The forest plays a triple role in the life of man and humanity. Firstly, the forest to a large extent affects the climate, the presence of clean water, clean air, protects agricultural land, provides places for comfortable living and recreation for people, and preserves the diversity of wildlife. This is the environment-forming or ecological role of the forest. Secondly, the forest is a source of many material resources that humanity cannot do without and is unlikely to be able to do in the future - wood for construction, paper and furniture production, firewood, food and medicinal plants, and others. This is the economic or resource role of the forest. Thirdly, the forest is a part of the cultural and historical environment, under the influence of which the culture and customs of entire nations are formed, the source of work, independence and material well-being of a significant part of the population, especially those who live in forest villages and towns - the social role of the forest.
Environment-forming or ecological role of the forest. The role of the forest as the “green lungs of the planet” is well known: the forest absorbs and binds carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, accumulates carbon in the composition of the organic matter of living plants, their remains and soil, and releases back the oxygen necessary for all living beings to breathe. In addition, wood is an excellent biological air filter. It very effectively cleans the air from dust and other harmful impurities.
The water purification role of forest ecosystems is so significant that they are increasingly being used to purify polluted waters. The forest reliably protects the banks of rivers and streams from erosion, thereby preventing pollution of water bodies by soil particles.
Forests drastically reduce surface runoff and thus prevent the washout and erosion of soils by rain and melt waters, and act as an important soil protection factor. The forest is a reliable protector of soil from blowing. They also protect crops and agricultural land from adverse natural processes.
Forests are associated with the existence of the main share of the biological diversity of the Earth - the diversity of living organisms and ecosystems existing on our planet. For about three-quarters of all plant, animal and fungal species that exist on our planet, forests are the main habitat. Preservation of the diversity of the Earth's forests, and in the first place - wild forests, still living according to the laws of wild nature with minimal human intervention, is of key importance for the preservation of all the diversity of life.
Economic or resource role of the forest. It has long been known that the forest is a source of a variety of material values and products that humanity cannot do without, and the basis for the existence of the forest industry. The forest is a source of wood and products of its processing, such as building materials, furniture, paper, various types of wood fuel and others, numerous food and medicinal resources, and many other important material values. The main material resource of the forest, which is used by people, in most countries and regions of the world is wood.
The social role of the forest. The forest is an integral element of the natural environment, under the influence of which the culture and self-consciousness of the peoples inhabiting the forest territories are historically formed. In the history of the forest peoples, it is difficult to find at least some kind of activity that would not be somehow connected with the forest, or with the direct use of the forest and its resources, or with the constant competition with the forest for land. This largely determined the traditionally ambivalent attitude of the forest peoples to the forest: on the one hand, as a protector, a source of various benefits, and on the other hand, as the main competitor for the land. Even in our time, people have such an ambivalent attitude towards the forest, when it has practically lost the ability to compete for land with a person armed with modern technology and fire.
One of the main problems of forest conservation on the planet is forest fires. During forest fires, a growing forest is severely damaged or completely destroyed. In this regard, the source of wood production is lost, and the water protection and protective properties of the forest are sharply reduced. The sharp increase in the number of people resting in the forest is one of the reasons for the increase in forest fires. In the fight against fires, it is necessary to carry out fire prevention. It includes a set of measures aimed at preventing the occurrence of forest fires, limiting their spread and timely detection of fires. This problem remains one of the main state tasks.
Emissions of toxic gases from transport and dust from industrial enterprises negatively affect forest ecosystems. To solve this problem, treatment facilities are being built and new low-waste technologies are being introduced.
The littering of forests with wood residues during timber harvesting, as well as household waste, causes great harm to forest ecosystems. A lot of bark, branches, stumps become breeding grounds for forest pests. Household garbage left in the suburban forest by vacationers and tourists worsens the aesthetic appearance of the forest. To solve these problems, it is necessary: 1) to control the implementation of the rules for timber harvesting; 2) install containers for collecting household waste, clean up littered forests.
In conclusion, I would like to note that many forests continue to die, because they are not properly cared for and controlled. Man excessively uses the gifts of nature in his economic activity, instead of protecting and protecting it. Forests must exist in order for man himself to exist, for the sake of preserving the great wealth of the animal and plant world for the next generations of our Planet.
Bibliographic list
- Zinoviev, I.S. Modern ways of sustainable development of the forest sector in Russia [Text] / I.S. Zinoviev // Modern directions of theoretical and applied research - 2008: a collection of scientific papers based on the materials of the international scientific and practical conference. Volume 10. Economics. - Odessa: Chernomorye, 2008. - S. 73 - 75.
