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The chemical composition of the cell and its structure
General information The chemical composition of plant and animal cells is similar, which indicates the unity of their origin. More than 80 chemical elements have been found in cells. Macronutrients: O, C, N, H. - 98% Trace elements: K, P, S, Ca, Mg, Cl, Na. - 1, 9% Ultra trace elements: Cu, I, Zn, Co, Br. - 0.01%
Inorganic compounds The most widespread inorganic compound in the cells of living organisms is water. He enters the body from the external environment; in animals it can be formed during the breakdown of fats, proteins, carbohydrates. Water is located in the cytoplasm and its organelles, vacuoles, nucleus, intercellular spaces. Functions: 1. Solvent 2. Transport of substances 3. Creation of an environment for chemical reactions 4. Participation in the formation of cellular structures (cytoplasm)
Inorganic compounds Mineral salts are essential for the normal functioning of cells. For example, insoluble calcium and phosphorus salts provide bone strength.
Carbohydrates E are organic compounds that include hydrogen (H), carbon (C) and oxygen (O). Carbohydrates are formed from water (H 2 O) and carbon dioxide (CO 2) during photosynthesis. Phructose and glucose are constantly present in the cells of plant fruits, giving them a sweet taste. Functions: 1. Energetic (with the breakdown of 1 g of glucose, 17.6 kJ of energy is released) 2. Structural (chitin in the skeleton of insects and in the cell wall of fungi) 3. Storage (starch in plant cells, glycogen in animals)
Lipids are a group of fat-like organic compounds insoluble in water, but readily soluble in benzene, gasoline, etc. Fats are one of the classes of lipids, esters of glycerol and fatty acids. The cells contain from 1 to 5% fat. Functions: 1. Energetic (when 1 g of fat is oxidized, 38.9 kJ of energy is released) 2. Structural (phospholipids are the main elements of cell membranes) 3. Protective (thermal insulation)
Proteins These are biopolymers, the monomers of which are amino acids. In the structure of a protein molecule, a primary structure is distinguished - a sequence of amino acid residues; the secondary is a spiral structure that is held together by many hydrogen bonds. The tertiary structure of a protein molecule is a spatial configuration that resembles a compact globule. It is supported by ionic, hydrogen and disulfide bonds. A quaternary structure is formed by the interaction of several globules (for example, a hemoglobin molecule consists of four such subunits). The loss of a protein molecule of its natural structure is called denaturation.
Nucleic acids Nucleic acids provide storage and transmission of hereditary (genetic) information. DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) is a molecule composed of two twisted chains. DNA RNA Consists of a nitrogenous base (adenine (A) A-T A-U cytosine (C), thymine (T) or guanine (G)), C-G C-G pentose (deoxyribose) and phosphate. RNA (ribonucleic acid) is a molecule made up of a single strand of nucleotides. Consists of four nitrogenous bases, but instead of thymine (T) in RNA uracil (U), and instead of deoxyribose - ribose.
ATP ATP (adenosine triphosphoric acid) is a nucleotide that belongs to the group of nucleic acids. The ATP molecule consists of a nitrogenous adenine base, ribose, and three phosphoric acid residues. The cleavage of one molecule of phosphoric acid occurs with the help of enzymes and is accompanied by the release of 40 kJ of energy. The cell uses the energy of ATP in the processes of protein synthesis, during movement, during the production of heat, during the conduction of nerve impulses, in the process of photosynthesis, etc. ATP is a universal accumulator of energy in living organisms.
Cell theory In 1665, the English naturalist Robert Hooke, observing a cut of a cork tree under a microscope, discovered empty cells, which he called "cells." Modern cell theory includes the following provisions: * all living organisms are composed of cells; a cell is the smallest living unit; * the cells of all unicellular and multicellular organisms are similar in their structure, chemical composition, the main manifestations of vital activity and metabolism; * reproduction of cells occurs by their division, and each new cell is formed as a result of division of the original (mother) cell; all multicellular organisms develop from one cell * in complex multicellular organisms, cells are specialized in their function and form tissues; organs that are closely interconnected and subordinate to the nervous and humoral systems of regulation consist of tissues.
Cell organelles Cytoplasm is a semi-liquid medium in which the cell nucleus and all organelles are located. The cytoplasm is 85% water and 10% proteins. Biological membrane The biological membrane: 1) delimits the contents of the cell from the external environment, 2) forms the walls of the organelles and the membrane of the nucleus, 3) divides the contents of the cytoplasm into separate compartments. The outer and inner layers of the membrane (dark) are formed by protein molecules, and the middle (light) - by two layers of lipid molecules. The biological membrane is selectively permeable.
Endoplasmic reticulum (EPS) This is a network of channels, tubules, vesicles, cisterns located inside the cytoplasm. Distinguish between smooth EPS and rough (granular), carrying ribosomes. Smooth EPS membranes are involved in fat and carbohydrate metabolism. Ribosomes attach to the membrane of the rough EPS.
Ribosomes Small spherical organelles ranging in size from 15 to 35 nm. Most of the ribosomes are synthesized in the nucleoli and enter the cytoplasm through the pores of the nuclear membrane, where they are located either on the EPS membranes or freely.
Golgi complex The Golgi complex is a stack of 5-10 flat cisterns, along the edges of which branching tubes and small bubbles extend. The Golgi complex is the outer cell membrane. The Golgi complex takes part in the formation of lysosomes, vacuoles, in the accumulation of carbohydrates, in the construction of the cell wall.
