\u003e\u003e Eastern Europe: from totalitarianism to democracy
§ 24. Eastern Europe: from totalitarianism to democracy
After the completion of the Second World War in most Eastern European countries, coalition governments came to power, which represented the political forces participating in the fight against fascism: communists, social democrats, agrarians, liberal-democratic parties. The transformations conducted by them originally worn a common-grade character. The property of persons who collaborated with the invaders was nationalized, agricultural reforms were held to eliminate landlords. At the same time, to a large extent due to the support the USSR , the influence of the Communists has steadily growing.
Approval of totalitarianism in Eastern Europe.
Attitude towards the "Marshall Plan" was the reason for the split in coalition governments. Communists and supported their left parties rejected this plan. They put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bthe accelerated development of their countries with a support for their own strength and with the support of the USSR. The goals of the socialization of the economy, the development of the heavy industry, cooperation and collectivization of the peasantry were raised.
With the creation of the information bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform) in 1947, the actual leadership of the "fraternal countries" began to be carried out from Moscow.
The fact that no amateur in the USSR will not be lost, showed an extremely negative reaction of I. V. Stalin to the policies of the leaders of Bulgaria and Yugoslavia - Dimitrov and I. Tito. These leaders made the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a confederation of Eastern European countries, not including the USSR. Bulgaria with Yugoslavia concluded an agreement on friendship and mutual assistance, in which there was a reference point for "any aggression, with whatever parties it proceeded."
Dimitrov, invited to negotiate Moscow, died shortly after his meeting with I. B. Stalin. At I. Tito, Kominform nominated the prosecution to the transition to the position of bourgeois nationalism and appealed to the Yugoslav Communist, with a call to the overthrow of its regime.
Transformations in Yugoslavia, as well as in other Eastern European countries, were focused on socialist purposes. Cooperatives were created in agriculture, the economy was owned by the state, the monopoly on power belonged to the Communist Party. The Soviet model of socialism was considered an ideal in Yugoslavia. And yet the I. Tito regime until Stalin was determined in the USSR as fascist. For all countries eastern Europe In 1948-1949. The wave rolled the disappearance of those who were suspected of sympathy to Yugoslavia.
Communist regimes in most Eastern European countries remain unstable. For the population of these countries, despite the wall of the information blockade between East and the West, it was obvious that the successes of the ruling communist and workers' parties in the field of economy are doubtful. If, before World War II, life levels in Western and Eastern Germany, Austria and Hungary were about the same, then over time, the gap began to accumulate, which up to the time of the collapse of socialism about 3: 1 not in his favor. Concentrating resources, following the example of the USSR, on solving the problem of industrialization, the Communists of Eastern Europe did not take into account that in small countries, the creation of the giants of the industry is economically irrational.
The crisis of totalitarian socialism and the "doctrine of Brezhnev". The crisis of the Soviet model of socialism in Eastern Europe began to develop almost immediately since its establishment. Death I.V. Stalin in 1953, which threatened hope of changes in the socialist camp, caused an uprising in the GDR. For the divorce of the cult of the personality of Stalin XX, the CPSU congress followed the shift at one time by the heads of the ruling parties in most Eastern European countries and the exposure of the crimes committed by them. The liquidation of the comingform and the restoration of relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia, recognizing the conflict to the misunderstanding gave rise to the hope that the Soviet leadership will refuse to strict control over the internal policies of Eastern European countries.
Under these conditions, new leaders and theorists of the Communist Party (M. Gilas in Yugoslavia, L. Kolakovsky in Poland, E. Bloch in GDR, I. Nagia in Hungary) went on the way to rethink the experience of the development of their own countries, the interests of the work movement. However, these attempts, and most importantly, their political results caused the extreme irritation of the heads of the CPSU.
The transition to pluralistic democracy in 1956 in Hungary, undertaken by the leadership of the ruling party, converts to a violent anti-communist revolution, accompanied by the defeat of state security bodies. The revolution was suppressed by Soviet troops, with battles taking Budapest. Captured leaders of reformers executed. Attempted in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Attempt to move to the model of socialism "with a human face" also stopped armed force.