- Zinoviev, I.S. Problems of prevention and elimination of the consequences of forest fires [Text] / I.S. Zinoviev // FES: Finance. Economy. Strategy. - 2011. - No. 2. - S. 25-28.
Wildlife is constantly and everywhere around us. Personally, I understand the concept of wildlife as air, and water, and plants, and animals, - all living things around us. Even in the smallest drop of water, in the smallest particle of air, there are living bacteria that we breathe, drink and live with. And only from ourselves, from our actions (or inaction) the state of living nature depends.
Man is the killer of the planet Earth
If we analyze human activity over the centuries, then we can realize with horror that in just the last two hundred years, man has brought the state of the planet to the level of a real man-made disaster. How many animal and plant species have been wiped off the face of the Earth by us! How could one of the animal species, namely man, be able to do this to the planet? The reckless and irresponsible activity of man destroys wildlife every day, which will inevitably lead to the death of mankind itself.
destructive activity man to wildlife:
- destruction and mass extermination flora and fauna;
- large-scale environmental pollution;
- uncontrolled extraction of natural resources without taking into account the consequences on the environment;
- change and destruction of the natural landscape of the planet.
The list of destructive human activities on the environment is far from complete. Any of our actions directly or indirectly affects wildlife, causing irreparable damage. All these actions have already led to the fact that the climate on the planet is actively changing, which leads to global warming and the melting of glaciers, which can lead to even more unpredictable consequences.
What can we do to save wildlife
Of course, it will not be possible to completely erase the consequences of our impact on the planet. But need to minimize the negative impact on wildlife from human activities. First of all, you need to start with yourself, namely:
- do not pollute the environment solid and liquid household waste (not to mention industrial emissions);
- save and multiply animal and plant species;
- preserve green spacesme and the woods;
- do not light open fire in nature and clean up after themselves garbage;
- do not pollute open water;
- switch to use alternative energy sources;
- reduce the use of irreplaceable resources(oil, gold, natural gas).
I would also like to note that environmental protection should be at the state level with strict control. We must learn to live in harmony with nature. Only thanks to joint actions for the protection of nature, it is possible to preserve wildlife as much as possible.
MBOU "Gymnasium of the city of Aznakayevo" of the Aznakayevsky municipal district of the Republic of Tatarstan
Ecological marathon "Earth - the planet of life"
Environmental direction
Design and research work
3rd grade students
Supervisor:
Davletova Venera Asgatovna
Director of the MBOU "Gymnasium of the city of Aznakaevo" A.M. Rakhmanov
RESEARCH METHOD
The study of special literature, the method of processing the results.
PLACE AND OBJECT OF STUDY
Russia, Tatarstan, Aznakaevsky district. Forest
INTRODUCTION
This work contains information about the relationship between man and the forest.
Forest is one of the main types of vegetation cover on the Earth, represented by numerous life forms of plants, among which trees and shrubs play the main role, grasses, shrubs, mosses, lichens, etc. play a secondary role.
A characteristic feature of the forest is that the components that form it are connected with each other and with the environment.
The forest is full of life all year round. Birds with their sonorous concerts in spring, thickets of ripe, fragrant raspberries in summer, mushroom meadows in autumn, hare footprints on white snow in winter - all this, as well as many other equally beautiful ones, can be found in the forest. The wonderful Russian writer Mikhail Prishvin said that the forest is never empty, and if it seems empty, then it's his own fault. From the point of view of science, the forest is a special creation of nature - harmonious, beautiful and many-sided. It grows trees and shrubs, mosses and herbs, mushrooms and lichens. A large number of animal species live in the forest, ranging from soil bacteria invisible to the naked eye, all kinds of shrews, beetles, butterflies, and ending with such giants of forest fauna as wild boar, bison, bear, elk, and in the tropics also elephant.
But this is far from all that is included in the concept of a natural community - a forest. Important and irreplaceable components of the forest as a single complex organism are also forest soils, surface and underground waters, air, sunlight, solar energy. Everything that is alive and dead in the forest is interconnected with each other.
HOW MANY FORESTS ARE ON OUR PLANET?
