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Report "Insectivores"
Insectivors are the ancient group of higher animals. Fossils of animal data remains found by scientists in the formation mesozoic era (135 million years ago). The detachment of insectors includes such famous representatives - earthmock, moles, outcrows, hedgehogs and some birds. The name of the insectivore birds is the foams, the slats, the Sorokoputs, Finch, Forest Konk, Oriole. They live on earth, in the soil, in fresh water and forest litter.
Signs of detachment insectivores
The head of the animals is elongated and ends with a moving, small trunk. Eyes in some species are hidden under the skin. Among the senses are the most developed sense of smell and touch. The amount of teeth 26 - 44. There are cutting ridges between the root teeth, forming the W or V pattern. This structure of the teeth is called the insectivore type. Depending on the way of life of the extremist of animals, it is arranged differently. They are walking, with claws on the fingers. Hair Pokrov Also different: thick, soft or short barbs. The color is predominantly monophonic - gray, black, brown, less than spotted.
On the skin developed primitive and sweat glands. Skin glands allocate a plowing secret.
Where are the insectivores?
They are distributed everywhere, except Antarctica, Australia and part South America. Insectivores are found up to the islands of the North Arctic Ocean. On earth and in the grass are vinged birds, fodys, starlats, finches and stuffing. In shrubs, walkers, feces, charges. In the crowns of trees, the tours of the Orioles, cuckoo, blinds, foams, king.
What do the insectiva eat?
The animals feed on arthropod and soil invertebrates. Birds are eating insect pests, such as: weevils, crouching, scoop, leaf outdoor, leaflerting, moles, tool, whites, bugs, flies and straight-colored.
Lifestyle insectivores
They lead a diverse lifestyle. Earthowing, Trelli and Jegey live on the surface of the earth, gravity and moles under the ground, exhaust, the cuctors and earthons lead a water and semi-water lifestyle. Depending on what kind of insectivore birds, they will settle on the crowns of trees, in shrubs or nesters in the grass. Refuge for animals serve holes and forest litter. Mostly they are active all year, only some types of heroes fall into hibernation for the winter. As for birds, migratory birds With the onset of cold weather goes in more warmer climes. Those who remain on the wintering, eat wormwood, birch earrings and seeds.
Animals reproduce up to 3 times a year. Birds lay eggs in the spring.
- When his hedgehogs, he, like a person, begins to lose his teeth.
- Hednessed eaten in antiquity. Then they were baked in clay, in order to get rid of the barns.
- The brain at the insectivores is primitive. He does not have the soot and completely smooth.
- Earthoids have a record appetite - they can eat more per day than themselves weigh.
- The mole has no ear shell. Only a fold of the skin that closes the ear that the sand and earth did not get into it.
- The cuckoo is the only bird who eats the most dangerous pests of the forest - hairy caterpillars.
- When the hedgehog is faced with a new aroma, it begins to lick the source. Thus, it creates fragrant saliva in the mouth, stored aroma.
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Insectivores
(Insectivora),
The detachment of primitive mammals. Usually small, varied on the appearance and lifestyle of animals. Five-plated limbs are equipped with claws. The muzzle is elongated and pointed, with an elongated nose, outstanding far beyond the skull. Teeth so-called Insectivo type. The cutters are often long, forming as pincers; Fangs are always present, but usually similar to those adjacent to them cutters or pre-sea teeth; Indigenous covered with sharp fights. Eyes and ears, as a rule, small and low-rise. Brain for placental mammals primitive; big Hemisphere Smooth, without furrows. Insectivores are widespread all over ground Shar.But absent in Australia and most of South America. Modern species They are divided into four clearly distinguished ways:
1) Tenrecoidea, to which tenrexes, grafts and ultrasonic earthmock include; 2) ERINACEIDEA, combining heroes and gymnururs; 3) earthmock (soricidea): earthmock, outdurous, moles and slissors; 4) Jumpers (Macroscelididea). Some biologists refer to the latest subfamily of stupid, in other systems of those who are considered primates.
