Wet belt tropical Forests in Africa It stretches for almost 5 thousand kilometers from the west to the east and about 1600 - from the north to south. Cameroonian elevation - a mountain range of volcanic origin - separates the Guinean rainforest from large forest massifs of Zaire and Gabon. Both parts of the forest are not very different from each other: the whole territory is engaged in thick evergreen tropical vegetation. Once in ancient times, the rainforest extended much further east, north and south, he stepped over the East African zone of faults to Eastern Africa, and in some places even reached the coast. It is possible that such forests covered the entire South Sudan to the most Ethiopian highlands and the mountain slopes rose significantly higher than today.
Each year fires approach the tropical forest. The natural border between the forest and the savanna is a strip of thickets is not wider than eight - ten meters, sufficient to protect the rainforest. Such vegetation usually dies from the fire, and then it is restored again. The outer side of the strip facing the savannah is a small shrub and a thick grass - delays fire. A more powerful shrub and small trees behind him are usually no longer in contact with fire, they are as high as the shadow from them interferes with the growth of grass, which could contribute to the spread of the fire. They are followed by even higher trees, and only then the real rainforest begins.
If there were no external interventions, the natural boundary between the rainforest and savannah would go to that, then in the other direction depending on climate change. It is a clear dividing line between two forms of life: on the one hand, the forest with high, constantly green trees, their foundations are a thick shrub, but there is almost no bigger grass; On the other hand, savanna with dense herbaceous cover and small trees, ten times smaller in height than the trees of the rainforest. On the one hand, the sea of \u200b\u200bsunlight, open spaces, crouched grass and rare trees, on the other - a thick shady wet forest, where the sun does not penetrate. The contrast is unimaginable.
Where the rainforest borders with savanna, where the soil is more favorable for the growth of large trees, or along the rivers are formed numerous forest islands. Such a type of terrain, called the mosaic area of \u200b\u200brainforest and savanna, is a favorite habitat of wild animals. Forest animals are often graze in savanna, but from the animals of the savannah in the forest, only water goats are dried in the forest. On the border of Savannnes and the rainforests in those places where the person is not penetrated, the natural equilibrium is preserved. Currently, tropical forests destroys a person. Plots of forests, especially in the mosaic area, disappear so quickly what it is alarming. When the tropical forest turns out to be cut down, after 10 years, the so-called secondary savannah appears in its place; If it were fenced from fires and people did not destroy her, over time she could again become a rainforest. The forest grows very slowly, since the protective zone from the shrub should first form. The grass is growing much faster, so Savannah is usually becoming a "aggressor", and the forest is a victim and he grantually retreats.
The rainforest looks not at all as familiar forests of a moderate belt. It is always a shadow, the temperature is constant, the soil is wet, and these are ideal conditions for the rapid growth of trees. On Earth there are dead leaves, dead plants, roots, here and there are a moss and fern, but everything rotes with an incredible speed, so that the layer of humus is never so significant as in the hardwood of moderate belt. All that falls from the trees and edible, quickly destroy various animals, mushrooms and bacteria. The impassable thickets are a wall, the review makes it difficult and feeded trees, between which - a fern and a huge amount of moss, liana hanging from trees like a dense curtain. At the level of the eye - a bright deciduous shrub, and if a person wants to see what happens behind him, he will have to bend. Only in exceptional cases in the rainforest can be seen further 50 steps. Above shrubs are raised by the trees of the lower tier with a height of 15-30 meters. They give food to birds and other animals. The crowns of the trees of the lower tier are sometimes woven so thickly that the canopy is not even visible from the crowns of high trees.
The rainforest is a set of forest tiers. The crowns of tropical forest trees are highly towering over the lower tier, sometimes 30-40 meters. Even in a thick interlacing branches of these huge trees, the fertile soil is "suspended" on which other plants grow. Wet tropical forests are very difficult to explore, and I would not recommend anyone to go there alone. It often happens that a person, although he is familiar with the rainforest, loses a landmark and after a hundred steps may be lost. In such forests, always twilight, humid, windlessly, heavy air. Heard how the wind whistles in the crowns, the bottom is not felt at the bottom. Silence breaks only the cry of invisible birds, cracking branches, a piercing voice of a monkey or the buzz of insects. A man tries to fall sickly, he is experiencing fear and horror.
From the forests of a moderate strip wet tropical forests are distinguished by a huge variety of vegetation. In them, two neighboring trees rarely belong to one type, but at the same time you can see large areas where only two or three types of trees are dominated. Among the huge trees of the upper tier are often found by High and Entandrofragma trees, and oil palm is typical for the lower tier.
Tropical Forest Plants Africa
In African Forest Flore up to 25 thousand species of plants. Among them are relatively few species of palm trees, bamboo, but in large quantities orchids are growing.
Animals of Tropical Forests Africa
A limited number of types of large animals lives in the rainforest, and there are many monkeys among them among them. Among the smallest animals can be called a lizard, pelt or flying speechless protein, very often come across reptiles, amphibians, ants, butterflies and other types of insects and invertebrate animals. There are many birds, but it is difficult to see them. In tropical forests, the grass is almost no growing, so there is extremely rarely to meet animals for which it serves as food, but there are many animals in them, which can eat leaves from trees, shrubs and curly plants. This is a Bushbock, elephants, buffaloes, Okap, Bongo and Duckers. Such forests are the habitats of animals capable of climbing on trees and feed them with leaves and fruits. It is gorillas, chimpanzees and baboons.
Two types of human monkeys live in rainforests: Gorilla and chimpanzees. In Tanzania, some types of chimpanzees live even in the mosaic field of tropical forests and savannah. In Zaire there is a dwarf chimpanzee, or bonobo.
In the rainforest there are such monkeys like monkeys, mangobes and glems. All of them are smaller and easier to chimpanzees and therefore they climb them better. Food they find mainly in the crowns of the highest trees, sometimes just at an incredible height. When they are afraid of something, then running away, can jump from a height of 20 meters. Gleversa is especially jumping. Monkeys feed on various fruits, mainly wild figs. In the crown of a large fig tree, several types of monkeys can be gathered at the same time. It is easiest to distinguish black and white whitening Gleder. Its a lot in the forests from high mountains in the east of the continent to the most West Africa. In West Africa, Grewers-Satan lives, which local residents call the devil child. Red Geregers live in low forests - a small quiet animal with a very beautiful skin, which is powered by leaves and fruits.
Pavians live mainly in Savannah, but two species - Mandril and Dril - adapted to life in a wet tropical forest and inhabit forests from Cameroon to the Congo River. They saved the habit to eat on Earth and live by groups. There is still little about the lifestyle of both species. Mandrils are one of the most beloved and popular inhabitants of zoos. They attract the attention of visitors to their unusual appearance: the middle of the nose of the nose is bright red, and on both sides - expressive blue stripes. Dril's muzzle is black.
In tropical forests you can find dwarf forms of certain types of animals. Dwarf Liberian hippos live only in the most thick Guinea rainforest Liberia and Côte d'Ivoire. Elephants in tropical forests are less than in the savannah, the tank is shorter, and the ears are rounded. Forest buffaloes unlike large black boobs of Eastern and South Africa small and red.
Dwarf buffaloes in this part of Africa are much smaller than buffaloes in Savannah. Usually buffaloes do not represent dangers for a person. When they are wounded, then go into the school. If the hunter decided to pursue the wounded animal, he would have to wade through the thickets on all fours, and in such a situation the buffalo will certainly go to the offensive and can not only hurt, but also kill the horn horn.