Lysosomes Lysosomes are globular bodies covered with a membrane and containing about 30 enzymes capable of cleaving proteins, nucleic acids, fats and carbohydrates. Lysosomes are formed in the Golgi complex. When lysosomal membranes are damaged, the enzymes contained in them destroy the cell and the temporary organs of embryos and larvae, for example, the tail and gills during the development of frog tadpoles.
Plastids Contained only in plant cells. Chloroplasts are shaped like a biconvex lens and contain the green pigment chlorophyll. Chloroplasts have the ability to capture sunlight and synthesize organic matter with the help of ATP. Chromoplasts - plastids containing plant pigments (except for green), giving color to flowers, fruits, stems and other parts of plants. Leukoplasts are colorless plastids, most often found in uncolored parts of plants - roots, bulbs, etc. They can synthesize and accumulate proteins, fats and polysaccharides (starch).
Mitochondria B are seen in a light microscope in the form of granules, rods, filaments from 0.5 to 7 microns in size. The mitochondrial wall consists of two membranes - outer, smooth and inner, forming outgrowths - cristae. The main functions of mitochondria are: - oxidation of organic compounds to carbon dioxide and water; - - the accumulation of chemical energy in the high-energy bonds of ATP.
Movement organelles Inclusions Cilia and flagella are referred to as cellular organelles of movement.The function of these organelles is either to provide movement (for example, in protozoa) or to move fluid along the surface of cells (for example, in the respiratory epithelium to move mucus) Inclusions are non-permanent components of the cytoplasm, the content which changes depending on the functional state of the cell. ...
Nucleus In terms of chemical composition, the nucleus differs from other components of the cell by its high content of DNA (15-30%) and RNA (12%). 99% of a cell's DNA is concentrated in the nucleus. The core performs two main functions: 1) storage and reproduction of hereditary information; 2) regulation of metabolic processes in the cell. The nucleus includes the nucleolus, which consists of protein and r-RNA; chromatin (chromosomes) and nuclear juice, which is a solution of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates and enzymes, mineral salts.
Prokaryotes and eukaryotes Do not have a formalized nucleus. Hereditary information is transmitted through the DNA molecule, which forms a nucleotide. The functions of eukaryotic organelles are performed by membranes bounded by the cavities of B acteria and C ice - green algae. There are clearly formed nuclei with their own shell. Their nuclear DNA is enclosed in chromosomes. The cytoplasm contains various organelles that perform specific functions of the Kingdom of Fungi, Plants, and Animals.
The cells of living organisms differ from each other not only in structure and functions performed, but also in chemical composition. Almost the same chemical elements are part of different cells.
There are about 80 in the cell chemical elements Periodic table of Dmitry Ivanovich Mendeleev. These are almost all the elements that are present on our planet and are known today. The performed function of these elements has been little studied, since out of 80 elements only 24 have a defined function that they perform in the cell.
Chemical elements that are found in the cell are divided into three large groups: macronutrients , trace elements and ultramicroelements.
The distribution of chemical elements in the cell is uneven. Most, approximately 98% of the mass of any cell, are macronutrients... First of all, these are oxygen (75%), carbon (15%), hydrogen (8%), nitrogen (3%). Molecules of organic substances are composed of these elements, and oxygen and hydrogen are part of water, which is the main inorganic substance of the cell. Macronutrients also include phosphorus, potassium, sulfur, iron, magnesium, sodium and calcium. The mass fraction of any macronutrient in the cell is not less than 0.001%.
Chemical elements, which account for from 0.001% to 0.000001% in the cell (read: from 1 thousandth to 1 millionth percent) are called microelements... These are zinc, iodine, copper, manganese, fluorine, cobalt, bromine and others.
The percentage of this or that element in the body in no way characterizes the degree of its importance and necessity in the body.
For example, cobalt is part of vitamin B 12, iodine is part of the hormones thyroxine and thyronin, and copper is part of enzymes that catalyze redox processes. In addition, copper is involved in the transport of oxygen in the tissues of molluscs. A significant number of enzymes with a diverse mechanism of action contain ions of zinc, manganese, cobalt and molybdenum.
Silicon is found in diatoms, horsetails, sponges, and molluscs. In the cartilage and ligaments of vertebrates, its content can reach several hundredths of a percent.
Boron affects the growth of plants, fluoride is part of the enamel of teeth and bones.
For a share ultramicroelements accounts for less than 0.000001% of the cell mass. This group includes radium, cesium, mercury, uranium, gold and others.
All cell substances are divided into two groups: inorganic and organic.
The main inorganic substance of the cell is water. Due to its physicochemical properties, water is a good solvent, therefore, it is a medium for chemical reactions in the cell. Due to the polarity of the molecules, water easily dissolves ionic compounds (salts, acids, bases). Substances that are readily soluble in water are called hydrophilic... Fats, nucleic acids and some proteins are poorly soluble in water or not soluble at all. Such substances are called hydrophobic.
Water plays an important role in the life of organisms due to its properties:
Due to the high heat capacity, water is able to absorb thermal energy with a minimum increase in its own temperature. The release of water (transpiration in plants, sweating in animals) prevents the body from overheating.
Possessing high thermal conductivity, water contributes to an even distribution of heat throughout the body.
Practically without shrinking, water creates a pressure of water, which determines the volume and elasticity of cells.
Due to the formation of hydrogen bonds between water molecules and molecules of other substances, water has an optimal value for biological systems. surface tension forces, due to which capillary blood flow and the movement of solutions in plants are carried out.