The appearance of the insectivores is quite diverse. For example, the moles are covered with a soft velvety fur, the pile of which falls in any direction, which contributes to moving along close underground travel. Two strong vopotoxy front paws of these animals are perfectly adapted to the ruin. The hedgehogs are covered with spines, and the African exterior earth wash (Potamogale) leads mainly a water lifestyle, the tail is long and flattened from the sides. In other aquatic forms, a coat and exhaust, also well expressed adaptations to life in water - fringe or ridges from hard hair on hind legs And the tail helps them swim. Inhabited in Africa, jumpers are distinguished by very long rear limbs and tail that helps them make powerful jumps, fleeing the pursuers. The main food of the squad representatives constitute insects and their larvae, worms and other small invertebrates. Hezhi often eaten various fruitsand the exhaust earth wash is small fish and crustaceans. Some miniature species are distant with an insatiable appetite, and often eaten by them per day the amount of food exceeds the mass of their own body. Insectivores are not so prolific, as they say, rodents, but in the body of the female tenrem you can detect up to 20 embryos.
The encyclopedia of the colley. - Open Society. 2000 .
Watch what is "insectivores" in other dictionaries:
- (Insectivora), a detachment of mammals. The most ancient and primitive from placental, appeared, apparently, at the beginning of the chalk; happened from pantoteris. Ancestors N. Possible generics of all other placental. LIFT Most ... ... Biological Encyclopedic Dictionary
Organisms, animals, some plants eating mainly insects. See also insectivore plants. Ecological encyclopedic dictionary. Chisinau: the main editorial office of the Moldavian Soviet Encyclopedia. I.I. Sampi. 1989 ... Ecological Dictionary
Insectivores, the most ancient and primitive animals among vivijor mammals. The insectivore includes hedgehogs, earthroowing, moles, etc. about 450 species, widely distributed. Most are active at night. Main food insects ... Modern encyclopedia
Detachment of mammals. The most ancient and primitive placental mammals. Body length from 3 to 45 cm. 7 8 families, approx. 300 species. Widely distributed (absent in Australia and in almost all of America). The insectivore includes sluggies, ... ... Large encyclopedic Dictionary
Insectivores, a small detachment of mammals (Insectivora), many of which eat insects. Distributed almost all over the world, some varieties live under the ground, others on the surface, as well as in rivers and ponds. Most ... ... Scientific and Technical Encyclopedic Dictionary
- (Insectivora) The detachment of mammals, comparatively ones, living, for the most part on the ground or in the ground, less often in Vaisii in trees. Their body is covered with wool or, in addition, and needles. Confil the muzzle is out of the lower jaw and often has the kind ... ... Encyclopedia Brockhaus and Ephron
Insectivores - Insectivores, Insectivora, Mammal Detachment (Mammalia); Small or small porpozhnaya animals; have numerous small and sharp teethwhich are few differentiated, thanks to which the fangs often do not distinguish from the cutters. Indigenous teeth with ... ... Big medical encyclopedia
Polyfileetic group of animals ё ... Wikipedia
- (Insectivora) detachment of mammals. Body Length from 3 (Baroçump Baby, small white) up to 39 cm (Tetrek). The head is elongated, usually ends with a moving trot. The eyes are small, some are hidden under the skin. The body is covered with a short ... ... Big soviet Encyclopedia
- (Insectivora) detachment of mammals, relatively small living in most part on Earth or in Earth, less often in water or trees. The body is covered with wool or, in addition, and needles. The end of the muzzle is issued for the lower jaw and often has the look ... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
Books
- Charles Darwin. Works in nine volumes, Charles Darwin. Moscow - Leningrad, 1935, State Publishing House of Biological and Medical Literature. Publishing binding. The publication is equipped with drawings and cards. The preservation of the set is good. ...
Horde type, vertebral subtype, mammal class, placental subclass, detachments ...
Mammals class
Mammals are the most highly organized vertebrate class. The size of their bodies is different: in dwarfishes - 3.5 cm, blue Whale - 33 m, body weight, respectively, 1.5 g and 120 tons. The main progressive features of mammals are as follows: 1. high level Central Development nervous system; 2. Livingness and feeding the young product of the parent organism - milk; 3. The ability to the thermoregulation is developed.