In tropical forests there are two types of large forest pigs - a large forest pig, discovered only in 1904, and a cystal pig. The latter is very common. These animals eat everything that comes across, therefore in areas where there are processed lands, they are considered large pests. Cystheuchs of pigs live in groups of several hundred heads, but to see them is quite difficult.
The only major predator living in tropical forests is the thunderstorm of animals - leopard. His main victims are bavian and cystic pigs, so in this case, people consider leopard with their useful animals. The leopard lies his sacrifice in the crown of a tree and is able to lie so quietly that you will not notice it even at close range. At the crust of the trees, I often noticed deep scratches - traces of the claws of the leopard, who climbed to the top. Once I saw a leopard lying literally in three steps, but he turned away, got up and left. Curious how many times did the leopards seen me so closely, the presence of which I did not even suspect?!
Some forest leopards are black. Many mammals and birds living in a humid climate are generally noticeable to the tendency to the dark color. Separate animals adapt to life in the rainforest, changing the color to red, which can be observed at buffaloes. In the forests of West Africa there are cystic pigs and Bushbocks are also red suit, while Bushboki, inhabitants on Ethiopian Highlands, black.
In the rainforest, small rivers and streams flow, forming small lakes and creek, often just pits, filled with rainwater, in which they are lying, roll over with side on the side, elephants and buffaloes. Some forest animals come here to drink, others do not have any need for this, because together with the plants that they eat, they receive a sufficient amount of moisture. In some parts of the forest growing on sandy soils, it is very difficult to find water in the dry season. The Benin sands are so porous that after a strong tropical shower all the water is absorbed into the ground, which in a few minutes it becomes dry again, and no puddle remains anywhere. In places with a sufficient amount of water lives water deer, which refers to the most primitive ruminant animals. Some signs bring it closer not with ruminants, but with camels. Often it is confused with a dwarf antelope - the smallest of all ruminants. It is the value from the rabbit, and when it is scared, disappears with three-meter jumps.
A significant part of the tropical forests is located on the elevation. Rivers, originating in the mountains or swamps, are sent down the narrow gorges and, forming foamy waterways, rushed to the plains, where their flow slows down. In the rains seasons, the water level in rivers rises, but spills are rare here. Most of the water absorbed into the soil even in places such as the Cameroon Wet Tropical Forest, where 30 millimeters of precipitation fall on average.
In the Congo pool there are extensive swampy areas and small small lakes. Forests growing in these swamp places are forced to adapt to life in eternal dampness. Here you can see a special type of forest, in which such a plexus from palm trees and wild reeds grow, that it is impossible to get through it. In these parts, they love to linger the sitatunes. Topi cannot be examined on foot. You can drive only on canoe, but low-hanging over the water branks make each minute bend under them. Driving on this tunnel from thick vegetation, you fall on a quiet beautiful forest lake, surrounded by high bright green grass. Sometimes there will see hippos, beautiful vigorous hazelnings, there are and large rowers feeding in the main fish. But there are moonfounds that eat preferably insects. Here, around the quiet lakes, a real paradise for these birds: in one place you can immediately see up to five or more.
Chief "Fisherman" in wet tropical forest waters - Eagle-Krikun. He lies his prey, sitting on high trees, and, as soon as the fish will splash on the surface of the water, rushes on it. Strich Angoli is also occasionally powered by small fish or freshwater crabs, although its main food is the fruits of oilseed palm. Capskaya otter, living in forest rivers, is mainly crab. Often you can see how she lies stretching on the sand or rock, holds in the paws of the crab and eats it as a man - watermelon.
Along the river shores or roads, the tropical forest impresses an impenetrable wall. Only in crowns trees are flying various birds - rhinos, especially a black rhino bird. When they fly from a tree to a tree, their powerful wings during the wave make a sharp whistling sound. Together with these birds, there are similar on Turako curtains, especially Crested Turako. Thousands of volatile mice flying over the river in the evening over the river.
The horror of the whole living in the rainforests cause ants. They are most actors at night and in the rainy season. When the ants begin the campaign, everything, including elephants, are scattered. You can often see how they are moving through three centimeters wide columns. Upon closer examination, it is possible to distinguish that in the middle there are small ants carrying eggs. In both parties, security is moving - large ant soldiers with powerful jaws. If some obstacle is found on the way, they pounce on it and ride. When the ants go for food, then go wide chain and eat everything that comes across their way. Those who do not have time to hide are destroyed. The Muravyev's army is expelled from their homes and people; You can make them roll off the road, only pouring a thick layer of ash or spraying it with poisonous insecticides. For moving columns, ants vigilantly follow the flocks of insectivore birds. Several times I turned out to be the target of such marching ants and was pretty akhang and tormented a terrible headache for a long time. Then, whether these columns were injured every time, I tried to bypass them. Little birds and young animals are very much suffering from ants. There were cases when the ants climbed the elephant in a trunk, which led him to the loss of reason.
On the trees perfectly climbs and snake Boygig, devastating bird nests. Very poisonous gabon violence and viper rhino. It is not clear what these snakes are such a strong poison, because they feed on small rodents. After the bite, the snake usually immediately releases his sacrifice, and then hesitates what helps smell. Only Gabon Guaduka holds a sacrifice firmly, and the dose of poison is so significant that it almost does not resist.
Many forest areas are populated by people who annually emerge all new and new forests, and the Earth is treated. The edges of the forest gradually captured savanna. It seems that forests will decline, their place will occupy fields and plantations. In all of Africa, trees continue to cut down and no one cares about new forest stations. Reducing the area of \u200b\u200bthe forest will reduce humidity, which means that Africa will dry and become even more deserted.
About half of all forests on our planet fall on tropical forests (hyilets) growing in Africa, Southeast Asia, South and Central America. Tropical forests are located between 25 ° Northern latitude and 30 ° of southern latitude, where they often undergo storm rains. The rainforest ecosystem takes less than two percent of the surface of the Earth, but there are from 50 to 70 percent of all the forms of our planet's life.
The largest rainforests are in Brazil (South America), Zaire (Africa) and Indonesia (Southeast Asia). The tropical forest is also found in Hawaii, the islands of the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean.
Climate of tropical forests
The climate in the rainforest is very warm, characterized by wet. Every year here drops from 400 to 1000 cm of precipitation. For tropics, the uniform annual distribution of precipitation is characterized. The change of seasons is practically absent, and the average air temperature is 28 degrees Celsius. All these conditions significantly affected the formation of the richest ecosystem on our planet.
Soil in the rainforest
The soil of the tropics is poor on minerals and nutrients, - there is a lack of potassium, nitrogen and other trace elements. Usually it has red and red-yellow color. Because of frequent precipitation, the useful substances are absorbed by the roots of the plants or go muffled soil. That is why the hill-fire agricultural system was used by the Aboriginals of the Tropical Forests: all the vegetation was cut in small areas, it was later burned, then the soil was processed. The ash acts as a nutrient. When the soil begins to turn into fruitless, usually after 3-5 years, residents of tropical settlements moved to new areas for agriculture. This is a steady method of making agriculture, providing constant restoration of the forest.
Plants of tropical forests
The warm wet climate of the rainforest provides an ideal environment for a huge abundance of amazing vegetable life. Tropical forest is divided into several tiers for which its flora and fauna is characteristic. The highest trees of the tropics, get the greatest amount of sunlight, as they reach the height of more than 50 meters. Here, for example, include a cotton tree.