Currently, forests cover about a third of the land area. The total forest area on Earth is 38 million km². Half of this forest area belongs to, the fourth part is located in. The forest area in Russia is 8.8 million km². Russia has almost 25% of the world's timber reserves and 50% of the world's valuable coniferous forests. The forests of our planet are very different. First of all, they are divided into three main geographical forest zones - the zone of equatorial forests that grow along the equator, the zone of subtropical and tropical forests, and the zone of temperate forests. And still distinguish the main types of forests. There are also three of them - coniferous, deciduous, mixed. It is clear that mixed forests got their name because both deciduous and coniferous tree species coexist in them. In turn, deciduous forests are divided into deciduous and evergreen, i.e. non-deciduous. Evergreen forests are the healthiest and most productive: they produce 80 percent of the Earth's oxygen. All other plants, including green algae from lakes, rivers, seas and oceans, account for only 20 percent of the oxygen produced on the planet. When a person comes to a birch forest in summer, he least of all thinks about how much oxygen the birch produces. But what fun in the forest! How easy it is to breathe! Blue and yellow flowers, as well as dark gray caps of boletus on a light glade, are sweet to the human eye. In Russia, forests are not the same both in different climatic zones and on different soils, in areas with different microclimates and water regimes. You can meet a dark cold spruce forest, and a light larch forest, and a mighty oak forest, or you can get into a honey-bearing linden forest, and into a nut-bearing cedar forest or into a copper-golden pine forest, where butterflies grow best. All forests on Earth work like green factories: on bright, sunny days, they store solar energy for future use, without which life on the planet would be impossible. In any forest, trees, bushes and grasses act as an intermediary between the Sun and the Earth. Green leaves capture the sun's rays, store solar energy and use it to produce organic products. The main product of the green forest is timber.
When a person heats a stove with birch firewood, he heats his house with solar heat, solar energy stored in green birch leaves.
HOW MANY TIERS ARE IN THE FOREST?
All trees, shrubs, shrubs, grasses, mosses, lichens growing in the forest are divided by scientists into four tiers, or four floors. Plants of one or another tier are combined both in terms of growth and their importance in the forest community. In the forest, the upper tier is the first in a row - it is the highest and most important. The tree species of the upper tier is called forest-forming. In a pine forest, for example, in the first tier, pine dominates - it is the forest-forming one. Linden dominates in the linden forest, birch in the birch forest, oak in the oak forest, fir in the fir forest, larch in the larch forest, alder in the alder forest, and spruce in the spruce forest.
The second forest layer is also formed by trees, but these trees are no longer the main ones in the forest, but accompanying the main species. They are always shorter. In the oak forest, for example, in the second tier, you can find linden, field maple, mountain ash, willow.
The third forest layer is made up of shrubs. In the same oak forest, the third tier is often formed by hazel, honeysuckle, wild rose, euonymus, viburnum.
The fourth tier in the forest is grasses, mosses, lichens, shrubs. Naturally, the question arises: what is the difference between shrubs forming the fourth tier and shrubs growing in the third tier? The difference is determined mainly by the height of the plants. Shrubs are much lower than shrubs. Shrubs sometimes reach a height of six meters, occasionally - eight, and shrubs rise above the ground by only five, ten, twenty centimeters, occasionally - by sixty. Among the shrubs there is, for example, northern linnaea, which always spreads along the ground, never rising up. However, the stems of all shrubs are lignified - this is their main similarity with shrubs. There are not so many types of shrubs in the forests of Russia, they can be counted on the fingers. Among them are blueberries, cranberries, lingonberries, heather, bearberry, wild rosemary. All of them are small in stature, but quite often form dense thickets, especially if there are clearings in the forest.
THE SIGNIFICANCE OF FORESTS
Forests play an important role in the development of the economy, the improvement of the environment, and the well-being of the people. The following main areas of forest use for economic purposes can be distinguished:
Food source (mushrooms, berries, animals, birds, honey)
Energy source (wood)
Construction material
Raw materials for production (paper production)
Regulator of natural processes (forest planting to protect the soil from weathering)
About 100 species of wild fruit, berry and nut plants grow in the forests of Russia, almost 200 species of edible plants, which are of great value as medicinal and technical raw materials.
The forest is a habitat for most species of animals, they are the breadwinner of animals and humans, giving them nuts, berries, mushrooms, edible shoots, herbs and lichens.
The forest zone is the world's largest hunting ground: squirrel and sable, marten and ermine, beaver and otter, black grouse, capercaillie, hazel grouse - which hunters do not bring from the forests.
In addition, forests are health resorts and places of recreation, a resource of culture and science, landscape decoration, sources of joy and health, aesthetic and environmental education.