Huge importance in regulation of heat recoil has coats, and some and subcutaneous fat layer. These features, as well as a number of other features of the organization, led to the possibility of widespread mammal in a wide variety of conditions. The total number of types of modern mammals is approximately 4.5 thousand.
Squad insectivores
The hemisphere of the brain is small and deprived of the sorry. Teeth are weakly differentiated. Fangs rarely have a typical and large size. The facial department has a majority in moving trumps. Many species have odorous glands. Insectivores are medium-sized animals and very small. Among the insectors there are types of ground, water and woody. In the Fauna of Russia there are species of three families: moles (moles - ordinary and Siberian), hedgehogs (ordinary and eared yozh), earth agriculture (Buroçump Ordinary and aqueous earthmock).
Detachable detachment
The only mammalian group adapted to the present flight in the air. Wings are serve leatherylocated between the very long fingers of the front limbs, body sides, rear limbs and tail. The yard carries the keel, to which the breast muscles are attached, leading in motion of the wings.
Touch bodies besides a conventional tactile calves and vibrys are represented by numerous thin hairs scattered on the surface of the aircraft and ears. Vision is weak. The hearing is extremely thin. Lifestyle twilight and night. Durable rolled throughout the globe, except for the Arctic and Antarctic. Views: Ushan, evening, night lights, leather, bats, horseshoes.
Squad rodent
Most rodents are small and medium-sized animals that feed mainly or exclusively vegetable food. In connection with this, the dental apparatus is peculiar. No fangs. In connection with the power of rude vegetable food, the intestinal tract is long. All species have a blind intestine that performs the role of "fermentation chamber". For most species, the ability to multiply quickly, which is associated with early sexual ripening and a large number of cub born. Among them are terrestrial, underground and semi-water species.
Many species are important objects of fur fishery: Squirrel, Ontatra, Surki, Beaver. Among rodents there are many pests of agriculture and species that distribute hazardous diseases, for example, the plague. Includes the following families: Family of the Belichi (Susliki, Surki, Squirrels, Chipmunk), Family Mouse (Mice - House, Forest, Field; Rats - Gray and Black), Hammerous family (Ontatras, Hamsters, Globals, Lemming, Polevki).
Detachment Towns
There are no fangs in hares and the cutters are separated from the rooted space (diasthele). Unlike rodents, the hazing stomach consists of two departments: the foundal, where only bacterial fermentation occurs, and the pyloric, where food is digested only if there is a pepsin enzyme. It is believed that the similarities of rodents and hares and only external (convergent). In detachment two well-drawn families: the family of the hare (representatives of the family are characterized by the elongated back legs and very long ears. Break-white, hare-rusak, hare-sandstone, wild rabbit), Foreign family or senostavka (Daurgy, North, steppe food).
Detachment predatory
The detachment detachment combines mammals, in one way or another adapted to feed animal food. Most species hunt animals, less often use Padal. The overall appearance and sizes of predatory body are very different. This detachment includes tiny caress and mighty bears. Main common feature is the structure of the dental system. The clavicle is rudimentary or missing. The front brain is well developed and covered with convolutions. The stomach is simple, the intestine is relatively small. The uterus is twin. Tsemenniki in the scrotum, there is a penis bone. Monogama, multiply once a year. The most common representatives of the following four families are: family of doggy (wolf, fox, korsak, sandy), Feline family (tiger, leopard, leopard, lynx), family of bearish (brown, black, white), family kuny (sable, forest cunning, ermine , speakers, chorus light, cailat, acclimatized view - American mink).
Dummy do not parquacy
Large hoofs, in which the axis of the limbs passes through the third finger, receiving preferential development. The degree of reduction of lateral fingers is different in different groupsWhat is connected with a greater or less adaptability to the rapid run. The clavicle is not. Stomach simple. One pair of nipples in the groin area. Three families in the detachment: Horse family ( donkey Kulana, Zebra, Przhevalsky horse),
Rhinor family ( indian rhino, pussy african white rhino), Tipyr family ( mountain, Central American, Cepers).
