Mystery of Slavic ABC. Linguistic Encyclopedic Dictionary

cyrillic alphabet - Lingv. In the 9th century, our era, Saints Cyril and Methodius, created two alphabets, verbs and Cyrillic, for the writing of the Old Slavonic language. Cyrillic, based on the verbs and the Greek alphabets, ultimately became the preferred system ... ... Universal Additional Practical Dictionary I. Mostitsky

Cyrillic Alphabets Slavic: Belarusian Alphabet Bulgarian Alphabet Serbian Alphalia ... Wikipedia

Cyrillic alphabets ... Wikipedia

Cyrillic Alphabets Slavic: Belarusian Alphabet Bulgarian Alphabet Serbian Alphabet ... Wikipedia

ALPHABET - [Greek. ἀλφάβητος from the names of the first 2 letters of Greek. Alphabet: "Alpha" and "Beta" ("Vita")], the system of written signs of letters, to paradise displays and fixes the sound system of the language and is the basis of the letter. In A. Come: 1) letters in their main designs, ... ... Orthodox encyclopedia

Alphabet - (Alphabet), the phonological system of the letter, in to the swarms of graphics signs (letters), the corresponding languages \u200b\u200bare denoted. In one type A., so-called. Connce, letters are indicated only by consonants, and vowels are transmitted by diacritical ... ... Peoples and culture

Alphabet - From the name. The first two letters of Greek. A. Alpha and Beta (Novogrech. Vita), a set of letters adopted in to. L. Writing and located in established. order; The same as the alphabet. In letters. The monuments are used by the word from the 16th century, in the Sovr. Lit. Yaz. b. ... ... Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Chuvash. Chӑvash alphabet) The general name of the alphabets, the letters of which were used to transmit the elements of sound speech in the writing of the Old Chuvash and the modern Chuvash language. In Chuvash writing, only alphabetic ... ... Wikipedia

The question of the origin and development of the verbs, lifted in this material is very complex. And not only because practically very little preserved historical monuments and documentary evidence of the use of this font. Browsing literature, scientific and popular publications, somehow relatees to this question, unfortunately, it should be noted that there are practically no work, fully covered this topic. At the same time, M.G. The reeznik claims that "no other letter is written so much as the verbs and its origin" (letter and font. Kiev: Higher Schools ", 1978).

G.A. Ilyinsky at one time counted about eighty works devoted to this issue. On the origin of the verbs, about 30 hypotheses were launched. Today, it is enough to enter the Internet and make sure that a lot really is written about the verbs. But basically it is just "the swords of the same information, opinions and views. It seems the impression of a huge "course" of the same information.

In our opinion, a lot of interesting things can be found in the picture of the signs of the verbs, if you try to consider them from the point of view of the artistic and figurative expressiveness of this font. Despite the exclusive graphic peculiarity of the letters of the verbs (not to mention the meaning value of each sign), many scientists were strengthened to find prototypes of drawings of letters in a variety of alphabets of the world. The basis of the verbs most often found in the Greek cursive. Some see it the basis in the Doharistian Cyrillic letter. Others saw her roots in the Iranian-Aramaic letter in the East. The emergence of the verbs tied with German runes. Shafarik P.I. I saw the graphic basis of the verbs in the Jewish letter. Obolensky MA Addresses in the search for sources of verbs to the Khazar writing. Fortunate F.F. I saw the foundation of the verbs in the Coptic letter. Other scientists found the roots of the verbs in Albanian, Persian, Latin.

However, the above searches by comparing the graphic features of the letters of verbs with other species for the most part was formal.

The two main types of Slavic writing, preserved in history, the verbs and Cyrillic. From the school course, we know what both types of writing have existed in parallel. Later, Cyrillic pushed out the verbs. These, now already azbuchny, the truth knows every schoolboy. Information so firmly entered our consciousness, which is perceived as an axiom. We know the time of the emergence of the official Slavic ABC - 863, the 9th century from the Nativity of Christ, who began a new era.

About Cyrillic We can judge on the basis of the name. Probably, her creator was Cyril. Although it is not the truth until today. Yes, there are historical information that Cyrill invented some kind of alphabet to transfer Christian liturgical books to the Slavic basis.

But still there is no consensus about what alphabet is. In the chronicle sources of the IX-X centuries, there are specific indications that Cyril (Konstantin) created the Slavic alphabet, but in no one from these sources, there are no samples of the letters of this alphabet.

We know the number of letters included in the Cyril's alphabet, and their list, which gives a black-growing brave in its essay. He also subdivides the letters of Cyril's alphabet to the "according to the rank of Greek writing" and the letters "according to Slovenian speech". But the number of letters in the verbolice and Cyrillic, as well as their sound significance almost coincided. The ancient monuments of Cyrillic and verbs are referred to the end of the IX - the beginning of the X century. It is not proof of the creation of Cyrillic Kirill and the name of this alphabet.

In the acute struggle for the religious and political influence between the Roman Catholic and Eastern Byzantine Orthodox Church, these two alphabets played an extremely important role in the formation of the self-consciousness of the Slavs. The verbs was used in the liturgical books in Dalmatia. Modified Cyrillic was used in Bulgaria.

The letters "Round Glabers" and their meaning

symbol	name	numeric value	note
Ⰰ	Az	1
Ⰱ	Buki	2
Ⰲ	Vedi	3
Ⰳ	Verbs	4
Ⰴ	Good	5
Ⰵ	there is	6
Ⰶ	Live	7
Ⰷ	Zelo	8
Ⰸ	Land	9
Ⰺ, Ⰹ	Izh (i)	10	Which of these letters is called and how they correspond to Cyrillic and and I, there are no uniform researchers.
Ⰻ	And (izh)	20
Ⰼ	GѥRV	30
Ⰽ	As	40
Ⰾ	People	50
Ⰿ	Mystery	60
Ⱀ	Our	70
Ⱁ	It	80
Ⱂ	Rest	90
Ⱃ	RCS.	100
Ⱄ	Word	200
Ⱅ	Firmly	300
Ⱛ	IK	-
Ⱆ	UK	400
Ⱇ	Firth	500
Ⱈ	Dick	600
Ⱉ	From	700
Ⱊ	Pѣ (ne)	800	The hypothetical letter whose type is varied.
Ⱌ	TSI	900
Ⱍ	Worm	1000
Ⱎ	Cha	-
Ⱋ	Draft	800
Ⱏ	EP	-
ⰟⰊ	ETS.	-
Ⱐ	Yer	-
Ⱑ	Yat	-
Ⱖ	Hedgehog	-	The hypothetical letter (with the value of Yothenized E or O), which was part of the ligature - a large Yotatated Yus.
Ⱒ	(Chlm?) "Pause-shaped" sign for sound [x]. Some researchers believe that he was included in the initial verbs as a separate letter.
Ⱓ	YU	-
Ⱔ	yUS Small	-
Ⱗ	yus small yooted	-
Ⱘ	yus big	-
Ⱙ	yUS big yotatated	-
Ⱚ	FITA	-

There are several points of view on the problem of the formation and development of Cyrillic and verbs.

According to one of them, Cyril created the verbs, and Cyrillic arose later as the improvement of the verbs.

On the other hand, Kirill created a verbolitsa, and Cyrillic existed in the Slavs earlier, as a modification of the Greek letter.

It is assumed that Kirill created Cyrillic, and the verb was formed at the Slavs in the Docyrillovsky period. And she also served as the basis for the construction of Cyrillic.

Perhaps Kirill created Cyrillic, and the verbs appeared as a kind of tyneus in the period of persecution by the Catholic clergy of books written by Cyrillic.

There is also a version according to which the verbic letters appeared as a result of deliberate complication, drawing curls and circles instead of points in the letters of Cyrillic, and in some signs due to their turning.

There is a version that Cyrillic and the verbs existed in the Slavs back in the pre-Christian period of their development.

All of these points of view on the problem of the formation and development of verbs and Cyrillic are rather controversial and today have a lot of contradictions and inaccuracies. Modern science and actual material do not make it possible to create an accurate picture and chronology of the development of Slavic writing at all.

There is too much doubt and contradictions, and very little actual material, on the basis of which these doubts can be dispelled.

So, the student of Cyril allegedly improved the alphabet created by the teacher, and thus turned out to be Cyrillic based on the verbs and the Greek authorized letter. Most of the Kirillov-verbic books (palipses) have earlier text - verbic. Rewriting a book, washed off the initial text. This confirms the idea that the verb was written by Cyrillic.

If you agree that Kirill invented the verbs, then the question arises normally: "For what it was necessary to invent complex signs of letters in the presence of simple and clear letters of the Greek letter, and this despite the fact that it was necessary to strive to ensure Greek influence on the Slavs, in which And was the political mission of Cyril and Methodius? "

Kirill has no reason to create a more complex in the drawing and less perfect alphabet with the names of letters containing entire concepts when it would be enough to give only the sound value of the letter.