The reason for the commissioning of troops in both cases was the request of the "group of managers" to assist in the fight against counter-revolution, allegedly threatened the basics of socialism and sent out from outside. However, in Czechoslovakia in 1968, the leaders of the ruling party and the state raised the question of not a refusal of socialism, but its improvement. Persons who invited foreign troops into the country did not have any authority on it.
After the events in Czechoslovakia, the USSR leadership began to emphasize that his debt is the protection of "real socialism". The theory of "real socialism", justifying the "right" of the USSR to carry out military interventions into the internal affairs of its allies in the Warsaw Treaty, received the name "Doctrine Brezhnev" in the West countries. This doctrine was determined by two factors.
On the one hand, ideological considerations. Soviet leaders could not recognize the bankruptcy of the model of socialism, which was imposed on the USSR of Eastern Europe, feared the impact of the example of reformers to the situation in the Soviet Union itself.
On the other hand, in the conditions " cold War", The split of Europe into two military-political blocks, the weakening of one of them objectively turned out to be winned for another. The exit of Hungary or Czechoslovakia from the Warsaw Agreement (one of the requirements of reformers) was considered as a violation of the ratio of forces in Europe. Although in the era of rocket-nuclear weapons, the question of where the border of the confrontation is running, has become lost, the historical memory of invasions from the West remained. She encouraged the Soviet leadership to strive to ensure that the troops of the potential enemy, who was considered the NATO block, unfolded as far as possible from the borders of the USSR. At the same time, it was not taken into account that many Eastern European people felt herself with the hostages of the Soviet-American confrontation. They understood that in the case of a serious conflict between the USSR and USA The territory of Eastern Europe will be a battlefield for alien to them interests.
In the 1970s. In many countries of Eastern Europe, the reforms were performed, some possibilities of free market relations were opened, trade and economic ties with the West were intensified. The changes, however, were limited, were carried out with a loan to the position of the USSR leadership. They performed a form of compromise between the desire of the ruling parties of Eastern European countries to preserve at least minimal internal support and intolerance of the ideologues of the CPSU to love changes in the Allied countries.
Democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe.
The erats were the events in Poland in 1980-1981, where the independent trade union "Solidarity" was formed, almost immediately occupied by an anti-communist position. Its members became millions of representatives of the working class of Poland. In this situation, the USSR and its allies did not solve the use of troops to suppress dissent. The crisis has found a temporary solution with the introduction of the military situation and the establishment of the authoritarian rule of General V. Yaruzelsky, which combined the suppression of protest with moderate reforms in the economy.
Powerful impetus to transformations in Eastern Europe gave the processes of restructuring in the USSR. In some cases, the initiators of change themselves were the leaders of the ruling parties, fearful innovations, but consider following their duty to follow the example of the CPSU. In others, as soon as it became clear that the Soviet Union no longer intends to force the power of weapons to guarantee the inviolability of ruling regimes in Eastern Europe, supporters of reforms were intensified. Opposition, anti-communist political parties and movements arose. Political parties, for a long time playing the role of junior communist partners, began to leave the block with them.
In most Eastern European countries, a wave of mass performances in favor of democratization and market reforms, the actual legalization of the opposition caused crises of ruling parties.
In the GDR, he was aggravated by the flight of the population in West Germany through the opening borders of Hungary and Czechoslovakia with Austria. Without deciding on the repressions, the elderly leaders of the Communist Party of Eastern European countries, who separated the "Doctrine of Brezhnev," resigned. New leaders tried to establish a dialogue with the opposition. They removed from the constitutions item on the leading role of the Communist Party, created political coalitions focused on moderate, democratic reforms.
As a result of the first elections first after World War II in 1989-1990. Communists were removed from power, which moved into the hands of the opposition. The only Eastern European state, where nothing has changed, was Romania. As a result of the popular uprising in 1989, the regime of the personal power of N. Ceausescu was sideway, and he himself was executed.