Detachment Pardon Square
Usually large, herbivorous beasts, which have the ability to quickly run. In connection with this, their legs are usually long; The end phalanges of the fingers carry hoofs. The third and fourth fingers are developed to the same extent, and the axis of the limbs passes between them. The second and fifth fingers are more or less underdeveloped. The limbs when walking can only move in the same plane, the clavicle is not. Purbitivatory. The stomach in most species are complex, consisting of several departments; Rarely simple.
Detachment Lastonodi
The common body shape is elongated, spindle-shaped. The neck is shortened and does not have a sharply pronounced interception. The limbs are shortened and modified into flippers. The coat in one way or another is reduced. Subcutaneous fat deposits are very developed, which perform the functions of thermal insulation, as well as protective body from mechanical damage and reducing the density of the animal. There are no outer ear sink from most species, but the rumor is very good. The smell is well developed. Vision, on the contrary, weak. Tooth system In the main features, it is similar to such terrestrial predators, but the differentiation of the teeth is less dramatically expressed.
Catto-shaped squad
An extremely peculiar group of mammals, the whole life of which takes place in water. The body of their spindle-shaped, streamlined, with a disproportionately big head. Shein interception is not. The forelimbs are turned into flippers, the rear is missing. Only two rudimentary bones that are not associated with the axial skeleton are preserved from the pelvic belt. Leather naked. Sweat and sebaceous glands. Milky glands one steam. Nipples open in pocket sinus. Subcutaneous fat is very developed. There are no shells, but the hearing body is well developed. In the teeth whales developed the ability to echolocation. Vision is well developed.
Detachment Primates
This ancient mammals whose ancestors were insectivores. The body length ranges from 12 cm ( dwarf Lemur) up to 180 cm and above (gorilla). Detachment includes two diverse external structure The sub-train - monkeys and semolstery. For monkeys, the strong development of the hemispheres of the brain is characterized, the bark of which forms a complex system of convolutions and furrows. Popular beasts with well-developed five-five grateful limbs adapted to climb on trees. The first finger (big) and can oppose the rest. Fingers of the limbs monkeys carry flat nails; The semi-sessive is more often claws. The clavicle is available.
Food mainly mixed food with the predominance of plant. Holded herds rarely pair. We breed round year. Among the semoresyans are a large number of types of Lemurov, Laurie, long adopts. Among the monkeys are more famous cappuccuses, toys, monkey and man monkeys. Higher primates include Gorilla, Chimpanzees, Orangutung, Gibbons and Man.
Insectivores are placental mammals of small sizes. Body length from 3.5 cm. ( the smallest dimensions in the mammalian class) in dwarfis black and up to 44 cm in the big rat hedge. The muzzle is elongated, usually ends with a small trunk. Outdoor ear shells are small, some representatives may be absent. The eyes are small, sometimes are on varying degrees reduction. The limbs four- or five-plated, porous, all fingers are armed with claws. Hair cover is usually short, soft, weakly differentiated; Sometimes the body is covered with spines. The skin has greasy, primitive sweat and specific glands. Nipples from 2 to 12.
For insectivores, a number of signs are characterized, thanks to which they should be considered primitive than other placental mammals: small sizes, adjusting limbs, underdeveloped hearing drums.
Lead ground, underground, semi-water or wood Life. Most of them have night activity; Some have a round-the-clock. Food is mostly insects, although among them there are predators. Insectivores - polygami. Pregnancy 11-43 days. During the year, one is usually one litter, rarely more. In litter up to 14 young. Califlement reaches aged 3-4 months to two years. Economic significance relatively small. A number of species benefit forest and agricultureBy singing harmful insects. Some types of (mole) have a commercial value.
Completed all export, with the exception of Australia, most of South America, Greenland and Antarctica. Insectivores are the most ancient and primitive among placental mammals. The ancestors of modern insectivores were, apparently, the proclars of all other placental mammals. Among the modern family families, most of which were deeply adapted to the specific conditions of existence and in connection with this were subjected to significant changes, the most primitive is the family. Earthons and moles were probably separated from all-like ancestors about the end of the Eocenta or at the beginning of oligocene. Finding fossil residues of other modern families are dated Miocene (Trelli, Gidtokroids and Jumpers) or oligocene (Socials).