"Previously, the tastelessness of the words do not have books, but the devices and the cuts of Chicheh and Gatachu, Trash is essential .. Then the human human body ... Ambassador of St. Constantine Philosopher, who was called Cyril Musha's righteent and true, and Satvarius I wrote (30) and OSM, ov According to the rank of Greek writing, Ovo on Slovenian speech ... "Speaks in the" Tale of the Writers "of the Herbra. Relying on this passage, many researchers
They tend to believe that Cyril created the verbs (L.B. Karpenko, V.I. Grigorovich, P.I. Shafarik). But in "Tale" clearly said "... Of these, twenty-four are similar to Greek letters ...", and gives the transfer of letters like Greek, and then fourteen letters "according to Slavic speech ...". The word "similar" "like" correspond to the Russian word "similar", "similar", "similar". And in this case, it is possible to say exactly only the similarity of the letters of Cyrillic with Greek letters, but not verbic. The letters of the verbs are not "similar to" Greek writing. This is the first. Second: the digital value of the letters of Cyrillic more corresponds to the digital values \u200b\u200bof the letters of the Greek alphabet. In Cyrillic, the letter b and w lost their digital value, which are not in the Greek alphabet, and some have received another digital value, which just indicates that Cyrillic was created according to the sample and likeness of the Greek alphabet. The verbic inscribed in the letters "in Slavic Speech" were forced to partially change their drawing, while retaining their names. Most likely, therefore, there were two draws of Slavic alphabet with the same composition and names of letters, but in various drawings of letters and most importantly - appointment. Cyrillic was created on the basis of the verbs and is intended to translate church books to Slavic.

"The presence of more ancient language traits in the verbal monuments in comparison with Cyrillic, verbal inserts in the form of individual letters and segments of text in Cyrillic manuscripts, the presence of paletmpuses (texts on the secondly used parchment), in which the Cyrillic text is applied on a washed verb, indicate the seniority of the verbs ... The oldest verbic monuments are connected by their origin or from the territory where the activities of the Solun brothers proceeded, or from the territory of Western Bulgaria, where the activities of students flow began "(L.B. Karpenko).

The combination of historical and linguistic facts based on a comparative analysis of verbic and Cyrillic sources confirms our opinion on the primacy of the verbs.

The end of the 9th century for Western Europe countries is the presence of not only writing, but also a large number of different types of fonts: the Greek, Roman capital square, rustic, old and new Unziala, Polunyala, Caroling Minus. Written a huge number of books that have come to our time. Justice, preserved in stone, mosaic, wood and metal written evidence of Greek and antique temples. The origin of various types of writing refers to the VIII-UII centuries BC. Mesopotamia and Egypt, Byzantium and Greece, Maya and North American Indians. Pictography and ideographs, vampums and an innocent letter. Everywhere, and many, just not in the Slavs, for for some reason they could not be writing until Saint Konstantin was sent.

But it is difficult to believe it. It was necessary for all Slavic tribes at the time to be blind and deaf, so as not to know and not see how other peoples with whom the Slavs were undoubtedly a different kind of communication, censes enjoy various types of fonts. Slavic lands were not an isolated reservation. However, judging by the current and existing time of development theory of writing, Slavs,
In close trade political and cultural contacts with neighbors, throughout the centuries remained until the IX century throughout the territory of ancient Russia, a huge "white spot" on a map of spreading writing.

This situation is difficult to solve due to lack of reliable written sources. Moreover, it is strange if there is an amazing, almost unexplored to this day, truly the wonderful world of those beliefs, customs, rites, who were entirely indulging in thousands of years our ancestors - Slavs, or, as they called themselves in the deepest antiquity, Rus. Yes, at least for example, Russian epics and fairy tales. They did not work out from scratch. And in many of these, the hero, if not a fool, then the simple peasant son, meets a stone with a certain information that indicates where to go and the trip can end. But the main thing is not what and how it is written on the stone, the main thing is that the hero easily reads all this.

The main thing is that he can read. This is a common thing. And for ancient Russia there is nothing surprising. And in the fairy tales and legends of European and other "written" peoples, nothing like that. Slavs passed a very long and difficult historical path. Many nations and their empire fell, and the Slavs remained. That richest oral folk creativity, fairy tales, epics, songs, and the language itself, numbering more than two hundred and fifty thousand words, could not accidentally appear. With all this, it surprises the practical absence or ignorance of the most ancient monuments of writing. Today there are very few monuments of the verbal letter.

In the XIX century, there was a psalter belonging to 1222, rewritten by the monk Nikolai from Arba under the gambling pane with the verbic letters from the old Slavic Psaltiri, written on the orders and cats of the farodore, the last archbishop of the salons. The cabin was destroyed for about 640, so it can be argued that the Slavic verbian original was treated at least the first half of the VII century. This proves that the verbs existed the smallest 200-year-old to Cyril.

On the parchment sheets of the famous "Cloot Code" there are registers on the Staronesec language, indicating that the "Cloot sheets" is written in the Croatian language, which is the local dialect of the Slavic language. It is possible that the sheets of "Cloot Code" were written their own sv. Jerome, who was born in 340 in Stridone - in Dalmatia. Thus, sv. Jerome in the IV century. Enjoyed the verbs, he was even considered the author of this alphabet. He was definitely Slav and reports that he translated the Bible with his countrymen. The sheets of "Cloot Code" were later framed in silver and gold and shared between relatives of the owner as the greatest value.

In the twentieth century, Albanians had an alphabet, very similar to the verbs. It is believed that he was introduced during the Christianization of Albanians. The history of the verbs in any case is absolutely not like that. She is too simplified to primitiveness, especially in the Soviet literature on the history of the font.

The emergence and development of writing in Russia canononically associated with its Christianization. Still, what could be or was before the IX century, was rejected as not having the right to exist. Although, according to the testimony of Kirill himself, he met Rusin who had book written by Russian letters.

And this is even up to the calling in Novgorod, Rurik and almost one hundred and thirty years before the baptism of Russia! Kirill met "and chopping", who spoke "toy talk"; That is, Russian language. I met Kirill Rusin, who had two books - the Gospel and Psalm, - in 860 or 861. These books are very complex in their theological content and archaic style, but they were, and were written by Russian letters. This historical fact is given in all twenty-three-known science lists of Pannon's lives of Constantine, which confirms the accuracy of this event.

The presence of these books is an indisputable evidence that Konstantin took the letter rather developed by Rusyn with Rusyn. It did not create, but only improved ("Having arranged letters"), ordered the already existing East Slavic writes.

In one of the messages of Pope John VIII, a contemporary Cyril and Methodius, it is unambiguously said that "Slavic letters" were known to Cyril and he "only again found, revealed."

These words give rise to seriously think about their meaning. What does it mean - "found again"? It unequivocally says that they have already existed before, were found earlier. They used, and then somehow forgot, lost, stopped using? When it was, at what time? There are no definite response to these questions. Cyril "re-opened" these writings. I did not invent, I did not invent, but simply again
opened. It was the improvement of someone and once created Slavic letters that the Mission of Cyril and Methodius on the creation of Slavic writing was completed.

A number of information about ancient writing in Russia is available from Arab and European writers and travelers. They testified that the Russes have written writings carved on the tree, on a white poplar column, "wrote on white wood crust." The existence of pre-Christian writing in Russia contains data and in Russian chronicles. There is a historical testimony of the Byzantine Tsar and the chronicler of Konstantin VII of the Bagrynorovnnoye (912-959), which in the treatise "DE Administrando Imperio" ("about the state management") wrote that Croats 635 after baptism were addressed to the loyalty of the Roman capital and in a dipliver written " Own (his) writing, "promised to preserve the world with their neighbors.

Bucchanskaya (Boshan) Plate - one of the oldest famous led monuments. Xi century, Croatia.

The ancient monuments of the verbian writing are several inscriptions of the era of the king Simeon (892-927), the inscription of the Slavic priest at a diploma of 982, found in the Athos Monastery, a squeezing plate, belonging to 993 in the church in Presbyla.

An important monument of the verbal letter X century is the manuscript, known as the "Kiev verbal sheets", which came at one time in the Kiev Church-Archaeological Museum of Archimandrite Antonina Kapustina, Head of the Russian Spiritual Mission in Jerusalem, and this document is in the department of manuscripts of the Central Scientific Libraries of the Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, in Kiev.

Kiev verbic sheets of the century.

Among other famous monuments of the verbian letter should be called the "zoographers of the monastery" of the X-20th centuries, found in the zoogram monastery on Athos, "Assemiani Gospel" from the Vatican, related to the XI century, "Sinai Psalters" from the monastery of St. Catherine, "Mariinsky Gospel" From Afona, Cloot collection (xi century) from the family library of Cloce (Italy).

Many disputes are about the authorship and history of the so-called "Cloot Code". There are written evidence that the Sheets of the "Cloot Code" are written by the verbs of the Holy Jerome person, which was born in 340 in Stredone, in Dalmatia. He was the Slav in origin, about whom it clearly testifies his own message that he translated the Bible to his countrymen. In addition, the sheets of this code were at the same time the object of religious reverence. They were framed in silver and gold and shared between the relatives of the Owner of the Code, so that everyone got anything from this valuable inheritance. Thus, in the IV century, Holy Jerome enjoyed the verbs. His even one time was considered the author of the verbs, but no historical information on this was preserved.

