Brook trout - Local names
Pestle, crumb, torp, torpichka (on Lake Onega); brook trout (eng.); Bachfcrelle (German); backorret (Norwegian); pstrag (Polish); purolohi (Fin.); truite (fr.); forel] backoring (Swedish)
All the so-called trout represent (according to L. S. Berg) one form or another of S. trutta and its subspecies cut off from the sea and adapted to life in rivers and streams.
Brook trout is a typically cold-water fish that lives mainly in mountain rivers and streams, as well as in lowland rivers, with sandy-pebble soil, with cold, clean water rich in oxygen.
Spawning occurs from September to March, mainly in October-November, when the water temperature is below 6-8 °, in shallow areas with a fast current, on stony-pebble soil. The female buries eggs in the ground. Trout often rises for spawning in the upper reaches of rivers and streams. Fertility is on average 200-1500 eggs (1-2 thousand eggs per 1 kg of fish weight).
Caviar orange, the diameter of the egg is 4-6.5 mm. The development of eggs lasts up to 200 days at a water temperature of 1-2 ° and up to 65 days at a temperature of 7-8 °. The hatched larvae are 2–2.5 cm long and have a large yolk sac, which is absorbed after 20 days.
Brown trout live up to 12 years and reach (in exceptional cases) 10-12 kg of weight. Typical length 25-37.5 cm, weight 0.2-0.8 kg, less often 1-2 kg.
Sexual maturity occurs in the third or fourth year of life.
At favorable conditions brook trout in two years reaches 500 g of weight; in unproductive reservoirs at the age of three to four years, it weighs only 80-90 g. In pond farming, "half-portion" trout weighing 130-170 g on natural fodder is grown in the second or third autumn; "Portioned", weighing about 350 g, for the third or fourth autumn. A well-managed trout pond economy requires the use of artificial feeding of trout, which speeds up cultivation and increases the fish productivity of ponds up to 50 (and more) centners per hectare.
Juveniles feed on small crustaceans and insect larvae, adults - on insect larvae Ephemeridae, Trichoptera, Phryganidae, especially Chironomidae; crustaceans Gammaridae, small molluscs, insects falling into the water, eggs (often their own), fish (rock gobies, minnow), tadpoles, frogs and even small mammals.
Rainbow trout
Rainbow Trout - Local Names
Rainbow trout (English); Regenbogenforelle (German); truite arc-en-ciel (fr.); niji-masu (Japanese).
Cold water fish mountain rivers and streams, but in comparison with brook trout has a faster growth rate and more hardy in relation to high temperatures water. In pond conditions, it tolerates water temperatures from (0) 4 to 30 °; optimum temperature about 20 °.
On the Pacific coast of America (as well as in western Europe and Russia) occurs from early February to June , mainly in March-April, in shallow areas with a fast current, on stony-pebble soil. The female buries eggs in the pebbles. Fertility is 600-2500 eggs (1600-2000 eggs per 1 kg of fish weight).
Bottom caviar, non-sticky, yellowish-orange in color. The diameter of the eggs is 4-6.5 mm (average 4.9-5.9 mm). The development of eggs lasts 1.5-2 months. and less, depending on the water temperature. The yolk bladder in larvae is absorbed after 7-14 days.
Reaches a weight of 0.8-1.6 kg, less often 6 kg (in ponds), and a length of 50-90 cm.
When grown in pond farms, growth fluctuates depending on feeding conditions. Two-year-olds in pond farming reach 350-450 g, three-year-olds 1-1.2 kg, four-year-olds 2 kg. Sexual maturity occurs in the third or fourth year of life.
The food consists of gammarids, small molluscs, insect larvae (Ephemeridae, Phryganidae, Chironomidae), small fish, as well as insects falling into the water (“ air supply»).
Brown trout
Trout - Local names
Brown trout (in the White and Barents Seas), taimen(on the Baltic Sea), trout (wrong, on the river. Luge, Finnish Hall.); iherus (Est.); taimins (Latvian); sea trout (eng.); Meerforelle Lachst "orelle (HeM.); Sj66rret (HopB.); Troc (Polish); taimen (Fin.); Truite de mer, truite saumonee (FR.)
Anadromous fish. Like salmon (S. salar), it enters rivers for spawning. He spends the first years of his life in the river, then slides into the sea, where he lives until maturation. Having entered lakes or streams, trout turns into lake or brook trout, and vice versa, trout that have found an outlet to the sea turns into anadromous trout- S. trutta.
Spawning usually occurs in the upper reaches of rivers, in September-November, on sandy-pebble soil. In p. Luge (Gulf of Finland) trout spawns later than salmon, in the second half of November. Most of the taimen in the r. Vyane (Gulf of Finland, Estonian SSR) spawns after two years at sea (60%); after three years in the sea 36% spawn, after four years - 3% and after five years - only 1%.
Fertility of trout from the river. Kovdy (pool Of the White Sea) with a length of 51.6 - 69.8 cm and a weight of 1.4 - 4.3 kg is 4.7-8.3 thousand eggs.
Bottom caviar. The diameter of the eggs is 5 - 5.75 mm (on average, 5.3 mm). The fry are first covered with large black transversely elongated spots (parr stage). Then the color changes. Juveniles spend in the river from one to six years (and even seven). From the rivers of the White Sea basin, the majority of juvenile brown trout slide into the sea after four winters of life in the river, from the rivers of Sweden after three to four winters, from the rivers of Norway after three winters and from the rivers of England after two or three winters of life in the river.
