Genius and evils.
Werner von Brown is one of the founders of modern rocket launchers, the creator of the first ballistic missiles, a member of the NSDAP since 1937 and the Shturmbannfür MOP. After the Second World War - the key figure of American astronautics. The physicist and the rocket engineer, the chief designer of the Saturn-5 missile, which in 1967 brought the Apollo 11 spacecraft to the orbit, which took the crew to the moon.
1. Family.
Baron ( Freiherr.) Werner Magnus Maximilian von Brown ( Wernher Magnus Maximilian Von Braun) Born on March 23, 1912 in the town of Virzitz ( Wirsitz., now Wyrzysk,Poland) in Prussia. Father Magnus von Brown held the post of Minister of Food and Agriculture in the Government of the Weimar Republic, Mother, Emmy von Kvistorp, was from the Prussian royal family. At the age of 13, for confirmation, it was Mom who presented the future telescope to the future rocket student.
2. You remember how it all started.
The first experience in the rocketism was not very successful - 12-year-old Werner, inspired by the speed records on cars with Max Rocket Engines, Valier and Fritz's Opel, blew up a toy car, which attached many Petard, on a crowded street. The little inventor was first taken into custody, he was taken to the police and kept there until his father had come to him in the site. 
In 1930, Werner enters the Berlin Technical University, which joins the Space Travel Society group (VEREIN FÜR RAUMSCHIFFAHRT - "VFR"), takes part in the testing engine tests on liquid fuel, later studies in the Swiss Higher Technical School of Zurich. His thesis dated April 16, 1934 is called "Constructive, theoretical and experimental approaches to the problem of creating a rocket on liquid fuel" and becomes secret at the request of the Wehrmacht. At the end of 1934, the Group under his leadership successfully launches two rockets that reach a height of 2.2 and 3.5 kilometers. From 1937 to 1945, Von Brown works on the Rocket base of Petermünde on the Baltic Sea, where he participates in the creation of the so-called "Raising Weapon".
3. Weapon Retribution.
Fau-2, ( V-2 - VergeeltungSwaffe-2, Retribution Weapons, Other Title: A-4 - Aggregat-4) - Single-stage ballistic rocket on liquid fuel. It started vertically, an autonomous gyroscopic control system equipped with a speed-based mechanism and instruments to measure the trajectory took place. The maximum flight speed is up to 6120 km / h, the flight range reached 320 km, the height of the trajectory is 100 km. The combat part accommodated up to 800 kg of ammotola. The average cost is 119,600 Reichsmarock. 
One of the most revolutionary technological solutions applied to FAu-2 was the automatic guidance system, which did not require constant adjustment from the ground, the target coordinates were introduced into the onboard analog calculator before starting. The gyroscopes installed on the rocket controlled its spatial position during the entire flight and any deviation from the specified trajectory was straightened by steering on the side stabilizers. 
4. Combat efficiency.
Weapon of retaliation, to which Hitler mentioned so, and which should have been horrified by residents of London and Antwerp, was actually useless. The rocket was seriously lacking, and the level of the then technologies could not provide acceptable accuracy, half of the launched rockets had reached the target, and she worked on the principle of "to whom God will send." 
In the UK, 2724 people died from missile strikes, that is, each rocket, it is an expensive miracle of German engineering, killed one or two people. However, for the civilian population, the horror of these missiles was different: their approximation could not warn sirens of an air alarm, Fow-2 was struck suddenly and were a factor in demoralization. 
In fact, Fau-2 caused another terrible damage - those who collected it became its main victims. Captured worked at the round-clock worked by the underground factory "Mittelverk", many prisoners who owned the necessary technical skills, for example, welders were reduced from other camps. The conditions for the existence of prisoners were terrifying: people were kept without sunlight, in antisanitarian, they were starving and laid off. 
There were cases of killing prisoners for trying to sabotage work: according to eyewitness testimonies who defended themselves demonstratively hung on the taps of assembly lines and the Sturmbannfür von Brown witnessed these executions.
5. Career in SS.
Werner von Brown himself was least like a naive spacecraft that braves money for the Nazis for the sake of a bright dream of space. He was not only a member of the Nazi party, he made a career in Waffen SS from Untershurmführera to Surbannfürera (corresponds to the army titles of Lieutenant and Major), he knew perfectly that the concentration cams were working at the plant for the manufacture of his missiles. 
He regularly communicated with the highest Nazi command, and did not have a big mind to understand what mode it works. It was the von Brown that convinced Hitler to focus on the manufacture of the Fau-2 missile and the fact that in a military sense this rocket turned out to be ineffective, does not relieve its creator from responsibility - after FAU-2, the development of a new, more powerful missile has begun in Penelund , designed to defeat large objects, but finish the project simply did not have time. 
6. Operations "Clip".
In the spring of 1945, Von Brown and his staff decided to surrender to the Americans. In June 1945, the movement of the Chief and his staff in America was approved at the US Secretary of State, but before October 1, 1945 there was nothing to know about this. The intelligence services "washed" against Brown from Nazism, he was among the scientists for which the United Agency for US intelligence purposes ( Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency, Jioa) Created fictitious biographies and deleted mention of military ranks, membership in NSDAP and links to the Nazi regime from open records. 
As a result, Von Brown, personally responsible for the shelling of London, Antwerp, Paris and the death of prisoners, instead of a trial as a war criminal, were instructed to lead the American Space Program.
7. Start of the cosmic race.
America got a von Brown, the Soviet Union - the Mittelverk Assembly Plant and a few who survived Fau, the truth without drawings and calculations. Like the Americans, the Russian rackets disassemble the trophy to the screw and completely copied. It turned out not just, in the country for rocket meal I had to create a modern technical base - for example, more than 40 different rubber varieties were used in the Fau design, while the USSR industry produced only eight. 
The first Soviet ballistic missile P-1 was a modified modification of the FAu-2, but the subsequent P-2 and P-5 became a technological breakthrough, and the recycled R-7, a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile, became the carrier of the first artificial satellites of the Earth.
And here is Brown background? The fundamental principles underlying rocket technology have not undergone significant changes for these 70 years. The design of all rocket engines remains the same, most of them work on liquid fuel, and in the onboard control systems, gyroscopes are still used - all these decisions were first implemented on its development. We still continue to live in the Fau-2 era.
8. Career in the USA.
After several moves von Brown and the remaining part of his team from Penemünde settled in Fort Bliss, Texas, on the major base of the American army north of El Paso. The work was moved slowly, any proposal concerning new ideas about rockets was rejected: Americans considered every cent. Since 1956, Brown has headed the program for the development of the intercontinental ballistic missile "Redstone" and cosmic missiles based on it - "Jupiter-C", "Junon" and the Satellite "Explorer". 