In 1766, in the book of Clement Grubsich, published in Venice, it was argued that the verbs existed long before the Nativity of Christ. The same opinion was expressed by Rafail Lenakovich in 1640. All this indicates that the verbs on the century ancient Cyrillic.

In Russia, the beginning of the weather entry in the "Tale of Bygone Years" begins with 852, which makes it possible to assume that the chronicler of the IX century enjoyed some earlier entries. The texts of the Kyiv princes agreements with Byzantium are preserved. The texts of the contracts unequivocally indicate the developed ethics of the written design of interstate relations in the century. Probably, the use of writing in Russia has been widely used in addition to the church life literature before the official baptism of Russia. In favor of this opinion, there is also the existence of two alphabets in Russia IX century.

At the first stage of development of writing, special needs were not experienced in it. When it was necessary to convey something, then send the messenger (messenger). Special needs in letters did not bylo, because Everyone lived together, especially without eating. All major laws were kept in the memory of the elders of the genus and were transmitted from one another, persistent in customs and rituals. The epics and songs were transmitted from mouth to mouth. It is known that human memory
Can save several thousand poems.

The recorded information was needed to indicate boundaries, border pillars, roads, property secretions. Perhaps so every sign had not only graphic shape, but also a huge semantic content.

For example, it is possible to recall the fact of the lack of instructions in the extensive Vedic literature on the existence of writing in early Russian India. There are often an indication that the written record has not yet been practiced, and at the same time, references to the real existence of texts are quite common, but existence only in the memory of those who memorized them by heart. As for writing, it is not mentioned anywhere else. Although there is information about the children's game in the letters, Lekha is praised in Buddhist canonical writings - "Letter", and the teacher's profession is characterized as very good; There are other evidence that suggests the use of letters. All this suggests that in the VI century BC. The art of letters in India owned both adults and children. As Professor Rice David celebrated rightly, this is one of those rare cases when the lack of written evidences where there are good reasons to expect them, in itself is a useful testimony. By the way, a very interesting fact. In one of the northwestern versions of the Indian letter of Gurmukhi, the first letter of the alphabet completely repeats the Slavic verbic letter Az ...

Yes, today there is very little actual evidence of the pre-Christian Slavic writing and this can be tried to explain as follows:

1. Written monuments on the "White Core", "White Topola", on any other tree are simply short-lived. If in Greece or Italy, the time saved at least a small number of marble products, mosaic, then ancient Russia stood among the forests and the fire, waving, did not gem anything - neither human dwellings, nor temples, nor information written on wooden planks.

2. The Christian dogma of the creation of Konstantin Slavic Azbuchi for centuries was unshakable. Did someone in Orthodox Russia could allow himself to doubt the generally accepted and deeply established version of the written written by Slavs from Saints Kirill and Methodius? The time and circumstances of the creation of ABC were known. And the centuries this version was unshakable. In addition, the adoption of Christianity in Russia was accompanied by zealous destruction of all traces of pagan, pre-Christian beliefs. And it is only possible to imagine with what zeal could be destroyed all sorts of written sources and even information about them, if they did not relate to Christian teachings or even more contradicted
his.

3. Most Slavic Scientists of the Soviet Time were non-rigging, and if they could go to foreign museums, then limited knowledge of languages, and the timing of the business trip, did not allow fruitfully work. In addition, specialists involved in specific issues and development of Slavic writing, nor in Russia in the USSR, was practically no. In Russia, everyone specifically adhered to the versions of the creation of Slavic writing Cyril and bowed before the opinion of foreign authorities. And their opinion was unequivocal - Slavs did not have written writing to Cyril. Science in the USSR about writing and the font of Slavyan did not create anything new, rewriting from the book in the book learned generally accepted truths. Enough to see the illustrations that wink from the book in the book to make sure that.

4. Foreign scientists with questions of Slavic writing practically did not do. And no particular interest was shown. If they tried to deal with this issue, then the necessary knowledge of Russian, and even more than an old Slavonic language, they did not have. Peter Oreshkin, the author of the book about Slavic writing, rightly writes: "" Professor of Slavic languages \u200b\u200b", which I sent my job, answered me in French,
In German, in English, being unable to write a simple letter in Russian. "

5. Meeting monuments of early Slavic writing or rejected, or dated a time not earlier than the IX century, or simply did not notice. There is enough a large number of All sorts of climl inscriptions, for example, in the Slovitz region of Hungary, then turned to Slovakia, on, utensils in various museums of the world. These inscriptions have undoubtedly Slavic roots, but this additional historical material is not at all used and not studied, as well as Slavic runic inscriptions. And there is no material - no one on it and specialize.

6. The situation is very much developed in the environment, when a recognized authority in any question expresses its opinion, and the rest (less recognized) shared it, not allowing himself not only to argue, but even doubt so authoritative opinions.

7. Many printed works are not a research, but a compile nature, where the same opinions and facts are rewritten by one author of another without specific work with actual materials.

8. Future experts who are preparing in universities, from the session to the session barely manage to study what is written to them. And it is not yet to talk about serious scientific research in the history of Slavic writing in universities.

9. Many researchers simply denied the alphabet of our ancestors in the right to an independent path of development. And you can understand them: who wants to admit it - after all, the recognition of such a situation destroys many of the accumulating construction of the previous centuries, aimed at proof of the second-time and the secondaryness of Slavic ABC, writing and even the language.

From the two types of Slavic letters that existed together for some time, Cyrillic was obtained. The verbs moved away as a more complex letter to draw signs, as the officially adopted version says. But the verbs could come out of consumption and as a letter that has ceased to be used, due to the introduction of Cyrillic, to write church books. Reached the alphabet of the verbic
Letters have 40 letters, 39 of whom they denoted almost the same sounds as in Cyrillic.

In many books, articles and publications, the letters of the verbs are described as graphically more complex, "courses", "contrived". Some even characterize the verbs as "chimeric" and artificial alphabet, not similar to any of the existing alphabetic systems.

The graphic basis of the verbs many researchers were looking for in Cyrillic, in, in the Syrian and Palmir alphabets, in the Khazar letter, in Byzantine Skills, in Albanian writing, in the Iranian letter of the Sassanid, in Arabic graphics, in Armenian and Georgian alphabets, in Jewish and Copt alphabets , in the Latin curse, in Greek music signs, in the Greek "Point Writing", in
Wedrops, in Greek astronomical, medical and other symbols, in the Cyprus syllable letter, in the magic Greek letter, etc. Philologist GM Prokhorov showed similarity in the graphic plan between the letters of the verbs and signs of other writing systems.

And no one allowed the thought that the verbs could arise independently, and not as a letter borrowed from someone. There is an opinion that the verb is the result of artificial individual work. Yes, and the origin of the very name of this alphabet is not entirely clear. Traditionally, the verbs is understood as a derivative from the word Glagolithi - to speak. But there is another version outlined by I. Ganush in the book with a characteristic
For its time, the title: "To the issue of Runa, the Slavs with a special overview of the Runic antiquities of encouraged, as well as verbs and Cyrillic. As a contribution to the comparative German-Slavic archeology, the creation of Dr. Ignats Y. Ganusha, a valid member and librarian of the Imperial Czech Scientific Society in Prague ". Ganush offers the following explanation by the name of the Glabolitsa: "It may be that, according to Mesa, singing (reading) Dalmatian priests and are called" glagolites ", as well as their writers (books), of which they read. The word "Glagolash" also serves in Dalmatia to denote the Slavic Liturgy, but the words "verb" and "Glagolati" are already alien to today's Surbo-Slavic dialects. " The verbs have another name - the letter that "by age is all the other names of the alphabets," and it binds to the presentation of "about the verbic letter, about the beech, about the bucken line."

Both types of verbs - rounded (Bulgarian) and angular (Croatian, Irry or Dalmatskaya) - are really distinguished by a certain idea of \u200b\u200bsigns in comparison with Cyrillic.

This is the intention of the signs of the verbs along with their names and makes us more carefully and consider it in detail every sign, its drawing and try to understand the meaning laid in it.

The names of the letterheads of the verbs, later who came to Cyrillic, cause not only surprise, but also admiration. In the composition of the blackberry of the brave "On Writers", there is a clear description of the creation of an alphabet and the first letter: "And he created thirty-eight letters for them, alone in order of Greek letters, and others in accordance with Slavic speech. According to the likeness of the Greek alphabet, he began his alphabet, they began with Alfa, and
He set up a AZ. And as the Greeks followed the Jewish letter, so he is Greek ... and following them, Saint Cyrill created the first letter AZ. But because Az was the first letter given from God the genus Slavyansky to open for knowledge of students the letters of mouth, she was headed by a wide lip splenning, and other letters were headed by a smaller lip sprinkling. " In the tale of the brave, not all names of letters have
description.

The most interesting thing is that there are no more than any other people in any other people and in any other writing system. It is very characteristic that not only the names of the verbal signs of the verbs are surprising, but also their digital value to the letter "worm" inclusive. This letter denoted 1000, and the remaining letters of the verbs no longer had a digital value.

