"The opening of the Earth" is Russian landlords (S. Dezhnev, V. Atlasov, etc.). Magellan visited the Mariana and Philippine Islands (where he died in a skirmish with natives). The news of the opening of the Spaniards of new lands in the West stimulated the efforts of the Portuguese. Development of knowledge of land. Cape Dezhnev. Stages of human knowledge development of land.
"Travelers of the 19th century" - Efim Vasilyevich Putyatin (1804-1883). Japan. Amur river. Sakhalin. Russian travelers in the first half of the XIX century. "Hope" and "Neva". F.F. BELLINSGAUZEN (1778-1852) Lazarev. "Baikal". "East" and "Mirny". Kamchatka. Antarctica. Gennady Ivanovich Nevelsky (1813-1876). Ivan Fedorovich Kruzenshtern (1770-1846).
"Geographical discoveries" - searches for the path to India. Swimming along the western bank of Africa. Check yourself! The flow of precious metals was poured into Europe, which led to the "Revolution of Prices". Plan causes of great geographical discoveries. Journey Vasco da Gama. Homework. Give evidence confirming your thought. Make a chronological table: "Great geographical discoveries of XY- XYII centuries."
"Expeditions" - where? Petersburg Academy of Sciences. Mikhail Vasilyevich Lomonosov. But everything began with the Petrovsky Decree, which resulted in front of the Kamchatka Expedition of Vitus. "Chelyuskin" in the ice. The second half of the XVII - XVIII century. Icebreaker Vasily Pronchishchev.
Ivan Kruzenshtern - Development of the Plan. The official permission to develop plans was given on August 7, 1802. Preface. Content. Alexander I honored the honor to accept I. F. Kruzhenstern. The Academy of Sciences highly appreciated the results of the first Russian round-the-world expedition. On November 19, 1770, Adam Johann Kruzenshtern was born in the estate of Johann.
"Great geographical discoveries" - open yourself to the world. Vasco da Gama opened the sea route to India, the country of fabulous wealth. World Ocean. James Cook, English navigator, participant of the two largest round-the-world travels. At the beginning of the 16th century. The Portuguese captured Malacca and Molokki O-Wa. Maslova Antonina Timofeevna Director, School No. 190 Novosibirsk.
To the 100th anniversary of the polar expedition under the leadership of George Yakovlevich Sedov.
Prepared: Pupil 6A Class Morozova Valery
Gymnasium №24.
magadan
Historical reference
- The time of the expedition is 1912-1914.
- The purpose of the expedition is the achievement of the North Pole of the Earth.
- For many years, the North Pole has attracted scientists and travelers of many countries, attempts to reach it repeatedly.
- The conquest of the North Pole was not only an important scientific task, but also served as to strengthen the national prestige of the country.
- Americans Frederick Cook (in 1908) and Robert Pear (in 1909) declared the conquest of the North Pole, but their statements were questioned and were not widely accepted by the public.
- The expedition was funded at the expense of private donations.
Expedition plan
- The initial plan was that in the fall of 1912 to deliver the expedition participants on the ship to Rudolf Island - the North Island of Franz Joseph Archipelago.
- Then Sedov planned to make a transition on dog sledding for drifting ice to the North Pole.
- The total length of the possible transition on ice on dog sledding could reach about 2500 km.
Expedition composition:
- Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov - Head of the Expedition
- Nikolai Petrovich Zakharov - Captain Schoon
- Nikolai Maksimovich Sakharov - Navigator
- Janis Zadders and Martinsh Zadders - the first mechanic and the second mechanic, the native brothers
- Vladimir Yulievich Visa and Mikhail Alekseevich Pavlov - Scientific staff of the Expedition, recent graduates of the University of St. Petersburg (fellow students and also classmates on the gymnasium)
- P. G. Kushakov - a veterinary doctor who also served as a ship's doctor
- Nikolay Vasilyevich Pinegin - artist and photographer, film documentist
Sedov Georgy Yakovlevich
- Russian hydrograph, polar researcher.
- Fishing family leaving, navy officer, a valid member of the Russian Geographical Society, an honorary member of the Russian Astronomical Society.
- Until 1912, he participated in the expeditions to study the island of Vaigach, the mouth of the river Kara, New Earth, Kara Sea, the Caspian Sea, the mouth of the River Kolyma and the marine approaches to it, the cross lip
Vladimir Yulievich Visa
- Polar researcher, Oceanologist, Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1933).
- In 1912-1914. Visa participated in the expedition George Yakovlevich Sedov.
- Subsequently, the participant and the supervisor of many Soviet Arctic expeditions.
