There are very rainy places on Earth and there are peculiar precipitation records below recorded by ever meteorologists. So,
The largest amount of precipitation for different time periods
The biggest amount of precipitation per minute
The greatest amount of precipitation dropped over one minute is 31.2 millimeters. This record was recorded by American meteorologists on July 4, 1956 in the vicinity of Unionville.
The maximum amount of precipitation dropped out per day
This Ecumenical Flood happened on the Island of Reunion located in the Indian Ocean. During the day from March 15, to 16.03, 1952, 1870 millimeters of precipitation fell there.
The largest precipitation per month
The record of monthly precipitation is 9299 millimeters. Watched him in the Indian city of Cherapundy in July 1861.
The greatest amount of precipitation dropped over the year
Cherapundy is the champion to fall out the largest annual amount of precipitation. 26 461 Millimeter - such a number of them fell in this Indian city from August 1860 to July 1861!
The greatest and smallest average annual rainfall
The most rainy terrain on Earth, where the largest rainfall falling on average per year is located in Colombia Tutuunendo. The average annual precipitation level is equal to 11,770 millimeters.
Antipode Tutunendo - Chilean Desert Atacama. The neighborhood located in this desert city of Kalam The rain did not irrigate more than four hundred years.
Where does the most precipitation fall? And got the best answer
Answer from I "LL BE BETTER [Guru]
In the heart of Kauai Island in the Hawaiian O-Great group, the vertex of which is one of the most rainy places on the planet. The rain is almost always there, and for the year it falls out 11.97 meters of precipitation. This means that if the moisture did not flow down, then for the year the mountain would be covered with a layer of water height with a four-storey house. On the top of the top almost nothing grows - from all plants only algae are adapted to live in such a wet, everything else is rotting there. But around the vertex - the riot of greenery.
The nearest rival of the Vayaaleal in terms of heavenly scope is near the Himalayas, in India. But if the rain goes on the weight year all year round, then in Cherrypundy, all this breakdown of precipitation in some impossible shower falls over three year old months. The rest of the time there .. .zasha. In addition, no one lives on the Vaiealea, Cherryopundi is the most rainy from the populated areas. 
Warm and wet monsoon streams near Cherrypundy make a sharp rise between the mountains of Khacy and Arakan, so the amount of precipitation drop-down here increases sharply. 
The population of Cherrypundy in this course recalls 1994, when the rated rainfall is 24,555 mm on the tiled roofs of their homes. Is it worth saying that nothing like this was and around the world.
However, it is not necessary to think that heavy clouds hang over this city all year round. When nature is slightly softened and the bright sun is closer over the surroundings, then over Cherrypongy and the surrounding valley hangs the rocker with amazing rainbow.
With precipitation in Cherrypundy, Kwibdo (Colombia) can compete: in 7 years, from 1931 to 1937, 9,564 mm of precipitation had fallen out here, and in 1936 19,639 mm of precipitation was noted. The high rate of precipitation is also characteristic of Debound (Cameroon), where for 34 years, from 1896 to 1930, 9,498 mm falls out on average, and the maximum amount of precipitation (14,545 mm) was observed in 1919. In Buenowentia and Angote (Colombia), the annual rainfall is close to 7,000 mm, in a number of items in the Hawaiian Islands it is within 6,000 ... 9 000 mm.
In Europe, Bergen (Norway) is considered a rather rainy place. However, in the Norwegian Place, Samnander falls even more precipitation: over the past 50 years, the annual amount of precipitation often exceeded 5,000 mm.
In our country, the greatest precipitation falls into Georgians, in the Chakwa area (Adjara) and in Svanetia. In Chakva, the average annual precipitation is 2,420 mm (extreme values \u200b\u200bof 1 800 ... 3 600 mm).
A source:
Answer from Dudu1953.[guru]
In the village of Gadyukino.
Answer from Shvidkoy Yuri.[guru]
Cherrypundy (India) - the wet place on Earth
In terms of precipitation dropping out for the year, the most wet place in the world is Tounendendo in Colombia - 11770 mm per year, it is almost 12 meters. On the 5th floor of the Khrushchev five-story building on the knee will be.
Answer from Valent[guru]
Probably the most rainy place in the world is Mount Vaileale in Hawaii, on the island of Kauai. The average annual level of precipitation is 1197 cm here.
Cherrypundy in India may occupy second place in terms of precipitation with an average annual level from 1079 to 1143 cm. Once 381 cm Rain fell into Cherrypundy in 5 days. And in 1861, the amount of precipitation reached 2300 cm!
To make it more clear, let's compare the amount of precipitation in some cities in the world. London receives 61 cm of precipitation a year, Edinburgh - about 68 cm, and Cardiff is about 76 cm. In New York, about 101 cm of precipitation falls. Ottawa in Canada receives 86 cm, Madrid - about 43 cm and Paris - 55 cm. So, you see, what is the contrast of Cherrypundy.
In some extensive regions of the Earth, heavy rains are all year round. For example, almost every point along the equator receives 152 cm and more precipitation each year. The equator is a point of connecting two large air flows. Everywhere along the equator air, moving down from the north, occurs with air moving up from the south.
Answer from Vadim Bulatov[guru]
Many factors determine how many rain or snow falls onto the earth's surface. This temperature, height above sea level, location of mountain ranges, etc.