Mineral salts in the cell can be in a dissolved or undissolved state. Soluble salts dissociate into ions. The most important cations are:
potassium and sodium, which are responsible for the transfer of substances across the cell membrane and are involved in the emergence and conduct of a nerve impulse;
calcium takes part in the processes of contraction of muscle fibers and blood clotting. Insoluble calcium salts are involved in the formation of bones and teeth, calcium carbonate - in the formation of shells of mollusks, strengthening the cell membranes of some plant species;
magnesium part of chlorophyll;
iron is part of a number of proteins, including hemoglobin.
Zinc part of the molecule of the pancreas hormone - insulin, copper participates in the processes of photosynthesis and respiration.
The most important anions are phosphate anion which is part of ATP and nucleic acids, and carbonic acid residue regulating fluctuations in the pH of the medium.
Organic matter cells are represented by carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, ATP, vitamins and hormones.
Topic: “The chemical composition of the cell. Basic biopolymer molecules of living matter ”. Grade 11. Biology teachers of the 1st category: VV Kovalenko MOU SOSH 149 Topic: “The chemical composition of the cell. Basic biopolymer molecules of living matter ”. Grade 11. Biology teachers of the I category: Kovalenko V.V. MOU SOSH 149
Objectives: to consolidate knowledge: on the basic properties of the molecular level; by the peculiarities of the chemical composition of living cells; about the structural features of biological molecules and their functions in living cells; about the need for adequate nutrition to replenish the body and its cells with all the necessary substances.
Differences between living and non-living nature Movement speed up to 70 km / h Speed 60 km / h Energy due to the decay of organic matter. Consumes oxygen Generates carbon dioxide Main chemical elements: carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, hydrogen Main chemical elements: iron, aluminum, copper, carbon Cheetah Small car
The answer to the questions What is the significance of the molecular level of living matter? Briefly describe the physicochemical and biological features of biological molecules? What are the main processes of the molecular standard of living? So what are the differences in the chemical composition of living cells? Elementary? Molecular?
The study of the elemental composition of the cell confirms the unity of living and inanimate nature. The composition of living organisms includes the same chemical elements that make up the bodies of inanimate nature. The cells were found to contain from 70 to 90 of 107 (110) elements that make up the periodic system of D.I. Mendeleev. Approximately 40 elements take part in metabolic processes and have pronounced biological activity. These elements are called biogenic. Biogenic elements are chemical elements that, as part of cells, perform biological functions.
Most of the inorganic substances are in the cell in the form of salts - sulfuric, hydrochloric, phosphoric and other acids. Mineral salts play an important role in the development of living organisms. Their deficiency or excess can lead to the death of the organism. Salts can be in the cell either in the form of ions or in a solid state. Potassium, magnesium, sodium salts in combination with proteins are part of the cytoplasm of cells, they determine the acid-base state of the cytoplasm and blood plasma. The excitability of the nervous and muscle tissues, the activity of enzymes, and a number of other important processes occurring in the cell depend on the concentration of certain ions of various salts. Therefore, the cell normally maintains a strictly defined qualitative and quantitative composition of salts.
Only four elements make up about 98% of the mass. These are oxygen, carbon, hydrogen and nitrogen. Oxygen accounts for 65%, carbon 18%, hydrogen 10% and nitrogen 3%. There is a certainty among some scientists that the emergence and existence of terrestrial life, apparently, became possible only thanks to the unique ability of carbon to form large molecules. in relatively large quantities (tenths and hundredths of a percent) are in the cell calcium, potassium, silicon, phosphorus, magnesium, sulfur, chlorine, sodium, aluminum, iron. they, together with the first four (O, C, H and N), make up a group of macronutrients
In a slightly smaller amount in cells, there are elements combined into a group of trace elements. These are zinc, cobalt, iodine, copper, fluorine, boron, nickel, silver, lithium, chromium and some others. Their content in the cell ranges from thousandths to one hundred thousandths of a percent, and the total mass of all trace elements is 0.02%.
The intake of water into the cell and the buffering properties of cells and tissues largely depend on salts. Cell membranes are permeable to water molecules and impermeable to large molecules and ions. If the water content in the medium is higher than in the cell, then the equalization of the water concentration between the cell and the medium occurs by the penetration of water from the medium into the cell. For example, the absorption of water by plant roots is based on this property. Thus, in the cell, as well as in the body as a whole, there is a clear relationship between various inorganic compounds.
Water is the simplest chemical compound that is part of living organisms. In terms of quantitative content in the cell, it takes the first place - on average, it accounts for approximately 75–80%. In different cells, the water content can vary greatly. Water is in cells in two states - bound and free. bound free
4–5% of water is bound to protein molecules. This is the so-called solvated water, which forms shells around protein molecules, isolating them from each other and preventing their aggregation. Solvate water differs in its chemical and physical properties from free water. For example, it does not dissolve salts, but freezes at temperatures close to –40 ° C.
Plays the role of a solvent for chemicals; is the environment in which vital chemical reactions take place; is included as an active component in some enzymatic reactions; carries out the influx of substances into the cell and the removal of waste products from it; determines the turgor pressure of the cell; ensures slight fluctuations in temperature inside the cell and an even distribution of heat throughout the cell and throughout the body. interstitial fluids, consisting mainly of water, moisten the integument where there is friction of one organ against the surface of another. The great role of water is evidenced by a clear relationship between the intensity of metabolism and the water content in organs and tissues. 95% of the water is free. This water has the following functions:
Two properties of water - the ability to form hydrogen bonds and reversible ionization - turn out to be very essential for the course of intracellular processes. Oxygen and hydrogen atoms have different electron affinities (electronegativity), and although the water molecule as a whole is electrically neutral, partial negative charges are localized on oxygen, and partially positive charges on hydrogen atoms. Due to this spatial separation of charges, neighboring molecules can be electrostatically attracted to each other. This type of attraction between the partial charges of electrically neutral molecules is called hydrogen bonding.