The impetus for accelerating work and their financing was launched by the Soviet Union of the first artificial satellite, only after that Brown received permission to launch "Juno" - the satellite fell into space late for one year. It was the variant of the Raisters "Redstone" was used in 1961 to launch into space of the first American astronaut Alan Shepard. 
9. Awards did not bypassed an outstanding scientist.
And it would be nice all the rewards at once looked together, and even on black uniform?
10. Apolitical genius.
When it became clear that America could be a whole city of one and only bomb,
A certain scientist, contacting his father, said: "Now science has learned a sin."
And you know what he said? He said: "What is sin?"
In physics (1934)
Werner Magnus Maximilian Frajerr von Brown (it. Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr Von Braun; March 23, Wirzitz, Province of Posen, Prussia - June 16, Alexandria, Virginia, USA) - German, and from the late 1940s - American constructor of rocket and space technology, one of the founders of modern rocket launchers, the creator of the first ballistic missiles, a member of the NSDAP Since 1937, the Shturmbannfürer SS. In the US, he is considered the "father" of the American Space Program.
Encyclopedic YouTube.
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Subtitles
Biography
Werner von Brown was born in the city of Virzitz in the province of the Province of the then German Empire (now - the Library in Poland). He was the second of three sons in the family belonging to the aristocratic genus, and inherited the title "Frajerr" (corresponds to Baron). His father, Magnus von Brown (1878-1972), was the Minister of Food and Agriculture in the Government of the Weimar Republic. His mother, Emmy von Kvistorp (1886-1959), both line ancestors were appreciated to royal families. Werner had a younger brother who was also called Magnus von Brown. For confirmation, the mother presented a telescope to the future rocket student, which gave him an impetus to the passion of astronomy.
After World War I, Wirzitz was transferred to Poland, and his family, like many other German families, left for Germany. Brown's background Deli in Berlin, where 12-year-old Werner, inspired by Max Valle's speed records and fric ocel background, implemented on cars with rocket engines, caused a large confusion on a crowded street, blowing up the toy car to which the many Petard attached. The little inventor was taken to the police and kept there until his father had come to him in the site.
Von Brown was a musician amateur, received an appropriate education, could play the works of Bach and Beethoven by memory. He since an early age learned to play the violin and piano and initially dreamed of becoming a composer. He took lessons from Paul Hindemita, the famous German composer. Several youthful writings von Brown have been preserved, and they all resemble the works of Hindemet.
In 1930 he began working on rockets on liquid fuel in Germany. In 1932, Dornberger was adopted in the Military Rocket Scientific Science group. In 1932-1933, at the landfill near Kummersdorf, there was a launch of several missiles to a height of 2000-2500 meters.
Work on Fow-2 in Nazi Germany
Werner von Brown worked on his dissertation, when Hitler and NSDAP came to power in 1933. RocketAducation almost immediately became an important issue of the agenda. Captain Artillery Walter Dornberger, who actually supervised the development of missiles in the Reichsvere, organized the provision of Brown from the department of artillery armament of a grant for research. Since that time, Brown worked next to the existing Quammersdorf Experimental Polygon Dornberger for solid fuel missiles. He was awarded the degree of doctor of physical sciences (rocket building) on \u200b\u200bJuly 25, 1934 from the University of Berlin for the work entitled "On the Signing Experiences", his curator was the German physicist Erich Schuman. But it was only an open part of his work, a full dissertation, dated April 16, 1934, was called "constructive, theoretical and experimental approaches to the problem of creating a rocket on liquid fuel." She was classified at the request of the army and was not published until 1960. By the end of 1934, his group successfully launched two rockets that reached a height of 2.2 and 3.5 km.
At that time, the Germans were extremely interested in the development of the American Robert Goddard Racket. Until 1939, German scientists epizodically contacted Goddard directly to discuss technical issues. Werner von Brown used Goddard schemes published in different magazines, and united them during the construction of a series of Aggregat missiles (a). The A-4 rocket is more known as Fow-2. In 1963, Brown, reflecting on the history of missiles, so responded about the work of Goddard: "His rockets ... For today, the standards could seem very primitive, but they left a noticeable trace in development and already had many elements that are used in the most modern rockets and spacecraft "
In 1944, shortly before the Nazis began to bombard England with the help of FAu-2, Goddard confirmed that von Brown took advantage of his works. The prototype of FAu-2 flew into Sweden and crashed there. Some parts from the rocket were transferred to the United States, to the laboratory in Annapolis, where Goddard conducted studies for the Navy of the States. Apparently, Goddard studied the fragments of the rocket, which on June 13, 1944, as a result of the personnel's technical error, went to the wrong course and crashed near the Swedish town of Beckebu. The Government of Sweden exchanged a wreckage of an unknown missile of the British on the fighters of Spitfire. Only some part of the debris got into Annapolis. Godarddard identified those details of the rocket, the inventor of which he was, and concluded that the fruit of his works turned into a weapon.
From the moment when Space Travel Society VFR stopped its work in 1933, there were no rocket associations in Germany, and the new Nazi regime banned civilian experiences. The rockets were allowed to build only the military, and for their needs was built a huge missile center (it. HeeresVersuchsanstalt Peenemünde.) In the village of Penelund in the north of Germany, in the Baltic Sea. This place was chosen in part on the recommendation of the mother's background Brown, remembered that her father loved in those places to hunt ducks. Dornberger became the Military Head of the Polygon, and Brown - Technical Director. In collaboration with Luftwaffe, the Center in Penemünde developed rocket engines on liquid fuel, as well as reactive bootable accelerators for aircraft. Also, there was also a ballistic missile for the far radius A-4 and a supersonic anti-aircraft missile "Wasserfal".
After the war, explaining why he became a member of NSDAP, Brown wrote:
"I officially demanded from me to join the National Socialist Party. At that time (1937) I was already the technical director of the Military Rocket Center in Peimende ... My refusal to join the party would mean that I should refuse the matter of my life. Therefore, I decided to join. My membership in the party did not mean for me to participate in any political activity ... In the spring of 1940, the SS Muller SOC came to me in Petermayunde and told me that Reichsführer SS Henry Himmler sent him with the order to convince me to join the SS. I immediately called my military boss ... Major General V. Dornbergeru. He answered me that ... if I wish to continue our collaboration, then I do not have another choice, except to agree. "
Brown's approval is disputed by some biographers, because in 1940 Waffen-CC has not yet shown any interest in the work carried out in Peimenund. The statement is also challenged that people with the stature of Brown pushed to join NSDAP and SS. Commenting on your photo, where he poses in the SS uniform behind Himmler, Brown said that she was put on the form only for that case. However, in 2002, the former SS officer in Penelund Ernst Kütbach told the BBC that von Brown regularly appeared on official events in SSEs form. Initially, von Brown received Chin Untersturmfürera, subsequently, Himmler raised him three times in rank, for the last time in June 1943 to the SS Shurmbannfürera. Brown stated that it was an automatic increase, the notification of which he received every year by mail.