Probably the most rainy place in the world is Mount Vaileale in Hawaii, on the island of Kauai. The average annual level of precipitation is 1197 cm. Cherpundy in India may occupy the second place in terms of the amount of precipitation with an average annual level from 1079 to 1143 cm. Once 381 cm Rain fell into Cherrypundy in 5 days. And in 1861, the amount of precipitation reached 2300 cm!
To make it more clear, let's compare the amount of precipitation in some cities of the world, London receives 61 cm of precipitation per year, Edinburgh is about 68 cm, and Cardiff is about 76 cm. In New York, about 101 cm of precipitation falls. Ottawa in Canada receives 86 cm, Madrid - about 43 cm and Paris - 55 cm. So, you see, what is the contrast of Cherrypundy.
The most arid place in the world is probably Arica in Chile. Here the level of precipitation is 0.05 cm per year.
In some extensive regions of the Earth, heavy rains are all year round. For example, almost every point along the equator receives 152 cm and more precipitation every year. The equator is a point of connecting two large air flows everywhere along the air, moving down from the north, occurs with air moving up from the south.
In the entire history of mankind, a lot of evidence, stories and legends about large floods were accumulated. The reason for this is simple: the floods were always. Primitive people deliberately settled in the valleys located on the path of floods - because the lands were fertile here. What is flooding? This is a state when water comes out of the banks and spreads everywhere.
And what is the cause of flooding? - accumulation of a large amount of water in the river as a result of heavy rains. Water can appear from other sources or tanks, where it flows from the river. The river usually wash the extensive area, or the "swimming pool", and a strong flow of water from anywhere in this pool makes it raise the water level in the river and flood the shore. Some floods are very helpful. Neil, for example, every year from time immemorial time, together with spill water, brings fertile il with highlands.
On the other hand, the Juanhe River in China periodically becomes the death of people and destruction. For example, in 1935, due to the spill of this river, 4 million people were left without a roof above their heads! Is it possible to prevent floods? Probably it is impossible, because strong rains go regardless of the will of the person. But great efforts are being made to curb the floods, and someday, probably, it will be done.
There are three ways to curb the floods. One of them is to build dams and make a mound to protect agricultural land in those places where water comes. The second way is to organize channels for emergency cases, or waterproof to remove the excess water. The third method is to contain large reservoirs to accumulate water and gradually plum to large streams.
On the territory of Russia, with the exception of the major islands of the Arctic Ocean, 9653 km3 of precipitation falls on average, which conventionally could cover a flat surface of a layer of 571 mm. From this amount, 5676 km3 (336 mm) of precipitation is spent on evaporation.
Seasonal and annual precipitates are average of monthly amounts for the months of the season under consideration. The time series of precipitation is presented for the period 1936-2007. During which the main network of meteorological observations in Russia has not changed significantly and could not seriously affect the intergovernmental oscillations of spatially averaged values. All time series shows the trends (linear trends) of changes for the period 1976-2007, which more than others characterize anthropogenic changes in modern climate.
We note the complex nature of intergovernmental oscillations of precipitation, especially from the mid-60s. Xx in. You can distinguish periods of increasing precipitation - up to 60s and after the 80s, and about two decades of multidirectional fluctuations between them.
In general, in Russia and in its regions (except for the Amur region and Primorye) there is a certain increase in average annual precipitation, most noticeable in Western and Central Siberia. Trades of average annual precipitation for 1976-2007. On average, Russia is 0.8 mm / month / 10 years and describes 23% of intergochetic variability.
On average, the most noticeable feature for Russia is the growth of spring sediments (1.74 mm / month / 10 years, contribution to the dispersion of 27%), apparently due to the Siberian regions and the European territory. Another noticeable fact is a decrease in winter and summer sediments in Eastern Siberia, summer and autumn - in the Amur region and Primorye, which, however, was not manifested in the trends of precipitation for Russia as a whole, as compensated by the growth of precipitation in Western Siberia.
In the period 1976 - 2007 In the territory of Russia as a whole and in all its regions (except for the Amur region and Primorye), a tendency to increase their annual amounts of precipitation was noted, although the magnitude of these changes were small. The most significant seasonal features: the growth of spring rainfall in the Western Siberia region and decrease in winter precipitation in the Eastern Siberia region.
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Sidelines in Russia
In Russia, with the exception of the major islands of the Arctic Ocean, there are 9653 km3 sites, which could conditionally cover a smooth surface of a layer of 571 mm. From this amount, 5676 km3 (336 mm) of precipitation is spent on evaporation.
In the formation of annual amounts of atmospheric precipitation, well-pronounced patterns are found, characteristic not only for specific territories, but also for the country as a whole. In the direction of the west to the East, a consistent decrease in the amount of precipitation occurs, their zonal distribution is observed, which changes under the influence of the terrain and loses its clarity in the east of the country.
In the intraday distribution on most of the country there is a predominance of precipitation of the summer period. In the annual context, the greatest rainfall is in June, the smallest - on the second half of winter. The predominance of precipitation of the cold period is characteristic mainly for the southwestern regions - Rostov, Penza, Samara regions, Stavropol Territory, Lowowev r. Terek.
In June-August (calendar summer months), more than 30% of the annual precipitation layer falls on European territory, in Eastern Siberia - 50%, in Transbaikalia and Pool. Amur - 60-70%. In winter (December-February), 20-25% of precipitation falls in the European part, in Transbaikalia - 5%, Yakutia - 10%.