After peaceful democratic revolutions, Eastern European countries refused to participate in the organization of the Warsaw Agreement, which ceased to exist, achieved the elimination of the Council of Economic Mutual Assistance.
The population of the GDR with a large degree of unanimity in 1990 voted for political parties that put forward the slogan of the reunification of Germany, association of the GDR and Germany. As a result of negotiations between the USSR, the United States, the United Kingdom and France, the right of the people of Germany for self-determination was confirmed. The controversial issues, in particular about the membership of one Germany in military units and the stay of foreign troops on its territory, left at the discretion of the leadership of a single German state. The USSR government did not insist on the preservation of the Soviet group of troops on the territory of the former GDR, to achieve the neutralization of one Germany, which remained a member of NATO. In August 1990, a contract for the unification of Germany was signed. *
Experience of democratic development.
The reorientation of the economic relations of Eastern Germany countries, the elimination of unprofitable industries, the introduction of a social protection system of Western European type caused great difficulties. Reforms were carried out at the expense of budget funds. The German Economy, the most developed in Western Europe, with great difficulty withstand the burden modernization Former Socialist National Economy. The transformation was absorbed annually about 5% of the GNP of Unified Germany. In 30% of the working people of the former GDR, employment problems arose.
Even more difficulties experienced Eastern European countries. For 1989-1997 The production of GNP in the former countries of socialism has increased only in Poland (about 10% growth, and it began only since 1992). In Hungary and the Czech Republic, it decreased by 8% and 12%, in Bulgaria - by 33%, in Romania - by 18%.
The economic downturn was explained by a whole complex of reasons. Still to reorient economic and political ties to the states of the West, the signing in 1991 most of the Eastern European countries of the Association agreements with the European Union could not give immediate recoil. Participation in the CMEA, despite the low level of efficiency of its activities, still provided to Eastern European countries a stable market for products, largely lost them. Their own industry could not compete with the Western European industries and lost competition even in domestic markets. The accelerated privatization of the economy and the liberalization of prices, called shock therapy, did not lead to the modernization of the economy. The source of resources and technologies necessary for modernization could only be a major foreign corporation. They, however, showed interest only to individual enterprises (Skoda Automotive Plant in the Czech Republic). Another way of modernization is the use of tools of state intervention in the economy - rejected reformers on ideological reasons.
For several years, Eastern European countries experienced a high level of inflation, a drop in the standard of living, an increase in unemployment. Hence the growth of the influence of the left forces, new political parties of the social democratic orientation arising from the former communist and workers' parties. The success of the left parties in Poland, Hungary and Slovakia promoted the improvement of the economic situation. In Hungary, after the victory of the left forces in 1994, it was possible to reduce the budget deficit from $ 3.9 billion in 1994 to 1.7 billion in 1996, including at the expense of a more equitable tax distribution and import reduction. The coming to power in the countries of Eastern Europe of the political parties of the social-democratic orientation did not change their aspirations for rapprochement with Western Europe. Of great importance in this regard had their entry into program "Partnership in the name of the world about with NATO. In 1999, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic became full members of this military-political bloc.
Crisis in Yugoslavia. Complication of the economic situation during market reforms, especially in multinational countries, led to the exacerbation of interethnic relations. At the same time, if the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia passed peacefully, the territory of Yugoslavia became the arena of armed conflicts.
After the gap between I.V. Stalin and I.B. Tito Yugoslavia was not included in the Soviet system of unions. However, by the type of development, it differed little from other countries of Eastern Europe. Reforms held in Yugoslavia in the 1950s, met sharp criticism by N.S. Khrushchev and caused an aggravation of her relationship from the USSR. The Yugoslav model of socialism included self-government in production, allowed elements of a market economy and a greater degree of ideological freedom than in neighboring Eastern European countries. At the same time, a monopoly was preserved into the power of one party (the Union of Communists of Yugoslavia) and the special role of its leader (I.B. Tito).