By that time, the British and Soviet intelligence services were aware of the missile program and team of developers in Penemünde. On the night of August 17-18, 1943, English bombarding aircraft conducted a hydra operation. 596 aircraft took a course on Peimnyund and dropped 1800 tons of bombs on a missile center. Nevertheless, the center itself survived, and the main group of developers. But during the raid, the engine designer Walter Til (Walter Thiel) and Chief Engineer Walter (Walther) were killed, which delayed the German rocket program.
The first combat A-4, in order to propaganda renamed V-2 (VergeeltungSwaffe 2 - "Weapon of Retribution 2"), was released on the UK on September 7, 1944, just 21 months after the project was officially adopted.
At the same time, the experiments of the Helmut Walter with rockets on hydrogen peroxide led to the creation of lungs and simple jet walter engines, comfortable and for installation on the aircraft. Helmut Walter in Kiel ReichSministry Aviation also instructed to create a rocket engine for He 112. And two different rocket engines passed in Neyhardenberg: two different rocket engine: the engine brown background on ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen and the walter engine on hydrogen peroxide and calcium peroxide as a catalyst. In the brown engine, the reactive jet was created as a result of the direct burning of fuel, and a chemical reaction was used in the Walter engine at which the split steam occurs. Both engines created traction and ensured high speed. Subsequent flights on HE 112 occurred on the Walter engine. It was more reliable, easier to manage and represented a smaller danger both for a pilot and for the aircraft.
Using slave labor
On August 15, 1944, Brown wrote a letter to Albin Sawatzki, who led the production of V-2, in which he agreed to personally take away employees from Buchenwald's concentration camp, which, as he allegedly acknowledged 25 years later, were in a "terrible state."
In the book "Werner von Brown: Knight of Cosmos" (eng. Wernher Von Braun: Crusader for Space) Brown repeatedly claims that he was aware of the conditions of workers, but he felt absolutely unable to change them. His friend leads words von Brown on a visit to the Mittelver:
It was terribly. My first motive was to talk to one of the CS guards, for which I heard a sharp answer, which I should do my work or I risen to be in the same striped prison robe! ... I realized that any attempt to refer to the principles of humanity would be completely useless.
P. 44 English edition
When Participant of Brown's team Conrad Dunnenberg in an interview with "The Huntsville Times" was asked if Brown could protest against the terrible conditions for the content of subane workers, he replied: "If he had done it, then I think it could be shifted in place."
Others accused Von Brown in the fact that he participated in inhuman treatment or permission to such a relationship. Gi Moran (Guy Morand), a French member of the resistance, a prisoner in the concentration camp of the Dora, in 1995 he witnessed that after an obvious attempt to sabotage:
Do not even hear my explanations, (Brown von) ordered Maister (Meister) to give me 25 strokes ... Then, deciding that the blows were not strong enough, he ordered me to be more cruel ... von Brown ordered to translate me that I deserve the worst In fact, I deserved to hang me out ... I believe that his cruelty, the victim of which I personally became an eloquent testimony of his Nazi fanaticism.
Biddle, Wayne. Dark Side Of The Moon (W.W. Norton, 2009) PP. 124-125.
Another French prisoner Robert Kazabon (Robert Cazabonne) argued that he was a witness as a von Brown stood and watched, as prisoners hung on the circuits of the lifts. Brown himself stated that he "never saw any ill-treatment or murders" and only "rumors came out ... that some of the prisoners were hanged in underground galleries."
Arrest and exemption at the Nazi
According to the French historian, Andre Selre, who passed through the concentration camp, Mittelbau, Himmler in February 1944 adopted Brown's background in his headquarters Gokwald in East Prussia. To strengthen its position in the hierarchy of the Nazi government, Heinrich Gimmler gave a plot that with the help of Cammler to take control over all German weapons programs, including the development of FAu-2 in Penelund. Therefore, Himmler advised Brown to cooperate more closely with Cammaker in solving FAU-2 problems. However, according to Brown's von himself, he replied that problems with FAU-2 purely technical and he was confident that he would solve them with the help of Dornberger.
Apparently, the von Brown background from October 1943 consisted under the supervision of the SD. One day, a report was received on how he and his colleagues Claus Ridel and Helmut Grettuproup in the evening at the engineer expressed regret that they do not work on the space ship and they all believe that the war is not going well. This was regarded as "affected moods". About these statements reported a young dentist who was simultaneously the SS agent. Together with the false accusations of the Himmler about the sympathy of Brown Communists and the alleged attempts to sabotage the FAu-2 program, and taking into account that Brown had a pilot diploma and flew regularly on the aircraft provided by the state and, thus, could escape in England - all this It was the cause of arrest background Brown Gestapo.
Not waiting for nothing bad Brown was arrested on 14 or 15 March 1944 and was thrown into the Gestapo prison in Shttttin. There he spent two weeks, not knowing what he was accused. Only with the help of Abver in Berlin Dornberger managed to achieve conditional liberation von Brown, and Albert Speer, Reichs Minister of Arms and Military Industry, convinced Hitler to restore Brown as the FAu-2 program to continue. Steeper, quoting in his memoirs "FührerProtokoll" (minutes of Hitler's meetings) dated May 13, 1944, writes that Hitler said in conclusion: "With regard to B., I guarantee you that he will be released from persecution until It will be needed, despite the general difficulties that may follow. "
Capture to the Americans
In March, being on a business trip, Brown broke his left hand and shoulder due to the fact that his driver fell asleep behind the wheel. The fracture turned out to be complicated, but Brown insisted, so that he was put on the gypsum bandage and he could no longer stay in the hospital. The designer underestimated the injury, the bone began to fight incorrectly, a month later he had to go to the hospital again, where he broke his hand again and put the bandage on a new one.
In April, the allied troops penetrated deep enough to Germany. Cammler ordered a scientific team to take the train and go to Oberammergau in the Bavarian Alps. Here they were under a thorough protection of the SS, which was ordered to eliminate all rackets in the threat of their entry to the enemy. However, Brown Background managed to convince Major SS Kummer dispersed the group on the closest villages so as not to become a light target for American bomber.