Time and many layers and changes today significantly distorted the original value and the meaning laid down by the Creators of the Slavic Alphabet, but today this alphabet is more than a simple letter row.

The greatness of our verbal alphabet is that the form of letters, their order and organization, their numerical importance, their names are not a random, meaningless set of signs. The verbs is a peculiar sign system based on the specific experience of the world and the worldview of Slavs. The creators of the Slavic letter of writing, as noted by many researchers, undoubtedly proceeded from the religious reflection of the world, from the idea of \u200b\u200bthe sacrality of the alphabet.

In this regard, the next question appears: "If the Slavic alphabet created Cyril, then why not finish it to be omega in the example of the Greek alphabet?"

"Alpha and Omega" - the Lord calls itself, as the first and last, as the beginning and end of all things. Why don't Kirill use this expression that is known at that time and do not put orega at the end of the alphabet, thereby emphasizing the religious meaning of the ABC created by him?

The case, probably, is that he simply gave another drawing with the letters, while maintaining their existing system and established names of the drawing of the letters using the centuries to this verbolire.

And the names of all the signs of Slavic verbolic, and Cyrillic alphabet, with their attentive reading not only indicate sound, but also lined up in clearly meaningful phrases and suggestions. For the designation of letters, the verbs was used by Old Slavic words and Wordforms, which today have already lost a lot, but still kept the initial meaning. The verbal value of the verbs of the verbs is particularly pronounced pronounced by the letter "worm" inclusive.

Translated to the modern Russian language names of letters sound like this: az (me), the books (letter, letters, grades), lead (I know, realize, I know), verb (I say, say), good (good, good), there is ( There is, there is, there is), live (live, live), beer (very, completely, highly), earth (peace, planet), both (as), people (kids, people), thoughts (think, think , Think), he (Ony, otherworldly, unearthly), peace (peace, refuge, calmness), Rzqi (Say, Tell), Word (Speech, Commandment), Trujo (solid, immutable, true), Oak (learning, training ), Firth (elevated, selectively).

With the meaning of the letters "Khra" and "Draws" still not solved the question. The Cyrillic name of the letter "Hera" in the Orthodox interpretation is a reduction in the word "Cherub", borrowed from Greek. In principle, this is the only abbreviated name of the letter in the entire Slavic alphabet. What is the way Cyril, if it was, it was necessary to reduce this word, and even with such a value? The worm in the Orthodox interpretation is the symbol of the most insignificant creation of the creator. But this was their meaning in the verbs - it remains a mystery to this day.

When reading the names of letters, the verbs is felt clear, the logically substantiated connection of the names of all letters and their combinations up to the letter "worm". When transferring to the modern language, the names of the letters folded into the following phrases and suggestions: "I know the letters (let's know)," I say (Say) Good to eat (exists) "," Live perfectly "," Earth as people think "," our own (unearthly) rest (calm) "," I say
The word (commandment) is firmly (true), "learning is elected."

There are four letters that have names: "Her", "Omega", "Qi", "Cherub". If you take the Orthodox interpretation of these letters, you can also create a phrase: "Cherub, or a worm". But then, naturally, questions arise with the letter "Omega". For which it is introduced into this series and what means, probably, it will remain a mystery to us.

The phrase "Earth as people think" at first it seems somewhat strange. However, if you take into account the achievements of modern science, it remains only to be surprised by the knowledge of our ancestors. Only in the middle of the twentieth century, a grand opening was made by scientists - Mushroom Mikoriza unites the root systems of all plants into a single network. Conditionally, this can be represented as a huge web, which connects the entire vegetation cover of the Earth. It is also similar to the Internet that has enveloped the whole world today. Due to this mycorrhiza, information from the plant to the plant is transmitted. All this is proven by the experiments of modern scientists. But where did the Slavs know about this two thousand years ago, who spoke in their alphabet,
What "Earth Yako people think"?

In any case, even what we saw and have already understood, suggests that the Slavic verbic alphabet is a unique sample of an alphabet that has no analogue on our planet for the conceptual meaning of signs. Who and when it was compiled, now it is difficult to establish, but the creators of the verbs undoubtedly possessed extensive knowledge and sought to reflect these knowledge even in the alphabet, invested in every sign not only conceptual, but also visual, visual informativeness. In each sign, the verbs encrypted huge information. But many need to specify and decrypt to it, then everything immediately becomes clear.

Therefore, probably, many easily see the hieroglyphic image of the cross in the first letter, especially if you adhere to the opinion, as if Cyril developed this alphabet to translate litroget books to the Slavic basis. If you take this version, it would be possible to come up with many letters with the presence of Christian symbolism. However, this is not observed. But in the verbs, almost every letter graphically reveals its value. Most of the modern writing systems transmit only the sound from which the reader removes the meaning. At the same time, the sign itself, its graphic pattern is practically no value, performing only the nominal function of the generally accepted, symbol of sound. In the verbs, almost every sign carries the meaning. It is always characteristic of early writing forms, when first of all tried to express the meaning of the message in each sign. Below we will try to consider all the letters of an angular and rounded verbs from the point of view of the artistic and figurative expressiveness of the sign.

A.V. Platov, N.N. Tarana

Introduction

Cyrillic - Slavic writing

In Russia, the Slavic alphabet, mainly in the form of a Cyrillic alphabet, appears shortly before the adoption of Christianity. The first records were associated with economic and, perhaps, the foreign policy activities of the newly emerged large state. The first books contained a record of Christian liturgical texts.

The literary language of Slavs reached us, fixed in handwritten monuments by two alphabets - verbs and Cyrillic. The word "verbs" can be translated by the word "Bukovitsa" and denotes the alphabet at all. The term "Cyrillic" can mean "the ABC invented by Cyril", but the big antiquity of this term is not proven. The manuscripts of the era of Constantine and Methodius have not reached us. The earliest verbal text - Kiev leaflets (X century), Cyrillic - inscription in Presbyla 931

According to the iconic composition, Cyrillic and the verbs almost coincide. Cyrillic, on the manuscripts of the XI century, had 43 letters. It was based on the Greek alphabet. Greek letters were used for sounds that are the same in Slavic and Greek. For sounds inherent only by the Slavic language, 19 places of simple form, convenient for writing, which corresponded to the general graphic style of Kirillovsky ABC was created.

Cyrillic took into account and correctly passed the phonetic composition of the Old Slavonic language. However, Cyrillic had one major drawback: it included six Greek letters that were not necessary for the transfer of Slavic speech.

1. Cyril. Appearance and development

Cyrillic is one of the two ancient Slavic alphabu, the basis of Russian and some other Slavic alphabets.

Around 863, Konstantin Brothers (Cyril) Philosopher and Methodius from Soluni (Thessaloniki) on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Mikhail III ordered writing for the Slavic language and used a new alphabet to transfer to the Slavic language of Greek religious texts. For a long time, the question remained a discussion, whether it was Cyrillic (and in this case, the verb is considered to be a creek, which appeared after the prohibition of Cyrillic) or the verbs - alphabet, differing almost exclusively. Currently, the point of view is dominated in science, according to which the verb is primary, and Cyrillic is secondary (in Cyrillic, the verbic letters are replaced with famous Greek). The verbs for a long time in a somewhat modified form used by Croats (until the XVII B).

The appearance of Cyrillic, based on the Greek authorized (solemn) letter - Unziali, is associated with the activities of the Bulgarian school of scribes (after Kirill and Methodius). In particular, in the life of St. Ohrid's Clement directly writes about creating Slavic writing after Kirill and Methodius. Thanks to the previous activities, the Alphabian brothers gained widespread in South Slavic lands, which led in 885 to prohibit its use in the church service of the Roman dad, which joined the results of Konstantin-Kirill's mission and Methodius.

In Bulgaria, the Holy Tsar Boris in 860 adopted Christianity. Bulgaria becomes the center of distribution of Slavic writing. The first Slavic Book School is created here - the Preslav Book School - Cyril-Methodius Originals of the Laudio Books (Gospel, Psalm, Apostle, Church Services) are rewritten, new Slavic translations are made from the Greek language, the original works appear in the Starrod Slavonic language ("On the writing of the Herbra" ).

The widespread dissemination of Slavic writing, its "golden age", refers to the time of reign in Bulgaria of the King Simeon of the Great (893-927), the son of King Boris. Later, the Old Slavonic language penetrates Serbia, and at the end of the X century becomes the tongue of the Church in Kievan Rus.

Staroslavansky, being the language of the church in Russia, was experiencing an influence of ancient Russian language. It was the Old Slavonic language of the Russian edition, since it included elements of living Eastern Slavic speech.

Initially, Cyrillic was used by part of the South Slavs, Eastern Slavs, as well as Romanians; Over time, their alphabets dispersed several of each other, although the drawing of the letters and the principles of spelling remained (with the exception of the Westernsterbic version, the so-called Bosanchitsy) as a whole.