Since the political regime that existed in Yugoslavia was a product of its own development and did not relieve to support the USSR, the force of an example of restructuring and democratization with the death of Tito affected Yugoslavia to a lesser extent than in other Eastern European countries. However, Yugoslavia faced other problems, namely, with interethnic and interreligious conflicts that led to the decay of the country.
Orthodox Serbia and Montenegro sought to preserve the unity of the state and its original model of socialism. In mostly Catholic Croatia and Slovenia, there was a conviction that Serbia's role in the Federation was too large. The orientation of the Western European Development Model dominated there. In Bosnia, Herzegovina and Macedonia, where Islam was strongly influenced, there was also dissatisfaction with the Federation.
In 1991, Yugoslavia broke up, Croatia and Slovenia came out of its composition. Attempting the authorities of the Federation to preserve its integrity of the force of weapons did not have. In 1992, independence pro-headed Bosnia and Herzegovina. Serbia and Montenegro, who retained the close allied relations of Serbia and Montenegro created a new federal state - the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (s). At this, however, the crisis did not end, since the Serbian minority remaining on the territory of Croatia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, whose interests were not taken into account in the constitutions of new states, began the struggle for autonomy. This struggle turned into an armed conflict, which in 1992-1995. It turned out to be the focus of the entire international community. Then the position of ethnic Albanians in the Serbian region of Kosovo came to the fore. The abolition of the autonomy of the region caused the dissatisfaction of the Albanians, which constitutes the majority of its population.
The political protest converts into an armed struggle, the participants of which were no longer limited to the requirement of the restoration of autonomy. NATO countries from assistance in establishing negotiations switched to the threats of Serbia. In 1999, they turned into military actions of the United States and their allies against Sriar.
Peacekeeping forces took part in resolving conflicts in Yugoslavia UN and NATO troops. They revealed significant differences in views on the basis of the future of the world order, on the principles of resolving ethnic conflicts between the United States, some countries of Western Europe and Russia.
Questions and tasks
1. Describe the problems of choosing a path of development that stood before the Eastern European countries after World War II. What circumstances determined the choice of the model of their development?
2. Determine the general and specific features of the development of Eastern Europe. What are their difference from the West-NoEuropean models of the Society Device?
3. Expand your understanding of the term "totalitarian regime". Name the main manifestations of the crisis of Talitarian Socialism in Eastern Europe.
4. What is "Doctrine Brezhneva": Explain the main meaning of its proclamation.
5. Describe the process of deploying democratic revolutions in Eastern Europe in the 80-90s. Determine their connection with the beginning of democratic transformations in the USSR. What features he had in separate states (Germany, Yugoslavia, etc.)?
6. What can you explain the complexity of the problems of the transition of Eastern European countries on the path of democratic development? Name the most acute of them.
7. Name the leaders of Europe and North America's leaders of the post-war period. Who do you consider outstanding figures? Why?
In Eastern Europe, it turned out to be distorted in other cases. Representatives of the Vlas-Tu Eastern European states were not always realized that the economic system of the West, which they wanted to copy them in their countries, is not the capitalism, which he was in his original form. The modern capitalist system as a result of the introduction of social services, subsidies, various forms of sociable control subjected to significant changes.
The economy was carried out reforms aimed at per-move to market economy: price liberalization, privatization of state-owned property, restitution (return of property in former possession); Restoration of full-fledged consumer relations. The economic reform model pre-visually visited a significant reduction in social spending. Material from site.
Since 1992, inflation began to slow down in Eastern European countries, private enterprises have been actively opened, more and more goods on the counters. At the same time, the social and economic costs of the reforms were highly high: the decline in production, the occurrence of mass unemployment, the rise in prices and the separation of society is the required price, which was paid to pay for economic transformations. Governments that have laid responsibility for painful re-shapes began to lose population support. Representatives of Social Democratic Force defeated in a number of East-Peys. The software installations of the updated left opposition were based on ideas that envisaged greater accounting of national specifics during reforms.