On May 2, 1945, noting the American soldier from the 44 infantry division, Brother Werner and part-time his colleague engineer Magnus caught up with his bike and told him on broken English: "My name is Magnus von Brown. My brother invented Fow-2. We want to surrender. " After the captivity, Brown said the press:
"We know that we have created a new means of warfare and now a moral choice - which nation, what the victorious people we want to entrust our brainchild - we are sharper than ever before. We want the world to not be involved in the conflict, similar to that through which Germany just passed. We believe that only by passing such a weapon to those people who instruct the Bible path, we can be sure that the world is protected in the best way. "
The highest ranks of the US command knew well, how valuable mining came across them in hand: the surname von Brown headed the "black list" - the code name of the list of German scientists and engineers from among those whom American military experts would like to interrogate as soon as possible. July 19, 1945, two days before the planned transmission of the territory in the Soviet occupation zone, the Major of the American army Robert B. Stewer, the chef of the reactive movement of the research and intelligence service of the Artillery Corps of the US Army in London and Lieutenant Colonel R. L. Williams were planted von Brown and Heads of his departments in the jeep and delivered from Garmishe to Munich. Then the group was transported by air to Nordhausen, and the next day - by 60 km south-west, in the town of Witzenhausen, who was in the American occupation zone. Bronown von Brown briefly delayed in the dustbin interrogation center (English Dustbin, "garbage box"), where representatives of the elite of the Third Reich in the field of economics, science and technology interrogated English and American intelligence services. Initially, it was recruited to work in the United States under the program "Eurence" operation (Eng. Operation Overcast), later the "Clip" operating operation later became known called.
Career in the USA
US Army
Post-war
Despite the attention that the US authorities have been given after the launch of the USSR of the first artificial satellite of the Earth in 1957 by space flights, the first man in space in 1961 was not an American again in Space. Yuri Gagarin's flight caused John Kennedy software speech in which he stated that it was necessary for the prestige of the nation to ensure the landing of the American astronaut on the moon until 1970. Werner von Brown became the head of the US Lunar Program.
Since 1970, the Deputy Director of NASA on planning piloted space flights, since 1972 he worked in the industry as a vice-president of Farchild Space Industries in Jermantau, Maryland.
Its projects of the lunar station were not destined to be realized in connection with the overturning of the struggle of two powers (US and USSR) for prevailing in the development of the Moon. The results of its work became a powerful basis for the conquest of space by other constructors of rocket technology.
Death
After NASA leaves in 1972 he lived only five years and died from
Supporters of the thesis "There was nothing good in Soviet history" come to indescribable anger when the argument is heard "What about Cosmos?".
Deciminate the fact that the first satellite of the Earth and the first flight of a person in orbit is Soviet achievements, it is impossible.
But on this, no executors have their own argument: "This Father of Cosmonautics is not Sergey Korolev., but Werner von Brown. Korolev achieved success only thanks to its developments. "
Such a statement is very far from the truth. But indeed, the first years of the conquest of cosmos poured into a duel between the Queen and the von Brown.
At the fans of Verner von Brown, a difficult task - because, contrary to the words of the poet, the scientist successfully combined in his biography of genius and villain.
He was born on March 23, 1912 in the city of Virzitz in Province of the German Empire. True, today the generic nest of the scientist is located in the territory of modern Poland. Werner came from the aristocratic family. His father at the time of the Weimar Republic held the post of Minister of Food and Agriculture.
After World War I, the Family Von Brown moved to Berlin, where Werner combined the passion for astronomy and technical innovations. At the age of 12, he tried to turn a toy car into racing, attaching to him from the Petard. The machine exploded safely, and the "inventor" was sent to the police station, from where he had to take his father.
Space Enthusiast and Military Rockets
At the School, Verneru was best given physics and mathematics. Once he came across the book of "German Tsiolkovsky" German Oberta "Rocket for interplanetary space." After that, the young man literally fell ill with the idea of \u200b\u200bconquering space.
In 1930, he entered the Berlin Technical University, where he joined the Society "Society of Cosmic Travels", who worked on creating a rocket engine on liquid fuel.
The German military drew attention to the talented student. The Versailles Agreement seriously limited Germany in developing weapons. But then, when the contract was signed, seriously about the rocket technology did not go. Using this loophole, the German command decided to work on rocket weapons.
In 1932, with a group of scientists, Werner von Brown begins to work on rocket weapons, testing the first samples at the landfill near Kummemersdorf.
In 1933, the Nazis came to power led by Adolf Hitler. For German scientists, it is time to choose - some decided to leave the country, others accepted the conditions of the new regime. Werner von Brown referred to the second.
He received funds for experiments necessary for the dissertation "Constructive, theoretical and experimental considerations to the problem of liquid missiles", and in July 1934, he successfully defended it, becoming the most young doctor of science in Germany.
By December 1934, the A-2 sample rose to a height of 2300 meters. Successes von Brown convinced the military in the fact that he needs to create the most comfortable conditions for work. In 1937, a landfill and research center were created in Peimende.
Werner von Brown holds in his hands model Fau-2. Source: Public Domain
On the side of the evil
The fans of Brown's background are trying to present his "novel" with the Nazis as forced. In practice, however, this is not the case - the scientist became a member at first NSDAP, and then the SS officer.
"I officially demanded from me to join the National Socialist Party. At that time (1937) I was already the technical director of the Military Rocket Center in Peimende ... My refusal to join the party would mean that I should refuse the matter of my life. Therefore, I decided to join. My membership in the party did not mean participation in any political activity ... In the spring of 1940, I came to me in Petermayund standantführer MS Muller and told me that reichsführer SS Henry Himmlersaved him with the order to convince me to join the SS. I immediately called my military boss ... Major General V. Dornbergeru. He answered me that ... if I wish to continue our joint work, then I do not have another choice, except to agree, "the constructor gave written explanations to the Americans after the war.
Historians look at it skeptical: for the Nazis von Brown was too valuable specialists, and no one would force him to wear a SESS form. Witnesses argued that Brown von Sturbanfürera SS, loved to sugregate the SSO, although Von Brown assured himself that she put it just a few times on official events.
Fow-2. Photo: www.globallookpress.com.
Thousands of victims of Professor Von Brown
In 1942, Werner von Brown conducted the first successful tests of FAu-2. It was the world's first ballistic long-range missile. Nazi leadership, including Hitler, was delighted, von Brown received the title of professor.
Fau-2 combat runs began in 1944. As a result of missile strikes, about 3,000 people died in London, but the "Fow-2" weapon "did not become.
This today allows the fans of Werner von Brown to argue that he even ... contributed to the defeat of Germany. Referred to the words of Hitler minister of Armament Albert Sperewho called "Fow-2" "ridiculous check", on which huge money was spent.