In the southern part of the pool Baltic Sea most of the fry migrate into the sea after one or two winters; in p. Vyana (Gulf of Finland, Estonia) most of the juvenile taimen migrate as one-year-olds — 52.7%, two-year-olds slide off 44.3% and three-year-olds — only 3%.
Reaches a length of 1 m and more and a weight of 8-12 kg. Length - to the end of the middle rays of the caudal fin (in cm)
The usual size is smaller than that of salmon (Salmo salar): length 30-70 cm, weight 1-5 kg; in Ponoy 1.3-1.5 kg, in Kovda 0.5-4 kg, in the Luga Bay of the Gulf of Finland about 2 kg, in the river. Vyana (Estonia) about 3 kg (0.8 - 8.5 kg).
Predator. It feeds in the sea on small herring, sprat, gerbil, smelt, stickleback, as well as crustaceans - sea cockroaches (a favorite food) and amphipods, worms, etc. Unlike salmon, brown trout also feeds in the river (small fish, invertebrates), but when it enters the rivers, the nutrition weakens; it increases again after spawning.
Males and females, having lived in the sea from one to four to six years, go up to the rivers for spawning. In the White Sea, small flocks of brown trout begin to enter rivers immediately after the ice drift, at the end of May and in the first half of June. The turn lasts 15 - 20 days.
In the Gulf of Finland, some individuals begin their journey to the rivers in the spring (April-May); the course continues in summer and intensifies in September - October.
In the lips of the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland, small trout (taimen) is kept all year round. Climbing up the river, brown trout with tea lingers on the stretches under the rapids. The spawned brown trout partly rolls into the sea in the same autumn, while others spend the whole winter in fresh water and rolls down the next spring, in late May and early June.
In the rivers of the eastern part of the Gulf of Finland, some of the brown trout, especially males, spawn before they roll into the sea for the first time.
Lake trout
Lake Trout - Local Names
Torpa (on Lake Onega); lake trout (eng.); Seeforelle (German); orret (Norwegian); truite de lacs (fr.)
Lake trout - lacustrine cold-water form of anadromous trout (S. trutta), which does not reach the size of brown trout and never leaves the sea. It enters rivers for breeding, but spawns in lakes as well. In alpine lakes, there are darker producers (Grundforelle) and sterile (barren) individuals, more silvery (Silberforelle, Schwebforelle).
Spawning occurs in September-December pr and a water temperature of 8 ° and below, in rivers, on rapids with rocky-pebble soil. Spawns in lakes on great depths apparently at the keys. The fecundity of Lake Ladoga Lake trout (Svir trout) is 4-5 thousand eggs.
Bottom caviar, non-sticky. The diameter of the eggs is 5.25-6 mm. The development of Svir trout eggs lasts 180-200 days. Juveniles remain in the river for 9-11 months, then slide into the lake.
Lake trout live up to 20 years. Reaches a weight of 25 and even 31 kg.
In Lake Ladoga, it often reaches 5-6 (up to kg; the average weight of Svir trout is 1-3 kg. In Lake Onega, 8 kg, in Topozero (Karelia), more than 6-8 kg (as a rarity, up to 18 kg); in the lakes of Western Europe reaches 10-15 kg.
Juveniles (up to 30-35 cm) feed on insect larvae (Perlidae, Phryganidae), gammarus, insects falling into the water ("air feeding"). Adults are predators - they eat juveniles of whitefishes, char (Salvelinus), bleak, dace, etc.
Lake trout migrations are not well tracked. Ladoga lake trout begins to enter the river. Swir with salmon (S. salar sebago); in summer it is almost never included, but in autumn it begins to be caught again.
Char
Char - Local namesTalma, brown trout, kunja, kunzha (wrong); charr
Typical cold-water anadromous fish, very characteristic of the Arctic region, breeding in fresh waters, but does not rise high along rivers.
Spawning occurs in autumn, in September-November in rivers (on Pova Zemlya and Spitsbergen - in lakes).
The fertility of char is from (3) 4 to 21 thousand eggs.
Bottom roe, up to 5 mm in diameter. In September, the fry reach a length of 2.5-8.5 cm (on Novaya Zemlya). The fry spend the first two to four years in fresh water bodies.
Typical length 30-50 cm, weight 0.3-1.5 kg. Reaches a length of 88 (sometimes up to 100) cm and a weight of 16 kg; lives up to 11-12 years.
The food of adult loaches is juvenile cod (on the western coast of Novaya Zemlya), capelin, sand lance, sculpins, partly crustaceans, worms, larvae of Chironomidae (bloodworms), etc .; juveniles in fresh waters feed on Chironomidae larvae, mosquitoes and flies ("air feeding"), podura, crustaceans (Copepoda, etc.).
Adult loaches live in the sea, from where they enter the lower reaches of rivers for spawning and wintering. On the mainland (for example, along the banks of the Czech and Kara lips), char enters the rivers in July-August; on the islands (Greenland, Svalbard, New earth) enters in August-September, and rolls down from lakes and rivers into the sea in June-July.