In the second half of the 1990s. The political initiative post-pensioner began to move back to the center-night political parties and movements. For example, in 1998, the right opposition won the parliamentary elections in Poland and Hungary.
At the beginning of the XXI century. The economic and socio-political situation in Eastern European countries has stabilized. Sustainable economic growth began (5-6% per year). SFOR-Moved influential middle class. All this testified to the gradual overcoming of the post-socialist heritage and the successful formation of institutions
Slide 1.
Clade 2.
Slide 3.
The liberation of Poland began during the Belarusian and Lviv-Sandomir operations. With the Soviet parts, part of the Polish troops, created on the basis of the Polish parts formed in the USSR and partisan detachments of the so-called, were collaborated. Army people. The Polish Committee of National Liberation (PCNO) was formed in Lublin (PCN), proclaimed himself by the Government of Poland.
Slide 4.
20 AB 1944-29 AB 1944, the liberation of Southeastern Europe began with the Yaszo-Chishenesk operation. When approaching the Soviet troops in Romania 23 AB 1944, and then folk uprising occurred in Bulgaria 9 CH 1944. The power of the Pronocyst dictators of Antonescu and Petkov was overthrown. The new governments of Bulgaria and Romania ruined the Union with Hitler's Germany and entered into war against it.
Slide 5.
In K.Sn 1944, Soviet troops (after the 21 SN 1944 began in Moscow with the delegation of this country of negotiations) entered Yugoslavia. Part of this country has already been released from the occupiers by the forces of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, led by Broz Tito I. After stubborn battles 14 OK 1944-20 OK 1944 Soviet and Yugoslav parts released Belgrade
Slide 6.
Hungary remained the latest ally of Germany. Operations on the territory of this country were distinguished by a particularly stubborn resistance of the Germans, because From Hungary, there was a direct journey to the Reich territory. After the Debrecen operation, the Provisional National Government of Hungary was created, which declared the war of Germany. 17 Yang 1945 resumed the onset of the Red Army in Poland. Forking the Vistula, the Soviet troops began to taste-Oder operations. It was started eight days ahead of time in order to weaken the counteroffensiveness of the Germans on the Western Allies in Ardennes (Belgium).
Slide 7.
3 FV 1945 Soviet troops stood on Oder. Berlin remained 60 km away. The attack on the capital of the Reich was not implemented in the 1945-MP 1945 FV due to the resistance of the enemy in East Prussia. It was the first operation conducted in Germany. The German population, intimidated by Rosskazni Nazi propaganda of Russian atrocities, resisted extremely stubbornly, turning into the fortress almost every home. That is why to complete the East Prussian operation (second since the time of the First World War) succeeded only in AP 1945.
Slide 8.
Slide 9.
After the completion of the Second World War in most Eastern European countries, coalition governments came to power, which represented the political forces participating in the fight against fascism: communists, social democrats, agrarians, liberal-democratic parties. The transformations conducted by them originally worn a common-grade character. The property of persons who collaborated with the invaders was nationalized, agricultural reforms were held to eliminate landlords. At the same time, largely due to the support of the USSR, the influence of the Communists has steadily increased.
Clade 10.
The approval of totalitarianism in Eastern Europe attitude to the "Marshall Plan" was the cause of the split in coalition governments. Communists and supported their left parties rejected this plan. They put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bthe accelerated development of their countries with a support for their own strength and with the support of the USSR. The goals of the socialization of the economy, the development of the heavy industry, cooperation and collectivization of the peasantry were raised. Marshall Plan
Clade 11.
1947, September, 17 - 22 Poland on the initiative of the Soviet leader I.V. Stalin was formed by the information bureau of the Communist and Workers' Parties (Cominform). Representatives of the six Eastern European Communist Party and the Most Powerful Western Communist Parties (France and Italy) gathered on the initiative of the USSR in the castle of Skill Skoreb (Poland) to create a Cominform-Joint Information Bureau with headquarters in Belgrade, designed to ensure the exchange of experience and, If necessary, the coordination of the activities of the Cominforms on the basis of mutual agreement with the creation of cominform, the actual leadership of the "fraternal countries" began to be carried out from Moscow.