In fact, von Brown just did not have time. His rockets were not yet too reliable, did not differ in high precision, and from the east, the Red Army was already approaching. But even scary to think about how the case turned if the German nuclear scientists would succeed in creating an atomic charge for the brain of Verner von Brown.
The slave labor of prisoners was used on the construction and further maintenance of landfill facilities, primarily Soviet prisoners of war.
Werner von Brown after the war confessed that he saw the "disgusting" conditions in which there were workers, but could not do anything about it. He allegedly knew anything about massive death.
However, French prisoners Gi Moran and Robert Kazabonthey testified that the designer personally gave orders for corporal punishments, and also attended the execution of the prisoners.
The Underground Plant "Mittelverk", which produced FAU-2 key nodes, was serviced by the concentration camp "DORA". When this territory was released, the burial of 25,000 dead prisoners was detected in the camp. Another 5,000 Nazis executed immediately before the retreat so that the prisoners did not give their secrets.
Believe the fact that the SS officer and a member of NSDAP Werner von Brown was not informed about all this, only a very naive man can only.
Von Brown, after passing the Allies in May 1945. Left - Dornberger. Source: Public Domain
American Trophy
I must say that in 1944 von Brown, two weeks spent in conclusion. Hitler who was in the bad arrangement of the spirit of Hitler, reported that the main racket with assistants discusses the prospects ... flights to Mars. The angry Führer ordered to arrest the background of Brown. Only the intercession of general and minister of armaments Albert Spear made it possible to free the designer.
By the spring of 1945, Werner von Brown perfectly understood that the Nazis business was lost. He also understood that his team was a valuable prize for the winners. With those who give up, the designer decided pretty quickly. He himself then will tell the press: "We know that we have created a new means of warfare and now a moral choice - what nation, what the victorious people we want to entrust our brainchild - we are sharper than ever before. We want the world to not be involved in the conflict, similar to that through which Germany just passed. We believe that only by passing such a weapon to those people who instruct the Bible path, we can be sure that the world is protected in the best way. "
It seems that however, that his arguments were actually easier - the deaths of thousands of Soviet prisoners of war were on his conscience, and Werner von Brown feared that in the USSR, for it they would ask him throughout the rigor.
He had to show extreme tremors in March-April 1945 - the SSEECH Guard received an instruction from Berlin to shoot all scientists if the danger of their capture would arise. But the guard saw what the case was going on, so the background Brown managed to convince them not to fulfill this order.
Within the framework of the "Stretch" Operation, Werner von Brown, together with his group, departed to work in the United States. Americans got the main technical developments of Peimenund. When Sergey Korolev and other Soviet technical experts arrived at the polygon, they got, which is called "crumbs from the Barsky table." As a result, the father of the Soviet Space Program, starting with copying German developments, very soon went his own way, which led him to triumph.
Participants of the "Clip" operation on the evacuation of German scientists and designers from the defeated Third Reich in the United States. Werner von Brown 7th on the right in the 1st row.
Genius and evils.
Werner von Brown is one of the founders of modern rocket launchers, the creator of the first ballistic missiles, a member of the NSDAP since 1937 and the Shturmbannfür MOP. After the Second World War - the key figure of American astronautics. The physicist and the rocket engineer, the chief designer of the Saturn-5 missile, which in 1967 brought the Apollo 11 spacecraft to the orbit, which took the crew to the moon.
1. Family.
Baron ( Freiherr.) Werner Magnus Maximilian von Brown ( Wernher Magnus Maximilian Von Braun) Born on March 23, 1912 in the town of Virzitz ( Wirsitz., now Wyrzysk,Poland) in Prussia. Father Magnus von Brown held the post of Minister of Food and Agriculture in the Government of the Weimar Republic, Mother, Emmy von Kvistorp, was from the Prussian royal family. At the age of 13, for confirmation, it was Mom who presented the future telescope to the future rocket student.
2. You remember how it all started.
The first experience in the rocketism was not very successful - 12-year-old Werner, inspired by the speed records on cars with Max Rocket Engines, Valier and Fritz's Opel, blew up a toy car, which attached many Petard, on a crowded street. The little inventor was first taken into custody, he was taken to the police and kept there until his father had come to him in the site.
In 1930, Werner enters the Berlin Technical University, which joins the Space Travel Society group (VEREIN FÜR RAUMSCHIFFAHRT - "VFR"), takes part in the testing engine tests on liquid fuel, later studies in the Swiss Higher Technical School of Zurich. His thesis dated April 16, 1934 is called "Constructive, theoretical and experimental approaches to the problem of creating a rocket on liquid fuel" and becomes secret at the request of the Wehrmacht. At the end of 1934, the Group under his leadership successfully launches two rockets that reach a height of 2.2 and 3.5 kilometers. From 1937 to 1945, Von Brown works on the Rocket base of Petermünde on the Baltic Sea, where he participates in the creation of the so-called "Raising Weapon".
3. Weapon Retribution.
Fau-2, ( V-2 - VergeeltungSwaffe-2, Retribution Weapons, Other Title: A-4 - Aggregat-4) - Single-stage ballistic rocket on liquid fuel. It started vertically, an autonomous gyroscopic control system equipped with a speed-based mechanism and instruments to measure the trajectory took place. The maximum flight speed is up to 6120 km / h, the flight range reached 320 km, the height of the trajectory is 100 km. The combat part accommodated up to 800 kg of ammotola. The average cost is 119,600 Reichsmarock.
One of the most revolutionary technological solutions applied to FAu-2 was the automatic guidance system, which did not require constant adjustment from the ground, the target coordinates were introduced into the onboard analog calculator before starting. The gyroscopes installed on the rocket controlled its spatial position during the entire flight and any deviation from the specified trajectory was straightened by steering on the side stabilizers.
4. Combat efficiency.
Weapon of retaliation, to which Hitler mentioned so, and which should have been horrified by residents of London and Antwerp, was actually useless. The rocket was seriously lacking, and the level of the then technologies could not provide acceptable accuracy, half of the launched rockets had reached the target, and she worked on the principle of "to whom God will send."
In the UK, 2724 people died from missile strikes, that is, each rocket, it is an expensive miracle of German engineering, killed one or two people. However, for the civilian population, the horror of these missiles was different: their approximation could not warn sirens of an air alarm, Fow-2 was struck suddenly and were a factor in demoralization.
In fact, Fau-2 caused another terrible damage - those who collected it became its main victims. Captured worked at the round-clock worked by the underground factory "Mittelverk", many prisoners who owned the necessary technical skills, for example, welders were reduced from other camps. The conditions for the existence of prisoners were terrifying: people were kept without sunlight, in antisanitarian, they were starving and laid off.