Other participants of the expedition
V.Yu. Visa, G.Ya Sedov, P.G. Kushakov, MA Pavlov
(sit on chairs, left to right)
Training expedition
- On the collected funds on July 23, 1912, Sedov rented an old sail-steam schooner "Holy Great Martyr Fock" – Former Norwegian beastremind Bark "Geyser" 1870 buildings. Because of the rush, the ship failed to completely repair, and the crew bothered to flow. The "Holy Great Martyr Foka" was equipped with a radio station, but Sedov failed to hire a radio train, which is why the equipment turned out to be useless and was left in Arkhangelsk.
- On August 19, 1912, it turned out that the lifting capacity of Foki does not allow to take all the necessary expeditions supplies. As a result, after partial discharge on the shore, part of food, fuel, drinking water and equipment were left.
Expedition participant V. Y. Visa wrote:
"Much of the ordered equipment was not ready on time ... The team was scored, there were few professional sailors in it. Food has been purchased, and the Arkhangelsk merchants took advantage of the hurry and slipped poor-quality products. Hasp in Arkhangelsk were purchased at a very high-inflated dog price - simple mounds. Fortunately, the bridge of beautiful driving dogs arrived in time, bought in advance in Western Siberia. "
Expedition Beginning - August 27 (August 14, Art. Art.) 1912, Arkhangelsk
Schuna "Holy Great Martyr Fok". After leaving Arkhangelsk, he was renamed Sedov in Mikhail Suvorin, in honor of one of the expedition sponsors.
First wintering
- September 15, 1912 at 77 ° C. sh. Mikhail Suvorin met impassable ice and could not achieve Land Franz Joseph .
- By Sedov's decision, contrary to the initial plan – Build from Srub Zimsier, plan the pole detachment and return to Arkhangelsk – The ship is left for wintering on New Earth In Bay 76 ° C. sh. 60 ° C. D. About the Panchatyev Peninsula. The crew did not have enough warm clothes.
Place of first wintering
First wintering
- During the wintering of the Peninsula Pancratiev, a group of V. Yu. Visa, M. A. Pavlova and two sailors crossed the North Island from Mikhail Suvorin's parking lot to Vasseyev Bay on the Kars side. The northeast coast of the new land was described, an important scientific work was performed.
- Sedov, accompanied by a sailor A. Inyutin, for the first time, reinforced the northern tip of the island for the first time, and also passed from the pancratype of the peninsula to the cape of desire.
Place of first wintering
Second navigation
- On September 3, 1913, Mikhail Suvorin was released from ice and approached Northbrook Islands Flora Islands ( Land Franz Joseph) To the Jackson base. Members of the expedition disassembled the construction of the base on firewood.
- Without replenishing the supplies, on September 17, the expedition went further, but already on September 19, he stopped on the second wintering in the island bay Gucker (Land Franz Joseph).
- During the wintering, the vessel did not experience the compression of the ice, and the bay called quietly.
Archipelago Land Franz Joseph
Place the second wintering
Island Gucker
Second wintering
- For the second wintering, there was not enough fuel and food, the incorrectly formed diet of the expedition affected. The diseases among the crew intensified. Starting from January, Sedov almost did not leave their cabins. The inner premises of the vessel were almost not heated and covered with ice.
V.Yu.viza recorded:
« Cings were avoided only the seven who emitted the firing meat extracted by hunting, which fought hot bear blood. Most, including Sedov, refused from such food. "
".. The head of our food is porridge da porridge. The most incorporated nutrition for the polar countries. "
Second wintering
Georgy Yakovlevich Sedov on board
expedition Ship
Second wintering
Mikhail Suvorin in Ice
Coast of Gucker Island (modern photo)
Hiking on the pole
- On February 2, 1914, the sick of Sedov, together with the sailors G. I. Linnik, and A. I. Veshkaya on three dog sledding (having only 20 dogs) came out of the bay of quiet to the pole.
- Visa, Pinegin and Pavlov conducted a group of Sedov to Cape Marcham.
Sailors G. I. Linnik and A. I. Veskaya
Hiking on the pole
Polyus Group Movement Scheme
Sedov's death
- In the course of the movement, George Yakovlevich's disease was progressed, in a week he could not go and ordered himself to bind himself to the nate, but to continue the campaign.
- On February 20, 1914, on the eighteenth day of the campaign, Georgy Yakovlevich passed away among the ice near the island of Rudolf.
- His companions buried the body on the island of Rudolf - wrapped in two canvas bags, made a cross from skis and put the flag in the grave, which he intended to install in the North Pole.
- Then they headed back to the way. One of the dogs - Fram - remained at the grave. Linnik with the Void could not catch it and left a small supply of food, in the hope that the dog will catch them, but the Fram did not return.