Forests play an important role in the water cycle. Forest soils filter water flowing from fields and industrial sites and purify them from many harmful impurities. Forests evaporate moisture into the atmosphere and have a beneficial effect on the climate by increasing the humidity of the air. Deforestation usually leads to the shallowing of rivers, the disappearance of springs, and the drying up of streams. The people have long had the expressions “Forests are the keepers of waters”, “Forests give birth to rivers”, “Where there is a forest - there is water, where there is water - there is life”, etc.
Soil protection value of forests. Forests dramatically reduce surface runoff. In this way, they prevent the washing away and erosion of soils by ground, melt and rain waters, and act as an important soil protection factor. The forest is a reliable protector of soil from blowing; it fixes the shifting sands. The greatest experience in this respect has been accumulated in agriculture, where forest strips are used to protect soil and crops. In summer, forest plantations not only protect the surrounding fields from dry winds, but gradually give them moisture accumulated in winter and spring through groundwater and soil runoff.
A dense network of forest belts can contribute to the carbon value of forests. The main hopes for removing excess carbon from the atmosphere and thereby solving the problem of the greenhouse effect, people associate with forests. It is known that 1 hectare of forest absorbs 6-7 tons of carbon dioxide per year and 5-6 tons of oxygen is released.
Air purifying functions of forests. The forest, figuratively speaking, is the lungs of the planet. Trees are the green factory that restores the vitality of the exhaust air. The better forests grow, the more oxygen they release and the faster they absorb carbon dioxide. It has now been established that more than half of the oxygen in the atmosphere is supplied by forests. In addition to affecting the carbon balance, forests are able to remove other foreign substances from the air. The forest is an excellent biological air filter. It captures ozone, cement dust, soot, lead, nitrogen oxides and other "products of civilization" from the polluted atmosphere, which ended up in the atmosphere due to an oversight or imperfection of industrial technology. Subsequently, toxicants enter the soil either with falling leaves or in other ways. There is evidence that 1 kg of leaves can absorb up to 50-70 g of sulfur dioxide, 40-50 g of chlorine and 15-20 mg of lead per season. The unique filtering properties of trees lie in their ability to attract the smallest, airborne particulate matter. The forest, especially coniferous, emits phytoncides that kill pathogenic microbes and improve the air. In certain doses, phytoncides have a beneficial effect on the human nervous system, enhance the motor and secretory functions of the gastrointestinal tract, improve metabolism and stimulate cardiac activity. Phytoncides also have valuable preventive properties. Many of them turned out to be irreconcilable enemies of pathogens of infectious diseases, so there are much fewer of them in the air of forests than over a treeless territory. For example, 1 m of air in a cedar forest contains up to 700 microorganisms. According to scientists, the forest creates zones of moisture concentration above itself, and over it precipitation is 9-30% more than over a treeless area. These precipitations wash away industrial dust.
Climatic and meteorological significance of forests. Forests have a significant impact on meteorological factors. They influence atmospheric phenomena and thus create their own specific environment. It is usually considered as microclimate, ecoclimate and phytoclimate. The change in meteorological parameters also extends beyond the forest. This property is based on the use of forests (most often forest belts) to protect soil, crops, roads, settlements, etc.
HOW IS FOREST DAMAGE OCCURRED?
Forest fires. Forest fires have a great negative impact on many forest life processes. During forest fires, the growing forest is damaged or completely destroyed along with the undergrowth, undergrowth and grass cover. In this regard, the source of wood production is lost and the water-protective and sanitary-hygienic properties of the forest are sharply reduced. Fires destroy nests of birds and habitats of animals, promote the reproduction of harmful insects. One of the reasons for the increase in forest fires is a sharp increase in the number of people traveling to the forest for recreation. Cases of fires in the forest are the result of careless and inept handling of fire. Also, fires can arise from spontaneous combustion of peat, sometimes from lightning. World statistics show that about 97% of all forest fires are caused by people. Hence, the fight against forest fires remains one of the most important state tasks.
Forests are damaged by tourists (spoiling trees, shrubs, grass), cars. Mechanical impact causes soil compaction and damages brittle forest grasses.
With soil compaction, the state of tree and shrub vegetation degrades, the nutrition of trees worsens, since the soil becomes drier in high trampled areas, and waterlogged in low areas. Deterioration of nutrition weakens trees, delays their growth and development. The annual growth is noticeably reduced, especially for coniferous trees. Their young needles become shorter. Soil compaction violates its structure and reduces porosity, worsens the conditions for the vital activity of soil microorganisms.