The second tier is the dome. It is a habitat for half representatives of the wildlife of tropical forests - birds, snakes and monkeys. This includes trees with high leaves below 50 m with wide leaves, hiding sunlight from the lower floors. This is a phylodendron, strikhnos of domestic and rathana palm trees. According to them, the Liana is usually stretched to the sun.
The third tier is inhabited by shrubs, ferns and other shadowed species.
The last tier, the lower, usually dark and humid, since the sun's rays are almost disobeyed. It consists of a rebar of foliage, mushrooms and lichen, as well as the young row of plants of higher tiers.
In each of the regions where tropical forests grow, there are different types of trees.
Tropical trees of Central and South America:
- Red Tree (Sweitinia SPP.)
- Spanish cedar (Cedrella SPP.)
- Rosewood and Kokobolo (Dalbergia Retusa)
- Purple Tree (Purptogyne Purpurea)
- Kingwood (Kingwood)
- Sedro Espin (Pochote Spinosa)
- Tulipwood
- Gayakan (Tabebuia Chrysantha)
- Tabbuia Rosea (Tabebuia Rosea)
- Bottle (Bocote)
- Yatoba (Hymenaea Courbaril)
- Guapinol (Prioria Copaifera)
Tropical Africa trees:
- Bubega
- Ebony
- Zebrano
- Pink tree
Tropical Asian trees:
- Malaysian Maple
In the rain rainforest is widespread, which feed on caught insects and small animals. Among them should be noted neppentens (Pitcher Plants), Rosyanka, granus, bubble. By the way, the low-level plants with their bright flowering attract insects to pollination, since the wind is almost absent in these layers.
In places of cutting of tropical forests, valuable agricultural crops are grown:
- mango;
- bananas;
- papaya;
- coffee;
- cocoa;
- vanilla;
- sesame;
- sugarcane;
- avocado;
- cardamom;
- cinnamon;
- turmeric;
- nutmeg.
These cultures play an important role in cooking and cosmetology. Some tropical plants serve as raw materials for drugs, in particular, anti-cancer.
Adaptation of tropical plants for survival
Any flora needs moisture. In the rainforest there is no lack of water, but often it happens too much. Plants of tropical forests should survive in areas where shower are constantly running and flooding. The leaves of tropical plants help to beat the rain drops, and some species are armed with a drip tip designed for rapid flowing of precipitation.
Plants of tropics for life need light. The thick vegetation of the top of the forest tiers passes little sunlight on the lower tiers. Therefore, plant rainforest plants should either adapt to life in permanent twilight, or grow quickly up to "see" the sun.
It is worth noting that trees with fine and smooth bark grow in the tropics, which can accumulate moisture. Some types of plants at the bottom of the crown have the leaves wider than the top. It helps to skip more sunny rays to the soil.
As for the epiphyts themselves, or air plants growing in the rainforest, they receive nutrients from vegetable garbage and avian litter, which land on the roots and do not depend on the poor forest soil. In tropical forests there are such aerial plants like orchid, bromeliel, fern, selenicereus large-flowered and others.
As mentioned, the soil in most rainforests is very poor and does not contain nutrients. To capture nutrients on the top of the soil, most tropical forest trees have minor roots. Others are wide and powerful, as they must keep a massive tree.
Animals of tropical forest
Animals of the rainforests affect their variety. It is in this natural zone that you can find the greatest number of representatives of the fauna of our planet. Most of them in the rain forests of Amazon. For example, there are 1800 species of butterflies alone.
In general, the rainforest is the habitat of most amphibians (lizards, snakes, crocodiles, salamander), predators (jaguars, tigers, leopards, pum). All animal tropics have a bright color, as stains and strips are a better disguise in a thick more often jungle. The sounds of the rainforest are provided by the multi-eyed peating birds. In the forests of the tropics, the world's largest parrot population, among other interesting birds there are South American Garindes, relating to one of the fifty types of eagles and on the verge of extinction. No less bright feathers are peacocks, about the beauty of which legends are long.
In the tropics there are also more monkeys: spider-shaped, orangutans, chimpanzees, monkeys, baboons, gibbons, red-breed jumpers, gorillas. In addition, there are sloths, lemurs, Malay and sunny bears, rhinos, hoppures, poultry spiders, ants, Piranhas and other animals.
Disappearance of tropical forests
Tropical wood has long been synonymous with operation and robbery. Giant trees are the goal of entrepreneurs who use them for commercial purposes. How to exploit forests? The most obvious way to apply Tropical forest trees is the furniture industry.
According to the European Commission, about one fifth of the import of wood in the EU is illegal sources. Every day, thousands of international wooden mafia products pass through store shelves. Products from tropical wood are often marked as "Luxury Wood", "Determining Wood", "Natural Wood" and "Massive Wood". Usually these terms are used to disguise tropical wood from Asia, Africa and Latin America.
The main exporting countries of tropical trees - Cameroon, Brazil, Indonesia and Cambodia. The most popular and expensive breeds of tropical wood, which goes for sale is Mahagony, tick and pink tree.
Inexpensive tropical rocks include Meranti, Ramin, Gabun.
Consequences of cutting of rainforest
In most countries where tropical forests grow, illegal logging are commonplace and a serious problem. Economic losses reach billions of dollars, and the environmental and social damage is incurred.
The consequence of the cutting of the rainforest is deforestation and deep environmental changes. Tropical forests contain the largest in the world. As a result of the poaching cutting of millions of animal and plants, we lose the habitat and, as a result, disappear.
According to the Red List of the International Union of Nature Protection (IUCN), more than 41,000 species of plants and animals are under threat, including large monkeys, such as gorillas and orangutans. Scientific assessments of lost species vary greatly: from 50 to 500 species per day.
In addition, a logging machinery involved for the export of wood destroys the sensitive top layer of the soil, damages the roots and the bark of other trees.
Mining iron ore, bauxite, gold, oil and other minerals also destroys large rainforest areas, for example, in Amazonia.
The value of tropical forests
Wet rainforests play an important role in the ecosystem of our planet. The deforestation of this particular zone leads to the formation of a greenhouse effect and, subsequently, to global warming. The largest rainforest in the world - the Forest of Amazonia - in this process plays the most important role. 20 percent of global greenhouse gas emissions are attributed to deforestation. Almost the Tropical Amazon Forest keeps 120 billion tons of carbon.
Tropical forests also contain a huge amount of water. Therefore, another consequence of deforestation is a disturbed water cycle. This in turn can lead to droughts at the regional level and changes in global weather conditions - with potentially devastating consequences.
The tropical forest is home to unique representatives of flora and fauna.
How to protect tropical forests?
In order to prevent the negative effects of deforestation, it is necessary to expand forest areas, strengthen the control over the forests at the state and international levels. In addition, it is important to raise the awareness of people about what role the forests play on this planet. According to the ecologists, it is also worth encouraging the reduction, processing and reuse of forest products. The transition to alternative energy sources, such as fossil gas, in turn can reduce the need to operate the forest for heating.
Forest cutting, including tropical, can be carried out without damaging this ecosystem. In Central and South America and Africa, cutting down trees is made by a selective method. Only the trees reached a certain age and thickness of the trunk of trees, and the young remain intact. Such a method is minimal damage to the forest, because it makes it possible to recover quickly.
Cancer) and southern (Capricorn) in Africa there is an extensive area of \u200b\u200bforests. In almost this climatic zone, the change of seasons is poorly notable, since the air and the amount of precipitation are almost constantly at the same level. Therefore, animal tropical belts do not have the need to migrate in search of places suitable for life. They always have enough food and water, so the animal world of this edge is extremely diverse.