Beloculation (lat. Chiroptera) - a detachment of placental mammals, the only one, whose representatives are capable of active flight. This is the second largest (after rodents) a detachment of mammals, includes 1200 species. The science of chipterial is devoted to their research. Systematically manochable close to insectivore.
A manochable spread very wide. In addition to the tundra, indolar areas and some ocean islands, they are everywhere. More numerous in the tropics. A manochable are endemic views on many oceanic islands in the absence ground mammalsSo they are able to overcome long distances over the sea.
Density of settlement bats in medium latitudes - 50-100 per square kilometer, in Central Asia - up to 1000. At the same time northern border Taiga extends no more than two or three species (representatives of the Common Family the batsIn the southern part of the United States and the Mediterranean species already have several dozen, and in the valley of the Congo and Amazon - several hundred species. The reason for such a sharp increase in the number of species is the high density of manochable in the tropics and exacerbation due to their competitive relationships.
A manochable are extremely diverse, they inhabit all the continents of the Earth, with the exception of Antarctica, are 1/5 from total now living mammalian species. The main way of movement is a complete flight, a feature that allows them to use resources inaccessible to another mammal.
The dimensions of the manochable are small and medium: 2.5-40 cm. The forelimbs are converted into wings, but significantly in a different way than in birds. All fingers "hands", besides the first, the manocharged are strongly elongated and together with the forearm and rear limbs serve as a frame for a skin meter forming the wing. Most species have a tail, which is usually also covered by the aircraft. The membrane is permeated with vessels, muscular fibers and nerves. It can take essential participation in the gimbenchers, since it has a significant area and a sufficiently small aerohematic barrier. IN cold weather A manochable can be wrapped in their wings, as in the raincoat. The bones of manacked small and thin, which is a device to fly.
The head with a wide oral eyeball, small eyes and large, sometimes complex arranged oars with skin growth (kozlec) at the base of the auditory pass. Holy cover thick, single-tier. Skin membrane is covered with rare hairs. Elbow and often small ber bone rudimentary; radius elongated and twisted, long shoulder; The brace is well developed; shoulder girdle more powerful than belt rear limbs. Breast has a small keel. In connection with the nutrition of animals or soft fruits, the digestive tract only is only 1.5-4 times the length of the body, the stomach is simple, the blind intestine is often absent.
The touch bodies are diverse and, in addition to the usual tactile calves and vibrass, are represented by numerous thin hairs scattered over the surface of the aircraft and ear-sinks. Vision is weak and for orientation has a small value. The hearing is extremely thin. The band audibility is huge, ranging from 12 to 190,000 Hertz.
For orientation in space, many species of manocrons use echolocation: ultrasonic impulses they have been reflected from the items and are captured by ear sinks. In flight, bats make ultrasounds with a frequency of 30 to 70 thousand Hz.
Many mancrew - night or twilight animals. Some types of winter fall into hibernation, others migrate.
Sounded Krylnov registered oral sex. 70% of females observed during the experiment, licked the sexual member of the partner before copulation, which led to an increase in the time of sexual intercourse by about twice.
Most often, the female gives rise to only one, naked and blind cub. Sometimes, while the young is still small, he flies with his mother on the hunt, tightly clinging to her wool. However, this method will soon become inaccessible for them, because the cubs grow rapidly.
Insectivore detachment ORDO INSECTIVORA BOWDICH, 1821
Placental mammals of small sizes. The length of the body from 3.5 cm. (The smallest dimensions in the class of small-flow) in dwarf's brillons and up to 44 cm in a large rat hedgehog. The muzzle is elongated, usually ends with a small trunk. Outdoor ear shells are small, some representatives may be absent. The eyes are small, sometimes are at different degrees of reduction. The limbs four- or five-plated, porous, all fingers are armed with claws. Hair cover usually short 
th, soft, weakly differentiated; Sometimes the body is covered with spines. The skin has greasy, primitive sweat and specific glands. Nipples from 2 to 12.