Picking mushrooms, flowers and berries undermines the self-renewal of a number of plant species. The bonfire completely disables the piece of land on which it was laid out for 5-7 years. Noise scares away birds and mammals, prevents them from raising their offspring normally. Breaking of branches, notches on the trunks and other mechanical damage contribute to the infection of trees by pests. Observations of scientists have shown that a hectare of forest relatively easily tolerates the presence of 1-3 people per day. Staying 4-10 people is already taking its toll on the environment. First of all, the soil cover and young trees begin to suffer.
With an increase in the number of visitors per forest hectare to 16-20 people per day, the soil becomes so compacted that the tops of the trees dry. With such overloads, animals leave the forest, and forest birds stop nesting.
Pest fungi cause great damage to the forest. They live for many years and reach very large sizes. If the fruiting body of the fungus grows on the trunk, the tree is sick. On larch pine there is a fungus that looks like a small hoof - this is a pine sponge. It destroys wood. Trees become infected at the age of 40–50 years, and the older and thicker the stand, the more diseased trees. The fungus infects the lower part of the trunk. And infection begins with a trifle. Children or adults walk through the forest, break a branch or inflict a wound with a knife, sometimes animals gnaw at the bark. The spores of the fungus that are in the air get into such a wound. For the development of the fungus from the spore, water, nutrients and air are needed. The tree provides water and food, air enters through the wound. Developing, the fungus begins to destroy the tree from the inside. First, hard rot is formed, then sieve (a cut of a tree looks like a sieve), and later - a hollow.
Grazing. When grazing, young trees die, which are eaten and trampled by livestock, conditions for the growth of adult trees worsen, birds disappear and pests multiply en masse. In forests on mountain slopes, grazing causes soil erosion (erosion). To remedy the situation, grazing in the forests is stopped. Livestock are provided with fodder on hayfields and pastures, the productivity of which is increased by using special methods of improving meadows: 1 hectare of improved meadow in the forest zone provides as much fodder for livestock as 20 hectares of forest provide.
Great harm to forest ecosystems is caused by littering of forests with wood residues during logging or household waste. Heaps of branches, bark, thin trunks, high stumps become breeding grounds for forest pests. Household garbage left in the suburban forest by vacationers, tourists or dumped from cars worsens the aesthetic appearance of the forest, and when heavily littered, it contributes to the replacement of forest grasses by plants of garbage habitats - ruderals (primarily nettles and celandine). To prevent littering, it is necessary to strictly control the implementation of the rules for harvesting wood, use all wood residues for the preparation of particle boards or send them for chemical processing. The branches of coniferous trees are a valuable food; vitamin concentrates are prepared from them. To prevent littering with household waste in forest parks, containers are installed to collect it, and littered forests are cleaned.
FOREST RESTORATION MEASURES
The benefits of forests for humans are not considered narrowly - only as a source of material wealth. Every sane person of the twentieth century understands that in our century of highly developed industry, the forest is necessary for recreation and as a source of new mental and physical strength. Forests must exist in order for man himself to exist, for the sake of preserving the great wealth of the animal and plant kingdom for the coming generations of our Planet. Therefore, we need forest reserves, reserves, national parks, resort forest areas protected by law.
What needs to be done to restore forests?
Improve public recreation areas
Do not litter
Plant flowers and trees
Create campfire sites
Install trash bins and signs
Fence existing anthills
Informing the population
Draw firefighting leaflets, make stands
FOREST RESOURCES OF RT
The Republic of Tatarstan belongs to the sparsely forested regions of Russia, the forest cover is 17.4% (the optimal value of the share of land for this zone is 25%). There is 0.3 ha of forest area per inhabitant of the republic, while the average for the Russian Federation is 5.3 ha.
There are 30 forestries operating on the territory of the Republic of Tatarstan, which include 124 district forestries. They carry out a complex of works on the protection, protection, reproduction of forests with the simultaneous sale of forest plantations for timber harvesting. carry out A significant increase in the efficiency and volume of forest use, improvement of lease relations, development of forest and wood processing infrastructure, creation of favorable conditions for investment in the forest sector is the main task in the field of forest relations.
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE FOREST FUND OF THE RT
The main value of the forests of the Republic of Tatarstan lies in their ecological functions, on which the state of other components of the natural complex - water, soil, atmosphere depends.