What is the animals of the tropical belt - hypopotamos! If you translate this name from the Greek language, they can be called "river horses". This almost three-ton bulb holds most of his life in water. But swimming the hypopotam is difficult - with such a figure and weight! Therefore, he simply enters the water to such a depth to get the bottom legs, and immersed almost completely.
These amazing tropical animals have nostrils that are equipped with closing membranes, and eyes with protruding nightlife. Therefore, even almost completely under water, this Mahina is watched by no one who dares to offend her dear little babies. And just try to get closer to them! Gentle parents immediately turn into unmanaged aggressive killers. But at the same time, the hypopotamas are extremely peaceful animals. After all, they do not belong to predators and feed on only plants and their fruits.
And such predatory and cruel animals of a tropical belt, like crocodiles, can inspire fear to any mammal. These descendants of the ancient dinosaurs practically did not change from those distant times. Despite the fact that these reptiles can move quite quickly on land, most of their time they are still preferred to be in the water. Adults can be under water for an almost whole hour, without popling on the surface.
Crocodiles are multiplied by laying eggs on land in a fossa, divert near the reservoir. And while the embryos are in the shell, the mother is vigorously watching them, guarding the masonry. After all, at any time a malicious Varan may appear - a big predatory lizard, which simply adores the eggs of his nearest relatives.
When the embryo comes time to appear on the light, it breaks the shell using a special device - the horns located on the head. After a while, this thief disappears by itself.
Having raised, the crocodile is rushing to the water. However, they are hazardous everywhere. They are not even insured against such a terrible death, how to be eaten their own parents - maternal feelings in these cold-blooded predators absolutely no.
The mouth of the crocodile is "decorated with" huge sharp teeth. But they need a predator at all for facing food, but to kill his sacrifice and tear off the pieces of it, which he swallows entirely.
In order for the food product to be softer, the predator often pulls the killed sacrifice under the water and hides somewhere under Corgano. When he begins to feel hunger, then the dish gets out of his "stoves".
Other animals of the rainforest are extremely diverse and amazing and amazing: monkeys, Laurie, Panthers, Giraffes, Ogapi, Tapir and Tolstoke: Rhinos, as well as elephants.
The monkeys are especially widely represented here. This is chimpanzees, and gorilla, and orangutang, and nosach, and macaque. There are some small species among them, the cubs of which barely reach the size of the thumb of the human hand. The weight of a major individual can be 70 grams. And there are among monkey and real giants, almost under two and a half centners!
Entertaining such animals of tropical belts, which cannot be found on any other continent as relatives of the giraffes - Okapi. These extremely timid herbivores are carried out in shrub chairs. Adults achieve a two-meter height and gain a body weight of about 250 kilograms. These animals prefer to live by one, the exception is only mothers raising their cubs.
Educants get acquainted with brief encyclopedic information, answer questions, check their erudition. The occupation is developed on the basis of the training manual for additional education Paul Dausell "Unknown about the famous". Recommended by the Ministry of Education of the Russian Federation in accordance with the Federal State Educational Standard.
Type of classes:combined
Purpose: development of erudition, cognitive and creative abilities of students; Formation of information search skill for response to the questions.
Tasks:
Educational: The formation of cognitive culture is mastered in the process of educational activity, and aesthetic culture as capable of an emotionally valued attitude to objects of wildlife.
Developing: The development of cognitive motifs to receive a new knowledge of wildlife; Cognitive qualities of the individual associated with the assimilation of the foundations of scientific knowledge, mastering the methods of studying nature, forming intellectual skills;
Educational: Orientation in the system of moral norms and prices: recognition of the high value of life in all its manifestations, health of their and other people; environmental consciousness; Education of love for nature;
Personal: Understanding responsibility for the quality of acquired knowledge; Understanding the values \u200b\u200bof an adequate assessment of our own achievements and opportunities;
Cognitive: ability to analyze and evaluate the impact of environmental factors, the risk factors for the health, the consequences of human activity in ecosystems, the impact of their own actions on living organisms and ecosystems; Orientation for continuous development and self-development; The ability to work with various sources of information, pre-form it from one form to another, compare and analyze information, draw conclusions, prepare messages and presentations.
Regulatory: The ability to organize independently performing tasks, evaluate the correct operation of the work, the reflection of its activities.
Communicative: Formation of communicative competence in communication and cooperation with peers, an understanding of the peculiarities of gender socialization in adolescence, socially useful, educational, creative and other types of activities.
Technologies: Health Saving, Problem, Multi-Willing Training, Group Activities
Structure occupation
Studying a new material (teacher's story with interview elements)
Questions and tasks for discussion
What does the rainforest look like? (Tropical Lambs)
Who lives on the upper "floors"?
Is the lazy lazy lazy
Who lives on the lower "floor"?
How do animals adapt to life on trees?
How do animals manage to fly without wings?
Why in tropical forests so noisy?
Did you know that?
Animalpeacetropicalforests
Presentation Animalpeacetropicalforests
What does the rainforest look like?
Rainforestslocated in tropical, equatorial and subequatorial belts between 25 ° C.Sh. And 30 ° Yu.Sh., as it were, "surrounding" the surface of the Earth by equator. Tropical forests are broken only by oceans and mountains.
The vegetation of tropical forests is very diverse, depends mainly on the number of precipitation and their distribution at the time of the year. With abundant (more than 2000 mm), and relatively uniform distribution develop wedownotropic evergreen forests.
Classification of tropical forests
Wet rainforest, tropical rainforest These are forests with specific biomami located in equatorial (Wet Equatorial Forest), subequatorial and wet tropical areas with a very humid climate (2000-7000 mm of precipitation per year).
Wet tropical forests are characterized by huge biodiversity. This is the most renowned natural zone. There is a large number of own, including endemic species of animals and plants, as well as migrating animals. Two-thirds of all types of animals and plants of the planet live in wet rainforests. It is assumed that millions of animal species and plants have not yet been described.
These forests are sometimes called "jewels of land"And"the biggest pharmacy of the world"Because a large number of natural medical devices were found here.. They are also also called "light lands", but this statement is controversial, since it does not have a scientific justification, since these forests or do not produce oxygen at all, or it is extremely small produced.
The formation of the undergrowth in the tropical forests is strongly limited in many places due to the lack of sunlight on the lower tier. This allows man and animals to move through the forest. If for any reason the deciduous canopy is absent or weakened, the lower tier is quickly covered with a dense thicket of Lian, shrubs and small trees - such an education is called the jungle.
The largest areas of tropical rainforest are located in the Amazon River Basin ("Rain Forests of Amazonia"), in Nicaragua, in the southern part of Yucatan Peninsula (Guatemala, Belize), in most Central America (where they are called "Selva"), in Equatorial Africa From Cameroon to the Democratic Republic of the Congo, in many areas of Southeast Asia from Myanmar to Indonesia and New Guinea, in the Australian state of Queensland.
Forwet tropical forests characteristic:
variety of flora
availability of 4-5 wood tiers, lack of shrubs, a large number of Lian
the predominance of evergreen trees with large evergreen leaves, weakly developed bark, kidneys, not protected renal scales, in monsoon forests - leaf fall trees;
flowers formation, and then fruits directly on trunks and thick branches
Trees in wet tropical forests have several common characteristics that are not observed in plants of less wet climates.
