On Earth there are two subeupvatory climatic belts: northern and southern, which are respectively located in both hemispheres between equatorial and tropical belts. Sub-screening belts cover the territory between 20 ° C. sh. and 20 ° Sh., and in the south and in the south-east of Asia are running to 30 ° C. sh. At all continents (except Antarctica), as well as in the World Ocean and coincide with the borders of the trade in the flows.
The climate is monson, with the change of air masses for the seasons. This climate is characterized by equatorial wet winds in summer; Dry tropical winds, in winter and mid-monthly temperature, fluctuating from 15 to 32 ° C, only in mountainous areas are observed frost and snow dropping. The water of the oceans in the subequatorial belts has a constant temperature in the range of 25 ° C. High temperatures, increased salinity and a small amount of oxygen in water do not favor biological productivity.
The greatest duration of the rainy period (8-9 months) in the year is characteristic of areas adjacent to the equator with the number of annual precipitation - from 250 to 2000 mm. When removing the equator, the duration of the rainy period is reduced to three months. At mountain ridges from the summer monsoon, the maximum amount of precipitation falls on the globe - an average of about 12,000 mm per year. The wet period falls on a summer period, with a fallout of 90-95% of annual precipitation, dry - for winter. Sub-screen belts have a developed river network and faceless reservoirs (mainly in Africa) with seasonal fluctuations in water levels: the summer of rivers and lakes are full, floods are possible; In winter, their level falls, smaller robes dry.
Flora and fauna
In the subequatorial belts there are zones of sub-screen monsoon mixed forests, savannah and edging. Sub-screen monsoon forests are located in Africa, Central and South America, in the north-east of Australia and the south of Asia. Soil in this area of \u200b\u200bred-color latice. The predominant are mixed leaf fall and leaf-old-evergreen forests. Savanne zones take up to 40% of the territory of Africa, they are characteristic of South and Central America, Australia, Asia.
In the savannah zones, the duration of the rainy period is different: the episcoped borders are 8-9 months, at the external borders to 2-3 months. As the amount of precipitation decreases a year, the plant world changes from savanna forests and highly harvested savannahs on red soils to xerophilic chopsticks, desert savannes and shrubs on red-brown and brown-red soils.
The fauna directly depends on the vegetation cover of the zones: forest animals live in monsoon mixed forests, in savannahs and lights - animals adapted to life in open areas and well-carrying drought. This is mainly ruminant, predators, rodents, termites, snakes. The man has strongly changed the landscapes of zones, cultivating the soil, planting agricultural cultures, irrigated dry plains and adapting them to pastures.
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Main questions.What is a climatic belt? What features of the climate are characteristic of each of the climatic belts? What is the impact of climatic conditions for population posting?
Climatic (Greek.kLIMATOS - Tilt) Differences on Earth are directly related to the inclination of the sun's rays to the earth's surface. Climatic zonality is manifested in the placement of climatic belts (Fig. 1) Climatic belts are territories that are solid or interruptedstonestrip ishing the land. They are They differ from each other by temperature, atmospheric pressure, air masses that dominate winds, quantity and regimen. They are stretched from the West to the East and replace each other from the equator to the poles. Stand out maintenance and transitional Climatic belts. In the main climatic belts, one type of air mass is dominated during the year. In transient climatic belts - 2 types of air masses. They change with the shift of the year. Other factors affect the distribution of temperature and precipitation inside the belts: the proximity of the oceans, warm and cold flows, relief. Therefore, inside climatic belts, large differences are observed and climatic regions are allocated. Each of them have a specific type of climate.
Maintenance Climatic belts correspond to the distribution of four main air masses: equatorial, two tropical, two moderate, arctic and antarctic Climatic belts (Think about their name).
Between the main belts are located transitional Climatic belts: two subequatorial, two subtropical, subarctic and subanartic. The name of them depends on the dominant types of air masses, and the prefix "sub" (Lat.sub - Under) Indicates a secondary role in the system of general circulation of the atmosphere. For example, the subeequatorial means located near the Equatorial. Air masses in transitional belts change by season: in winter, air masses are dominated by the main belt, neighboring the pole, in the summer - from the side of the equator. (Fig.).
Equatorial belt Formed in the area of \u200b\u200bthe equator between 5 ° Sh. - 10 ° C. sh. During the year, equatorial air masses prevail here. There are always high temperatures and a large amount of precipitation. The average monthly temperatures from - + 25 to +28 ° C. The precipitation falls 1500-3000 mm per year. This belt is the most moistened part of the earth's surface. This is due to the high position of the sun over the horizon throughout the year and the uplink air currents characteristic of low pressure belts.