Organic matter accounts for 20 to 30% of the cell mass. Mostly organic substances are represented by biopolymers, the molecules of which are large and consist of repeating elementary units - monomers. The most important biological role belongs to such substances as proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, hormones, ATP, vitamins, etc. Almost all processes in living organisms are associated with the functioning of proteins and nucleic acids. These are the largest and most complex molecules in the cell, which are irregular polymers, i.e. molecules, the functions of which are essentially determined by the number, composition and order of arrangement of the monomers included in them.
Proteins account for at least half of the dry mass of an animal cell. In living organisms, they perform a wide variety of functions (building, catalytic, storage, transport, motor, energy, regulatory, protective) and serve as those molecular tools with which genetic information is realized.
In 1868-1870. Swiss biochemist Friedrich Mischer, studying the nuclei of pus cells, discovered a new group of chemical compounds, which he called "nucleins". These innovations were acidic and contained large amounts of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus. These were nucleic acids - the largest biopolymers. Despite the relatively low content in comparison with proteins, nucleic acids play a central role in the cell, since their functions are associated with the storage and transmission of genetic information. Nucleic acids are linear, irregular polymers. There are two types of nucleic acids that differ in chemical structure and biological properties. These are DNA - deoxyribonucleic acids and RNA - ribonucleic acids. 1) phosphoric acid residue, 2) five carbon monosaccharide in cyclic form - ribose or deoxyribose, 3) nitrogenous base.
Carbohydrates (saccharides) are the general name for a vast class of naturally occurring organic compounds. The name comes from the words "coal" and "water". The reason for this is that the first carbohydrates known to science were described by the gross formula Cx (H2O) y, formally being compounds of carbon and water.
Simple Monosaccharides - depending on the number of carbon atoms in the molecule, monosaccharides are distinguished: trioses (3 s), tetroses (4 s), pentose (5 s), hexose (6 s), heptose (7 s). In nature, the most widespread are pentoses and hexoses. The most important of pentoses are deoxyribose and ribose, which are part of DNA, RNA, ATP; of hexoses, glucose, fructose and galactose are the most common (general formula CHO). Monosaccharides can be presented as a- and b-isomers. Starch molecules consist of a-glucose residues, cellulose - of β-glucose residues. Deoxyribose (CHO) differs from ribose (CHO) in that it has a hydrogen atom at the second carbon atom, and not a hydroxyl group, as in ribose.
Complex carbohydrates are those whose molecules, when hydrolyzed, break down to form simple carbohydrates. Among the complex are distinguished: oligosaccharides and polysaccharides. Oligosaccharides are complex carbohydrates containing from 2 to 10 monosaccharide residues. Depending on the number of incoming residues of monosaccharides included in oligosaccharide molecules, disaccharides, trisaccharides, etc. are distinguished. The most widespread in nature are disaccharides, the molecules of which are formed by two residues of monosaccharides: maltose, consisting of two residues of a-glucose, milk sugar (lactose) and beet sugar (or trans-sugar). Polysaccharides are formed as a result of a polycondensation reaction. The most important polysaccharides are starch, glycogen, chitin, murein. Starch is the main reserve carbohydrate of plants, glycogen in animals and humans. Cellulose is the main structural carbohydrate of plant cell walls; it is insoluble in water.
Molecules of simple carbohydrates - monoses - are built from unbranched carbon chains containing different numbers of carbon atoms. The composition of plants and animals consists mainly of monoses with 5 and 6 carbon atoms - pentoses and hexoses. Hydroxyl groups are located at carbon atoms, and one of them is oxidized to an aldehyde (aldose) or ketone (ketose) group. In aqueous solutions, including in a cell, monoses from acyclic (aldehyde-ketone) forms pass into cyclic (furanose, pyranose) and vice versa. This process is called dynamic isomerism - tautomerism. The cycles that are part of the monose molecules can be built from 5 atoms (of which 4 carbon atoms and one oxygen) - they are called furanose, or from 6 atoms (5 carbon atoms and one oxygen), they are called pyranose.
Carbohydrates have a structural function Carbohydrates have a protective role in plants Carbohydrates have a plastic function Carbohydrates are the main energy material. Carbohydrates are involved in providing osmotic pressure and osmoregulation Carbohydrates have a receptor function
The main sources of carbohydrates from food are: bread, potatoes, pasta, cereals, sweets. The net carbohydrate is sugar. Honey, depending on its origin, contains 7080% sugar. A special unit of bread is used to indicate the amount of carbohydrates in food. In addition, fiber and pectins, which are poorly digested by the human body, also adjoin the carbohydrate group.
Carbohydrates are essential in your daily diet so that the protein needed to build tissue is not wasted as an energy source where it is needed for repair. They have the same calorie content as protein. If you consume too many carbohydrates, more than can be converted to glucose or glycogen (which is stored in the liver and muscles), the result, as we all know all too well, is fat. When the body needs more fuel, fat is converted back to glucose and body weight is reduced. 36
Lipids are natural compounds that are obtained from plant or animal tissues by extraction with non-polar solvents (for example, ether, benzene or chloroform) and which are insoluble in water. These include the products of interaction of fatty acids with alcohols (simple lipids), amino alcohols and other compounds (complex lipids), prostaglandins and isoprenoid lipids (for example, carotenoids, chlorophyll, vitamins E and K). Depending on the type of cells, the lipid content ranges from 5 to 90% (in the cells of adipose tissue). These are hydrophobic substances with high energy content (the breakdown of 1 g of fat gives 38.9 kJ).