The composition of the initial Cyrillic alphabet is unknown to us; The "classical" Starloveland Cyrillic from 43 letters is likely to contain later letters (s, oh, yoted). Cyrillic fully includes the Greek alphabet (24 letters), but some purely Greek letters (KSI, Psi, Fita, Izhitsa) are not in their original place, but are put to the end. They added 19 letters to designate sounds specific to the Slavic language and missing in Greek. Before the reform of Peter I, the lowercase letters in the Alphabet was not Cyrillic, the entire text was written by capital. Some letters of Cyrillic, missing in the Greek alphabet, are close to the verbic. C and w covers are similar to some letters of a number of alphabets of that time (Aramaic letter, Ethiopian letter, Coptic letter, a Jewish letter, Brahmi) and establish uniquely source of borrowing is not possible. B along the outlines are similar to C, sh. The principles of creating contractions in Cyrillic (s from Kommersant, OU, Yoted letters) are generally followed by the verbic.

The letters of Cyrillic are used to record numbers exactly in the Greek system. Instead of a pair of completely archaic signs - the sigma sampling, which, even in the classic 24-letter Greek alphabet, are not included, other Slavic letters - C (900) and S (6) are adapted; Subsequently, the third such sign, Coppa, originally used in Cyrillic for the designation 90, was supplanted by the letter C. Some letters missing in the Greek alphabet (for example, b, g) do not have a numeric value. This features Cyrillic from the verbs, where numerical values \u200b\u200bdid not match Greek and these letters were not skipped.

The letters of Cyrillic have their own names, according to various nominal Slavic names, which begin with them, or directly taken from Greek (KSI, Psi); Etymology of a number of titles are controversial. Just judging by the ancient abacedaries, the letters of verbs were called. [Application]

In 1708-1711. Peteri has taken the reform of Russian writing, eliminating the long signs, abolishing several letters and leaks the other (approximate to the Latin fonts of that time) in the remaining - the so-called civil font. The lower case variants of each letter were introduced, until all the letters of the alphabet were capital. Soon the civil font (with the relevant changes) was transferred to the Serbs, later - Bulgarians; In the 1860s, Romanians were abandoned by Cyrillic in the field of Latin writing (which is interesting, they have one time a transitional alphabet was used, which was a mixture of Latin and Cyrillic letters). Civil font with minimal changes in the draws (the largest - replacement of the M-shaped letter "T" on its current form) we use and so on.

At the moment, as the official alphabet, Cyrillic is used in the following countries: Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Russia, Serbia, Ukraine, Montenegro, Abkhazia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Mongolia, Transnistria, Tajikistan, South Ossetia. The Cyrillic Alphabet of non-Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwas replaced by Latin in the 1990s, but still used unofficially as the second alphabet in the following states: Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan.

Russian writing has its own history of formation and its alphabet, which is very different from the same Latin, which is used in most European countries. Russian alphabet - Cyrillic, more precisely, its modern, modified version. But let's not run forward.

So what is Cyrillic? This is an alphabet that underlies some Slavic languages, such as Ukrainian, Russian, Bulgarian, Belarusian, Serbian, Macedonian. As you can see, the definition is pretty simple.

The history of Cyrillic starts its history in the 9th century, when the emperor Byzantium Mikhail III ordered to create a new alphabet for Slavs, in order to convey to believers religious texts.

The honor of creating such an alphabet went to the so-called "Solun brothers" - Kirill and Methodius.

But does this answer us to the question of what is Cyrillic? Partly yes, but still there are some more interesting facts. For example, what Cyrillic is an alphabet based on a Greek authorized letter. It is also worth noting that with the help of some letters of the Cyrillic alphabet, figures were designated. For this combination of letters, a special diacritical sign was set - Titlo.

As for the spread of Cyrillic, it came to the Slavs only with for example, in Bulgaria, Cyrillic appeared only in 860, after he accepted Christianity. At the end of the IX century, Cyrillic penetrates Serbia, and a hundred years later, and to the territory of Kievan Rus.

Together with the alphabet, the church literature, the transfers of the Gospel, Bible, Prayers begins to spread.

In fact, it becomes clear from this what Cyrillic is and where she came from. But did she come to us in his original form? There is no way. Like more, writing changed and improved together with our language and culture.

Modern Cyrillic deprived of some of his designations and letters during various reforms. So disappeared such as Titlo, ISO, Camora, the letters of the Yern and Eros, Yat, Yus Big and Small, Izhitsa, Fita, Psi and KSI. In modern Cyrillic, the alphabet consists of 33 letters.

In addition, it has long been not used alphabet, it was completely replaced by a modern version of Cyrillic much more convenient and practical than the one that was a thousand years ago.

So what is Cyrillic? Cyrillica is an alphabet created by Cyril's enlightened monasures and Methodius on the orders of Tsar Mikhail III. Having received a new faith, we received at our disposal not only new customs, a new deity and culture, but also the alphabet, a variety of translation church book literature, which for a long time He remained the only species of literature that the educated segments of the population of Kievan Rus could enjoy.

In the course of time and under the influence of various reforms, the alphabet changed, improved, extra and unnecessary letters, notation disappeared from it. Cyrillic alphabet that we today use - the result of all metamorphosis, which occurred for more than a thousand years of the existence of Slavic alphabet.

Cyrillic Type: Languages: Place of occurrence: Creator: Period: Origin: Cyrillic letters Cyrillic




BUT	B.	IN	G.	Ґ	D.	Ђ
Ѓ	E.	(Ѐ)	E.	Є	J.	Z.
Ѕ	AND	(Ѝ)	І	Ї	J.	Ј
TO	L.	Љ	M.	N.	Њ	ABOUT
P	R	FROM	T.	Ћ	Ќ	W.
Ў	F.	H.	C.	C.	Џ	Sh
Sh	Kommersant	S	B	E.	YU	I
Historical letters
(Ҁ)	(Ѹ)	Ѡ	(Ѿ)	(Ѻ)	Ѣ	Ꙗ
Ѥ	ІѢ	Ѧ	Ѫ	Ѩ	Ѭ	Ѯ
Ѱ	Ѳ	Ѵ	(Ѷ)	YN.
Letters of non-Slavic languages
Ӑ	Ӓ	Ә	Ӛ	Ӕ	Ԝ	Ғ
Ӻ	Ӷ	Ҕ	Ԁ	Ԃ	Ӗ	Ҽ
Ҿ	Ӂ	Җ	Ӝ	Ԅ	Ҙ	Ӟ
Ԑ	Ӡ	Ԇ	Ӥ	Ӣ	Ӏ	Ҋ
Қ	Ҟ	Ҡ	Ӄ	Ҝ	Ԟ	Ԛ
Ӆ	Ԓ	Ԡ	Ԉ	Ԕ	Ӎ	Ҥ
Ԣ	Ԋ	Ң	Ӊ	Ӈ	Ӧ	Ө
Ӫ	Ҩ	Ҧ	Ԥ	Ҏ	Ԗ	Ҫ
Ԍ	Ҭ	Ԏ	Ӳ	Ӱ	Ӯ	Ү
Ұ	Ҳ	Ӽ	Ӿ	Һ	Ҵ	Ӵ
Ҷ	Ӌ	Ҹ	Ӹ	Ҍ	Ӭ	Ԙ
Note. Signs in brackets do not have status (independent) letters.

Cyrillic
AlphabetsSlavic:Neslavian:Historical:

Cyrillic - term having several values:

Starrog Slavic ABC (Strokinskaya ABC): the same as cyrillic (or kirillovsky) alphabet: One of the two (along with the verbs) of the ancient alphabu for the Old Slavonic language;
Cyrillic alphabets: writing system and alphabet for any other language, based on this Old Slavonic Cyrillic (talk about Russian, Serbian, etc. Cyrillic; call "Cyrillic alphabet»The formal association of several or all national Cyrillic is incorrectly);
Authorized or semi-owned font: The font that traditionally print church books (in this value of Cyrillic is opposed to civil, or Petrovsky, font).

Cyrillic based alphabets include the alphabets of the following Slavic languages:

belorussian language (Belarusian alphabet)
bulgarian language (Bulgarian alphabet)
macedonian Language (Macedonian Alphabet)
rusinsky language / dialect (Rusin Alphabet)
russian language (Russian alphabet)
serbian Language (Vukovitsa)
ukrainian language (Ukrainian alphabet)
chernogorsk Language (Chernogorsk Alphabet)

as well as most of the non-Slavic languages \u200b\u200bof the peoples of the USSR, some of which had previously had other writing systems (in Latin, Arabic or otherwise) and were translated into Cyrillic in the late 1930s. For details, see the list of languages \u200b\u200bwith alphabets based on Cyrillic.

History of creation and development

See also: The question of the seniority of Cyrillic and verbs

Until the IX century, there is no information about any common and ordered Slavic writing. Among all the facts relating to the emergence of Slavic writing, the mention of "Russian letters" "Russian letters", which during their stay in Corsun-Chersonese, studied before the creation of Cyrillic Konstantin-Kirill. With this mention, hypotheses about the existence of the "Old Russian (wider-docyrillic) writing", preceding the general Slavonic writing - the prototype of verbs or Cyrillic. A direct reference to the Docyrillic Writing is contained at the Chernorizman of the Brave in his leaders' tales ..., (according to the translation of V. Ya. Derdyagin): "Before the Slavs did not have letters, but they read the devices and revenues, they were ghada, froze."