There were cases of killing prisoners for trying to sabotage work: according to eyewitness testimonies who defended themselves demonstratively hung on the taps of assembly lines and the Sturmbannfür von Brown witnessed these executions.
5. Career in SS.
Werner von Brown himself was least like a naive spacecraft that braves money for the Nazis for the sake of a bright dream of space. He was not only a member of the Nazi party, he made a career in Waffen SS from Untershurmführera to Surbannfürera (corresponds to the army titles of Lieutenant and Major), he knew perfectly that the concentration cams were working at the plant for the manufacture of his missiles.
He regularly communicated with the highest Nazi command, and did not have a big mind to understand what mode it works. It was the von Brown that convinced Hitler to focus on the manufacture of the Fau-2 missile and the fact that in a military sense this rocket turned out to be ineffective, does not relieve its creator from responsibility - after FAU-2, the development of a new, more powerful missile has begun in Penelund , designed to defeat large objects, but finish the project simply did not have time.
6. Operations "Clip".
In the spring of 1945, Von Brown and his staff decided to surrender to the Americans. In June 1945, the movement of the Chief and his staff in America was approved at the US Secretary of State, but before October 1, 1945 there was nothing to know about this. The intelligence services "washed" against Brown from Nazism, he was among the scientists for which the United Agency for US intelligence purposes ( Joint Intelligence Objectives Agency, Jioa) Created fictitious biographies and deleted mention of military ranks, membership in NSDAP and links to the Nazi regime from open records.
As a result, Von Brown, personally responsible for the shelling of London, Antwerp, Paris and the death of prisoners, instead of a trial as a war criminal, were instructed to lead the American Space Program.
7. Start of the cosmic race.
America got a von Brown, the Soviet Union - the Mittelverk Assembly Plant and a few who survived Fau, the truth without drawings and calculations. Like the Americans, the Russian rackets disassemble the trophy to the screw and completely copied. It turned out not just, in the country for rocket meal I had to create a modern technical base - for example, more than 40 different rubber varieties were used in the Fau design, while the USSR industry produced only eight.
The first Soviet ballistic missile P-1 was a modified modification of the FAu-2, but the subsequent P-2 and P-5 became a technological breakthrough, and the recycled R-7, a two-stage intercontinental ballistic missile, became the carrier of the first artificial satellites of the Earth.
And here is Brown background? The fundamental principles underlying rocket technology have not undergone significant changes for these 70 years. The design of all rocket engines remains the same, most of them work on liquid fuel, and in the onboard control systems, gyroscopes are still used - all these decisions were first implemented on its development. We still continue to live in the Fau-2 era.
8. Career in the USA.
After several moves von Brown and the remaining part of his team from Penemünde settled in Fort Bliss, Texas, on the major base of the American army north of El Paso. The work was moved slowly, any proposal concerning new ideas about rockets was rejected: Americans considered every cent. Since 1956, Brown has headed the program for the development of the intercontinental ballistic missile "Redstone" and cosmic missiles based on it - "Jupiter-C", "Junon" and the Satellite "Explorer".
The impetus for accelerating work and their financing was launched by the Soviet Union of the first artificial satellite, only after that Brown received permission to launch "Juno" - the satellite fell into space late for one year. It was the variant of the Raisters "Redstone" was used in 1961 to launch into space of the first American astronaut Alan Shepard.
9. Awards did not bypassed an outstanding scientist.
And it would be nice all the rewards at once looked together, and even on black uniform?
10. Apolitical genius.
When it became clear that America could be a whole city of one and only bomb,
A certain scientist, contacting his father, said: "Now science has learned a sin."
And you know what he said? He said: "What is sin?"
Kurt Vonnegut, "Cat cradle"
Of course, Werner von Brown personifies the type of scientist who is completely deprived of any like by morality. Everything that he did was successful: you can bomb London or launch people to the moon - the final result is important. After the war, he never expressed repentance about his participation in the crimes of the Nazis - even the showing and formal. Nevertheless, on the US Space Research Space Research website, he is given such a characteristic: "Without a doubt, Werner von Brown was the greatest in the history of scientists in the field of rocket physics."
Sources:
V2rocket.com, Wernher Von Braun:http://www.v2rocket.com/start/chapters/vonbraun.html.
"Fow-2: Hitler Rocket, which posted the beginning of a space era":http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/science/2014/09/140915_vert_fut_nazis_space_age_rocket.
FAU-1: Bombs of the Third Reich against Britain:http://www.bbc.co.uk/russian/UK/2014/06/140609_v1_flying_bombs
Original:
Werner Magnus Maximilian Frajerr von Brown (it. Wernher Magnus Maximilian Freiherr Von Braun; March 23, Wirzitz, Province of Posen, Prussia - June 16, Alexandria, Virginia, USA) - German, and from year to the American constructor of rocket-space technology, one of the founders of modern rocket building, the creator of the first ballistic missiles, a member of the NSDAP since 1937, Svurbannführer SS (1943-1945). In the US, he is considered the "father" of the American Space Program.
Biography
Werner von Brown was born in the city of Virzitz in the province of the Province of the then German Empire (now - the Library in Poland). He was the second of three sons in the family belonging to the aristocratic genus, and inherited the title "Frajerr" (corresponds to Baron). His father, Magnus von Brown (1878-1972), was the Minister of Food and Agriculture in the Government of the Weimar Republic. His mother, Emmy von Kvistorp (1886-1959), both line ancestors were appreciated to royal families. Werner had a younger brother who was also called Magnus von Brown. For confirmation, the mother presented a telescope to the future rocket student, which gave him an impetus to the passion of astronomy.
After World War I, Wirzitz was transferred to Poland, and his family, like many other German families, left for Germany. Brown's background Deli in Berlin, where 12-year-old Werner, inspired by Max Valle's speed records and fric ocel background, implemented on cars with rocket engines, caused a large confusion on a crowded street, blowing up the toy car to which the many Petard attached. The little inventor was taken to the police and kept there until his father had come to him in the site.
Von Brown was a musician amateur, received an appropriate education, could play the works of Bach and Beethoven by memory. He since an early age learned to play the violin and piano and initially dreamed of becoming a composer. He took lessons from Paul Hindemita, the famous German composer. Several youthful writings von Brown have been preserved, and they all resemble the works of Hindemet.
In 1930 he began working on rockets on liquid fuel in Germany. In 1932, Dornberger was adopted in the Military Rocket Scientific Science group. In 1932-1933, at the landfill near Kummersdorf, there was a launch of several missiles to a height of 2000-2500 meters.