Slide 12.
The fact that no amateur in the USSR will not be lost, showed an extremely negative reaction of I. V. Stalin to the policies of the leaders of Bulgaria and Yugoslavia - Dimitrov and I. Tito. These leaders made the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a confederation of Eastern European countries, not including the USSR. Bulgaria with Yugoslavia concluded an agreement on friendship and mutual assistance, in which there was a reference point for "any aggression, with whatever parties it proceeded."
Slide 13.
Dimitrov, invited to negotiate Moscow, died shortly after his meeting with I. B. Stalin. At I. Tito, Kominform nominated the prosecution to the transition to the position of bourgeois nationalism and appealed to the Yugoslav Communist, with a call to the overthrow of its regime. Transformations in Yugoslavia, as well as in other Eastern European countries, were focused on socialist purposes. Cooperatives were created in agriculture, the economy was owned by the state, the monopoly on power belonged to the Communist Party. The Soviet model of socialism was considered an ideal in Yugoslavia. And yet the I. Tito regime until Stalin was determined in the USSR as fascist. For all countries of Eastern Europe in 1948-1949. The wave rolled the disappearance of those who were suspected of sympathy to Yugoslavia. Signing a treaty between the USSR and Yugoslavia in Moscow
Slide 14.
Communist regimes in most Eastern European countries remain unstable. For the population of these countries, despite the wall of the information blockade between East and the West, it was obvious that the successes of the ruling communist and workers' parties in the field of economy are doubtful. If, before World War II, life levels in Western and Eastern Germany, Austria and Hungary were about the same, then over time, the gap began to accumulate, which up to the time of the collapse of socialism about 3: 1 not in his favor. Concentrating resources, following the example of the USSR, on solving the problem of industrialization, the Communists of Eastern Europe did not take into account that in small countries, the creation of the giants of the industry is economically irrational. Deputy Chairman of the USSR USSR Biryukov V. E. among the chairmen of the State University of State
Slide 15.
Slide 16.
The crisis of totalitarian socialism and the "doctrine of Brezhnev" The crisis of the Soviet model of socialism in Eastern Europe began to develop almost immediately with its establishment. Death I.V. Stalin in 1953, which threatened hope of changes in the socialist camp, caused an uprising in the GDR. For the divorce of the cult of the personality of Stalin XX, the CPSU congress followed the shift at one time by the heads of the ruling parties in most Eastern European countries and the exposure of the crimes committed by them. The liquidation of the comingform and the restoration of relations between the USSR and Yugoslavia, recognizing the conflict to the misunderstanding gave rise to the hope that the Soviet leadership will refuse to strict control over the internal policies of Eastern European countries.
Slide 17.
Under these conditions, new leaders and theorists of the Communist Party (M. Gilas in Yugoslavia, L. Kolakovsky in Poland, E. Bloch in GDR, I. Nagia in Hungary) went on the way to rethink the experience of the development of their own countries, the interests of the work movement. However, these attempts, and most importantly, their political results caused the extreme irritation of the heads of the CPSU. The transition to pluralistic democracy in 1956 in Hungary, undertaken by the leadership of the ruling party, converts to a violent anti-communist revolution, accompanied by the defeat of state security bodies. The revolution was suppressed by Soviet troops, with battles taking Budapest. Captured leaders of reformers executed. Attempted in Czechoslovakia in 1968. Attempt to move to the model of socialism "with a human face" also stopped armed force. Czechoslovakia-1968 Hungary 1956
Slide 18.
After the events in Czechoslovakia, the USSR leadership began to emphasize that his debt is the protection of "real socialism". The theory of "real socialism", justifying the "right" of the USSR to carry out military interventions into the internal affairs of its allies in the Warsaw Treaty, received the name "Doctrine Brezhnev" in the West countries.