The base of the trunk in many species has wide, wood ledges. Earlier it was assumed that these protrusions help the tree to keep balance, now they believe that, according to these protractions, water with dissolved nutrients flows to the roots of the tree. Characterized by wide leaves of trees, shrubs and herbs of the lower tiers of the forest. Wide leaves help plants better absorb sunlight under the edges of the forest trees, and they are protected from above from wind exposure.
High young trees that have not yet reached the upper tier, also have a wider foliage, which is then reduced with a height. The leaves of the upper tier, forming a canopy, usually smaller than the size and are strongly cut to reduce the wind pressure. On the lower floors, the leaves are often narrowed at the ends so that it contributes to the rapid flow of water and prevents the reproduction of microbes and ms that destroy the leaves on them.
Top trees are often very well connected with lian or plant-epiphytefixing on them.
For trees of a wet rainforest, the trees bark are characteristic of the trees, sometimes covered with sharp spikes or spines, the presence of flowers and fruits growing right on the trunks of trees, a wide variety of juicy fruits attracting birds and mammals.
In wet rainforests, there are a lot of insects, especially butterflies (one of the richest faces in the world) and beetles, and in rivers - many fish (about 2000 species, approximately third of all freshwater fauna of the world).
Levels (tiers) of a wet rainforest
The rainforest is divided into four main levels.Each of which is posted by features, has a different flora and fauna. 
The topmost level
This tier consists of a small number of very high trees, towering over a forest canopy, reaching a height of 45-55 meters (rare species reach 60-70 meters). Most often, evergreen trees, but some drop their foliage in the dry time of the year. Such trees must withstand harsh temperatures and strong winds. At this level, eagles, bats, some types of monkeys and butterflies live.
Crown Level (Forest Canopy)
The level of the crowns form most of the high trees, usually a height of 30-45 meters. This is the most dense tier, known in all terrestrial biodiversity, neighboring trees form a more or less continuous layer of foliage.
The present study of this tier began only in the 1980s, when scientists have developed methods that allow you to get to the forest canopy, such as the shooting of ropes in the tops of trees from crossbows. Study Forest Canopy is still at an early stage. Other research methods include traveling in balloons or aircraft. Science engaged in access to the tops of trees, is called dendronavric.
Defense Level
There is another level, called undergrowth between the wood and forest bedding. In it lives a number of birds, snakes and lizards. Insect life at this level is also very extensive. The leaves in this tier is much wider than at the crown level.
Forest litter
Away from the shores of rivers, swamps and open spaces, where thick low-speed vegetation is growing, the forest litter is relatively free from the plants. At this level, you can see rotting plants and remains of animals that quickly disappear thanks to a warm, wet climate that promotes rapid decomposition.
Selvka is formed on extensive low-layer areas of sushi under conditions of constant freshwater moistening, as a result of which the soil of Selva is extremely poor mineral substances for tropical rains. Selva is often swallowed.
Plant and animal world of Selva - This is the riot of paints and a variety of plant species, birds and mammals.
Mangra plants Inhabit the sedimentary coastal environment, where in places protected from the energy of the waves, fine-disperse sediments accumulate, often with a high content of organics.
Mangra is the habitat of wild animals, including a number of fishing species of fish and crustaceans, at the same time, at a minimum, in some cases, the export of carbon-accumulated carbon is essential in the coastal food network.
Foggy foresteducated by trees with abundant lianas, with thick cover of epiphytic moss.
Characterized by tree ferns, magnolia, camellia, the forest may include non-flow vegetation.
Animal world of rainforest
Since in tropical forests, as a rule, very hot and wet, there are the largest trees and plants in the world. There are so many foods and opportunities to hide from the enemies that much more animals live in these forests than in other areas of the Earth.
Mostly those depicted here animals live in South America, where the world's largest forest array is located. Tropical forests are shown on a white map.
Taking only 6% sushi, the jungle is home to 50% of the types of living beings. Many of them are archaic, ancient. The constant heat and humidity of the jungle allowed them to be preserved to the present day.
The crowns of the tropics are so tightly closed that dwelling here (1. rhino birds, 2.Turko, 3.Tukhans) Almost learned to fly. But they jump perfectly and climb on the branches. In the intricacies of trunks and roots are easy to get lost. One 2007 expedition alone to Borneo island gave the world of 123 not previously known tropical animals.
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Forest inhabitants
The bedding is called the lower tape of tropics. Here are fallen leaves, branches. Upper thickets block light. Therefore, the litter is illuminated only 2% of the total amount of sunlight. It limits vegetation. In the litter, only shadowable representatives of the flora survive. Some plants stretch to the light, climbing the trunks of trees, like Lianam.
These lianas are among the animal litters. Many of them are large and with long necks. This allows, so to speak, get out of the shadows. The rest of the inhabitants of the lower yarus of the tropics do not need lighting, and depend only on heat. We are talking about snakes, frogs, insects and inhabitants of soil.
Tapir
Looks like a pig with a long trunk. In fact, Tapir is a relative of rhinos and horses. Along with the trunk, the length of the animal body is about 2 meters. Tapir weigh approximately 3 centners are found in Asia and America.
By driving a night lifestyle, crucible creatures disguised. Black and white coloring makes tapirov invisible in the dark litter of the jungle, illuminated by the moon.
Animals living in the rainforestburned with a long nose in order to hide from the heat and predators under water. Immersing, tapir leave on the surface of the tip "Trunk". It serves as a breathing tube.
Cuban squalus
He was recognized as extinct at the beginning of the 20th century. At the beginning of the 21st century, the animal found again. Insectivore is a relic look. Externally, its representatives are something average between the hero, rat and earthrooil. Living in the mountain tropics of Cuba, the squalus is the largest of the insectivores. The length of the animal body is equal to 35 centimeters. Weighs squalus near kilogram.
These are not free birds. Awarded the most dangerous on Earth. In Australia, 1-2 people are daily dyed by 1-2 people from powerful paws and clawed wings of Casuarov. How can be the wings of the feathers can be clawed?
The fact is that the aircraft "apparatuses" have converted to sort of rudiments. On their central finger - a sharp claw. Its dimensions and strength scare, if you consider the 500-kilogram poultry weight and 2-meter growth.
Okapi
It is found in the tropics of Africa. In the appearance of the animal, signs of giraffe and zebra are connected. The structure of the body and painting is borrowed from the latter. Black and white stripes decorate their legs. The rest of the body is brown. Head and neck, as if from Giraffe. According to Genome, it is his relative from Ogazi. Otherwise, representatives of the species are called forest giraffes.
The neck is in short, than the savannah giraffes. But the animal has a long tongue. It is pulled on 35 centimeters, bluish color. The organ allows you to get tagged to foliage and clean your eyes, ears.
West Gorilla
Among primates it is the largest, inhabites in the jungle of the center of Africa. The DNA of the animal almost 96% coincides with the human. This applies to both the plains and mountain gorillas. In the tropics live the latter. They are small. In nature, less than 700 s individuals remained.
The same gorillas about 100 thousand. Another 4 thousand are contained in zoos. There are no mountain gorillas in captivity.
Consider walking on the hind legs, the gorillas prefer to move at the same time on the 4th. At the same time, animals put brushes sideways, leaning on the back side of the fingers. Monkeys need to keep skin palms fine and gentle. This is necessary for the proper sensitivity of brushes, subtle manipulations by them.