The skull is elongated in the face department and compiled. The maxillary bones are part of the orbits walls and separated the tear bone from the sky. The orbital wings of the sky bone are reduced in size. Skylty bones of small sizes or they are not quite. Zylon arcs are poorly developed or absent. Drum bones are often ring-shaped and do not form hearing drums. Rady and elbow bones are divided between themselves, and small and large bertovy often grow together knee Sustava. The clavicle is in all insectivores, with the exception of the exhaust burner. Os Penis is at least the mole and tenrers.
The brain is strongly developed by olfactory shares (macrosmatic type). The hemisphere is almost without furrow and the sorus (at the hedgehogs, earthlings and jumpers there are only Sulcus Rhinalis Lateralis) (Brower and Schober - Brauer Und Schober, 1970). Stomach simple. The blind intestine may be absent. The uterus in females of the twin, the placenta is discoidal. The seeds in males are located in abdominal cavity, under the skin in pahs or in the scrotum before the sexual organ.
Thus, a number of signs are characterized for insectivores, thanks to which they should be considered primitive than other placental mammals: small dimensions, porous limbs, wegelers-donate teeth, tubercular indigenous teeth, underdeveloped hearing drums.
Lead ground, underground, semi-water or woody lifestyle. Most of them have night activity; Some have a round-the-clock. Food is mostly insects, although among them there are predators. Insectivore Polygamy. Pregnancy 11-43 days. During the year, one is usually one litter, rarely more. In litter up to 14 young. Califlement reaches aged 3-4 months to two years. Economic significance is relatively small. A number of species benefit forest and agriculture, taking harmful insects. Some types of (mole) have a commercial value.
Completed all export, with the exception of Australia, most of South America, Greenland and Antarctica. Insectivores are the most ancient and primitive among placental mammals. The ancestors of modern insectivores were, apparently, the proclars of all other placental mammals. The branch of insectivoes from Pantotheria occurred, probably somewhere at the beginning of the chalk. The most ancient fossil remains of insectivores are known from the top-chalk sediments. North America (GypsonicTops). Among the modern family families, most of which were deeply adapted to the specific conditions of existence and in connection with this were subjected to significant changes, the most primitive is the family. Earthons and moles were probably separated from all-like ancestors about the end of the Eocenta or at the beginning of oligocene. Finding fossil residues of other modern families are dated Miocene (Trelli, Gidtokroids and Jumpers) or oligocene (Socials).
In the detachment, small and very small animals are dominated. The head in most wedge-shaped pointed, with a nose elongated in the form of a trunk. The body of most animals is covered with a smooth thick velvety fur, in a few - rigid bristly hair or short needles. The limbs are arranged in different ways, depending on the lifestyle. For many insectivores, odorous (musky) glands are characteristic.
Tooth system primitive. The number of teeth from 44 to 26. A set of 44 teeth is considered the initial (most primitive) for higher animals. The surrender teeth of insectivores on the structure are clearly divided into two categories - small forecasters and large, or large, expensive. Small parents and families and families have a different number, so they have great importance In systematics, and large surrenders only one by one on each side in the upper and lower jaws. Big root is adjacent to small indigenous, size is always larger than small: and have 2 or 3 roots, often several sharp peaks. On the root teeth between sharp vertices, cutting ridges (commission), forming the pattern, similar to the letter W or V. Teeth of such a structure are called insectivinal teeth.
Insectivore's brain with a relatively large olfactory department, and the sizes of the hemispheres are small, many without a furrow and do not cover the cerebellum on top. From the organs of the senses of the greatest development, the senses of smell and tanging are achieved. Vision organs are almost weakly developed, some eyes are hidden under the skin. In connection with the weak development of the brain conditional reflexes They are produced slowly and quickly lost (faded).
Insectivores are one of the most ancient groups of higher animals. The fossil remains of them are known from the vulnerable sediments of the Mesozoic era. The time that has passed since this day is about 135 million years. Their origin is associated with Jurassic beasts of pantoterium subclasses, the detachment of the tritubeklyt. http://www.floranimal.ru/Orders/2339.html.
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