The forests of the Republic of Tatarstan are located in two forest-growing zones: the zone of mixed forests and the forest-steppe zone, therefore they are characterized by both taiga and steppe species of vegetation and animals. Here passes the southern border of the natural distribution of spruce and fir, the northern border of oak and the northeastern border of ash. Forests are administered by the following authorities:
Distribution of areas and stocks of plantations in the Aznakaevsky forestry
2010
2011
Total area, thousand ha
44,4
36,74
including those covered with forest vegetation, thousand ha
40,1
33.6
Reserve, million m3
6,08
During the drought in 2010, 12,000 hectares of forest died in the Aznakaevsky district.
The forest fund is classified as protective and operational forests. Protective forests performing environmental protection functions amount to 538.0 thousand hectares, operational forests - 688.4 thousand hectares. PAs have been identified and taken under protection on an area of 13.4 thousand hectares, including 38 forest natural monuments and nature reserves of republican significance, two federal forests of the Volga-Kama State Natural Biosphere Reserve and the Nizhnyaya Kama National Park.
Green zones are allocated around 22 urban and rural settlements on an area of 132.9 thousand hectares. These forests perform recreational functions. With the increase in the number of vehicles among the population of cities in recent years, the forests of the Prigorodny, Zelenodolsk, Nizhnekamsk, Yelabuga, Volga, Laishevsky and other forestry enterprises are being intensively developed for recreation. By groups of species, the forest fund is characterized by the following indicators:
The area occupied by coniferous plantations is 271.1 thousand hectares;
Hardwood plantations - 191.3 thousand hectares;
Soft-leaved - 669.9 thousand hectares;
Shrubs - 7.0 thousand hectares.
4.2. FOREST RESTORATION AND USE OF FORESTS IN RT
Given the importance of forestry production in the Republic of Tatarstan, work was carried out to increase the area of forest plantations, improve the species and quality composition of the forest fund, and increase the protective functions of forests. The scope of reforestation work was carried out on an area of 1916.0 ha, incl. with the planting of protective forest plantations on an area of 1567.0 ha and methods of promoting natural reforestation on 330.0 ha on forest fund lands. Soil preparation for forest crops. completed on an area of 1869 hectares (plan - 1869 hectares). In 2010, with the support of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan R.N. Minnikhanov and the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan, protective forest plantations were laid on an area of 1195.3 hectares on agricultural land. In 2011, this volume of landings is planned to double. In forests that perform water protection, recreational and protective functions, excluded from the calculation of the main use, in order to rejuvenate overmature forests in 2010, gradual selective felling was carried out. Thinning and selective sanitary cuttings were carried out in 2010 on an area of 19.4 thousand hectares. The total stock of wood harvested at the same time amounted to 511.5 thousand m3, 354.8 thousand m3 of marketable wood was harvested. Thinning in young stands was carried out on an area of 8.7 hectares.
CONCLUSION
We believe that when visiting the green house of animals and birds, you need to be able to behave in it in such a way as to become a true friend and patron of nature, and not its destroyer.
RESULTS OF THE STUDY
Rules of conduct in the forest:
Don't leave trash in the forest!
The forest is not a place for a garbage dump, but a house for animals and plants, and this house should be clean.
Keep quiet in the forest!
Don't bring a tape recorder with you. Remember: screaming and loud music are disturbing factors for forest dwellers and they may leave their homes
Don't light a fire in the forest!
Grass does not grow on the fire for several years. In addition, a fire can lead to a forest fire, in which plants and animals can die.
In the forest, walk only on organized paths!
Remember: trampling forest soil leads to a decrease in the oxygen supply to the roots of trees, which is necessary for their respiration.
Don't touch the bird nests!
If you see a nest with eggs or chicks, then try to leave quietly. A disturbed bird can leave the nest, and then the chicks will die.
Do not pick flowers in the forest!
Admire their beauties or photograph them. Plucked plants quickly die and do not produce seeds. If there are no seeds, there will be no flowering plants.
Don't destroy anthills!
Ants on needles, on straws build their house for a long time. Any work must be respected. Ants are the nurses of the forest. They control the number of insect pests of the forest.