For subscance belts (approximately 20 ° C. and Yu. Sh.) are characterized by two seasons: in the summer dominates equatorial air and very humid, and in winter - tropical Air and very dry. In winter, the rays of the sun fall at right angles in the southern hemisphere and therefore tropical Air mass in this belt comes from the north and is installed dry weather. Winter is not much colder than summer. The average temperature of the air in all months varies within +20 - + 30 ° C. Annual precipitation on the plains is up to 1000-2000 mm, and on the slopes of the mountains - up to 6000- 10,000 mm. Almost all the sediments fall out in the summer. (Recall the impact on the formation of climate are the winds of the Passats).
Tropical belts stretched from 20 to 30 ° S.Sh. and Yu.Sh. on both sides of the tropics. Remember why in tropical latitudes the air is lowered and high pressure dominated? A whole year is dominated by continental tropical air. Therefore, the climate in the central regions of the continents is hot and dry. The winds of the trade winds prevail. The average temperature of the warmest month is +30 - + 35 ° C, the coldest is not lower than + 10 ° C. Cloudy insignificant, precipitation away from the oceans drops a little, not more than 50-150 mm per year. Their quantity increases in the eastern parts of the continents, which are under the influence of warm flows and the Passows, which breathe from the ocean. In the West and in the center of the mainland, the climate is dry, deserted. (Determine the climatic map differences in the climate of the outskirts and central areas of the tropical belt in Africa).
Subtropical belts (30-40 ° C. and Yu. Sh.) Are formed under the influence of the tropical air masses in summer and temperate in winter. Summer is dry, roast, with the average temperature of the warmest month of about 30 ° C. Wet wet, warm, but possible short-term decreases of temperatures. Snow falls very rarely. it Mediterraneanclimate. (Explain why the eastern coasts of the mainland climate subtropical monsoon, with hot rainy summer and cool dry winter?). In the central parts of the mainland climate subtropical continental, With hot and dry summer and relatively cold winter with a small amount of precipitation.
Moderate belt stretched in moderate latitudes from 40 to 60 ° C.Sh. and Yu.Sh. They receive much less solar heat compared to previous climatic belts. Throughout the year, moderate air masses are dominated here, but the Arctic and tropical air penetrates. Western winds predominate in the West, in the east of the continents - mussons. The climate of the moderate belt is diverse due to the influence of various climatic factors on its territory. A large annual amplitude of air temperature (in summer - +22 - 28 ° C, and in winter - -22 - 33 ° C) is characteristic of the territories of the central part of the mainland. It increases when moving deep into mainland. Similarly, depending on the position of the territory in relation to the ocean and the relief, a different amount of precipitation falls. In winter, snow drops. On the west coasts of the mainland climate nautical, with relatively warm and wet winter, cool and cloudy summer, plenty of precipitation. On the eastern coasts - monsoon Climate with cold dry winter and not hot rainy summer, and in the interior - continentalclimate.
IN subarctic (subanctic) Arctic (Antarctic) air dominates the belts in winter, and in summer - air masses of moderate latitudes (Determine the geographical location of the belts on the map).Winter is long-term, with an average temperature in winter to - 40 ° C. Summer (in the southern hemisphere - winter) short and cold, with an average temperature not higher than + 10 ° C. Annual precipitation is small (300-400 mm), and evaporation is even less. Air raw, more cloudy.
Approximately a quarter of the world's population lives in a temperate climatic belt.In a tropical desert climate, only 5% of the population of the Earth lives.
1. Show climatic belts on the physical map of the world. 2. Fill the climatic belt table: the name of the climatic belt, the geographical position, the prevailing air masses, the characteristics of the climate (temperature, precipitation). * 3. In which climatic belt is Belarus? Name the main features of the climate, attracting knowledge of its locality. ** 4. What is the climatic belt (region) the most favorable conditions for recreation and recovery of people? Justify the answer.
On earth, depending on the prevailing type of climate, such climatic belts differ: two polar (arctic and antarctic), two moderate, two tropical, one equatorial and transition - two subequatorial, two subtropicals, two subolar.
Equatorial belt Applies to the pools of the Amazon and Congo rivers, the shores of the Guinean Bay, the Zonda Islands. Completely the sun occupies a high position, so that the earth is heated greatly. The average annual temperatures in this climatic belt range from 25 to 28 ° C. At the same time, high humidity is characterized for this territory (70-90%). Annual precipitation is usually more than 2000 mm, and throughout the year they are distributed evenly. Due to the constant hot weather and high humidity, prerequisites are created for the development of lush vegetation - equatorial jungle.