Slide 19.
This doctrine was determined by two factors. On the one hand, ideological considerations. Soviet leaders could not recognize the bankruptcy of the model of socialism, which was imposed on the USSR of Eastern Europe, feared the impact of the example of reformers to the situation in the Soviet Union itself. On the other hand, in the conditions of the Cold War, the splitting of Europe into two military-political blocks, the weakening of one of them objectively turned out to win for another. The exit of Hungary or Czechoslovakia from the Warsaw Agreement (one of the requirements of reformers) was considered as a violation of the ratio of forces in Europe. Although in the era of rocket-nuclear weapons, the question of where the border of the confrontation is running, has become lost, the historical memory of invasions from the West remained. She encouraged the Soviet leadership to strive to ensure that the troops of the potential enemy, who was considered the NATO block, unfolded as far as possible from the borders of the USSR. At the same time, it was not taken into account that many Eastern European people felt herself with the hostages of the Soviet-American confrontation. They understood that in the case of a serious conflict between the USSR and the United States, the territory of Eastern Europe will become a battlefield for their interests alien to them.
Slide 20.
In the 1970s. In many countries of Eastern Europe, the reforms were performed, some possibilities of free market relations were opened, trade and economic ties with the West were intensified. The changes, however, were limited, were carried out with a loan to the position of the USSR leadership. They performed a form of compromise between the desire of the ruling parties of Eastern European countries to preserve at least minimal internal support and intolerance of the ideologues of the CPSU to love changes in the Allied countries.
Clade 21.
Clade 22.
In 1980, the wave of workers' strikes, strikes, disturbances against increasing prices, illegal dismissal of workers rolled in Poland. The protest movement led to the unification of workers in a single trade union "Solidarity". It was perhaps the only real union in the territory of the Coclarage countries. "Solidarity" united more than 9.5 million Poles (1/3 of the country's population!), Representatives of all sectors of society. This movement fundamentally refused the use of violence in the resolution of mass conflicts. The organization worked on the territory of the whole country, focused on the principle of social justice, but the main thing, she questioned the foundations of communism in Poland, and then in the Soviet bloc as a whole. In this situation, the USSR and its allies did not solve the use of troops to suppress dissent. The crisis has found a temporary solution with the introduction of the military situation and the establishment of the authoritarian rule of General V. Yaruzelsky, which combined the suppression of protest with moderate reforms in the economy.
Slide 23.
Powerful impetus to transformations in Eastern Europe gave the processes of restructuring in the USSR. In some cases, the initiators of change themselves were the leaders of the ruling parties, fearful innovations, but consider following their duty to follow the example of the CPSU. In others, as soon as it became clear that the Soviet Union no longer intends to force the power of weapons to guarantee the inviolability of ruling regimes in Eastern Europe, supporters of reforms were intensified. Opposition, anti-communist political parties and movements arose. Political parties, for a long time playing the role of junior communist partners, began to leave the block with them. In most Eastern European countries, a wave of mass performances in favor of democratization and market reforms, the actual legalization of the opposition caused crises of ruling parties.
Slide 24.
In February 1989, the Communist leadership of Poland under pressure from protests and economic sanctions was forced to go on a round table with "solidarity" and agree to the free elections, which were held in June of the same year at the first elections, democratic candidates won an absolute victory
Slide 25.
In December 1989, the leader of "solidarity" Lech Valens was elected president of Poland.
Clade 26.
In the GDR, the crisis was exacerbated by the flight of the population in Western Germany through the opening borders of Hungary and Czechoslovakia with Austria. Without deciding on the repressions, the elderly leaders of the Communist Party of Eastern European countries, who separated the "Doctrine of Brezhnev," resigned. New leaders tried to establish a dialogue with the opposition. They removed from the constitutions item on the leading role of the Communist Party, created political coalitions focused on moderate, democratic reforms.
Clade 27.