Malma
Malma - Local names
Pacific char, stone char, trout (wrong), char (in Kamchatka and Anadyr); dolly varden trout (am.); amemasu (jap.).
Anadromous Dolly Varden char is found in the sea, in coastal areas, from where it enters rivers and lakes for spawning in autumn. The river form (the so-called trout) lives constantly in small mountain cold-water rivers.
Spawning. In Primorye occurs in August-September, in the river. Hunting, apparently, in September-October and November, in the river. Kamchatka - from September to December (mainly in November), on the Commander Islands - in the village ekabra. Spawning takes place both in quiet springs and in fast mountain streams. The female buries eggs in the ground. Okhotsk Dolly Varden char does not spawn, apparently, every year. After the first spawning, Dolly Varden char does not die and can spawn several times in its life. Fertility of southern residential Dolly Varden char (m. Curilus) is 160-550 eggs (in the basin of Peter the Great Bay).
Development. The diameter of mature ovarian eggs (southern resident Dolly Varden char, m. Curilus) is 2.0-2.7 mm. Bottom roe, the duration of its development is several weeks. In Primorye, juveniles of anadromous Dolly Varden char, apparently, do not stay long in the rivers and roll into the sea soon after the yolk bladder is absorbed. Along the Okhotsk coast and Kamchatka, juveniles stay in rivers after leaving the eggs for one to three years; fry usually slide down in August (in the Bolshoi River), first to the estuarine areas, and then further into the sea. On the sides of the body, juveniles ("parr") have transversely elongated spots, separated by narrow intervals. On dark background small light spots are scattered on the sides.
Height. Anadromous Dolly Varden char in Primorye reaches a length of 44–74 cm and a weight of 0.9–4.3 kg; along the Okhotsk coast — 23–52 cm, with an average weight of 0.4] kg; along the western coast of Kamchatka - length 25-50 cm and weight 0.48-1.34 kg, on average 0.61-0.72 kg, on Anadyr - 80 cm in length and 5.7 kg in weight (average weight more than 1 kg ). Inhabited river Dolly Varden char reaches a length of 33.5 cm in the lower reaches of the Amur and on the Shantarskie Islands, in Primorye - no more than 24-25 cm. Ears in the basin of the river. Kamchatka reaches a length of 20-49cm. on average 31-34 cm and weight from 0.08 to 1.1, on average 0.35-0.47 kg. Dolly Varden char spawns for the first time in the third or fourth year of life. Inhabited river Dolly Varden char in southern Primorye spawns already at a length of 16.5 cm.
Nutrition. The food of Dolly Varden is the larvae and pupae of aquatic insects (mosquitoes, caddis flies, mayflies, etc.;, crustaceans (in rivers - amphipods, in the sea - amphipods, mysids, shrimps), mollusks, insects falling into the water. In many spawning salmon rivers, caviar is the main food of the Dolly Varden char. Near the fisheries and villages, the Dolly Varden char is eaten by the entrails of fish thrown into the water.
Enemies. Seal (larga - Phoea vitulina largha). In winter, Dolly Varden char on the Shantar Islands is destroyed in large numbers by the otter.
Migration. Anadromous Dolly Varden char enters the rivers from the sea for spawning. The movement into the rivers begins in Primorye in June, in Kamchatka and the Commander Islands ~ in May. along the Okhotsk coast and in the Anadyr region - in the second half of July. Mass passage in the river. Hunting - in August. The course ends at the end of August (Kamchatka). The spawned Dolly Varden char rolls into the sea; in Primorye, mainly in September, without lingering for the winter in rivers; along the Okhotsk coast and on Kamchatka in spring, after wintering in rivers. Okhotsk Dolly Varden char goes down to the mouths pp. Okhoty and Kukhtuya at the end of May, stays here in case of the presence of ice in the sea and leaves the lower reaches of rivers and pre-estuaries of the sea by the twentieth of June.
Palia
Palia - Local Names
Palia, nerius; nieriais (Karelian); gbie, gbg (Norwegian); piegia (Finn U, roding (Swedish).
Exclusively lake fish, rarely entering rivers. Lives in deep, cold-water lakes. The ludozhny finger is kept at a shallower depth, ridge, or pit, - on great depth(up to 150 i).
Spawning grounds for fingerling in Lake Ladoga are located mainly in the northern part. The main spawning grounds are near the islands of Voselna and Yalaya. The southernmost spawning grounds are located along the western coast near the Bulls. shallow. Spawning grounds in Lake Onega are noted mainly in the northwestern and northern parts of it. The southernmost spawning grounds on the Palselga ludas near the Andomskaya mountain. Spawning occurs in September-November at a water temperature of 15 ° and below, at a depth of 0.5-25 m, in places dotted with large or small stones (ludah), and in a spawn on sandy-pebble soil. The height of spawning in Lake Ladoga - in the first half of October, in Onega - in the second half of September.
The fertility of the puddle finger of Lake Onega is 2.8–7.3 thousand eggs (on average, 4.6 thousand eggs), and 0.8–2.2 thousand eggs in the pit. There are indications that the pit (gray) fingerling spawns in the spring.
The caviar is large, the diameter of the eggs is (on average) 5 mm. Incubation period 142 days; The newly hatched larvae are 19-22 mm long and weigh (on average) 0.08 g. Resorption of the yolk sac lasts 25-30 days. After 80 days, the fry weigh 0.24-0.3 g (according to the data of the Sunsky fish breeding station on Lake Onega). Yearlings reach a length of 10 cm and a weight of 11 g (in some cases up to 30 g).