Autumn months (September-October) are distinguished by a relatively uniform distribution of precipitation throughout the entire territory (20-30%). Spring (March-May) from Western borders to r. Yenisei drops up to 20% of the annual amount of precipitation, east of p. Yenisei - mostly 15-20%. The smallest amount of precipitation at this time is observed in Transbaikalia (about 10%).
The most common idea of \u200b\u200bthe nature of changes in atmospheric precipitation on the territory of the Russian Federation in the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the XXI century, there are temporary series of spatially averaged average annual and seasonal anomalies of atmospheric precipitation.
In the same climatic zone, the effect on the productivity of groundwater forests, especially the depths of their occurrence, may be different depending on the composition of plantings, relief, soil, its physical properties, etc.
Snowfall in Russia. Photo: Peter.
The total annual amount of precipitation is crucial for forestry and agriculture, but their distribution at the time of year, months, decades and the nature of the precipitation themselves.
On the extensive territory of Russia, atmospheric precipitates fall mainly in the summer. Sitting in the form of snow in the north (Arkhangelsk region) make up about 1/3, and in the south (Kherson) - about 10% of the total annual precipitation.
According to the degree of availability of moisture, the division of the territory of Russia into the following zones is made: excessive, unstable and insufficient moistening. These zones coincide with plant zones - Taiga, Lesson and Stepha. The area of \u200b\u200binsufficient moisture is called in the forestry area of \u200b\u200bdry forestry. It includes Kuibyshev, Orenburg, Saratov and Vologda region, as well as some areas of Ukraine, Altai Territory, Central Asian republics. In the forest-steppe lane, the moisture is a decisive factor in the success of forest visiting.
Lack of moisture, especially during the growing season, imposes a deep imprint on all vegetation and, in particular, on the forest.
So, in Georgia, in the Borjomi area, beech, pine and fir forests, luxurious highlymost subalpine meadows due to the wet climate. The Mountain Ridge Tshra-Tskharo sharply declares this area, and on the other side there are flamespaces due to a small amount of precipitation and summer droughts (P. M. Zhukovsky).
In the European part of Russia, precipitation gradually decreases from Western borders to the Central and Lower Volga.
As a result, in the West, a variety of forests and large forest swamps are located on a huge area, in the southeast stretches the steppe, turning into the desert. Therefore, the amount of annual precipitation without data on the frequency of their falling, especially during the growing season, without the accounting of soil and other natural conditions, the demanding breeds to moisture, the number of trees on a unit area is a low-value indicator for determining the moisture mode, for the appearance of forest, its growth and development .
Even in the same area, with the same character, the lack of precipitation, for example, in the forest-steppe on sandy soils of the Dune Shomuluk boron, plantings may suffer from lack of moisture, and on the sandy soils of the plain relief, do not have a lack of moisture.
Long-term summer arid periods contribute to the change in soil forest cover, cause foaming of leaves, fruits, suchurance and drying of trees in the forest. After prolonged droughts, the death of trees can continue over the next few years and has an impact on the structure of the tremors, breed relationships.
The most dry places in Russia are the Mongray Basins of Altai (Chui Steppe) and Sayan (Ubuzunur Bolden). The annual amount of precipitation here is barely exceeded 100 mm. Wet air does not reach the inner parts of the mountains. Moreover, dropping along the slopes into the basins, the air heats up and is still trembling.
We note that places both with minimal and maximum precipitation are located in the mountains. At the same time, the maximum amount of precipitation falls on the winding slopes of the mountain systems, and the minimum - in the intermountable basins.
Moisturizing coefficient. 300 mm of precipitation - much is it or not enough? Unambiguously to answer this question. This amount of precipitation is characteristic, for example, for northern, and for the southern part of the West Siberian Plain. At the same time, in the north, the territory is clearly overwhelmed, as evidenced by strong wetlands; And in the south, dry steppes are common - manifestation of moisture deficit. Thus, with the same amount of precipitation, the humidification conditions are fundamentally different.
In order to estimate, dry climate in this place or wet, it is necessary to take into account not only the annual amount of precipitation, but also evaporation.
Where in Russia falls the smallest and where is the greatest amount of precipitation how much and why?
- On the territory of Russia, with the exception of the major islands of the Arctic Ocean, 9653 km3 of precipitation falls on average, which conventionally could cover a flat surface of a layer of 571 mm.
From this amount, 5676 km3 (336 mm) of precipitation is spent on evaporation.
In the formation of annual sums of atmospheric precipitation, clearly pronounced patterns are found, characteristic not only for specific territories, but also for the country as a whole (Fig. 1.4). In the direction of the west to the East, a consistent decrease in the amount of precipitation occurs, their zonal distribution is observed, which changes under the influence of the terrain and loses its clarity in the east of the country.
In the intraday distribution on most of the country there is a predominance of precipitation of the summer period. In an annual context, the greatest amount of precipitation falls on June, the smallest on the second half of winter. The predominance of precipitation of the cold period is characteristic mainly for the southwestern regions of the Rostov, Penza, Samara regions, Stavropol Territory, low-level r. Terek.
In June-August (calendar summer months), more than 30% of the annual layer of precipitation falls on European territory, in Eastern Siberia 50%, in Transbaikalia and Pool. Amur 6070%. In winter (December-February), 2025% of precipitation falls in the European part, in Transbaikalia 5%, Yakutia is 10%.