Cell Chemistry Presentations for biology lessons
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Cell Chemistry Presentations
a list of all presentations on the chemical composition of the cell in the form of a table| Presentation title | author | Slides | The words | Sounds | Effects | Time | Download |
| Cell chemistry | Tatiana | 28 | 912 | 6 | 19 | 00:20 | 769 KB |
| Cells of living organisms | Pimenov AV | 30 | 2472 | 0 | 47 | 00:00 | 8487 KB |
| Cell chemicals | 11 | 567 | 0 | 45 | 00:00 | 333 kB | |
| Chemical elements in the cell | | User | 16 | 816 | 0 | 10 | 00:00 | 304 kB |
| | User | 35 | 1625 | 0 | 57 | 00:00 | 586 KB | |
| Kachurina | 22 | 1745 | 0 | 42 | 00:00 | 687 kB | |
| Cell organic matter | SC | 12 | 177 | 0 | 13 | 00:00 | 1 347 KB |
| Macro and microelements | User | 26 | 2799 | 0 | 123 | 00:00 | 1 707 KB |
| chibiryaev | 28 | 1045 | 0 | 167 | 00:01 | 5 585 KB | |
| Afanasyeva T.A. | 16 | 481 | 0 | 93 | 00:00 | 7,213 kB | |
| Grade 9 carbohydrates | User | 15 | 875 | 0 | 35 | 00:00 | 483 kB |
| Carbohydrate biology | 26 | 418 | 0 | 50 | 00:00 | 2 543 kB | |
| Starch | user | 25 | 1350 | 0 | 2 | 00:00 | 2 517 kB |
| Melanin | PhD Daniil N. Olennikov | 12 | 682 | 0 | 0 | 00:00 | 365 kB |
| Nucleic acid biology | 1 | 36 | 2730 | 0 | 228 | 00:00 | 1 692 KB |
| Total: 15 presentations | 338 | 00:00 | 34 MB |
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Cell chemistry presentations
Cell chemistry
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Slides: 11 Words: 567 Sounds: 0 Effects: 45Topic: “The chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances of the cell. " The chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances. Organic matter. Water and salt. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, hormones, atf, vitamins. Contained in the bodies of inanimate and living nature. Formed only in living organisms. Chemical compounds of the cell. The ratio of chemical compounds in the cell. Macronutrients. Iodine Copper Manganese Molybdenum Cobalt. Content in cells: tooth enamel - 10% in bones - up to 20%. embryonic cells - more than 98%. Hydrophilic, highly soluble in water. Hydrophobic insoluble in water: - Cell chemicals.ppt
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Slides: 28 Words: 1045 Sounds: 0 Effects: 167Biologically active compounds of living organisms. A.M. Chibiryaev "Biologically active compounds of living organisms", 2009. Lipids. They are divided into simple and complex. Sometimes complex lipids are further subdivided into neutral, polar, and oxylipins. The constituent parts of lipids are fatty acids. Fatty acid composition of some vegetable fats and oils. Fatty acid composition of some animal fats and oils. World production of essential fats and oils. Plant oil with an unusual composition of fatty acids. Calendula oil - 55% calendic acid 8t, 10t, 12c-18: 3; - Connections.ppt
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Slides: 16 Words: 481 Sounds: 0 Effects: 93The chemical composition of the cell. Macronutrients. Chemical elements of the cell. Part of water. Protein component. Blood plasma composition. The polarity of the membranes of living cells. Chemical substances. Exercise. Water properties. Dipole structure. Highlight characteristic properties. Substances. Functions of water. Note the properties of water. - Inorganic compounds of cells.ppt
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Slides: 15 Words: 875 Sounds: 0 Effects: 35Carbohydrates. The presentation was prepared by the teacher of chemistry Roschepkina N.A. for the parallel of the 9th grade. Table of contents. Carbohydrates are the main suppliers of energy to the human body. We get carbohydrates from grains, legumes, potatoes, fruits and vegetables. A person should receive at least 500 g of carbohydrates per day. Glucose. Fructose. Sucrose. Lactose. Glycogen. Starch. Cellulose. CELLULOSE (C6H10O5) n Plant polysaccharide. Fiber comes to our body with plant foods. Monosaccharide. Glucose easily enters the bloodstream and is transported inside the body. Glucose is easily absorbed by the body, supports a weakened body, and normalizes digestion. - Grade 9 carbohydrates.ppt
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Slides: 26 Words: 418 Sounds: 0 Effects: 50Integrated lesson of chemistry-biology on the topic "Carbohydrates". Carbohydrates. Functions of carbohydrates: 1. Building. Functions of carbohydrates: 2. Energy. General carbohydrate formula. Cn (H2O) m. Classification of carbohydrates. Self-study assignment: fill in the table Carbohydrates class representatives. Glucose c6n12o6. Content of carbohydrates per 100 g of food. Sweetness scale. Reaction with copper (II) hydroxide. A sign of a reaction is a change in the color of the precipitate from blue to brick-red. The reaction of the silver mirror. (Obtaining ammonia solution of silver oxide). Sucrose c12n22o11. STARCH (c6n10o5) n. - Carbohydrates biology.ppt
Starch
Slides: 25 Words: 1350 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2Starch is the main carbohydrate in human food. Starch as a nutrient. Starch is the main energy-producing carbohydrate in our food. Starch structure. Amylopectin structure. Amylose structure. KA Timiryazev - Russian scientist, plant physiologist. Chloroplasts are natural "factories" of photosynthesis. The main substance of photosynthesis is the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is found in gran membranes, which is why chloroplasts turn green. Photosynthesis is the main biochemical process on Earth. H2O with minerals. E of the sun. Co2. Chlorophyll. Detection of starch in plant leaves as the end product of photosynthesis. - Starch.ppt