LITERATURE
"From the life of the forest" I.N. Balbyshev, pp. 3-5, 152-161, 164-167, St. Petersburg: LENIZDAT, 1990
"General, social, applied ecology" textbook N.A. Voronkov, pp. 242, 247-255, M .: Rendezvous-AM, AGAR, 1999
"Ecology of Russia" textbook B.M. Mirkin, L.G. Naumova, pp. 90-94, M.: AO MDS, UNISAM, 1995
"General Review" by V.S. Varlamov, M.F. Green, pp. 123-125, M.: THOUGHT, 1992
"Illustrated Encyclopedia of Forests" Jan Jenik, pp. 11-16, 415-419, Prague: ARTIA, 1997
"Ecology, environment and man" Yu.V. Novikov, pp. 240-260, M.: UNITI, 1998
"Geography" encyclopedia K. Varley, L. Miles, p. 70, M .: ROSMEN, 1995
"State Report on the State of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection of the Republic of Tatarstan" pp. 54-58, Kazan: World Without Borders, 2010
Instruction
Each person, following a series of simple rules, will contribute to the development of a healthy and beautiful world. So to save nature, you need to do the following. Minimize clogging with household and industrial debris. As you know, the period of decomposition, for example, of plastic in nature is about 200-300 years. Do we want to leave today's garbage to our great-grandchildren? To prevent this from happening, it is important to clean up after yourself after picnics in nature and, of course, not to throw garbage on the streets of the city.
Take care of the rational use of resources. Saving electricity, turning off water and electricity in time, acquiring economical appliances, we think about tomorrow.
Use environmentally friendly modes of transport whenever possible. Trams and trolleybuses should be preferred over buses and cars, and ideally, riding a bicycle is good for both nature and man.
To conduct classes in schools dedicated to the environmental education of the younger, to organize subbotniks. After all, the more you begin to acquaint with the basics of environmental management, the more likely it is that in the future they will live in harmony with nature.
Take care of environmental protection at the level of public institutions. Control the operation of nuclear power plants, prevent spills into the seas and oceans, build waste processing plants and, if possible, reuse available resources, green the city and reclaim land in order to increase, control logging, take care of maintaining the balance of flora and fauna.
Useful advice
Remember that preserved nature today is a guarantee of a quality life tomorrow, it is care for those who are dear to us. Only by living in harmony with the environment, we can be truly healthy, and therefore live a full life.
It is hard not to notice that the surrounding nature needs our protection. However, often people do the exact opposite - they destroy nature and treat it like "consumers". But what will future generations see then? Hardly anything good, so you need to make an effort and try to save nature.
Instruction
Your first steps in protecting nature are unlikely to be too global, so for starters, just pay attention to your own, to your behavior and try to correct them. For example, when you go on a picnic, clean up all the garbage after yourself, do not wash the car in the water source, do not pollute it (remember that both the surrounding flora and the surrounding flora may suffer from your actions). Also not the best option is burning (especially plastic) and leaves.
Minimize any chemical detergents and cosmetics, and if you use them, dispose of them properly (separate garbage), as even this simple step will help you to pollute the environment as little as possible.
It is worth mentioning plastic bags, which are common in almost all. They are preferred because they are light, waterproof and cheap, you can carry anything in them.
However, used plastic bags rarely end up in landfills. Much more often they can be observed in the middle of the streets: on fences, trees, and so on. But in order to destroy a plastic bag, it takes from 200 to 300 years, sometimes even more. Therefore, it is necessary to limit the thoughtless use of such bags, replace them with textile bags.
Remember that protecting nature starts from your own home, so save energy (purchase more economical models of appliances: washing machines, refrigerators, and so on). It would seem that the savings are small, but this is only at first glance, because on the scale of the whole it will help close at least one nuclear power plant. By saving energy, you are also contributing to the fight against global warming.
Do not forget to turn off the light, because each kilowatt of electricity consumed releases about 500 grams of carbon dioxide into the environment (it is he who is considered the cause of the "greenhouse" effect.
An important factor is transport, which most of all causes damage to nature. If possible, avoid cars and buses, give preference to trams, trolleybuses, and even better bicycles, since saving any resources is an integral element of wildlife conservation.
Useful advice
Use all natural resources economically. Save energy, save paper, and especially water, use less plastic products (although this is not easy).
Sources:
- save nature
If you have thought about how big or, on the contrary, how small your contribution to the care of nature is, this is already priceless. Unfortunately, there is an opinion that one person cannot change anything. It is fundamentally wrong - after all, taking care of nature, you set an example for others. In addition, caring for the world around us is a tribute to oneself, since a person is a part of nature. There are several simple and not at all complicated ways to take care of nature every day, they only require attention. How to guard nature?
Instruction
Turn off the water. You are washing the dishes and the phone rings - turn off the taps and talk calmly, and do not leave the water running even for a few minutes. Liters flow away for this. And if you multiply this by the number of "onlookers" in the entire district, and then by the number of days in a year? The supply of drinking water on Earth is far from endless, and it is worth thinking about it already.