Autumn months (September-October) are distinguished by a relatively uniform distribution of precipitation throughout (2030%). Spring (March-May) from Western borders to r. Yenisei drops up to 20% of the annual amount of precipitation, east of p. Yenisei is mainly 1520%. The smallest amount of precipitation at this time is observed in Transbaikalia (about 10%).
The most common idea of \u200b\u200bthe nature of changes in atmospheric precipitation on the territory of the Russian Federation in the second half of the twentieth century and the beginning of the XXI century, there are temporary series of spatially averaged average annual and seasonal anomalies of atmospheric precipitation.
ATTENTION, only today!
1. Climet formation factors.
2. Climatic conditions of the season of the year. The ratio of heat and moisture.
3. Climatic belts and areas.
Climate formation factors
The climate of Russia, like any region, is formed under the influence of a number of climate-forming factors. The main climate-forming factors are: solar radiation (geographical latitude), air mass circulation, proximity to oceans, relief, underlying surface, etc.
Solar radiation is the basis of heat intake to the earth's surface. The farther from the equator, the less the angle of falling the sun's rays, the, respectively, less solar radiation. The amount of solar radiation coming to the surface and its intra-year distribution is determined by the country's latitudinal position. Russia is located between 77 ° and 41 ° S.Sh., and its main part between 70 ° and 50 ° S.Sh. The large length of the territory from north to the south determines the significant differences in the annual total radiation between the North and the South of the country. The smallest annual total radiation is characteristic of the polar islands of the Arctic and the Varanger Fjord region (more cloudy is added here). The greatest annual total solar radiation becomes in the south, on the Taman Peninsula, in Crimea and in the Caspiani. In general, the annual total radiation increases from the north to the south of Russia by about twice.
Atmospheric circulation processes have great importance in providing thermal resources. Circulation proceeds under the influence of baric centers, changing over the season of the year, which, of course, affects the dominant wind. However, in most part of Russia, the prevailing are the western winds, with which the bulk of precipitation is associated. For Russia, three types of air masses are characteristic: 1) moderate; 2) arctic; 3) tropical. All of them are divided into two subtypes: marine and continental. These differences are especially noticeable for moderate and tropical air masses. Moderate air masses are dominated over most of Russia. Continental moderate masses are formed directly above the territory of Russia.
Such a dry air, cold in winter and very warm summer. Sea moderate air comes from the North Atlantic, in the eastern regions of the country he comes from the Pacific Ocean. Such air is wet, in winter it is warm, and in the summer is cool. When moving from the west to the East, the sea air is transformed and acquires the features of continental.
The climatic features of the southern half of Russia sometimes affects the tropical air. Local continental tropical air is formed over Central Asia and South Kazakhstan, as well as when transforming air temperate latitudes over the Caspian and Transcaucasus. Such air is very dry, strongly dyed and has high temperatures. Sea tropical air penetrates the Mediterranean (on the European part of Russia and the Caucasus) and from the central regions of the Pacific Ocean (in the southern regions of the Far East). It is wet and relatively warm.
The Arctic air is formed over the Arctic Ocean, under his influence is often the northern half of Russia, especially Siberia. This air is dry, very cold and transparent. Less cold and more humid is air formed over the Barents Sea (sea arctic air).
When contacting various air mass, atmospheric fronts arise, the climatic-forming value of which is to increase the cloudiness, precipitation and amplification of the wind. All year, the territory of Russia is affected by cyclones and anticyclones, which determine the weather conditions. The following bary centers are influenced by the climate of Russia: Icelandic and Aleutian minima; Azores and Arctic maxima; Asian maximum (in winter only).
Affects the climate and remoteness from the oceans; Because In most part of Russia, Western winds dominate, the fundamental effect on the country's climate has the atlantic ocean. His impact is felt up to Baikal and Taimyr. With the promotion east of Western borders of Russia, winter temperatures are quickly reduced, and the amount of precipitation as a whole decreases. The effect of the Pacific affects the seaside strip of the Far East mainly in the seaside strip, which is consistent with the relief.
The relief has a significant impact on the climate. Placing the mountains in the east and south of Siberia, openness to the north and west ensure the influence of the Northern Atlantic and the Arctic Ocean on most of Russia. The exposure to the Pacific Ocean is shielded (blown) orographic barriers. The climatic conditions on the plains and in the mountainous regions are noticeably distinguished. In the mountains, the climate varies with a height. Mountains "exacerbate" cyclones. There are differences on the onward and leeward slopes, as well as intergoregous basins.
Affects the climate and the nature of the underlying surface. Thus, the snow surface reflects up to 80-95% solar radiation. Vegetation, as well as soils, their color, humidity, etc. have different reflectivity. Weakly reflect the sun's rays of the forest, especially coniferous (approximately 15%). The smallest albedo has a wet fresh black erect soil (less than 10%).
Climatic conditions of seasons of the year.