Paglia is a slow growing fish. Reaches the age of 20 years, length 75 cm and weight 8-9.5 kg; the usual weight is 0.8-3 kg.
Paglia is a predator, eating whitefish, bleak, smelt and other fish.
In Lake Ladoga, after the opening of the lake, palya rises from the depths and approaches the shores to shallower places - from 30 to 50 m depth. As the temperature rises, the water flows into the deepest parts of the lake (80-150 m). In autumn, paglia again approaches the shores for spawning grounds.
Spawns in spring, almost simultaneously with grayling spawning. Mass spawning in the Angara occurs at the end of April and in May, when the water temperature is 2.5-5 ° and higher. Spawning in the Amur is in May. Duration of spawning is about a month.
From large rivers enters for spawning in small ones, where it keeps after spawning. From the lake. Baikal enters rivers for spawning following the passage of ice.
Fecundity of the Baikal lenok (Angara River) weighing 0.8-1.2 kg is 2-3 thousand eggs; Kolyma, weighing 1.2-1.5 kg 3.5-5D thousand; Amur 4.7-7.5 thousand, on average 6.5 thousand
Bottom caviar, non-sticky. The diameter of the ovarian (ovarian) eggs before spawning is 4–4.5 mm; the diameter of the developing eggs after swelling is 5.5–6 mm. Incubation lasts up to 28 days at a total temperature of 174 °. The larva hatches with a very large yolk sac, which dissolves after 15 days.
Underyearlings grow up to 6.6-10 cm over the summer (Kolyma). In the Amur basin, lenok fry stay all winter in the spawning grounds of chum salmon and pink salmon.
Reaches a length of 69 cm (abs.) And weight - 2.4 (and up to 3-4 kg), as an exception - up to 6-8 kg.
The catches are usually dominated by individuals weighing 0.5-1.5 kg (in the lower reaches of the Amur, 0.86-1.6 kg). Individuals 46-50 cm long and weighing 1-1.2 kg are sexually mature.
It feeds on small fish (juvenile grayling, burbot, nine-spined stickleback, sculpin, gudgeon, etc.), insect larvae (caddis flies, Chironomidae), adult insects, amphipods, also devours eggs and fry of salmon and, sometimes, mice, frogs and water rats ...
In spring it goes up the rivers for spawning, after spawning it keeps in the same rivers. However, in the Lena, Yenisei, Kolyma and in summer it comes across not only in tributaries, but also in these rivers themselves. In autumn, a downstream migration is observed along the rivers (for wintering) to the lower, deeper areas. It is caught in winter and in lakes (Zaysan, Marka-kul).
Grayling
Grayling - Local Names
Garius, hayruz, haryuz, harez, "serious fish" (Unzha), zhigan (small grayling), "catch" (medium grayling, in Pechora), kutema (Bashkiria, Molotovskaya and Chkadovskaya oblasts); lump (Zyryans-Izhemtsy); Tui (Nenets); aru (Est.); alata (Latvian); grayling (eng.); Asche (German); harr (Norwegian and Swedish); harjus (Fin.); ombre comrnun (fr.).
Freshwater fish. Inhabits mainly rivers with fast flow and low water temperature; usually keeps above and below rapids and rapids. It is also found in lakes. Large clusters does not form. Except for the spawning period, it keeps in small flocks or singly.
Spawning occurs in spring, in March - June, shortly after the ice melts. Eggs are usually deposited not in the main channel. ki, but mainly in tributaries, on pebble or rocky ground. Grayling also spawns in lakes, on rocky areas, at a depth of rarely more than 4 m. Spawning in the northern part of Lake Ladoga begins at a water temperature of 5.5 °.
Fertility is about 10 thousand eggs; fertility of grayling from r. Ilych (a tributary of the upper Pechora) - 2-9.5 thousand eggs.
Bottom caviar, non-sticky, large. The eggs are 3-4 mm in diameter. The development of eggs at a water temperature of 8-10 ° C lasts 20-25 days.
Reaches a length of 50 cm and a weight of 2.8 kg (usually 0.5-1 kg). Average weight harvested grayling 0.2-0.3 kg; in the northeastern part of Lake Onega, length 30-35 cm, weight 0.4 kg.
Grayling reaches sexual maturity at the age of three to four years.
The main food is aquatic invertebrates (amphipods, isopods, molluscs, etc.), insect larvae (caddis flies, chironomids), aerial insects (beetles, flies, etc.), less often fish fry, small mammals(shrews, voles). In the spawning grounds, it devours the eggs of many fish (salmon, trout, whitefish), as well as its own eggs.
In rivers, it usually lives in limited areas, from where it leaves only during the spawning period and late autumn. Winters in deeper parts of the river.
Graylings living in lakes enter rivers for spawning. In southern Karelia, grayling enters rivers in winter and spawns in spring (April, May). The migration of spawned individuals into lakes usually occurs shortly after spawning, but it lasts until autumn.
One of the many relatives of salmon is the brown trout - a fish that is a representative of the fauna of many seas: the Baltic, Caspian, Aral, White and Black, as well as mountain streams of many countries, lives in the upper reaches of the Euphrates and Amu Darya.