Sumatran rhinoceros
Among the rhinos is the smallest. In the jungle generally little large animals. First, it is easier to wade through the thickets easier. Secondly, the diversity of tropical species should be in fertile, but small areas.
Among the hornts of Sumatrian, as well as the most ancient and rare. Life of animals in a rainforestlimited by the territories of Borneo Islands and Sumatra. Here rhinos reach a one and a half meters in height and 2.5 in length. Weighs one individual about 1300-kilograms.
Animals undergrowth
The undergrowth is slightly above the litter, it receives 5% of sun rays. In order to capture them, plants grow wide leafy plates. Their area allows you to catch the maximum of light. In height, representatives of the undergrowth flora do not exceed 3-meters. Accordingly, the tier itself is the same as a minus half-meter from the ground.
They come to the canopy. Animals of tropical forest In the undergrowth, often small, sometimes medium sizes. The tier is inhabited by mammals, reptiles, birds.
Jaguar
It dwells in the tropics of America. The weight of the animal is 80-130 kilograms. In America, this is the biggest cat. The color of each individual is unique, like human fingerprints. They compare spots on the skin of predators. Jaguara- Excellent swimmers. On the water of cats prefer to move, clinging to the logs. On land, Jaguars are also associated with trees. On them cats are drained to prey, hiding in the branches of the counterfeit on meat.
Binturong.
Belongs to the family of the willer. Externally, Binturong is something average between cat and raccoon. The animal's relatives are generates and lisangs. Like them, Binturong is a predator. However, the humble appearance seems to discard the fear of animals.
Lives Binturong in the tropics of Asia. Most Indian population. Delicing the territory, Binuturong marks their possessions with a liquid resembling the smell of fried corn.
South American Nosecha
Represents raccoon. An animal long and movable nose. He, like the head of the beast, narrow. With a nose, as a distinctive feature, the name of the species is associated. You can meet his representatives in the tropics of South America.
There roses, like jaguars, are perfectly closed by trees. The noodle is short, but flexible and movable paws with chain claws. The structure of the limbs allows the animals to descend from the trees as ahead with the back and muzzle.
On the trees of the nosech, climbing fruit and hiding against danger. In her absence, the beast is not averse to stroll through the litter of the jungle. Roy her clawed paws, the rose finds reptiles and insects. Being omnivorous, the animal hunts on them.
Frog-tree
Among the existing reptiles are the brightest. On the Stock Foto Animals rainforestallocated to the color in the tones of Indigo. There are also turquoise and isc. black colors. They dismantling the frog on the background of the surrounding nature, like a tropical bud.
The tree has no need to mask. Among reptiles, the animal produces the strongest poison. They don't touch the frog, even seeing his nose. More often predators and people bounce a beauty from blue, fearing poison. One frog injection is enough to kill 10 people. No antidote.
100 substances of non-virological nature are concentrated in the elderly. It is believed that the frog gets them, processing tropical ants that feed on. When the evils contain in captivity on another stern, they become harmless, unbelievable.
Ordinary boav
Similar to Python, but harder it. Removal has no hopeless bone. Find out what animals live in a rainforestIt is important to "discard" the Argentine Break. It settles in arid and deserted places. Other subspecies live in the tropics.
Some snakes hunt in the water. In America, where rivers and lakes are occupied by anaconds, the impregnation on Earth and trees is extracted.
Ordinary boating in the tropics often replaces the cat. Residents of settlements in the jungle make snakes, allowing you to live in barns and warehouses. There we catch mice. Therefore, the snake is considered partially domesticated.
Flying dragon
This is a lizard with skin growths on the sides. They reveal when the animal jumps from the tree, going on the wings. They are not attached to the paws. Swipe the folds are movable, hard ribs.
In the litter of the jungle, the Flying Dragon descends only to lay eggs. They are usually from the 1st to 4th. Lizards instill eggs into fallen foliage or soil.
Tropical Forest Residents
Tropical canopy otherwise called a canopy. His high, broad-sized trees. Their crowns form a sort of roof above the bedding and undergrowth. The height of the canopy is equal to 35-40 meters. In the crowns of trees hides a lot of feathered and arthropods. The latter in half the tropics of 20 million species. Reptiles, invertebrates and mammals at an altitude less.
Kinku
Represents a family of raccoon. Lives kinkagu in America. In the tropics, the animal settles in the crowns of trees. According to their branches, kinkagu moves, clinging to a long tail.
Despite the small similarity and absence of kinship with clips, animals are called wood bears. Business in the diet. Kinkju loves honey. His animal is mined using a language. In length, it reaches 13 centimeters, allowing you to climb into the hive.
Malay Bear
Among the bears, he is the only one almost descends to the ground, lives on the trees. More Malay Kosolapiy is the smallest in his squad. The wool of the bears is shorter than other Potapic. Otherwise, representatives of the Malay species could not live in the tropics of Asia.
Among the bears at the Malay Kosolapoy, the longest language. It reaches 25 centimeters. Claws in the animal are also the longest. And how else to climb trees?
Jacob
One of the smartest parrots. As a real intelligent, Jaco modestly "dressed." Bird plumage gray. Only on the tail there are red feathers. Their shade is not screaming, but rather, cherry. You can see Pernato in the jungle Africa. Animals of tropical foreststhe continent is successfully kept in captivity and often become the heroes of the news.
So, Jaco, named Babei from the United States, remembered the names of the robbers who penetrated his owner's apartment. Birds issued police torn data. The Guinness Book of Records is listed Jaco, who knew about 500 words in different languages. The bird spoke to connected offers.
Katoy
Otherwise, called a spider monkey. An animal is a tiny head, massive on her background of the body, and long, subtle limbs. When the coat extends them between branches, it seems a pahechery, which is waiting for prey. It is confusing and black, shiny animal fur, like a gun on the bodies of arthropods. Catama lives in South and Central America. With a 60-centimeter length of the monkey body, her length
the tail is 90 centimeters.
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Rainbow Toucan
Large bird long to 53 centimeters. The massive and long beak toucan is reached to the fruit on thin branches. Sit on them the bird, shoots will not stand. Weigh Touca about 400-grams. Animal beak painted in green, blue, orange, yellow, red. The body is mostly black, but on the head there is an extensive stain of citric color with a red scarlet edging on the neck. Even eye irises in Tukanana colored, turquoise tone. It becomes clear why the view is called rainbow. Colorful Tucan appearance combined with a fruit variety of tropics. However, the bird can be touched and protein food, catching insects, wood frogs. Sometimes Tukanans are trapping with the chicks of other feathered.
Zlatlamy Kalao
The largest among birds of the tropics of Africa. Bird weighs about 2 kilograms. An animal is called a malicious animal due to the heads sticking on the head. They seem to be raised, form the semblance of the Roman Empire. Golden feathers color. 
On the neck of Kalao there is a portion of naked skin. She is slightly sagging and wrinkled like a grid or turkey. Kalao still distinguishes a massive beak. No wonder the bird belongs to the family of rhinocies.
Three Pale Leniv
What animals in the rainforestmost slow? The answer is obvious. On land, the sloths move with the maximum speed of 16 meters an hour. The main time the animals are carried out on the branches of the African jungle trees. There are sloths hang down their heads. Most of the time animals are sleeping, and the remaining slowly chew leaves.
The sloths are not only feeding with vegetation, but also covered by it. Animal wool is covered with microscopic algae. Therefore, the sloths are greenish. Algae - plants of water bodies. From there, sloths and took the "apartments".