The ratio of heat and moisture
Climatic conditions in winter
In winter, the radiation balance throughout the country is negative. The greatest values \u200b\u200bof total solar radiation are observed in winter in the south of the Far East, as well as the south of Transbaikalia. To the north, radiation will quickly decrease due to the lower position of the sun and reduce the duration of the day. The north of the polar circle is established by the polar night (in the latitude of 70 °, the polar night lasts about 53 days). Over the south of Siberia and North Mongolia, an Asian maximum is formed, from which two spurs depart: northeast to Oymyakon; Another - to the west to the Azores Maximum - the axis of Waikov. This axis plays an important role of climumators. South of her (the south of the Russian Plain and the Predfabcasus) blow cold northeastern and oriental winds. To the north of the axis blowing the Western and South-Western winds. Western transfer is enhanced also at the expense of the Icelandic minimum, whose sucks comes to the Kara Sea. With these winds, relatively warm and wet air from the Atlantic comes with. Over the territory of the North-East under the conditions of the pitual relief and the minimum of solar radiation in winter, very cold Arctic air is formed. The coast of Kamchatka has aleutian minimum where the pressure is lowered. Here, on the eastern outskirts of Russia, the low pressure region is located in close proximity to the northeast of the Asian maximum, therefore a high pressure gradient and cold winds from the continent rushed to the shores of the seas of the Pacific Ocean (winter monsoon).
January isotherms over the territory of Russia are submeridional. Isotherma -4 ° C passes through the Kaliningrad region. Near the western borders of the Compact territory of Russia passes isotherm -8 ° C, to the south she deviates east of Astrakhan. Through the Nizhny Novgorod region passes isotherm -12 ° C, and behind the Ural -20 ° C. Above the average siberia isotherm -30 ° C and -40 ° C, in the northeast, the Siberia isotherm -48 ° C (absolute minimum -71 ° C). In the predfaccise of isotherms, medium temperatures are changed from -5 ° C to -2 ° C. The warmer laid in winter on the Kola Peninsula - about -8 ° C, which contributes to the warm Nordsk region. In the Far East, the move isotherm repeats the outlines of the shores. Along the Kuril ridge passes isotherm -4 ° C, along the eastern coast of Kamchatka -8 ° C, and along the West -20 ° C; In Primorye -12 ° C. The greatest amount of precipitation falls on Kamchatka and on smoke, they bring cyclones from the Pacific Ocean. For most of the territory of Russia in winter, the sediments come from the Atlantic Ocean, respectively, the amount of precipitation decreases in general from West to the East. But a lot of precipitation also happens on the southwestern slopes of the Caucasus, thanks to the Mediterranean cyclones. Winter precipitation in Russia falls almost everywhere, mainly in solid form, and snow cover is formed everywhere. The smallest duration of its location on the plains in the predfaccazier (just over a month), and in the south of Primorye - more than three months. Further to the north and east, the duration of snow cover increases and reaches a maximum on Taimyr - about 9 months a year. And only on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus, steady snow cover is not formed. The smallest height of the snow cover in the Caspiani is about 10 cm. In the Kaliningrad region, in the south of the Russian Plain, in Transbaikalia - about 20 cm. For most of the territory of the country, the height of snow ranges from 40cm to 1 meter. And its greatest height is observed in Kamchatka - up to 3 meters.
Climatic conditions in the summer
In summer, the role of solar radiation increases sharply. The greatest radiation values \u200b\u200breaches in the Caspian and on the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus. To the north the number of solar radiation slightly decreases, as the longitude of the day increases north. In the plague there is a polar day. In summer, radiation balance throughout the country is positive.
July isotherms pass subshir. On the northernmost islands, the temperature is close to zero, on the coast of the Arctic seas + 4 ° + 8 ° C, at the polar circle, the air temperature reaches already + 10 ° + 13 ° C. The south of the rise in temperature goes more smoothly. The maximum value of the Middle Aucellular temperature reaches in the Caspiani and Eastern Pre-Bureau: + 25 ° C.
In the summer, sushi is heated over the south of Siberia, the atmospheric pressure decreases. In this regard, the Arctic air rushes deep into the mainland, while it is transformed (heated). From the side of the Hawaiian maximum, the air is sent to the Far East, generating the summer monsoon. The Soviet of the Azor maximum enters the Russian plain, the western transfer is preserved at the same time. In the summer, almost all over the territory of Russia falls the maximum of precipitation. In general, the amount of precipitation in summer decreases from west to east, from 500 mm in the Kaliningrad region up to 200 mm in Central Yakutia. In the Far East, their number increases again, in Primorye - up to 800 mm. A lot of precipitation falls on the slopes of the West Caucasus - up to 1500 mm, the minimum of them falls on the Caspian lowland - 150 mm.
The amplitude of the average monthly temperatures of January and July increases from the west of the Baltic to the east to the Pacific. Thus, in the Kaliningrad region, the amplitude is 21 ° C, in the Nizhny Novgorod Right Bank 31 ° C, in Western Siberia 40 ° C, in Yakutia 60 ° C. Moreover, an increase in amplitude is mainly due to the increase in the severity of winters. In Primorye, the amplitude again begins to decrease - up to 40 ° C, and in Kamchatka - up to 20 ° C.
Annual precipitation varies sharply on the plains and in the mountains. On the plains the greatest amount of precipitation falls in a strip 55 ° C.Sh. - 65 ° C.Sh., Here a decrease in precipitation comes from 900 mm in the Kaliningrad region up to 300 mm in Yakutia. In the Far East, there is an increase in precipitation to 1200 mm again, and in the south-east of Kamchatka - up to 2500 mm. At the same time on the elevated parts of the relief, the increase in precipitation occurs almost everywhere. To the north and south of the middle band, the amount of precipitation decreases: in the Caspian and Tundra of the northeast of Siberia to 250 mm. In the mountains, on the windy slopes, the annual precipitation increases to 1000 - 2000 mm, and their maximum is observed in the south-west of the Grand Caucasus - up to 3700 mm.