Melanin
Slides: 12 Words: 682 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Biopolymers of fungal origin Authors: Ph.D. Penzina T.A., Doctor of Biological Sciences, prof. Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS. Biopolymers of mushroom origin. Industry. Polysaccharides Chitin and Chitosan Melanin. Substances. Pharmacology. Scientific groundwork. Basidial melanins. (1) redox buffers (2) antimutagens (3) antibiotics. Physiological functions in mushrooms. Conditioned. Pharmacological activity. Research results. Melanin Laetiporus sulphureus (MLS). The presence of this type of melanin in the basidial form was established for the first time. Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull .: Fr.) Murr. - Biopolymers.ppt
Nucleic acid biology
Slides: 36 Words: 2730 Sounds: 0 Effects: 228The study of nucleic acids in the school course of biology and chemistry. Nucleic acid study plan. Structure. History of discovery and study. Views. Biological role. Final testing. The biological significance of nucleic acids. As they study the material, students fill out the table: Chemical structure of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates. The chemical structure of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are biopolymers, the monomers of which are nucleotides. This structure is confirmed by the products of stepwise hydrolysis of nucleic acids. Primary structure of nucleic acids. -
summaries of presentationsCell composition
Slides: 28 Words: 912 Sounds: 6 Effects: 19Chemical. Composition. Cells. The chemical composition of the cell. Organic and inorganic substances. Objective: to get acquainted with the chemical substances of the cell. Plan: 1. Chemical elements. 2.Organic substances of the cell 3. Inorganic substances of the cell. Mendeleev table. 1. Chemical elements. The most common chemical elements are oxygen (O2), carbon (C), nitrogen (N2), hydrogen (H2). Element. Inorganic substance. Organic matter. Chemical compound. Organic matter. Proteins Fats Carbohydrates Nucleic acids. Scheme. Inorganic substances. Water Mineral salts. Test your knowledge. - Cell composition.ppt
Cells of living organisms
Slides: 30 Words: 2472 Sounds: 0 Effects: 47Topic: “The chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances of the cell. " Chapter I. Chemical composition of the cell. Empire Cellular unites organisms with a cellular structure. Non-cellular organisms include viruses, united in the kingdom of Viruses. Properties of living organisms. Excitability is the most important property of the body. Cellular. Organic. Population-specific. Ecosystem. Biosphere. Organizational levels of living matter. At the organismic level - the structure of tissues, organs and organ systems of the whole organism. At the population-specific level, the structure of the species, the characteristics of populations are studied. - Cells of living organisms.ppt
Cell chemistry
Slides: 25 Words: 615 Sounds: 0 Effects: 23The chemical composition of the cell. Macronutrients. Trace elements. Homeostasis. Bodies of living nature. Functions of water in the cell. Crystals of calcium oxalate. Functions of mineral substances. Carbon. Monomer. Carbohydrates. Functions of carbohydrates. Lipids. Lipid functions. The wax protects the plant cell from mechanical damage. Working with terms. Ammonia. Indicate the excess chemical compound. Water plays an important role in the life of the cell. The cells of which organisms contain tens of times more carbohydrates. The ability of camels to tolerate heat well. Homework. Part. State. Polymer. - Cell chemistry.ppt
Cell chemicals
Slides: 11 Words: 567 Sounds: 0 Effects: 45Topic: “The chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances of the cell. " The chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances. Organic matter. Water and salt. Proteins, fats, carbohydrates, nucleic acids, hormones, atf, vitamins. Contained in the bodies of inanimate and living nature. Formed only in living organisms. Chemical compounds of the cell. The ratio of chemical compounds in the cell. Macronutrients. Iodine Copper Manganese Molybdenum Cobalt. Content in cells: tooth enamel - 10% in bones - up to 20%. embryonic cells - more than 98%. Hydrophilic, highly soluble in water. Hydrophobic insoluble in water: - Cell chemicals.ppt
Chemical elements in the cell
Slides: 16 Words: 816 Sounds: 0 Effects: 10The chemical composition of the cell. Inorganic substances of the cell. Knowledge update. Classification and content of chemical elements in the cell. The structure, properties and biological role of water in the cell. The value of mineral salts in the life of the cell. Knowledge check. Reflection. Answer the questions. What is a chemical element? What chemical elements prevail in the earth's crust? What do you know about the chemical composition of cells? What do you know about the role of chemical elements in the life of cells? Using clause 2.2. make a diagram "Classification of chemical elements that make up the cell." - Chemical elements in the cell.ppt
What is the chemical composition of the cell
Slides: 35 Words: 1625 Sounds: 0 Effects: 57The chemical composition of the cell. Definition of the concept of "organic matter". Expanding knowledge. Complete the sentences. Neutral fats. Lipid classification. Variety of lipids. Soluble in organic solvents. Lipid functions. What compounds are called carbohydrates. Carbohydrates. Monosaccharides. Disaccharides. Pectin. Functions. Functions of carbohydrates. What is the structure of proteins. Protein composition. Amino acids. Proteins containing the entire set of amino acids. Protein classification. Protein molecule structure. Secondary structure. Tertiary structure. Protein molecule structure. Hemoglobin. - What is the chemical composition of the cell .ppt