One of the many relatives of salmon is the brown trout.
This species is very diverse, so that even scientists do not have time to classify subtypes. And all because this fish adapts well to the environment, be it the sea or another body of water, and mutates easily(modified). This is actively promoted by its relocation by humans to various reservoirs for breeding and increasing the livestock.
Depending on the habitat, the color of the fish varies from very light, dark gray to almost black, and on the body there are dark spots with a light halo (sometimes they are red).
Anadromous trout (the one that lives in the sea) lives in the basins of large rivers, since during spawning it needs to rise from the sea into a freshwater river. The individuals that live in the lakes are trout. Those living in the river are brown on the back and silvery on the sides. Those that are found in large lakes are dominated by a silvery color.
The lifespan of this fish can be long. Individuals were observed, whose age was 19 years (for anadromous) and 20 years (for a lake).
Brown trout goes to spawn (video)
Gallery: trout fish (25 photos)
Spawning process
Trout differs from many salmon relatives in that it can spawn more than once in its entire life (up to 10). It does not starve before spawning (on the contrary, it feeds heavily) and does not die after it, returning to its usual habitat. It spawns in shallow water, laying eggs under stones or burying in sand. At a time, the female lays up to 4 thousand eggs of rather large sizes - 5 mm. Young animals will appear in 1.5-2 months. The size of the hatched fry is 6 mm.
At first, babies live in the place where they were born. They spend from 2 to 7 years in the river. They feed on various insects and larvae. When their size increases to 20 cm, the fish descend into the sea. Their diet is expanding: frogs, invertebrates and fry of other fish. For 4 years of life in the sea, the size of individuals increases to 60 cm.
Depending on the habitat, the color of the brown trout varies from very light, dark gray to almost black, and dark spots with a light halo are located on the body.
Adults feed on small schooling fish, large crustaceans, and insects flying above the water. In some lakes, two species of trout coexist: predatory (weight up to 10 kg) and small silver fish that feed exclusively on vegetation.
The sizes of the trout are very different and depend on the reservoir in which they live. In small rivers, trout reaches a size of 25 cm, in large lakes, the size of fish increases to 1 m, and the weight to 8-13 kg, in the seas - up to 1.5 m. If we compare the size and weight of some species sea trout, then the Caspian ( Weight Limit- 51 kg, although now such specimens are not caught, usually 12-13 kg). The brown trout inhabiting the Baltic Sea (Baltic subspecies) grows to 30-70 cm, and weighs from 1 to 5 kg (there was also the greatest weight in history - 23.5 kg). Ciscaucasian trout weighs from 2 to 7 kg.
The value and benefits of fish
Trout meat has useful properties, very tender and tasty. It is absorbed by the human body easier and faster than meat. This fish cannot be called fat, although there are layers of fat between the muscles of its body in certain places. The average calorie content of all types of brown trout in its raw form is 100-105 kcal / 100 g of meat. The product is also appreciated for the fact that it contains fats valuable for humans, very useful for strengthening the cardiovascular system and preventing heart attacks and strokes. And also it is a storehouse of vitamins (A, group B, E, PP, D) and minerals: magnesium, zinc, phosphorus, selenium, fluorine, potassium, calcium, iron, manganese. Plus 17 amino acids. Trout is salted, boiled, fried. All these processes are simple, and the fish is prepared quickly and easily.
Brown trout (video)
Fishing methods and subtleties
I would like to catch a bigger trophy - and this is a predator trout. You can catch it using different gear: spinning rod, float rod, track and overlap. In this case, you need to take into account her habits. This fish loves deep places of the reservoir and rifts, but in search of food it can go to shallow water.
When using float tackle, it is worth using a fishing rod no longer than 5 m. This is convenient when moving along a bank heavily overgrown with bushes, so as not to catch and break the tackle. You can use a worm or maggot as bait. The tackle should be thrown downstream to the place where the brown trout can presumably live.
It is important to remember that during zhora this fish can be at any depth.
The sizes of the trout are very different and depend on the reservoir in which the fish lives. If you are fishing with a spinning rod, then you need to take into account the time of year in order to choose a tackle. In summer, brown trout hunts near the surface of the reservoir and at shallow depths. Therefore, you need to use small spinners as bait. Wobblers are used in spring and autumn. Wiring when fishing with spinning should be done slowly and smoothly. It is important to know that the time when fishing is most successful is morning. To be successful, don't be afraid to experiment with bait.
Fishing with an artificial fly is the use of overlap and is more likely to catch a large specimen.
But catching a fish on a hook is half the battle, you still need to pull it out of the water, and this is not easy and requires skill, patience and the presence of special devices.
A sensible fisherman will not catch trout returning after spawning, as it is weakened at this time, and after a period of active feeding, the fish will gain weight.
Brook trout is also an object of recreational and sport fishing. This fish is very careful and shy, as it has good eyesight and sees what is happening on the shore. Catching a large individual weighing up to 2 or 4 kg, which strenuously resists, jumps out of the water, spins on a hook, rushes sharply from side to side, as practice shows, is very difficult. An experienced fisherman can do it. But a smaller variety of brook trout - pestle - usually weighs within 1 kg. This fish is also careful, and you need to apply knowledge and dexterity to catch it, but it is easier to do this, compared to large individuals.