The provision of the territory of moisture depends not only on precipitation, but also from evaporation. She increases from north to south after the increase in solar radiation. The ratio of heat and moisture is an important climatic index, it is expressed by the coefficient of moisturizing (the ratio of the annual amount of precipitation to evaporation). The optimal ratio of heat and moisture is observed in the forest-steppe zone. By the south, the moisture deficit increases and moisturizing becomes insufficient. In the north of the country, excessive moisture.
Climatic belts and areas
Russia is located in three climatic belts: arctic, subarctic and moderate. The belt differ from each other by the radiation regime and dominant air masses. With the limits of the belts, climatic areas are formed, differing from each other by the ratio of heat and moisture, the sum of the temperature of the period of active vegetation, the precipitation mode.
The Arctic belt covers almost all the islands of the Arctic Ocean and the Northern Coast of Siberia. Arctic air masses are dominated by the whole year. In winter, there is a polar night and there is no solar radiation. The average temperatures of January vary from -20 ° C in the west to -38 ° C in the East, in July, the temperature varies from 0 ° C on the islands to + 5 ° C on the coast of Siberia. The precipitation falls from 300 mm in the west to 200 mm in the East, and only on the new land, in the Mountains of the Graduation and the Chukotka Highlands, up to 500 mm. The preciputes fall predominantly in the form of snow, and sometimes sometimes in the form of drizzling rains.
Subarctic belt is located south of the Arctic, it takes place along the north of the Eastern European and West Siberian plains, while not leaving the southern borders of the polar circle. In Eastern Siberia, the subarctic belt extends much further to the south - to 60 ° C.Sh. In winter, Arctic air prevails in this belt, and in the summer - moderate. In the West, on the Kola Peninsula, the climate subarctic sea. The average temperatures in the winter of only -7 ° C -12 ° C, and in summer + 5 ° C + 10 ° C. The precipitation falls to 600 mm per year. To the east, the continentality of the climate is growing. In the Northeast Siberia, the middle January temperature drops to -48 ° C, but to the coast of the Pacific Ocean becomes warmer more than 2 times. Summer temperatures vary from + 5 ° C on new earth to + 14 ° С near the southern belt border. Precipitation drops 400-450 mm, but in mountainous areas their number can increase to 800 mm.
Moderate belt covers the rest, large, part of the country. Moderate air masses are dominated by the whole year. In a moderate belt, seasons of the year are well expressed. Within this belt, there are significant differences in the ratio of heat and moisture - both from north to south and from west to east. Changing climatic features from north to south is associated with radiation conditions, and from west to east with circulation processes. With a moderate belt, 4 climatic regions are distinguished, in which 4 types of climate are formed accordingly: moderately continental, continental, sharply continental, monsoon.
Moderately continental climate is characteristic of the European part of Russia and the pre-Urals. The air of the Atlantic is often dominated here, so the winter is noble, often there are thaws. The middle January temperature varies from -4 ° C in the west to -25 ° C in the east, and the middle July - from + 13 ° C in the north to + 24 ° C in the south. The precipitation falls from 800-850 mm in the West to 500-400 mm in the East. Most of the sediments fall on the warm period.
The continental climate is characteristic of Western Siberia and the Caspiana. Continental air of moderate latitudes prevails here. The air coming from the Atlantic, passing over the Russian plain, is transformed. The average temperature in winter in Western Siberia -20 ° C -28 ° C, in the Caspiani - about -6 ° C. In the summer, in Western Siberia, it happens from + 15 ° C in the north to + 21 ° C in the south, in the Caspiani - to + 25 ° C. The precipitation drops 400-500 mm, in the Caspian region no more than 300 mm.
A sharply continental climate is characteristic of a moderate belt of Medium Siberia and Transbaikalia. The continental air of moderate latitudes dominates the entire year. The average temperatures in winter are -30 ° C -45 ° C, and in summer + 15 ° C + 22 ° C. Precipitation drops 350-400 mm.
The monsonic climate is peculiar for the eastern outskirts of Russia. In winter, the cold dry air of moderate latitudes dominates here, and in the summer is wet - from the Pacific Ocean. The average temperatures in winter vary from -15 ° C on the islands to -30 ° C in the mainland region. The average temperatures in the summer are changing from + 12 ° C in the north to + 20 ° C in the south. The precipitation falls to 1000 mm (in Kamchatka 2 times more), all the sediments fall mainly for the warm period of the year.
Special, mountain, climate types are formed in mountainous areas. Solar radiation increases in the mountains, but the temperature with height falls. For mountain areas are characterized by temperature inversion, as well as mountain-valley winds. There are more precipitation in the mountains, especially on the windy slopes.
Nature of Russia
Geography Textbook for Grade 8
§ 10. Types of climates of Russia
Patterns of heat distribution and moisture in our country. The huge length of the territory of our country and the location in several climatic belts lead to the fact that in different parts of the country, the temperatures of January and July are very different, the annual amount of precipitation.
Fig. 35. Middle temperatures of January
Thus, the average January temperatures are 0 ... -5 ° C at the extreme West of the European part (Kaliningrad) and in the predfaccazier and -40 ... -50 ° C in Yakutia. Temperatures of July are observed from -1 ° C on the northern coast of Siberia to + 24 ... + 25 ° C on the Caspian lowland.