Lesson "Chemical composition of a cell"
Slides: 24 Words: 620 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0The chemical composition of the cell. Lesson "Chemical composition of a cell". Elementary composition of the cell. Lesson "Chemical composition of a cell". Molecular level. Inorganic substances. PH buffering. Lesson "Chemical composition of a cell". Proteins. Protein structure. Properties of a protein molecule. Enzymes. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Nucleic acids. DNA is a double helix. Lesson "Chemical composition of a cell". The principle of complementarity. Replication. RNA is a single strand. Types of RNA. Nucleotide. Alive = Inanimate. Hydrogen molecule. - Lesson "Chemical composition of a cell" .ppt
Biology "Chemical composition of a cell"
Slides: 14 Words: 736 Sounds: 0 Effects: 51The chemical composition of the cell. Lesson plan. Answer the questions. Signs of reaction. Differences between living and inanimate nature. Macronutrients. Biogenic elements. Oxygen. C is the basis of all organic substances. Human body composition. Trace elements. Zinc. Cu -enzymes hemocyanins, hemoglobin synthesis, photosynthesis. Ultramicroelements. - Biology "Chemical composition of a cell" .pptx
The chemical composition and structure of the cell
Slides: 19 Words: 1622 Sounds: 1 Effects: 92Features of the chemical composition of the cell
Slides: 20 Words: 1028 Sounds: 0 Effects: 63Features of the chemical composition of the cell. Cells. Abstracts. Chemical elements of the cell. Groups of chemical elements. Oxygen. Metal ions. The ratio of organic and inorganic substances in the cell. Carbon. Chemical components of the cell. Water. Hydrogen bonds. Types of water. Water in the body is unevenly distributed. Minerals in the cell. Solution. Dogs. Notes in a notebook. Additional homework. Thank you for the attention. - Features of the chemical composition of the cell.ppt
The chemical composition of the cell and its structure
Slides: 22 Words: 1745 Sounds: 0 Effects: 42The chemical composition of the cell and its structure. The chemical composition of the cell. The chemical composition of plant and animal cells. Inorganic compounds. Mineral salts. Carbohydrates. Lipids. Proteins. Nucleic acids. ATP. Cell theory. Cytoplasm. Endoplasmic reticulum (EPS). Small spherical organelles. Golgi complex. Lysosomes. Plastids. Mitochondria. Organelles of movement. Core. Prokaryotes and eukaryotes. Thank you for the attention. - The chemical composition of the cell and its structure.ppt
Cell substances
Slides: 20 Words: 2319 Sounds: 0 Effects: 43ATP and other organic substances of the cell. ATP. ATP function. How and where is ATP formed. Vitamins in the life of the cell. The history of the discovery of vitamins. Disorders associated with a lack or excess of vitamins. Vitamins and vitamin-like substances. Vitamin. Modern classification of vitamins. The role of vitamins in human life. Interesting Facts. Viruses and bacteriophages. Discovery of viruses. TMV has a rod-shaped form. The structure of viruses. Micrographs of viruses. The life of viruses. The life cycle of a bacteriophage. The importance of viruses. - Cell Substances.pptx
Cell organic matter
Slides: 12 Words: 177 Sounds: 0 Effects: 13Organic substances that make up the cell. Plan. Introduce students to the purpose of the lesson. Review homework Study a new topic. Make a conclusion. To consolidate the knowledge gained. Summarize the lesson. Write down your homework. Organic compounds of the cell: proteins, fats, carbohydrates. Vegetable and animal proteins. Carbohydrates are made up of carbon atoms and water molecules. Lipids. Nucleic acids: DNA and RNA. Output. Anchoring. What organic matter are cells? List the functions of proteins. What are the functions of carbohydrates and lipids? Working on the topic: Development of thinking in biology lessons. - Cell organic matter.pps
Macro and microelements
Slides: 26 Words: 2799 Sounds: 0 Effects: 123The value of macro- and microelements in the human body. Macro and microelements. Targets and goals. Absolutely essential substances. Oxygen. Oxygen is part of proteins. Macro and microelements. Macro and microelements. Macro and microelements. Oxygen is the most abundant chemical element on Earth. Benefits of oxygen-based cosmetics. Water. Water for the human body. Macronutrients. Calcium values for the human body. Sodium values for the human body. The value of sulfur for the human body. Chlorine values for the human body. The value of magnesium for the human body. - Macro and microelements.ppt
Connections
Slides: 28 Words: 1045 Sounds: 0 Effects: 167Biologically active compounds of living organisms. A.M. Chibiryaev "Biologically active compounds of living organisms", 2009. Lipids. They are divided into simple and complex. Sometimes complex lipids are further subdivided into neutral, polar, and oxylipins. The constituent parts of lipids are fatty acids. Fatty acid composition of some vegetable fats and oils. Fatty acid composition of some animal fats and oils. World production of essential fats and oils. Plant oil with an unusual composition of fatty acids. Calendula oil - 55% calendic acid 8t, 10t, 12c-18: 3; Fatty acid biosynthesis. - Connections.ppt
Organic compounds of the cell