Today, trout fish is an endangered species and is listed in the Red Book. Therefore, a license is required to catch it, and you can fish in places permitted for fishing.
Brown troutAnadromous trout, lake and brook trout easily transform into each other - this is a very ecologically plastic fish. Brook trout transported to New Zealand rolled into the sea and turned into anadromous trout. It enters the rivers of Europe from the Iberian Peninsula in the south to the Pechora in the north. It is also found in the White, Baltic, Black and Aral Seas. The brook form (trout) is very widespread; it is found in mountain streams in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Spain, Portugal, France, Corsica, Sardinia, Sicily, Italy, Greece, Asia Minor, in upstream Euphrates and Amu Darya. In America, the trout is acclimatized by man.
In many rivers, fish go almost all year round, although there are peaks of the spring, summer or autumn course. One female spawns about 3-4 thousand eggs, which, after fertilization, buries in the ground. The caviar is quite large, up to 5 mm. Trout going to spawn continues to feed, albeit less intensively. And after spawning, anadromous forms return to the sea for a day off. Juveniles are very similar to parr salmon and spend 3 to 7 years in fresh water. Trout lives in the sea from one to four years. Food objects are herring, smelt, stickleback, gerbil, trout and various invertebrates do not hesitate. Valuable commercial fish. Brook and lake trout, as well as anadromous trout, are objects of artificial breeding... With abundant feeding, you can get 50 centners or more per hectare of pond annually.
Subspecies
Notes (edit)
Links
- Trout recipes, more
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- Animals described in 1758
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Synonyms:See what "Kumzha" is in other dictionaries:
KUMZHA, sesame female, arkhan. fish Salmo (trutta?) cundscha, salmon trout, crumb. Explanatory dictionary Dahl. IN AND. Dahl. 1863 1866 ... Dahl's Explanatory Dictionary
Salmon, trout, pestle, taimen Dictionary of Russian synonyms. trout noun, number of synonyms: 5 salmon (5) ... Synonym dictionary
Fish of the salmon family. Dictionary of culinary terms. 2012 ... Culinary vocabulary
Modern encyclopedia
Camping fish of the salmon family. Length up to 1 m, weighs up to 13 kg; Caspian salmon up to 51 kg. V coastal waters seas of Europe, including the Black, Caspian, Baltic and Aral seas. It goes to the rivers for spawning. A valuable object of fishing and breeding. ... ... Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Salmon taimen (Salmo trutta), fish fam. salmon. L. anadromous form of typical K. up to 1 m, weight up to 13 kg, in the Caspian salmon (S. t. caspicus) up to 51 kg. Above and below the lateral line, black spots. The caudal peduncle is high. Distributed in ... ... Biological encyclopedic dictionary
Brown trout- KUMZHA, fish (salmon family). Length up to 1 m, weight up to 13 kg (for Caspian trout up to 51 kg). Inhabits the basins of the White, Baltic, Black, Caspian and Aral seas. Spawns in rivers. The freshwater form of brown trout is trout. Valuable commercial ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
Salmon taimen (Salmo trutta), a fish of the salmon family (See Salmon). The body is covered with small black specks. Distributed in coastal areas seas washing Europe. The typical C. anadromous form lives in the sea for up to 4 years; reaches length ... ... Great Soviet Encyclopedia
AND; f. Large commercial fish of this. salmon (lives in the European part of Russia). * * * brown trout is an anadromous fish of the salmon family. Length up to 1 m, weight up to 13 kg; Caspian salmon up to 51 kg. In the coastal waters of the seas of Europe, including the Black Sea, ... ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Anadromous fish sem. salmon. L. up to 1 m, weight up to 13 kg; Caspian salmon up to 51 kg. In the coastal waters of the seas of Europe, incl. in the Black, Caspian, Baltic and Aral seas. It goes to the rivers for spawning. A valuable object of fishing and breeding. ... ... Natural science. encyclopedic Dictionary
Moreover, she is a typical representative of it. There are many subspecies of this fish, and each of them has its own distinctive features. For example, some specimens do not exceed 2 kg in weight, while others reach more than 20 in weight.
Trout has very tasty meat rich in useful elements. Therefore, many anglers dream about it. In some places in Russia, it is a commercial one. The minimum fat content, the normal amount of calories per 100 grams of weight, as well as excellent digestibility - all these are the main advantages of fish.
Habitat
Trout fish is quite common. Photos of anglers with the corresponding trophy are found quite often, both in private collections and on various forums or thematic sites. Therefore, it is impossible to briefly tell about her
Anadromous and freshwater representatives usually live in the basins of large rivers with appropriate water. Caspian trout prefers the Caspian, as its name suggests. Moreover, at the time when it goes to spawn, it can turn into freshwater. Mating season takes place on the Kura River. Another representative, salmon, lives in the Azov and Black Seas. Thus, there are many places for anglers to catch such prey.
As pointed out, distinctive feature are possessed by all sea or lake fish related to this kind... It lies in the fact that trout, in fact, does not matter what kind of water: salty or fresh. She can dwell anywhere. This has a positive effect on its widespread distribution.
Appearance
The appearance of representatives of the salmon family will vary depending on the subspecies. Most typical specimens, such as Taimyr trout, anadromous or freshwater trout, have the characteristics described below.
- Downward sloping mouth.