Work on Fow-2 in Nazi Germany
Werner von Brown worked on his dissertation, when Hitler and NSDAP came to power in 1933. RocketAducation almost immediately became an important issue of the agenda. Captain Artillery Walter Dornberger, who actually supervised the development of missiles in the Reichsvere, organized the provision of Brown from the department of artillery armament of a grant for research. Since that time, Brown worked next to the existing Quammersdorf Experimental Polygon Dornberger for solid fuel missiles. He was awarded the degree of doctor of physical sciences (rocket building) on \u200b\u200bJuly 25, 1934 from the University of Berlin for the work entitled "On the Signing Experiences", his curator was the German physicist Erich Schuman. But it was only an open part of his work, a full dissertation, dated April 16, 1934, was called "constructive, theoretical and experimental approaches to the problem of creating a rocket on liquid fuel." She was classified at the request of the army and was not published until 1960. By the end of 1934, his group successfully launched two rockets that reached a height of 2.2 and 3.5 km.
At that time, the Germans were extremely interested in the development of the American Robert Goddard Racket. Until 1939, German scientists epizodically contacted Goddard directly to discuss technical issues. Werner von Brown used Goddard schemes published in different magazines, and united them during the construction of a series of Aggregat missiles (a). The A-4 rocket is more known as Fow-2. In 1963, Brown, reflecting on the history of missiles, so responded about the work of Goddard: "His rockets ... For today, the standards could seem very primitive, but they left a noticeable trace in development and already had many elements that are used in the most modern rockets and spacecraft "
In 1944, shortly before the Nazis began to bombard England with the help of FAu-2, Goddard confirmed that von Brown took advantage of his works. The prototype of FAu-2 flew into Sweden and crashed there. Some parts from the rocket were transferred to the United States, to the laboratory in Annapolis, where Goddard conducted studies for the Navy of the States. Apparently, Goddard studied the fragments of the rocket, which on June 13, 1944, as a result of the personnel's technical error, went to the wrong course and crashed near the Swedish town of Beckebu. The Government of Sweden exchanged a wreckage of an unknown missile of the British on the fighters of Spitfire. Only some part of the debris got into Annapolis. Godarddard identified those details of the rocket, the inventor of which he was, and concluded that the fruit of his works turned into a weapon.
From the moment when Space Travel Society VFR stopped its work in 1933, there were no rocket associations in Germany, and the new Nazi regime banned civilian experiences. The rockets were allowed to build only the military, and for their needs was built a huge missile center (it. HeeresVersuchsanstalt Peenemünde.) In the village of Penelund in the north of Germany, in the Baltic Sea. This place was chosen in part on the recommendation of the mother's background Brown, remembered that her father loved in those places to hunt ducks. Dornberger became the Military Head of the Polygon, and Brown - Technical Director. In collaboration with Luftwaffe, the Center in Penemünde developed rocket engines on liquid fuel, as well as reactive bootable accelerators for aircraft. Also, there was also a ballistic missile for the far radius A-4 and a supersonic anti-aircraft missile "Wasserfal".
After the war, explaining why he became a member of NSDAP, Brown wrote:
"I officially demanded from me to join the National Socialist Party. At that time (1937) I was already the technical director of the Military Rocket Center in Peimende ... My refusal to join the party would mean that I should refuse the matter of my life. Therefore, I decided to join. My membership in the party did not mean for me to participate in any political activity ... In the spring of 1940, the SS Muller SOC came to me in Petermayunde and told me that Reichsführer SS Henry Himmler sent him with the order to convince me to join the SS. I immediately called my military boss ... Major General V. Dornbergeru. He answered me that ... if I wish to continue our collaboration, then I do not have another choice, except to agree. "
Brown's approval is disputed by some biographers, because in 1940 Waffen-CC has not yet shown any interest in the work carried out in Peimenund. The statement is also challenged that people with the stature of Brown pushed to join NSDAP and SS. Commenting on your photo, where he poses in the SS uniform behind Himmler, Brown said that she was put on the form only for that case. However, in 2002, the former SS officer in Penelund Ernst Kütbach told the BBC that von Brown regularly appeared on official events in SSEs form. Initially, von Brown received Chin Untersturmfürera, subsequently, Himmler raised him three times in rank, for the last time in June 1943 to the SS Shurmbannfürera. Brown stated that it was an automatic increase, the notification of which he received every year by mail.
By that time, the British and Soviet intelligence services were aware of the missile program and team of developers in Penemünde. On the night of August 17-18, 1943, English bombarding aircraft conducted a hydra operation. 596 aircraft took a course on Peimnyund and dropped 1800 tons of bombs on a missile center. Nevertheless, the center itself survived, and the main group of developers. But during the raid, the engine designer Walter Til (Walter Thiel) and Chief Engineer Walter (Walther) were killed, which delayed the German rocket program.
The first combat A-4, in order to propaganda renamed V-2 (VergeeltungSwaffe 2 - "Weapon of Retribution 2"), was released on the UK on September 7, 1944, just 21 months after the project was officially adopted.
At the same time, the experiments of the Helmut Walter with rockets on hydrogen peroxide led to the creation of lungs and simple jet walter engines, comfortable and for installation on the aircraft. Helmut Walter in Kiel ReichSministry Aviation also instructed to create a rocket engine for He 112. And two different rocket engines passed in Neyhardenberg: two different rocket engine: the engine brown background on ethyl alcohol and liquid oxygen and the walter engine on hydrogen peroxide and calcium peroxide as a catalyst. In the brown engine, the reactive jet was created as a result of the direct burning of fuel, and a chemical reaction was used in the Walter engine at which the split steam occurs. Both engines created traction and ensured high speed. Subsequent flights on HE 112 occurred on the Walter engine. It was more reliable, easier to manage and represented a smaller danger both for a pilot and for the aircraft.
Using slave labor
On August 15, 1944, Brown wrote a letter to Albin Sawatzki, who led the production of V-2, in which he agreed to personally take away employees from Buchenwald's concentration camp, which, as he allegedly acknowledged 25 years later, were in a "terrible state."
In the book "Werner von Brown: Knight of Cosmos" (eng. Wernher Von Braun: Crusader for Space) Brown repeatedly claims that he was aware of the conditions of workers, but he felt absolutely unable to change them. His friend leads words von Brown on a visit to the Mittelver:
It was terribly. My first motive was to talk to one of the CS guards, for which I heard a sharp answer, which I should do my work or I risen to be in the same striped prison robe! ... I realized that any attempt to refer to the principles of humanity would be completely useless.
P. 44 English edition
When Participant of Brown's team Conrad Dunnenberg in an interview with "The Huntsville Times" was asked if Brown could protest against the terrible conditions for the content of subane workers, he replied: "If he had done it, then I think it could be shifted in place."