Figure 35, determine where areas are located in our country with the lowest and highest temperatures of January. Find the coldest areas, explain why they are located there.
We analyze the Middle Isotherms of January and July in Russia. Pay attention to how they pass. January isotherms are not in the latitudinal direction, but from the North-West to the south-east. The isotherms of July, on the contrary, are close to the latitudinal direction.
What can be explained by such a picture? It is known that the temperature distribution depends on the underlying surface, the amount of solar radiation, the circulation of the atmosphere. Intensive heating from the surface of our country in the winter period leads to the fact that the lowest winter temperatures are observed in the internal, not available to the elastic influence of the Atlantic areas and areas of Central and Northeast Siberia.
The average monthly temperatures of July are positive throughout Russia.
Summer temperatures are of great importance for plant development, for soil formation, for agricultural types.
Figure 36, determine how the July isotherm + 10 ° C passes. Comparing physical and climatic cards, explain the reason for the deviation of Isotherm to the south in a number of countries. What is the July Isotherm takes place in the southern part of Moderate November? What reasons are the closed position of Isotherm in the south of Siberia and the North of the Far East?
Fig. 36. Middle Temperature July
Distribution of precipitation on the territory of our country associated with the circulation of air masses, the features of the relief, as well as the air temperature. Analysis of the card showing the annual distribution of precipitation fully confirms this. The main source of moisture for our country is the wet air of the Atlantic. The greatest amount of precipitation on the plains falls between 55 ° and 65 ° C. sh.
Extremely unevenly distributed across our country the number of drop-down precipitation. Decisive factors are proximity or remoteness from the sea, the absolute height of the place, the location of the mountain ranges (delaying wet air masses or not preventing them in progress).
Fig. 37. Annual precipitation
The greatest amount of precipitation in Russia falls in the mountains of the Caucasus and Altai (more than 2000 mm per year), on the Utah of the Far East (up to 1000 mm), as well as in the forest zone of the Eastern European Plain (up to 700 mm). The minimum amount of precipitation falls on semi-desert areas of the Caspian lowland (about 150 mm per year).
On the map (Fig. 37), follow how within the strip 55-65 ° C. sh. The annual precipitation changes when driving from the west to the East. Compare a map of the distribution of precipitation through the territory of Russia with a physical map and explain why the amount of drop-down precipitation decreases as it moves to the east, why the Western slopes of the Caucasus, Altai, the Urals get the greatest amount of precipitation.
But the annual precipitation does not give a complete idea of \u200b\u200bhow the territory is provided with moisture, since part of atmospheric precipitation evaporates, part is seeping into the soil.
To characterize the provision of the territory, the moisture coefficient (K) is used, showing the ratio of the annual amount of precipitation to evaporates for the same period: K \u003d O / and.
Evaporability - This is the amount of moisture that can evaporate from the surface under the data of atmospheric conditions. The evaporation of the water layer is measured.
Evaporability characterizes possible evaporation. The actual evaporation cannot exceed the annual amount of precipitation falling in this place. For example, in the deserts of the Caspian Sea, evaporation is 300 mm per year, although evaporation here, in hot summer conditions, 3-4 times higher.
The smaller the humidification coefficient, the land of the climate. In the coefficient of moisturizing, equal to one, moisturizing is considered sufficient. Sufficient moisturizing is characteristic of the southern border of the forest and northern border of the forest-steppe zone.
In the steppes zone, where the humidification coefficient is less than one (0.6-0.7), moisturizing is considered insufficient. In the Caspiani, in the semi-desert zone and desert, where k \u003d 0.3, moisturizing is scarce.
But in some parts of the country to\u003e 1, that is, the amount of precipitation exceeds evaporation. Such moisturizing is called redundant. Excessive moisturizing is typical for taiga, tundra, timber tundra. In these areas there are many rivers, lakes, swamps. Here in the processes of relief formation, the role of water erosion is great. In areas with insufficient moisture of the river and lake shallow water, often dried in summer, vegetation is more scarce, and wind erosion prevails in relief formation.
Fig. 38. Evaporation and evaporation
According to the map (Fig. 38), determine in which areas of your country the evaporation is minimal, in which - the maximum one. In notebooks, write down these numbers.
Types of climates of Russia. On the territory of Russia, different types of climates are formed. For each of them, these are the most common features as temperature regime, precipitation mode, prevailing weather types by season of the year. Within the same climate type, the quantitative indicators of each element can be significantly changed, which makes it possible to allocate climatic areas. Especially great zonal changes (differences) in the largest climatic belt of Russia - moderate: from the taiga climate to the climate of the desert, from the marine climate of the coaster to sharply continental inside the mainland on the same latitude.
For cards, determine in which of the climatic belts is the main part of Russia, which climatic belts occupy the smallest area in our country.
Arctic climate It is characteristic of the islands of the Arctic Ocean and its Siberian coasts, where the zones of the Arctic deserts and the tundra are located. Here the surface receives very little solar heat. Cold Arctic air dominates throughout the year. The severity of the climate is enhanced due to the long polar night when solar radiation does not come to the surface. Anticyclones dominate, which lengthens the winter and reduces the remaining seasons of the year to 1.5-2 months. In this climate, almost two seasons of the year: the long cold winter and short cool summer. With the passage of cyclones, the weakening of frost and snowfall are associated. The average temperatures of January -24 ... -30 ° C. Summer temperatures are low: + 2 ... + 5 ° C. The amount of precipitation is limited to 200-300 mm per year. They fall predominantly in the winter in the form of snow.