Slides: 15 Words: 594 Sounds: 0 Effects: 134Organic matter of the cell. Carbohydrates. Lesson objectives. Lesson plan. What substances are called organic. The winning way. Lysine. Nucleic acids. Properties and functions of fats. Labyrinth. A. Rules for the design of diagrams. Variety of organic substances. Reflection. Homework. - organic compounds cells.pptx
Inorganic substances of the cell
Slides: 13 Words: 669 Sounds: 0 Effects: 35The chemical composition of the cell. 80 chemical elements. Elements that make up the cell. Macronutrients. Trace elements. Ultramicroelements. Biogenic elements. Magnesium. Oxygen. The content of chemical compounds in the cell. Content in different cells. Functions of water. Did you know. - Inorganic substances of the cell.ppt
Inorganic compounds of the cell
Slides: 16 Words: 481 Sounds: 0 Effects: 93The chemical composition of the cell. Macronutrients. Chemical elements of the cell. Part of water. Protein component. Blood plasma composition. The polarity of the membranes of living cells. Chemical substances. Exercise. Water properties. Dipole structure. Highlight characteristic properties. Substances. Functions of water. Note the properties of water. Homework. - Inorganic compounds of cells.ppt
Inorganic substances in the cell
Slides: 61 Words: 3044 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Inorganic substances of the cell. Inorganic substances. Classification. Nuclear fusion. Earth. The chemical composition of living matter. The chemical composition of the cell. Trace elements. Elementary composition of organisms. Chemical elements. The content of chemical elements. Water. Water and its role in the cell. Molecule of water. Dipole. Dipole - H2O. Hydrogen bonds. Cluster shape. Inorganic substances in the composition of the cell. Hydrogen bonds. Hydrogen bonds. Water properties. Forms of water. Functions of water. Fatty substances. Sugar molecules. Solvent. Inorganic substances in the composition of the cell. - Inorganic substances in the composition of the cell.ppt
Grade 9 carbohydrates
Slides: 15 Words: 875 Sounds: 0 Effects: 35Carbohydrates. The presentation was prepared by the teacher of chemistry Roschepkina N.A. for the parallel of the 9th grade. Table of contents. Carbohydrates are the main suppliers of energy to the human body. We get carbohydrates from grains, legumes, potatoes, fruits and vegetables. A person should receive at least 500 g of carbohydrates per day. Glucose. Fructose. Sucrose. Lactose. Glycogen. Starch. Cellulose. CELLULOSE (C6H10O5) n Plant polysaccharide. Fiber comes to our body with plant foods. Monosaccharide. Glucose easily enters the bloodstream and is transported inside the body. Glucose is easily absorbed by the body, supports a weakened body, and normalizes digestion. - Grade 9 carbohydrates.ppt
Carbohydrate biology
Slides: 26 Words: 418 Sounds: 0 Effects: 50Integrated lesson of chemistry-biology on the topic "Carbohydrates". Carbohydrates. Functions of carbohydrates: 1. Building. Functions of carbohydrates: 2. Energy. General carbohydrate formula. Cn (H2O) m. Classification of carbohydrates. Self-study assignment: fill in the table Carbohydrates class representatives. Glucose c6n12o6. Content of carbohydrates per 100 g of food. Sweetness scale. Reaction with copper (II) hydroxide. A sign of a reaction is a change in the color of the precipitate from blue to brick-red. The reaction of the silver mirror. (Obtaining ammonia solution of silver oxide). Sucrose c12n22o11. STARCH (c6n10o5) n. - Carbohydrates biology.ppt
Starch
Slides: 25 Words: 1350 Sounds: 0 Effects: 2Starch is the main carbohydrate in human food. Starch as a nutrient. Starch is the main energy-producing carbohydrate in our food. Starch structure. Amylopectin structure. Amylose structure. KA Timiryazev - Russian scientist, plant physiologist. Chloroplasts are natural "factories" of photosynthesis. The main substance of photosynthesis is the green pigment chlorophyll. Chlorophyll is found in gran membranes, which is why chloroplasts turn green. Photosynthesis is the main biochemical process on Earth. H2O with minerals. E of the sun. Co2. Chlorophyll. Detection of starch in plant leaves as the end product of photosynthesis. - Starch.ppt
Biopolymers
Slides: 12 Words: 682 Sounds: 0 Effects: 0Biopolymers of fungal origin Authors: Ph.D. Penzina T.A., Doctor of Biological Sciences, prof. Siberian Institute of Plant Physiology and Biochemistry SB RAS. Biopolymers of mushroom origin. Industry. Polysaccharides Chitin and Chitosan Melanin. Substances. Pharmacology. Scientific groundwork. Basidial melanins. (1) redox buffers (2) antimutagens (3) antibiotics. Physiological functions in mushrooms. Conditioned. Pharmacological activity. Research results. Melanin Laetiporus sulphureus (MLS). The presence of this type of melanin in the basidial form was established for the first time. Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull .: Fr.) Murr. - Biopolymers.ppt
Biology Nucleic acids
Slides: 36 Words: 2730 Sounds: 0 Effects: 228The study of nucleic acids in the school course of biology and chemistry. Nucleic acid study plan. Structure. History of discovery and study. Views. Biological role. Final testing. The biological significance of nucleic acids. As they study the material, students fill out the table: Chemical structure of nitrogenous bases and carbohydrates. The chemical structure of nucleic acids. Nucleic acids are biopolymers, the monomers of which are nucleotides. This structure is confirmed by the products of stepwise hydrolysis of nucleic acids. Primary structure of nucleic acids. -
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