About 863, Brothers Konstantin (Cyril) Philosopher and Methodius from Soluni (Thessaloniki) on the orders of the Byzantine Emperor Mikhail III ordered writing for the Slavic language and used a new alphabet to transfer to the Slavic language of Greek religious texts: 44. For a long time, the question remained a discussion, whether it was Cyrillic (and in this case, the verb is considered to be a creek, which appeared after the prohibition of Cyrillic) or the verbs - alphabet, differing almost exclusively. Currently, the point of view is dominated in science, according to which the verb is primary, and Cyrillic is secondary (in Cyrillic, the verbic letters are replaced with famous Greek). The verbs for a long time in a somewhat modified form used by Croats (until the XVII B).

The appearance of Cyrillic, based on the Greek authorized (solemn) letter - Unzilee: 45, is associated with the activities of the Bulgarian school of scribes (after Kirill and Methodius). In particular, in the life of St. Ohrid's Clement directly writes about creating Slavic writing after Kirill and Methodius. Thanks to the previous activities, the Alphabian brothers gained widespread in South Slavic lands, which led in 885 to prohibit its use in the church service of the Roman dad, which joined the results of Konstantin-Kirill's mission and Methodius.

In Bulgaria, the Holy Tsar Boris in 860 adopted Christianity. Bulgaria becomes the center of distribution of Slavic writing. The first Slavic Book School is created here - Preslav Book School - Cyril-Mephodievsky original of the liturgical books (Gospel, Psalm, Apostle, Church Services) are rewritten, new Slavic translations from the Greek are made, the original works appear in the Old Slavonic language ("On the writing of the Khrabrian").

Initially, Kirillic used part of the South Slavs, Eastern Slavs, as well as Romanians (see the article "Romanian Cyrillic"); Over time, their alphabets dispersed several of each other, although the drawing of the letters and the principles of spelling remained (with the exception of the Westernsterbic version, the so-called Bosanchitsy) as a whole.

Alphabet Cyrillic

Main article: Staroslavyanskaya ABC

The composition of the initial Cyrillic alphabet is unknown to us; The "classical" Starloveland Cyrillic from 43 letters is likely to contain later letters (s, oh, yoted). Cyrillic fully includes the Greek alphabet (24 letters), but some purely Greek letters (KSI, Psi, Fita, Izhitsa) are not in their original place, but are put to the end. They added 19 letters to designate sounds specific to the Slavic language and missing in Greek. Before the reform of Peter I, the lowercase letters in the Alphabet was not Cyrillic, the entire text was written by the title: 46. Some letters of Cyrillic, missing in the Greek alphabet, are close to the verbic. C and w covers are similar to some letters of a number of alphabets of that time (Aramaic letter, Ethiopian letter, Coptic letter, a Jewish letter, Brahmi) and establish uniquely source of borrowing is not possible. B along the outlines are similar to C, sh. The principles of creating contractions in Cyrillic (s from Kommersant, OU, Yoted letters) are generally followed by the verbic.

The letters of Cyrillic are used to record numbers exactly in the Greek system. Instead of a pair of completely archaic signs - samp and stigma, - which even in the classic 24-letter Greek alphabet are not included, other Slavic letters are adapted - C (900) and S (6); Subsequently, the third such sign, Coppa, originally used in Cyrillic for the designation 90, was supplanted by the letter C. Some letters missing in the Greek alphabet (for example, b, g) do not have a numeric value. This features Cyrillic from the verbs, where numerical values \u200b\u200bdid not match Greek and these letters were not skipped.

Alphabet Cyrillic: Novgorod Berevian Gremotes No. 591 (1025-1050) and its drawing of the postage stamp of Ukraine in honor of Slavic writing - Cyrillic. 2005 letter
numeric
Value Reading Title


BUT	1	[but]	az
B.		[B]	buki
IN	2	[in]	vedi
G.	3	[g]	verb
D.	4	[d]	good
HER	5	[E]	there is
J.		[g "]	live
Ѕ	6	[DZ "]	zelo
Ȥ, Z.	7	[s]	land
AND	8	[and]	other (8-rich)
І, Ї	10	[and]	and (10-rich)
TO	20	[to]	as
L.	30	[l]	people
M.	40	[m]	mystery
N.	50	[n]	our
ABOUT	70	[about]	is he
P	80	[P]	rest
R	100	[R]	rCS.
FROM	200	[from]	word
T.	300	[t]	firmly
OU, ү	(400)	[y]	uK
F.	500	[f]	firth
H.	600	[x]	dick
Ѡ	800	[about]	omega
C.	900	[C ']	tSI
C.	90	[h ']	worm
Sh		[w ']	cha
Sh		[Sh'T '] ([Sh'ch']))	sHA
Kommersant		[ъ]	eP
S		[s]	eTS.
B		[b]	yer
Ѣ		[æ], [IE]	yat
YU		[yu]	yu
ΙΑ		[ya]	And Yothenized
Ѥ		[IE]	E Yothenized
Ѧ	(900)	[en]	Small yus
Ѫ		[is he]	Big yus
Ѩ		[yen]	yus small yooted
Ѭ		[Jon]	yUS big yotatated
Ѯ	60	[COP]	kSI.
Ѱ	700	[PS]	psi
Ѳ	9	[θ], [f]	fITA
Ѵ	400	[and], [in]	izhitsa

The names of the letters given in the table correspond to those adopted in Russia for the modern Church Slavonic language.

Reading letters could vary depending on the dialect. Letters w, sh, c denoted in ancient times soft consonants (and not solid, as in modern Russian); The letters ѧ and ѫ originally denoted nasal (nasalized) vowels.

In many fonts, Cyrillic letters came out of consumption; In church books, the Irmology font is used specifically for them.

Russian Cyrillic. Civilian font

Main article: Civilian font Main article: Pre-revolutionary spelling

In 1708-1711. Peter I made the reform of Russian writing, eliminating the long signs, abolishing several letters and led by another (approximately to the Latin fonts of that time) in the remaining - the so-called civil font. The lower case variants of each letter were introduced, before that, all the letters of the alphabet were titled: 46. Soon the civil font (with the relevant changes) was transferred to the Serbs, later - Bulgarians; In the 1860s, Romanians were abandoned by Cyrillic in the field of Latin writing (which is interesting, they have one time a transitional alphabet was used, which was a mixture of Latin and Cyrillic letters). Civil font with minimal changes in the draws (the largest - replacement of the M-shaped letter "T" on its current form) we use and so on.

For three centuries, the Russian alphabet has undergone a number of reforms. The number of letters was mainly reduced, the exceptions are the letters "E" and "th" (used and previously, but legalized in the XVIII century) and the only "author" letter - "E", proposed by the princess of Catherine Romanovna Dashkova. The last major reform of Russian writing was carried out in 1917-1918. see the reform of the Russian spelling of 1918), As a result, a modern Russian alphabet appeared, consisting of 33 letters. This alphabet also became the basis of many non-Slavic languages \u200b\u200bof the former USSR and Mongolia (writing for which previously no xx century was absent or was founded on other types of writing: Arab, Chinese, Staromongol, etc.).

For attempts to cancel Cyrillic, see the article "Latinization".

Modern Cyrillic Alphabets of Slavic Languages

Belarusian Bulgarian Macedonian Russian Rusinsky Serbian Ukrainian Montenegrin

BUT

ABOUT

FROM

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

Modern Cyrillic Alphabets of non-Slavic languages

Kazakh Kyrgyz Moldavian Mongolian Tajik Yakut

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

Old (pre-reform) Cyrov Cyrillic Alphabets

Bulgarian until 1945 Russian to 1918 Serbian to Ser. XIX century

BUT

AND

(І)

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

(S)

(Ѭ)

(Ѳ)

BUT

(E)

AND

(S)

ABOUT

FROM

Kommersant

(Ѵ)

BUT

AND

ABOUT

FROM

(Sh)

Kommersant

(Er)

(Ѳ)

(Ѵ)

(In brackets put signs that did not officially have the status of letters, as well as the letters that came out of consumption of several previously specified dates.)

Distribution in the world

The scheme shows the prevalence of Cyrillic in the world. Green - Cyrillic as an official alphabet, light green - one of the alphabets. Main article: List of languages \u200b\u200bwith Cyrillic based alphabets

Official alphabet

At the moment, as an official alphabet, Cyrillic is used in the following countries:

Slavic languages:

Neslavian languages:

Used unofficial

The Cyrillic alphabet of non-Slavic languages \u200b\u200bwas replaced by Latin in the 1990s, but still used unofficially as the second alphabet in the following states [ the source is not specified 325 days]:

Cyrillic codings

Alternative encoding (CP866)
Basic encoding
Bulgarian encoding
CP855.
ISO 8859-5
Koi-8.
DKOI-8.
Maccyrillic.
Windows-1251.

Cyrillic in Unicode

Main article: Cyrillic in Unicode

In Unicode, four sections are allocated for Cyrillic for Cyrillic:

Name Code Range (Hex) Description

In Unicode, there are no Russian letters with an emphasis, so you have to do them with composite by adding a symbol U + 0301 ("Combining Acute Accent") after the impact vowel (for example, s u u).