Subarctic climate It is characteristic of territories located behind the polar circle in Russian and West Siberian plains. In the areas of Eastern Siberia, this type of climate is distributed to 60 ° C. sh. Winter long and harsh, and the severity of the climate increases when driving from the west to the East. Summer warmer than in the Arctic belt, but short and rather cold (the average temperatures of July from +4 to + 12 ° C).
The annual amount of precipitation is 200-400 mm, but due to the small values \u200b\u200bof evaporation, constant excess moisturizing is created. The effect of the atlantic air masses leads to the fact that in the tundra of the Kola Peninsula compared to the mainland, the amount of precipitation increases and the temperature of the winter is higher than in the Asian part.
Climate of moderate belt. Moderate climatic belt - the largest climatic belt of Russia; Therefore, it is characterized by very significant differences in temperature conditions and moisture as they move from the west to east and from north to south. Common for the whole belt are clearly pronounced four seasons of the year - Winter, Spring, Summer, Autumn.
Moderately continental climate dominates in the European part of Russia. The main signs of this climate: a warm summer (Temperature of July + 12 ... + 24 ° C), frosty winter (the average temperature of January from -4 to -20 ° C), the annual precipitation of more than 800 mm in the West and up to 500 mm in the center of Russian Plains. This climate is being formed under the influence of the Western transfer of the Atlantic air masses, relatively warm in winter and cool in summer, constantly wet. In the region of a moderately continental climate, moisturizing varies from excessive in the north, northwest to the inadequate in the east, the southeast. This is reflected in the change of natural zones from Taiga to Steppe.
Continental climate Moderate belt is characteristic of Western Siberia. This climate is formed under the influence of continental air masses of moderate latitudes, moving most often in the latitudinal direction. In the meridional direction, the cold Arctic air is promoted to the south, and the continental tropical air penetrates far to the north of the forest strip. Therefore, precipitation here drops 600 mm per year in the north and less than 200 mm in the south. Summer warm, in the south even sultry (average temperatures of July from +15 to + 26 ° C). Winter Surova Compared to a moderately continental climate - the average temperatures of January are -15 ... -25 ° C.
Alexander Ivanovich Wayes (1842-1916)
Alexander Ivanovich Warikov - the famous Russian climatologist and geographer. It is considered the founder of climatology in Russia. A. I. Waikov first established the dependence of various climatic phenomena from the ratio and distribution of heat and moisture, revealing the features of the general circulation of the atmosphere. The main, classic, work of the scientist is "climates of the globe, especially Russia." Traveling through various countries A. I. Waikov everywhere studied climate features and vegetation.
Socner paid special attention to studying the influence of climate on agricultural crops. In addition, A. I. Waikov engaged in geography of the population, integrated country and other problems. Deep for its time, A. I. Waikov studied different types of human impact on nature, pointed out some adverse parties to this impact and proposed the faithful, based on the status of nature development laws, methods for its transformation.
The change in natural zones is clearly manifested when moving from north to south from taiga to steppes.
Sharply continental climate Moderate belt is common in Eastern Siberia. This climate is distinguished by the constant domination of the continental air of moderate latitudes. A sharply continental climate is characterized by a small cloudiness, poor atmospheric precipitation, the bulk of which falls in the warm part of the year. Small clouds contributes to the rapid warming of the earth's surface by sunlight during the day and summer and, on the contrary, quick cooling it at night and winter. From here, large amplitudes (drops) of air temperatures, warm and hot summer and frosty little snowy winter. Lowerness with strong frosts (the average temperature of January -25 ... -45 ° C) provides a deep freezing of soils and soils, and this in conditions of moderate latitudes causes the accumulation and preservation of many years of permanent. Summer is sunny and warm (the average temperatures of July from +16 to + 20 ° C). Annual precipitation is less than 500 mm. Moisturizing coefficient is close to unity. Within this climate there is a taiga zone.
Monsonic climate Moderate belt is typical for the southern regions of the Far East. Usually, when cooled by the mainland in winter and increase in connection with this atmospheric pressure, dry and cold air rushes towards warmer air over the ocean. In summer, the mainland warms more ocean, and now the colder oceanic air tends to continent, bringing cloudy, abundant atmospheric precipitation; Sometimes typhoons even formed. The average temperatures of January here -15 ... -30 ° C; In the summer, in July, + 10 ... + 20 ° С. The precipitate - 600- 800 mm per year - falls predominantly in the summer. If the melting of snow in the mountains coincides with abundant rains, floods occur. Moisturizing is excessive (moisture coefficient more units).
Questions and tasks
- What patterns in the distribution of heat and moisture can be installed by analyzing cards (see Fig. 31, 38)?
- How determine the coefficient of moisture and why this indicator is so important?
- In which areas of Russia the coefficient is greater than the unit, in which - less? How does this affect other components of nature?
- Name the main types of climate of Russia.
- Explain why within a moderate belt, the greatest differences in climatic conditions are observed as you move from west to the east.
- Name the main features of the continental climate and specify how this climate affects other components of nature.
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