Surprisingly, the main problem of forests in Russia
- this is an opinion that there are a lot of forests in Russia. More than 20% of the world's forests are concentrated in Russia. This fact creates not only a justified reason for pride, but also the feeling that this forest can be cut down without thinking: the trees can grow again.
In reality, the unique valuable Russian forest is being destroyed at an incredible rate, and it will be impossible to restore it completely.
What's happening?
Now in Russia there is no normal forestry. The current Forest Code considers the forest as a place where logs are located. There are many beautiful words about the importance of the forest and its rational use in the code, but in reality they turn out to be only a declaration that is not supported by competent technical requirements. Therefore, new economically valuable forests grow many times slower than old ones are cut or burned.
The depletion of already developed forests forces loggers to go for timber to remote areas of the wild taiga or, by hook or by crook, cut down the most valuable forests in densely populated areas.
A forest for economic purposes, with the right approach, can be grown in several decades. But the ecosystems of wild forests as a result of industrial logging are destroyed irreversibly - even for their partial restoration it will take centuries, and full restoration is completely impossible.
Due to clearings in the wild valuable forest, rare species of animals are dying. To save the reindeer population from extinction, it is necessary to keep several million hectares of forest intact. Incorrect logging undermines even fish stocks. During deforestation, clay and dead organic matter are washed into the rivers, and the sedimented turbidity can destroy the eggs of some of the most valuable and rare fish. For example, salmon caviar must be washed with clean and oxygen-rich water, otherwise it dies. It is impossible to cut down a valuable forest in pieces: as a result of a violation of the integrity of the system, a bark beetle can infiltrate the forest and destroy the entire remaining territory.
To better understand what is happening, we can draw the following analogy. Imagine that you have a house that you want to keep for your children, and their life and well-being depend on its condition. Our wild forests are this home, because clean air, the state of rivers, and climate change depend on them. However, realizing the importance of your home, you mortgage parts of it year after year. At the same time, you have the opportunity to stop, improve your life, get a job and receive a salary, but you deliberately continue to live at the expense of the future.
The most paradoxical thing is that with a properly organized forestry in Russia, it is possible to cut down three times more forest than is cut down now, that is, to satisfy all the needs for wood, but at the same time not affect the unique wild forests at all.
Most of the European countries that experienced a similar crisis in their relations with the forest in the past or the century before last, have long since abandoned the use of forests as a natural source of logs and switched to intensive forest cultivation. This is what happens in Europe, where timber is harvested twice as much as in Russia, but the remaining wild forests are almost never used for this purpose.
And another plus of good forestry is that it gives people permanent jobs, and in large numbers. If proper forestry is developed in the taiga, there will be two or even three times more jobs than with the extraction of logs in wild forests, as is happening now. This will require effort and money, but quite adequate.
What does Greenpeace do?
Greenpeace stands for the conservation of valuable wild forests and the eradication of the causes that lead to their destruction. We are in favor of changing the quality of forestry, creating and protecting specially protected natural areas, and solving the problem of forest fires.
We are fighting for the preservation of especially valuable forest areas
We strive to ensure that as much as possible of the wild forests that have survived to this day are preserved forever, and those that are already under protection remain untouched, and the laws protecting them are not weakened. Thanks to our work and the support of supporters, the Kalevalsky and Ladoga Skerries national parks have received protected status. The "Virgin Komi Forests" became the first site in Russia to receive UNESCO protection.
Promoting a new approach to forest management
We propose to divide the forest into three conditional zones: forests close to people that need to be kept comfortable and accessible for recreation, economic forests for use in production, and wild forests that should be protected.
The first step from which the construction of an effective forestry can begin is to competently use non-wild forests that have already been developed and heavily transformed by man. This is about a third of all Russian forests, they are located in regions with a favorable climate, infrastructure and people who can farm.
Almost one tenth of Russia's forests are forests that do not officially exist.
In addition, almost one tenth of Russia's forests are forests that officially do not exist at all. These are hopelessly abandoned and overgrown agricultural lands. The owners of such plots are forced to get rid of the forest, most often burn it, which leads to catastrophic fires, or pay a fine, and now they have no legal opportunities to change the situation.
These forests could just become the areas where the forest is grown for the needs of people. If properly managed in these abandoned forests, it can provide hundreds of thousands of new jobs and incomes needed for the socio-economic development of the country's rural areas. Greenpeace advocates that these forests be legalized, and that abandoned areas be used for productive forestry in the first place, this requires, first of all, competent forest and land laws and regulations.
Loading...