For a long time, Church Slavonic language was the most problematic, but from version 5.1 there are already practically all the necessary characters.

For more detailed table, see the article Cyrillic in Unicode.

400

410

BUT

AND

ABOUT

420

FROM

Kommersant

430

but

and

about

440

from

kommersant

450

460

470

480

490

4A0.

4b0.

4C0.

4D0.

4E0.

4F0.

500

510

520

2de0.

ⷠ

ⷡ

ⷢ

ⷣ

ⷤ

ⷥ

ⷦ

ⷧ

ⷨ

ⷩ

ⷪ

ⷫ

ⷬ

ⷭ

ⷮ

ⷯ

2DF0.

ⷰ

ⷱ

ⷲ

ⷳ

ⷴ

ⷵ

ⷶ

ⷷ

ⷸ

ⷹ

ⷺ

ⷻ

ⷼ

ⷽ

ⷾ

ⷿ

A640.

Ꙁ

Ꙃ

Ꙅ

Ꙇ

Ꙉ

Ꙋ

Ꙍ

Ꙏ

A650.

Ꙑ

Ꙓ

Ꙕ

Ꙗ

Ꙙ

Ꙛ

Ꙝ

Ꙟ

A660.

Ꙡ

Ꙣ

Ꙥ

Ꙧ

Ꙩ

Ꙫ

Ꙭ

ꙮ

꙯

A670.

꙰

꙱

꙲

꙳

꙼

꙽

꙾

ꙿ

A680.

Ꚁ

Ꚃ

Ꚅ

Ꚇ

Ꚉ

Ꚋ

Ꚍ

Ꚏ

A690.

Ꚑ

Ꚓ

Ꚕ

Ꚗ

Notes

Skobelkin O. V. Basics of Paleography. - Voronezh: Publishing House VSU, 2005.
["Tale of the beginning of Slavic writing," M., "Science", 1981. With 77]
Istrin, Viktor Aleksandrovich: 1100 years of Slavic ABC, M., 1988. p.134
1 2 3 4 Ivanova V.F. Modern Russian. Graphics and spelling. - 2nd ed. - M.: Enlightenment, 1976. - 288 p.

Links

Slavic languages \u200b\u200band encodings ()
From where there is a Slavic writing
To the history of Russian alphabet
Cyrillic codings

Technical Note: Due to technical restrictions, some browsers cannot show the specialists used in this article. Such characters can be displayed in the form of squares, question marks or other meaningless characters depending on your web browser, operating system and set of installed fonts. Even if your browser is able to interpret UTF-8 and you installed a font that supports a large range of Unicode, for example Code2000., ARIAL UNICODE MS., Lucida Sans Unicode. Or one of the free fonts Unicode - you may have to use another browser, since the possibilities of browsers in this area are often distinguished. World Writivism Connce Letter Abugid /
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Letter Slave Letter Transitional Alphabetical Alphabetical Systems Unsradiated Doharistian Writing in Slavs Kirt Slavs Tengwarsm. also

History Glyph Grafhema Decrypting Paleeography List Languages \u200b\u200bon Systems Letters Creators

Aramaic Arab Javi Anodianvian Jewish Nabatoye Pahlavi Samaritan Syrian Syrian Schdian Ugaric Phoenician South Kazakhstan

Bali Batak Bengali Burmese Brahmi Buhid varang kshiti Eastern nagaris Grantha Gujarati Gupta Gurmukhi Devanagari Kadamba Kaithi Kalinga Kannada Khmer Lanna Lao Lepcha Limbu Lontara Malayalam Manipuri Mithilakshar Modi Mont Mongolian Nagari Nepal Oriya Pallava Ranjana Redzhangskoe Saurashtra siddhaṃ script Sinhala soyombo symbol Sudanese Tagalog Tagbanwa Takri Tamil Telugu Thai Tibetan Toro Khanuno Hong Charade Yavanskoye

Mushpress Boyd Canadian Sloga Kharoshthi Meroye Spear Pipes Pitman Letter Pollard Soyrang Sompent Tana Thomas Ethiopian

Avesta Assian Aghanan Armenian Bass Buthakukiya Vagindra Hungarian Runes Glagoliza Gothic Rights Gregg Greco-Iberian Greek Georgian GHIeerroaster Deeshetsky Old Merm Ocean Cyrillic Coptic Latinsky Mandysky Majoria International Phonetic Manchursky NGO Observation Okavua Ohamic Ol-Chiki Runes Northwerous Staronubi Somali Staromongolsky Oldelvian (Typhinag) Fraser Elbasan Etruscan Hangel

Brail's font ABC Morse Font Muna Optical Telegraph Semafor ABC International Arbitration List Prison Alphabet

Axthek Dunba Mesoia American Mikmak Mishtec NSibidi Tokapu

Chinese: Traditional simplified Taja Kandie Hanech
Derivatives from Chinese: Kydanskoye Zhuang Zhurzhenskoye
Logo-Syllabic: Anatolian and Maja Tangutskoye Flip
Logo-consonant: Egyptian letter (hieroglyphic, heeratic, demotica)

Aphaca Wai Geiba Ancient Parsida and Katakana Kikakui Cyprus Kpella Linear Letter B Mannaya Nyu-Shu Giragana Cherokee Yugtun

Paleoispan Zhuin

Kipa nodule letter in China

Biblical Wix Ancienthanaanese's Issyk Cypripo-Mine Crete Hieroglyphs Linear Letter And Mishtec Valley Indus Tszyahu Fields of the Files of the Urn Protoelala Rongo-Rongo Handuscript Wagonich Protosina Oblast Distille Festsky Disc Elam Linear

Mnemonica stenography Media: Paper clay plates Papius Parchment (palimpsest)

Ј , ј (name: ye., jota) - The letter of extended Cyrillic, the 11th letter of the Serbian and 12th letter of the Macedonian alphabets, is also used in Altai, until 1991 - in Azerbaijani alphabets. Read as [j]; In Altai, denotes [ɟ] or.

South Slavs are used and instead of the traditional letter, and in combination јa, јE., јО., јi, јu.Replacing the letters of yoted vowels abolished from Serbian writing (see the Table of Russian Transcription of Serb Letters in the Serbian Cyrillic Alphabet article).

The letter was introduced into the Serbian letter of the WOOK STEFANOVICH (then not Karadzhich yet). Initially, in his grammar of the People's Serbian language of 1814, he used the drawing of ї, which later changed to ј - that is, Latin Yot was used in his German sound meaning, first time leaving two points above the letter. From the very beginning, the introduction of the Latin letter to Slavic writing was cruelly criticized, but over time they were found and "excuses": ј-shaped inshasting in the depths of the XVII-XVIII centuries. Sometimes there was a Cyrillic letter І, which in some cases (at the beginning of words and between vowels) was uttered precisely as [th].

The newly received Macedonian alphabet of the letter ј Serbian sample was introduced on December 4, 1944. According to the results of the voting of the members of the "Philological Commission on the establishment of the Macedon ABC and the Macedonian Literary Language" (8 votes "For", 3 "against").

The letter was used in some options for writing offered in the middle of the XIX century for the Ukrainian language. At the beginning of the 20th century, there were ideas of translating and Russian to a more phonetic system of writing, which also used this letter.

Table codes

Encoding register decimal
16-rich code code
octag
Code Binary Code


Unicode	Registration	1032	0408	002010	00000100 00001000
Unicode	Strict	1112	0458	002130	00000100 01011000
ISO 8859-5	Registration	168	A8.	250	10101000
ISO 8859-5	Strict	248	F8.	370	11111000
Koi-8. (NEV. Versions)	Registration	184	B8.	270	10111000
Koi-8. (NEV. Versions)	Strict	168	A8.	250	10101000
Windows 1251.	Registration	163	A3.	243	10100011
Windows 1251.	Strict	188	BC.	274	10111100

In the HTML, the capital letter can be written as ј or ј, and the line is like ј or ј.

Cyrillic ABC. How was the alphabet letters called in Cyrillic?

Cyrillic ABC of the Epoch of the Ancient Slavic manuscripts (end 10-11 centners).

Cyrillic letters have their own names.

How does the main signs of Cyrillic?

Letter "A" - the name "AZ";

Archaeometer

But the letter "B" is not the "gods", but "Buki" - to lie - it is not necessary.

But why the letters wore such strange names, you will not answer any philolukh.

It will not answer because the letters are named in the holy language of the original Bible - in Hebrew. Not knowing this language, it is impossible to understand the meaning of the names of the letters.

And the meaning is that the first letters - to the letter "People" - show the first poems of the Bible, describing as it were to the creation of the world.

Az - "Then strong"

Buki - "divided, destroyed" heaven and earth

Lead - "and certified" that's good

Vladimir Bershadsky, Archeolingwist

At m k a

Our way of learning the letter began with such a favorite and native "alphabet", which already opened the door to the captivating world staroslavan Kirillitsa.