Return expedition
- On the way back, July 20, 1914, the crew "Mikhail Suvorin" on the old Jackson Cape Flora (Northbrooke Island, Land Franz Joseph) accidentally discovered and saved the two only surviving members of the Expedition G. L. Brusylov: V. I. Albanova and the sailor A. E. Konrad.
- On the way to South "Mikhail Suvorin" experienced a brutal shortage of fuel for the steam machine. The crew had to chop furniture on firewood, deck add-ons and even the bulkhead of the vessel. The vessel was reached by Fisherman's Fishing in Murmann on August 15, 1914 in a dilapidated condition.
- Further path to Arkhangelsk members of the expedition were carried out on the flight passenger ship "Emperor Nicholas II" - at the expense of the captain of the steamer, since no one had money from the polarists.
Searches for expedition
- By 1914, three Russian Arctic expeditions were immediately: G. Ya. Sedov, G. L. Brusylov and V. A. Rusanova were considered missing. On January 18, 1914, the Council of Ministers instructed the Maritime Ministry to take their search, several search expeditions were organized.
- For searching for Expedition G.Ya. Sedov For the first time in world history, polar aircraft was used: the pilot Yang Nurentsky on the Farman MF-11 hydrosapol, he explored the ice and the coast of the new land for about 1060 km.
Hydrosapol "Farman MF-11"
Jan Nursky - the first
polar pilot
Named in honor G.Ya. Sedova:
sedovo settlement,
- hydrographic icebreaker "Georgy Sedov", Georgy Sedov icebreaker and Bark "Sedov",
- Rostov-on-Don Order "Honor Sign" Nautical School,
- glacier and Cape on the island of Gucker (archipelago Land Franz Joseph),
- island in the Barents Sea,
- cape in Antarctica, two bays and peak on the new land,
- airplane Aeroflot Airlines, onboard number VP-BKX,
- streets in many cities of Russia and Ukraine.
List of resources used
- Wikipedia - http://ru.wikipedia.org.
- Site Sailboat - http://windgammers.narod.ru
- Site of the Russian Geographic Society www.rgo.ru
For the characteristics of the movement, the concept of average speed is introduced: in physics, there is no average of interest in physics, and the instantaneous speed, which is defined as the limit to which the average rate is striving at an infinitely small period of time Δt: in mathematics, such a limit is called a derivative and denoted or
The average speed is a vector physical value equal to the ratio of movement performed by the body during T T, by this time. The average track speed is a scalar physical value equal to the path ratio passed by the body during T, by this time an instantaneous speed () is a vector physical value equal to the ratio of the move performed by a particle for a very small period of time, to this period of time. Under very small (or, as they say, physically infinitely small) the time interval here is understood as such, during which movement with sufficient accuracy can be considered uniform and straightforward. At each moment of time, the instantaneous speed is aimed at tangent to the trajectory, which moves the particle. Her unit in C is a meter per second (m / s).
Instant body rate at any point of the curvilinear trajectory is directed towards the trajectory at this point. The difference between the average and instantaneous speeds is shown in Fig. Average and instantaneous speed., Moves for temporarying. At t 0.
When the body moves along the curvilinear trajectory, its speed varies in the module and direction. Changing the velocity vector for some small period of time Δt can be set using a vector. The velocity change vector over a small time Δt can be decomposed into two components: directed along the vector (tangent component), and directed perpendicular to the vector (normal component)
The law of addition of speeds in the classical Newton mechanics is a ratio that binds the speed of movement of the same particle in two different inertial reference systems. Classic Speed \u200b\u200bAddition Act: The particle speed in the fixed reference system is a vector of body velocity in the moving reference system and the speed of the moving reference system relatively fixed. It is performed at the rates of bodies and reference systems a lot of smaller speed.
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Signatures for slides:
Relative speed
1) In different bodies reference systems are moving differently!
What about? Body position relative! Am I afraid?! Body movement relative!
Body movement from different points of view
Classic Act Adjustment Speed \u200b\u200bThe Body Speed \u200b\u200brelative to the fixed reference system is equal to the geometric amount of the body velocity relative to the movable system and the speed of the movable system relatively fixed
Relative speed Suppose that the speed of two material points is defined in the same reference system.
Relative speed is the speed of one material point in the reference system associated with the other. If the bodies move progressively, the relative speed is equal to the difference difference of these bodies:
Relative speed when driving in one direction when the bodies move in one direction the relative speed module is equal to the speed difference
The relative speed at the oncoming movement during the oncoming movement of the body is brought closer to the relative speed equal to the sum of their speeds, so the counter-collision of cars, trains is so dangerous.
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