Slow mammals are well swimming. In the rainy season, the lazy people have
overjoy the tree to the tree
Top tier tropics
Animal wet rainforest Upper tier dwell at an altitude of 45-55 meters. At this mark, there are single crowns of especially tall trees. Other trunks do not strive above, because they are not adapted to stand alone in front of the winds and the heat of the sun.
Fight with them and some birds, mammals, manochable. The choice is caused by either the proximity of the feed base, or the presence of a terrain review, or by removing the safe distance from predators and hazards.
Venetian eagle
Among the birds of prey, he is the largest. The length of the animal body exceeds the meter. The wingspan of the wings of the vendency eagle is more than 200-centimeters. A distinctive feature of the species is a joke on the head. At the moments of danger or combat mood, feathers are raised, forming a semblance of a crown, crown.
Human eagle lives in the jungle of Africa. Singing birds you will see rarely. Venetian feathers live in pairs. Even your possessions animals are flying together. "Puting" Orlov, by the way, is approximately 16 square kilometers.
Giant Bat Fox.
The face of this manwork looks like a fox. Hence the name of the animal. His wool, by the way, was reddish, which also reminds of fox. Steam in the sky, Letour open the wings at 170 centimeters. Weighs a giant fox more kilogram.
Giant volatile foxes are found in Asian countries of Thailand, Indonesia and Malaysia. Live winged flocks. Flying 50-100 individuals, foxes suggest horror on tourists. 
Royal Colobus.
Refers to the Martushkov family. From other colobus, it is distinguished by white marks on the chest, tail, cheeks. Mozyshka lives in the jungle of Africa, turning to 60-70 centimeters in length without taking the tail. It is 80 centimeter.
On the ground, the colobuses are rarely descended. The main part of the life of the monkey spend on
the tops of the trees, where they eat fruit.
Output:
Animal world of rainforest - This is a cruel competition not only for the square, light, but also food. Therefore, it is in the jungle that there are species, trapping in that the inhabitants of other places and for food do not consider.
How, for example, at the expense of eucalyptus leaves? Nutrients in them minimum, and poems enough, and only Koala learned to neutralize them. So animal species provided themselves to the abundance of food for which it does not have to fight.
Tropical forest is very rich in animals. In the Amazon Pool and Orinoco lives a lot of various monkeys. In terms of its structure, they differ from the monkeys of the old world living in Africa and India. The monkeys of the old world are called cloth-skinned, American monkeys are called wide. Long chain tail helps monkeys deftly cloud by trees. A particularly long and chain tail in a spider monkey. Another monkey - Ruong, whining the bitch with a tail, keeps them as hand. Ruong called a powerful unpleasant voice.
The strongest predator of the rainforest - Jaguar. This is a large yellow cat with black spots on the skin. She climbs on the trees.
Another big cat is the Puma. She is common in North America to Canada, in South America is found in the steppes to Patagonia. The puma is painted in yellowish gray and somewhat resembles a lion (without the mane); It is probably why it is called American Lvom.
Near the water bodies in more often, you can find an animal that resembles a little horse and even more - rhino. Animal reaches 2 m lengths. The muzzle is elongated, as if elongated in a trunk. This is an American tapir. He, like a pig, loves to lie in the puddles.
In the lakes in the thickets of the cane on the plains of Patagonia and the Nutria lives on the mountain slopes of the Andria, the marsh beaver, or Koipo, is a large rodent value from our river beaver. The life of nutria is associated with water. Nutria is powered by roots of juicy aquatic plants, nests arranges from a reed and cane. Animal gives valuable fur. Nutry transported to the Soviet Union and were released in the walked overgrowns of the Transcaucasus. They acclimatized and breed well. However, they suffer greatly in cold winters, which are in Azerbaijan and Armenia, when the lakes freeze.
An unsuitable for life in freezing water bodies, nutria, diving under the ice, do not find an inverse output. At the same time, their habitats become available for reed cats and sacking, which pass on ice to Nutry nests.
In the forests of South America, armadors, sloths and amusements live.
The body of the armadire is covered with a shell, a little resembling a shield of the turtle. The shell consists of two layers: inside it is bone, outside - horny - and divided into belts, movably interconnected. Giant battleship lives in Guyan and Brazil. The largest of the armadors reach one and a half meters long. Bremenities live in deep norah and only at night go to prey. They feed on termites, ants and different small animals.
The laziness of the muzzle resemble monkeys. Long limbs of these animals are armed with large crucible claws, they received their name for slowness and badness. The dull greenish-gray protective color of the sloth reliably covers it from the eye of the enemy in the branches of the trees. Green algae, which live in its coarse and savory wool, give the sludge. This is one of the wonderful examples of the cohabitation of animal and vegetable organisms.
In the forests of South America there are several types of amusements. It is very interesting to the middle age - Tamandua, with a tenacious tail, he runs out perfectly on inclined trollers and climbs on trees, looking for ants and other insects.
Temple animals in Brazil forests are represented by eared and water oxides. Water opossum, or floating, lives near the rivers and lakes. From the eared, it is distinguished by colorful and swimming pools on the hind legs.
In South America, there are many volatile mice of various species. Among them are bloodsowing leaves, attackers on horses and mules, and vampires.
Despite its ominous name, vampires feed exclusively insects and fruits of plants.
Gaacin is of great interest from birds. This is the Pestro painted, a rather large bird with a big doghole on the head. The Nest of the Goacin is placed over the water, in the branches of trees or thickets of shrubs. Feed the chicks into the water is not scary: they are well swim and dive. At the chicks of Mountains on the first and second fingers of the wing of long claws, helping them to climb on branches and bumps. It is curious that adult Goacin loses the ability of rapid movement in trees.
Studying the structure and lifestyle of gamacin chicks, scientists came to the thoughts that bird ancestors were also lazal on the trees. After all, the fossil first fingers with claws on the wings were on the fossil fingers (archeopteryix).
In the tropical forests of South America, more than 160 species of parrots. The most famous green Amazon parrots. They are well learned to speak.
Only in one country - in America - the smallest birds live - Hummingbird. It is unusually bright and beautifully colored quickly flying birds, some of them size from the bumblebee. There are over 450 types of hummingbird. They, like insects, go around the colors, sucking with a thin beak and language floral juice. In addition, the hummingbirds are powered by small insects.
In the rainforest many different snakes and lizards. Among them, the blows, or boa, anaconda, reaching 11 m of length, Bushmester - 4 m lengths. Many snakes due to the protective color of the skin are little noticeable among forest greenery.
Especially a lot in the wet tropical lizard forest. In the trees sit big widespread gecko. Among other types of lizards are the most interesting Iguana, living on trees and on Earth. This lizard has a very beautiful emerald green color. It feeds on vegetable food.
In the forests of Brazil and Guiana lives a big frog - Suriname Pipa. It is interesting for a special method of reproduction. A pendant caviar female is distributed on the back of the female. Each Iikrinka falls into a separate cell. In the future, the skin is growing, and the cells are closed. Flags are developing on the back of the female; When you grow up, they come out of the cells. Nutrients necessary to frog during development are transmitted from the body of the mother with blood vessels branching in the walls of the skin cells.
In the rivers of tropical America, a large fish is found - electric eel, which has special electrical organs. Electric blows acne stuns prey and scares his enemies.
In many of the rivers of South America, an unusually predatory fish lives - Piranha, 30 cm long. In her strong jaws sit sharp, like knives, teeth. If the river is lowered a piece of meat, piranhas appear from the depths now and instantly tear it. Piranhas feed on fish, attack the ducks and domestic animals, carelessly entered the river. Even such large beasts as tapir suffer from Piranhai. Fish damage lips with animals drinking water. Piranhas are dangerous for people.