We all know that the "ABC" received its name from the first two letters of Cyrillic, but also an interesting fact is that Cyrillic numbered 43 letters, that is, there was a fully Greek alphabet (24 letters) plus another 19 letters.

Below is a complete list of Cyrillic letters.

88Summertime88.

Cyrillic alphabet appeared in the tenth century.

He is named after St. Cyril, who was a messenger from Byzantium. And was drawn up, as expected by the Holy Clement Ohrid.

That Cyrillic alphabet that exists now has been formed in 1708th. At this time, Peter first rules.

During the reform of the 1917th - 1918th, the alphabet was changed, four letters were removed from it.

At the moment, this alphabet is used in more than fifty countries of Asia and Europe, including in Russia. Some letters can be borrowed from the Latin alphabet.

This is how the Cyrillic alphabet of the tenth century looked:

Angelinas

And Early-Cyrillic-letter-azu.svg 1 [a] az

B Early Cyrillic Letter BUKY.SVG [b] bu? Ki

In Early Cyrillic Letter Viedi.png 2 [in] ve? Di

G Early Cyrillic Letter Glagoli.png 3 [g] See?

D Early Cyrillic Letter Dobro.png 4 [d] good?

E, є Early Cyrillic Letter YESSI.PNG 5 [E]

Well Early Cyrillic Letter zhiviete.png [z "] alive? Those

Ѕ Early Cyrillic Letter Dzelo.png 6 [DZ "] Zelo?

Ware Early Cyrillic Letter Zemlia.png 7 [h] Earth?

And Early Cyrillic Letter izhe.png 8 [and] and? Same (8-rich)

І, ї Early Cyrillic Letter I.PNG 10 [and] and (10? Rich)

To Early Cyrillic Letter kako.png 20 [to] ka?

L Early Cyrillic Letter Liudiye.png 30 [l] Liu? Di

M Early Cyrillic Letter myslite.png 40 [m] though

N Early Cyrillic Letter Nashi.png 50 [H] OUR

About Early Cyrillic Letter Onu.PNG 70 [O] he

P Early Cyrillic Letter Pokoi.png 80 [p] rest? Th

R Early Cyrillic Letter Ritsi.PNG 100 [P] RCS

With Early Cyrillic Letter Slovo.png 200 [C] Loom

T Early Cyrillic Letter Tvrido.png 300 [t] yours? RDO

Early Cyrillic Letter UKU.PNG (400) [U]

F Early Cyrillic Letter Fritu.png 500 [F] Firth

X Early Cyrillic Letter Khieru.png 600 [x] Her

Early Cyrillic Letter otu.png 800 [o Ome? Ha

C Early Cyrillic Letter TSI.PNG 900 [C '] tsy

H Early Cyrillic Letter chrivi.png 90 [h '] worm

Sh Early Cyrillic Letter SHA.PNG [W '] Sha

By Early Cyrillic Letter SHTA.PNG [Sh'T '] ([Sh'ch'])

Kommersant Early Cyrillic Letter Yeru.png [ъ] EP

Early Cyrillic Letter Yery.png [s] ETS?

B Early Cyrillic Letter Yeri.png [b] Er

Early Cyrillic Letter Yati.png [?], [Ie]

Yu Early Cyrillic Letter Yu.PNG [yu]

Early Cyrillic Letter Ya.png [ya] and Yoted

Early Cyrillic Letter YE.PNG [JE] E Yoted

Early Cyrillic Letter Yusu Maliy.png (900) [En] Small YUS

Early Cyrillic Letter Yusu bolshiy.png [he] big yus

Early Cyrillic Letter Yusu Maliy Yotirovaniy.png [Yen] YUS Small Yoted

Early Cyrillic Letter Yusu Bolshiy Yotirovaniy.png [Jon] yus big yotatated

Early Cyrillic Letter KSI.PNG 60 [CS] KSI

Early Cyrillic Letter PSI.PNG 700 [PS] Psi

Early Cyrillic Letter Fita.png 9 [?], [F] Fita?

Early Cyrillic Letter izhitsa.png 400 [and], [in] and? Life

Milonika.

Letter and sound [a] az

Letter B Sound [B] Buki

Letter to sound [in]

Letter g sound [g] verb

Letter D Sound [D] Good

Letter E, є Sound [E]

Letter w sound [g "] live

Letter ѕ sound [dz "] beer

Letter ꙁ, s sound [s] Earth

Letter and sound [and] izh (8-rich)

Letter І, ї sound [and] and (10-rich)

Letter to sound [k]

Letter l sound [l] people

Letter M Sound [m] Mysterious

Letter N Sound [H] OUR

Letter about the sound [o] he

Letter n sound [n] rest

Letter R Sound [P] RTS

Letter with sound [s] word

Letter t sound [t] firmly

Letter OU, ꙋ Sound [U]

Letter F Sound [F] Firth

Letter x Sound [x] Hyer

Letter ѡ Sound [O] Omega

Letter C Sound [C '] tsy

Letter h sound [ch '] worm

Letter w sound [w '] sha

Letter S Sound [Sh'T '] ([Sh'ch']) schA

Letter Kommersant [ъ] EP

Letter ꙑ Sound [s] ETS

Letter b Sound [b] Er

Letter ѣ sound [æ], [Ie]

Letter o sound [yu] yu

Letter ꙗ Sound [ya] and yooted

Letter ѥ Sound [JE] E Yoted

Letter ѧ Sound [En] yus Small

Letter ѫ sound [he] yus big

Letter ѩ Sound [yen] yus Small yotatated

Letter ѭ Sound [Jon] yus big yoted

Letter ѯ sound [ks] ksi

Letter ѱ Sound [PS] Psi

Letter ѳ Sound [θ], [f] Fit

Letter ѵ sound [and], [in] Izhitsa

Assistant K.

Below I led a table in which the list of Cyrillic letters are indicated, their numeric value, how they wrote, as they were called and as they read. Note that at least some letters were read in a strange (for example, "A" - "AZ"), but they were uttered on the letter in about the same way as in modern Russian:

Moreljuba.

Now we all knows the alphabet, which includes thirty-three letters. It is these letters that we begin to learn from the very childhood with the help of a special book called the alphabet. Previously, Cyrillic was studied, containing more than forty three letters, and all their names are:

Smiledimasik

Cyrillic ABC is not very simple. If you look attentively, you can see how letters do not just mean letters, but entire words. For example, the first 2 letters of Cyrillic denote the alphabet, some letters you can meet in ancient Greek alphabet, they are much like. Here is the alphabet itself

Master Key 111.

Indeed, in Cyrillic, the letters sound differently, not since we are accustomed to see and pronounce, interesting and the fact that Cyrillic numbered 43 letters, below the list of letters and their offions, some of which are simply not used today.

What is Cyrillic?

ARL @

Cyrillic (Cyrillic letter) is an alphabet used to record the words of Russian, Ukrainian, Belarusian, Bulgarian, Serbian and Macedonian languages, as well as many languages \u200b\u200bof non-Slavic peoples inhabiting Russia and neighboring States. In the Middle Ages also used to record numbers.
Cyrillic is named after Kirill, the creator of the verbs - the first Slavic alphabet. The authorship of Cyrillic belongs to missionaries - followers of Cyril and Methodius. The oldest monuments of Cyrillic letters belong to the openings of the IX-X centuries: by the end of the 800s or the beginning of the 900s. Most likely, this letter was invented in Bulgaria; Initially, he was a Greek alphabet, to 24 letters of which were added 19 letters to designate the sounds of the Slavic language absent in Greek. From the X century, Cyrillic began to write in Russia.
In Russia and other countries, Cyrillic has experienced a number of reforms, the most serious of which was conducted by the press, starting with Ivan Fedorov, and state figures (for example, Peter I). Reforms most often reduced to a decrease in the number of letters and simplifying their drawing, although there were reverse examples: at the end of the XVIII century N. M. Karamzin suggested entering the letter "E" into the Russian language, created by the addition of the exemption characteristic of the German language (two points) to The letter "E". Modern Russian alphabet includes 33 letters left after the decree of the Sovfark of the RSFSR of October 10, 1918 "On the introduction of new spelling". According to this decree, all publications and business documentation were transferred to a new spelling from October 15, 1918.

Ririlitsa is a latice with Greek adapted to the catch phonetics.
One of the first two ABC of the Old Slavonic writing is one of the two oldest Slavic ABC (43 grafts).
Created at the end of the IX century. (The second was a verb), who received its name on behalf of Cyril adopted by the Byzantine missionary.
[Link is blocked by the Decision of the project administration]

Houseboy.

Cyrillic - term having several values: 1) Starrog Slavic alphabet: the same as Cyrillic (or Kirillovsky) alphabet: one of two (along with the verbs) of ancient alphabet for the Old Slavonic language; 2) Cyrillic alphabets: a system of writing and alphabet for any other language, based on this Old Slavonic Cyrillic (talking about Russian, Serbian, etc. Cyrillic; calling the "Cyrillic alphabet" a formal association of several or all national Cyrillic, incorrectly); 3) Semi-articular font: church books are traditionally printed (in this value, Cyrillic is opposed to a civil or Petrovsky font).

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