As a result of the first elections first after World War II in 1989-1990. Communists were removed from power, which moved into the hands of the opposition. The population of the GDR with a large degree of unanimity in 1990 voted for political parties that put forward the slogan of the reunification of Germany, association of the GDR and Germany. As a result of negotiations between the USSR, the United States, the United Kingdom and France, the right of the people of Germany for self-determination was confirmed. The controversial issues, in particular about the membership of one Germany in military units and the stay of foreign troops on its territory, left at the discretion of the leadership of a single German state. The USSR government did not insist on the preservation of the Soviet group of troops on the territory of the former GDR, to achieve the neutralization of one Germany, which remained a member of NATO. In August 1990, a contract for the unification of Germany was signed.
Slide 28.
Clade 29.
The reorientation of the economic relations of Eastern Germany countries, the elimination of unprofitable industries, the introduction of a social protection system of Western European type caused great difficulties. Reforms were carried out at the expense of budget funds. The German economy, the most developed in Western Europe, with great difficulty withstand the burden of modernization of the former socialist national economy. The transformation was absorbed annually about 5% of the GNP of Unified Germany. In 30% of the working people of the former GDR, employment problems arose.
Slide 30.
The economic downturn was explained by the whole complex of the reasons: the desire to reorient economic and political relations to the states of the West, signing in 1991. Most Eastern European countries of the Association agreements with the European Union could not give immediate recoil. Participation in the CMEA, despite the low level of efficiency of its activities, still provided to Eastern European countries a stable market for products, largely lost them. Their own industry could not compete with the Western European industries and lost competition even in domestic markets. The accelerated privatization of the economy and the liberalization of prices, called shock therapy, did not lead to the modernization of the economy. The source of resources and technologies necessary for modernization could only be a major foreign corporation. They, however, showed interest only to individual enterprises (Skoda Automotive Plant in the Czech Republic). Another way of modernization is the use of tools of state intervention in the economy - rejected reformers on ideological reasons.
Slide 31.
For several years, Eastern European countries experienced a high level of inflation, a drop in the standard of living, an increase in unemployment. Hence the growth of the influence of the left forces, new political parties of the social democratic orientation arising from the former communist and workers' parties. The success of the left parties in Poland, Hungary and Slovakia promoted the improvement of the economic situation. In Hungary, after the victory of the left forces in 1994, it was possible to reduce the budget deficit from $ 3.9 billion in 1994 to 1.7 billion in 1996, including at the expense of a more equitable tax distribution and import reduction. The coming to power in the countries of Eastern Europe of the political parties of the social-democratic orientation did not change their aspirations for rapprochement with Western Europe. Of great importance in this regard, their entry into the program "Partnership in the name of the world about with NATO. In 1999, Poland, Hungary and the Czech Republic became full members of this military-political bloc.
Slide 32.
Slide 33.
Complication of the economic situation during market reforms, especially in multinational countries, led to the exacerbation of interethnic relations. At the same time, if the division of Czechoslovakia into two states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia passed peacefully, the territory of Yugoslavia became the arena of armed conflicts. After the gap between I.V. Stalin and I.B. Tito Yugoslavia was not included in the Soviet system of unions. However, by the type of development, it differed little from other countries of Eastern Europe. Reforms held in Yugoslavia in the 1950s, met sharp criticism by N.S. Khrushchev and caused an aggravation of her relationship from the USSR. The Yugoslav model of socialism included self-government in production, allowed elements of a market economy and a greater degree of ideological freedom than in neighboring Eastern European countries. At the same time, a monopoly was preserved into the power of one party (the Union of Communists of Yugoslavia) and the special role of its leader (I.B. Tito). Since the political regime that existed in Yugoslavia was a product of its own development and did not relieve to support the USSR, the force of an example of restructuring and democratization with the death of Tito affected Yugoslavia to a lesser extent than in other Eastern European countries. However, Yugoslavia faced other problems, namely, with interethnic and interreligious conflicts that led to the decay of the country. NATO air strike in Belgrade, the capital of Yugoslavia. 1998 Slide 36.
Slide 37.
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