In the tropical forests, the world of insects is diverse. Numerous very large day butterflies. They are very beautiful and richly painted, diverse in shape and magnitude. In Brazil, over 700 types of day butterflies, and in Europe there are no more than 150 species.
Very numerous ants. Peeling into the housing of a person, they eat its reserves and are caused significant harm. Umbrellants live in underground galleries. They feed their larvae, they feed the mushroom mold, which is grown on a finely aviced foliage. Ants bring pieces of leaves into an anthill, moving along strictly constant paths.
In the tropical belt of South America many spiders. Among them are the biggest spider-bird. Its value is more than 5 cm. Food is served by lizards, frogs, insects; Apparently, he also attacks on small birds. The same large earthen spiders are found on New Guinea and Java.
In the rainforests of Africa, elephants live, a variety of monkeys, from the animal, a relative giraffe; In rivers - hypopotamas and crocodiles. Human-like monkeys - gorilla and chimpanzees are of the greatest interest. Gorilla is a very large monkey, the growth of males reaches 2 m, the weight is 200 kg. They live in the most deaf, increasing parts of the rainforest and in the mountains. Gorillas arrange a lair on trees or on Earth in thick thickets. Gorilla is very exterminated by a person and are now preserved only in two areas of rainforest Africa - south of Cameroon to R. Congo and in the country of Lake Victoria and Tanganyika.
Chimpanzee is less than a gorilla. Adult male no higher than 1.5 m. They live families, but sometimes gather in small herds. Going away from the trees, chimpanzees go along the ground, leaning on the hands of the hands, compressed in the fists.
In the rainforests of Africa many types of monkeys. Fur from these long-tailed small monkeys of greenish color. Interesting intricate monkeys (colobus), who have no thumb on their hands. The most beautiful of these monkeys - Mesvets. She lives in Ethiopia and in the forests to the west of this country. Macaques related to African Martyrs, live in tropical Asia.
Very characteristic of the African mainland, the dogs-headed monkeys - baboons. They live in the mountains of Africa.
The animal world of Madagascar has some features. So, for example, lemurs live on this island. The body is covered with thick fur. Some have fluffy tails. Mordelov lemurs rather animals than monkeys; Therefore, they are called semoresens.
In the rainforests of Africa many different types of parrots. The most famous gray parrot is Jaco, very well imitating the human voice.
In places in large quantities, crocodiles are preserved. They especially love the rivers whose shores have frightened a thick rainforest. Nile crocodile reaches 7 m lengths.
In the forests of Africa, large, up to 6 m length, fluff - pythons.
Among the fish attracts attention to the two-way protostrus fish, inhabiting or strong lakes and swamps. These fish, except the gills, have the lungs that they breathe during drought. In South America, there lives a two-way Fish Lepidosire, and in Australia - Ceratode.
In the wet deaf forests of O-WFA Sumatra and Borneo (Kalimantan) lives a man-like monkey Orangutan. This is a large monkey covered with rough red wool. In adult males, a big beard grows.
Close to human gibbon monkeys in size less orangutan, the length of his body is 1 m. Gibbon is distinguished by long limbs; He with their help, swinging on the branches, very easily jumps over a tree on a tree. We live gibbons on O-ve Sumatra, on Malakksky Poin and in Burma Mountain Forests.
In the forests of large zonda octors - Sumatra and Borneo - and in East India diverse diverse macales. On O-ve Borneo lives a nosed monkey. She has a long, almost trunk. Old animals, especially in males, the nose is much longer than that of young monkeys.
In the forests of India and on the nearest large islands, the Indian elephant is often found. From a long time, it is tamed by a person and is used in different works.
Well known ordinary Indian rhino - the largest single-legged rhino.
A relative of American tapirov lives in Asia - a shapeless tapir. It reaches 2 m of heights. His back is light, and other parts of the body are covered with short black wool.
Among the predators of the southern part of Asia is the most famous Bengal Tiger. The most tigers have been preserved in India, Indochier, on O-Wah Sumatra and Java.
Tiger - twilight animal; He is hunting for large empty animals. Tiger, in case of injury to an unsuccessful shot of a hunter, illness or headlights or in general, for any reason, lost the ability to hunt behind universal animals that make up its main food, attacks people, becomes "cannibal."
We have tigers in Transcaucasia, Central Asia, Primorye and in the south of the Ussuri Territory.
The leopard is distributed in the southern part of Asia, in the forests of large Zondi O-Gossi and in Japan. It is found in the Caucasus, in the mountains of Central Asia and in Primorye. We are called Barz. Leopard attacks domestic animals; He is a chiter, bold, dangerous for both man. On large sordic o-cars there are often leopards of black; They are called black pants.
In South Asia, Bear Gubach and Malay Bear - Biruang live. Gubach is a major, heavy beast, armed with long claws, allowing him to look good on the trees. The painting of his fur is black, on the chest a large white stain. His big lips are movable, they can pull the tube, and long tongue the bear pulls out of the gaps of insect trees. Lives Gubach in the tropical forests on P - vestan and on the O-ve Ceylon. It is powered by plants, fruits, berries, insects, bird eggs and small animals.
At the Malay Bear Fur Short, Black. He spends most of his life on the trees, feeding the fruits and insects.
In tropical asia a lot of birds. One of the most beautiful is the peacock living in a wild state on Java, Ceylon and indochite.
In the forests of the Zonda OG, on Ceylon and in India there are banquets, or shrub, chickens - wild ancestors of home chickens, many types of pheasants and other chicken.
South Asia's water inhabited by long-world crocodiles - Gavians. They live in r. Gange.
P-Malacca is found a snake mesh python, reaching 10 m lengths.
In the forests of India, there are many poisonous snakes, from the bites of which a large number of people suffer annually. The most dangerous is a cobra, or a pool snake. She got its name for the stains behind the head, similar to the glasses.
Tropics are settled by many amphibians, or amphibians. Among them are the Yavanskaya Flying Frog. Strongly developed membranes between the fingers of the front and rear paws allow it, planning, jumping from one tree to another.
Having read the spread of animals on the globe, it is not difficult to see that similar animals live on different continents under similar habitat. Some species adapted to life in the tundra, others in the steppes and deserts, the third in the mountains and forests. Each mainland has its own animal world - species of animals that live only on this mainland. Especially in this regard, the animal world of Australia, which we consider below.
Studying the past of land in the fossil remnants of animals, sometime ingoing continents and islands, scientists concluded that the composition of the fauna, i.e., the animal world was continuously changed into all geological era. Between the continents there were compounds; For example, between Asia and North America there was a connection. Animals, inhabited by Asia, could penetrate America; Therefore, in the fauna of America and Asia, we currently see a lot of similarities. The geological history of the Earth helps to find out some of the features in the spread of animals by the mainland. So, the remains of the sample animals are found in the ancient layers of the Earth and America. Nowadays, these silence live only in Australia and only a few species in America. Consequently, before the silent on the globe were spread much wider. This confirms the opinion of geologists about the connection that existed between these continents.
After examining the composition of the animal world of individuals and islands, scientists divided the globe on the fields characterized by the species of animals found only in this area.
The main areas are as follows: Australian, Nekhopic (South and Central America), Ethiopian (Africa), Eastern, or Indo-Malay, Hollarctic (North Asia, Europe and North America).
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