Others accused Von Brown in the fact that he participated in inhuman treatment or permission to such a relationship. Gi Moran (Guy Morand), a French member of the resistance, a prisoner in the concentration camp of the Dora, in 1995 he witnessed that after an obvious attempt to sabotage:
Do not even hear my explanations, (Brown von) ordered Maister (Meister) to give me 25 strokes ... Then, deciding that the blows were not strong enough, he ordered me to be more cruel ... von Brown ordered to translate me that I deserve the worst In fact, I deserved to hang me out ... I believe that his cruelty, the victim of which I personally became an eloquent testimony of his Nazi fanaticism.
Biddle, Wayne. Dark Side Of The Moon (W.W. Norton, 2009) PP. 124-125.
Another French prisoner Robert Kazabon (Robert Cazabonne) argued that he was a witness as a von Brown stood and watched, as prisoners hung on the circuits of the lifts. Brown himself stated that he "never saw any ill-treatment or murders" and only "rumors came out ... that some of the prisoners were hanged in underground galleries."
Arrest and exemption at the Nazi
According to the French historian, Andre Selre, who passed through the concentration camp, Mittelbau, Himmler in February 1944 adopted Brown's background in his headquarters Gokwald in East Prussia. To strengthen its position in the hierarchy of the Nazi government, Heinrich Gimmler gave a plot that with the help of Cammler to take control over all German weapons programs, including the development of FAu-2 in Penelund. Therefore, Himmler advised Brown to cooperate more closely with Cammaker in solving FAU-2 problems. However, according to Brown's von himself, he replied that problems with FAU-2 purely technical and he was confident that he would solve them with the help of Dornberger.
Apparently, the von Brown background from October 1943 consisted under the supervision of the SD. One day, a report was received on how he and his colleagues Claus Ridel and Helmut Grettuproup in the evening at the engineer expressed regret that they do not work on the space ship and they all believe that the war is not going well. This was regarded as "affected moods". About these statements reported a young dentist who was simultaneously the SS agent. Together with the false accusations of the Himmler about the sympathy of Brown Communists and the alleged attempts to sabotage the FAu-2 program, and taking into account that Brown had a pilot diploma and flew regularly on the aircraft provided by the state and, thus, could escape in England - all this It was the cause of arrest background Brown Gestapo.
Not waiting for nothing bad Brown was arrested on 14 or 15 March 1944 and was thrown into the Gestapo prison in Shttttin. There he spent two weeks, not knowing what he was accused. Only with the help of Abver in Berlin Dornberger managed to achieve conditional liberation von Brown, and Albert Speer, Reichs Minister of Arms and Military Industry, convinced Hitler to restore Brown as the FAu-2 program to continue. Steeper, quoting in his memoirs "FührerProtokoll" (minutes of Hitler's meetings) dated May 13, 1944, writes that Hitler said in conclusion: "With regard to B., I guarantee you that he will be released from persecution until It will be needed, despite the general difficulties that may follow. "
Capture to the Americans
Von Brown, after passing the Allies in May 1945. Left - Dornberger.
In March, being on a business trip, Brown broke his left hand and shoulder due to the fact that his driver fell asleep behind the wheel. The fracture turned out to be complicated, but Brown insisted, so that he was put on the gypsum bandage and he could no longer stay in the hospital. The designer underestimated the injury, the bone began to fight incorrectly, a month later he had to go to the hospital again, where he broke his hand again and put the bandage again.
In April, the allied troops penetrated deep enough to Germany. Cammler ordered a scientific team to take the train and go to Oberammergau in the Bavarian Alps. Here they were under a thorough protection of the SS, which was ordered to eliminate all rackets in the threat of their entry to the enemy. However, Brown Background managed to convince Major SS Kummer dispersed the group on the closest villages so as not to become a light target for American bomber.
On May 2, 1945, noting the American soldier from the 44 infantry division, Brother Werner and part-time his colleague engineer Magnus caught up with his bike and told him on broken English: "My name is Magnus von Brown. My brother invented Fow-2. We want to surrender. " After the captivity, Brown said the press:
"We know that we have created a new means of warfare and now a moral choice - which nation, what the victorious people we want to entrust our brainchild - we are sharper than ever before. We want the world to not be involved in the conflict, similar to that through which Germany just passed. We believe that only by passing such a weapon to those people who instruct the Bible path, we can be sure that the world is protected in the best way. "
The highest ranks of the US command knew well, how valuable mining came across them in hand: the surname von Brown headed the "black list" - the code name of the list of German scientists and engineers from among those whom American military experts would like to interrogate as soon as possible. July 19, 1945, two days before the planned transmission of the territory in the Soviet occupation zone, the Major of the American army Robert B. Stewer, the chef of the reactive movement of the research and intelligence service of the Artillery Corps of the US Army in London and Lieutenant Colonel R. L. Williams were planted von Brown and Heads of his departments in the jeep and delivered from Garmishe to Munich. Then the group was transported by air to Nordhausen, and the next day - by 60 km south-west, in the town of Witzenhausen, who was in the American occupation zone. Bronown von Brown briefly delayed in the dustbin interrogation center (English Dustbin, "garbage box"), where representatives of the elite of the Third Reich in the field of economics, science and technology interrogated English and American intelligence services. Initially, it was recruited to work in the United States under the program "Eurence" operation (Eng. Operation Overcast), later the "Clip" operating operation later became known called.
Career in the USA
US Army
Post-war
Despite the attention to the space flights, which began to devote the US authorities after the launch of the USSR of the first artificial satellite of the Earth in 1957, the first person in space in 1961 was not an American again. Yuri Alekseevich Gagarin's flight caused John Kennedy's pronunciation of a software speech in which he stated that the prestige of the nation should provide landing for the American astronaut to the moon until 1970. Werner von Brown became the head of the US Lunar Program.
On July 16, 1969, the Saturn-5 carrier rocket delivered the Apollo-11 spacecraft to the near-cloud orbit.
On July 20, 1969, Nile Armstrong, the Apollo-11 commander, became the first person on Earth, pulled down on the lunar surface. For this flight, Brown was awarded the NASA medal "for outstanding service" in 1969.
Since January 1970, the Deputy Assistant Administrator of NASA on Planning, since 1972 he worked in industry as a vice-president of Farchild Space Industries in Jermantau, Maryland.
Its projects of the lunar station were not destined to be realized in connection with the overturning of the struggle of two powers (US and USSR) for prevailing in the development of the Moon. The results of its work became a powerful basis for the conquest of space by other constructors of rocket technology.
Death
After leaving NASA, in 1972 he lived only five years and died of pancreatic cancer in Alexandria, Virginia, aged 65 years. He was buried at the Ivy Hill Cemetery in Alexandria, Virginia.
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