- If the individual is large, then it has a characteristic hook on the lower jaw.
- Small fin on the back.
- Powerful tail.
- Small adipose fin.
- Spots all over the body.
Sea and lake fish are similar in appearance, body structure and even taste. The difference lies only in the direct habitat, which they can change at their discretion.
The specimens also differ in weight. The largest is the Caspian trout fish. Photos on thematic sites acquaint anglers with specimens of 10 and 20 kg. In general, the mass of the intended prey can be determined from its habitat. If the reservoir is small, then the dimensions with the weight will be small, and vice versa.
Reproduction
Trout is a fish that for spawning picks up areas of water bodies where it is shallow and there are many stones. This is due to the fact that small eggs hide under them or burrow into the sand, if it is large.
A distinctive feature of the brown trout is that it continues to feed during spawning. Having released an average of 7-12 thousand eggs, the fish is calmly engaged in fishing for crayfish, herring and so on.
In size, the fry is 5-6 mm in diameter. A female can go to spawn no more than 10 times in her entire life. First, babies live in the place where spawning took place. After growing up, they go after adults to the sea or lake.
Trout is a fish that can live 19-20 years. Anadromous and marine species have a shorter life expectancy than lacustrine ones. However, this time is enough for fishing, it is possible to enjoy adult meat without interfering with the continuation of the family.
Lifestyle
It is believed that all fish of the salmon family (the list of representatives is very large) are predators by nature. Many people find small crayfish in the stomach during butchering. There are also other fish. In general, the trout does not get hung up on its diet, it is ready to eat everything that comes its way.
But there are other examples as well. There are two representatives of the breed. The first, trout, reaches a mass of 10 kg and feeds exclusively on meat products. The second specimen is a small silver fish. Its diet consists only of small crustaceans or plankton. Beginners and hobbyists often mistake them for representatives of different families. And few people in appearance will be able to say that they belong to the same breed.
Brown trout most spends life in salt water. To spawn, she swims into freshwater rivers. Fry also grows there. As an adult, he returns to the sea or salt water lake.
As indicated, the largest representative is the Caspian trout. History has recorded a case when a fisherman managed to catch such a weight of 51 kg. But today, large individuals are not available, since fishing is observed everywhere where brown trout is found. Therefore, it simply does not have time to grow to such a large size.
In some cases, anadromous, marine and lake fish may spawn together. This is observed where, in close proximity to each other, there are two corresponding reservoirs connected by one river. Together and completely peacefully they go to the spawning process, and no one experiences discomfort.
Today, fishing for trout is not as profitable as it was at the beginning of the 20th century. This is due to the fact that fishing is not rational, and in some of its habitats, hydro-construction has begun. Therefore, the natural increase in the population was disrupted. But the fish is not yet protected and is not protected by the appropriate structures.
Fishing for trout
All fish of the salmon family (the list starts with the common trout and ends with the Caspian trout) are caught on spinning or fly fishing if they spawn. Spawning takes place from September to February, depending on the climatic conditions of the habitat.
The bite of the brown trout is sharp, and you should not hook it right away. The fact is that it can easily break off, as a result, the fisherman will lose his trophy. First you need to tire her a little. Then there will be no problems when dragging ashore.
In general, fishing will be difficult, regardless of whether you are catching sea or lake fish. Photos of people with corresponding trophies prove this. On them you can see very tired fishermen. Accordingly, you need to take a lot of nutritious food and fishing line with you, since the trout will not give up without a fight.
Trout meat
The considered salmon breed is in no way inferior to animal meat in taste and culinary qualities. Moreover, for correct preparation she's even better. First of all, this lies in the fact that meat is easily digested, even by young children.
Brown trout - not oily fish but very gentle. This is due to the fact that there are fat layers in her carcass on the meat. But they are not evenly spaced, so some parts of the animal can only be cooked in one way, while others offer room for culinary fantasies. Also, the amount of fat depends on the time of fishing, during spawning, for example, the fish gets fat, and by the end it becomes thinner.
In order to prepare a delicacy, the chefs add some brown trout. Thanks to the fatty layers, it is impregnated own juice... As a result, it is possible to obtain a taste that is not interrupted by other products from the marinade.
Boiled and skewered fish also has excellent culinary qualities... At the same time, it does not lose its usefulness, unlike many others. But the problem is that it is too difficult to choose a side dish for such a tender and unique meat. Usually boiled mushrooms or baked potatoes play its role.
Conclusion
Despite the fact that there is quite a lot of information on how to catch this representative of salmon, trout is a fish that requires a special approach. It is unlikely that beginners or amateurs will be able to cope with it, if only by a fluke. But if you get used to fishing, then you can please the family with excellent meat with unique taste.
It is impossible not to pay attention to the usefulness of the trout. Unlike most others commercial fish, it is less fatty, has tender meat. For this she is appreciated.
On the one hand, brown trout is one of the most common salmonids. On the other hand, its appearance, size and even habits can be so different in different places that even professional biologists often come to a dead end. This fish is found almost everywhere in northern Europe, it is abundant in Karelia and the Baltic, as well as on the Kola Peninsula.
It is interesting that this one can exist both in marine (anadromous) and freshwater (lacustrine) forms. Moreover, it is obvious that many thousands of years ago, during the period of geological cataclysms, the lake trout replaced the sea.
This is a very beautiful and strong fish. However, it is appreciated not only by fishermen, but also by gourmets, as its delicate orange meat has truly excellent taste. Perhaps, it is difficult to think of something more appetizing than a fat, transparent and literally melting in your mouth a slice of slightly salted or slightly smoked brown trout.
Biological description
Trout is one of the most typical and widespread representatives of the salmon family, and there is often confusion among fishermen and in the literature about the names of this fish. The fact is that this salmon is of two types: anadromous and freshwater, and the latter is often called trout. In addition, there are quite a few forms of brown trout in nature, which differ from each other both externally and in habits. There are five main subspecies, and it is generally accepted by ichthyologists that five anadromous species and one lake species of brown trout live on our territory.
The most curious thing is that the exact taxonomy of trout is generally devoid of practical meaning: this fish completely denies Linnaeus's theory, and under certain conditions, one form spontaneously transforms into another. This fact is not a hypothesis, but reliable information, confirmed by the experience of acclimatization and breeding of trout in artificial conditions. That is why trout and brown trout have ceased to be considered separate species of fish, and at present it has been precisely proven that anadromous brown trout and freshwater lake trout transform into each other.
The color of the brown trout, its size and shape, as well as other biological indicators, vary greatly depending on the habitat of the fish. You can find an almost black specimen, and a very light one, with a short body, and very elongated, etc. The sides are most often covered with numerous red black spots with a light halo. The dimensions most of all depend on the dimensions of the reservoir itself. So, in small rivers, trout, which is more often called trout, rarely grows more than 25 cm, but in large lakes fish can reach a meter with a weight exceeding 10 kg. Even larger are the passage forms, the dimensions of which can reach one and a half meters
Habitat
Trout is a very common fish. Only on the territory of the former USSR are the following main species found:
- anadromous trout and freshwater trout, which large quantities lives in the basins of the Baltic, White, Barents and other rivers northern seas;
- Caspian trout, which, as the name suggests, is found in the Caspian Sea. The fish go to spawn in the river. Kuru, and part of it remains there, turning into freshwater trout;
- Black Sea salmon living in the basins of the Black and Azov seas.
This list is not exhaustive, and many more forms can be added to it, for example, the Eisenam trout living in Dagestan, which lives in the lake of the same name, etc.
Lifestyle
Usually trout are classified as predators, but this is not entirely accurate, and it is more correct to consider it a fish with a wide range nutrition. Any fisherman will say that everything can be found in her stomach - from fry to larvae and beetles. Nevertheless, the addiction to hunting as a whole determines its lifestyle, and most of the time the brown trout loiters in the water column, mainly preferring the upper layers, where there are a lot of juveniles of smelt, vendace, herring, etc.
However, this behavior is not a dogma and it happens that versatility in nutrition leads to a change in shape. An interesting example is Lake Ohrid, which is located on the border of Macedonia and Albania, where two forms of lake trout meet at once. One of them is large and predatory, reaching 10 kilograms in weight, the other is a small silvery fish that feeds on crustaceans and plankton. These fish are so different from each other that they are considered as different kinds... And, nevertheless, they are one and the same breed!
Most often, brown trout is an anadromous fish that lives in salt water, but goes into rivers for spawning, much like the Atlantic salmon do. Depending on the specific habitat, spawning occurs between September and February. Females spawn eggs on small and rapids of rivers, where there are suitable stones or coarse sand, where orange eggs sometimes burrow. There are few of them, on average from 7 to 12 thousand, but their dimensions can reach 6 millimeters in diameter.
Each female spawns eggs from 4 to 11 times during her life, and if she came to the spawning ground, this does not mean that she is ready for spawning, since the condition of the eggs may be such that she will spawn it only the next year. During spawning, trout, unlike some other salmonids, does not stop feeding. The hatched fry grow in the river, where the spawning took place, until their age is 7-10 years, after which the matured fry slide back into the sea.
- once for the purpose of acclimatization in the New Zealand rivers was brought brook trout... Very little time passed, and a significant part of the trout that had adapted to local conditions slipped down to the lower reaches of the rivers and the sea, after which they turned into anadromous trout;
- the largest brown trout is the Caspian. There is reliable information about the fish caught, the weight of which was 51 kg. Alas, most likely such monsters are already going into the category of legends, and catching fish over 10 kilograms is considered great luck;
- Baltic trout does not belong to large slaves, and its usual dimensions do not exceed half a meter with a mass of 5 kg, although there is evidence of the capture of a specimen that weighed 23.6 kg;
- among scientists long time there was one delusion. By virtue of huge size and external resemblance to salmon, ichthyologists considered the Caspian trout to be its special subspecies. Clarity was introduced only in the 80s of the last century, when chromosome analysis showed that, on the contrary, salmon is a form of brown trout that has changed greatly in the process of evolution;
- where anadromous and dwelling forms of brown trout exist, they form a single herd that spawns together. The fact is that the population of anadromous trout has more females, and in order to compensate for the lack of males, it is necessary to "borrow" them from freshwater species where there is a clear excess of those;
- in 1936-1939 catches of Caspian trout reached 620 tons, and in 1970 its catch did not exceed 5 tons. The sharp decline in the population is mainly due to the violation of conditions natural reproduction as a result of hydraulic construction and irrational fishing.
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