Subscance belts Encompasses a huge territory, in particular Central Africa north and east of the Kong River basins, Brazilian Highlands in South America, Indoostan Peninsula and Indochina, North Australia. The characteristic feature of the climate of this belt is the change of type of air masses during the season of the year: during the summer period, the entire territory is covered by equatorial masses, in winter - tropical. Accordingly, two seasons distinguish: summer wet and winter tropical. For most of the territory of the belt there are palpal and savanna.
Tropical belt It is located on both sides of the tropics at sea and on land. Here the tropical air masses are dominantly dominated. In the presence of high atmospheric pressure and minor clouds, it is characterized by high temperatures. The average monthly temperature of the hottest month is more than 30 ° C. The precipitation here falls extremely small (less than 200 mm). It is in this belt that the most extensive deserts of the world - sugar, the desert of the Arabian Peninsula, West Australian.
Subtropical belt It takes place between 25 ° and 40 ° of northern and southern latitude. The climate here is characterized by changing the types of air masses, respectively, season seasons. So, in the summer the tropical air is dominated, in winter - air masses of moderate latitudes. This belt is divided into three climatic regions: Western, East and Central. For the summer of the Western region, a clear and arid weather is characterized, for winter - warm and wet. This is the so-called Mediterranean climate. In the central and eastern regions, the climate is somewhat different.
Temperate zone It applies to the north and south of the subtropical and reaches polar circles. In the southern hemisphere, it is characterized by the oceanic type of climate, in the north it is divided into three climatic regions: West, Central and East. In the western region and southern hemisphere dominates wet sea air. The annual amplitudes of temperatures are small. The distribution of precipitation throughout the year is uniform. A decrease in temperature in winter is observed due to the movement of arctic (antarctic) air masses. In the eastern region, the climate is monson. Continental air masses of moderate latitudes are accumulated in the central region, sharp temperature differences are characterized during the year. Transitional subarctic and subnutrctic belts extend the north of temperate leaks of two hemispheres. They are characterized by changing the air masses in accordance with the shifts of the seasons of the year. Summer is short and cold, winter is long, snowy, with frosts, blizzards. The Arctic and Antarctic belt lie in the polar regions. The climate here is formed with high atmospheric pressure with cold air masses. A characteristic feature of these belts are polar nights and days durable to six months. Ice cover does not melt and covers Antarctica and Greenland.
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Moderate belt is one of the two geographical belts of the globe. In the northern hemisphere, a temperate climatic belt is between 40 ° and 65 ° S.Sh., in the southern - between 42 ° and 58 ° Yu.Sh. The territory lying in these belts is 25% of the surface area of \u200b\u200bthe planet. This is a much larger area of \u200b\u200bterritories occupied by any other climatic belt. In the northern hemisphere to 55% of the territory falls on land, in southern - only 2%, the rest is occupied by the ocean.
A characteristic feature of a moderate belt is a change in temperature clearly by season of the year. This is precisely due to the frequency of climatic, biological and hydrological processes.
Three seasons distinguish:
1. Two basic - cold winter and hot summer.
2. Two transition - autumn and spring.
For winter, a temperature is characterized less than 0 ° C, for summer - more than +15 ° C. In the cold season, constant snow cover is formed. The average annual precipitation is 400-500 mm, in the summer period may increase to 750 mm. To the outskirts of the mainland, the amount of precipitation increases to 1500-2000 mm. Throughout the year, the Troposphere is carried out by the Western transfer of air masses, due to which, as well as active cyclonic activities, the water vapor is transferred from the oceans on the mainland and the intercussion exchange of thermal energy. According to the peculiarities of summer and winter, the subspecies of the moderate climate are distinguished: moderately continental, marine, monsoon, sharply continental.
On the land of moderate belt, there is a significant amount of surface runoff, as well as high water flow, which provoke intensive erosion dismemberment of the earth's surface. The flow rate in the northern hemisphere becomes less from the north to south. For a moderate belt, the presence of a large number of lakes is characterized.
Subspecies of moderate climates
On the entire territory of the moderate belt there is a variety of vegetation, except for evergreen forms. The most common type of vegetation of moderate belt - forests (taiga, mixed, wide). In some localities, steppe landscapes are formed due to insufficient moisture. Accordingly, in the fauna predominantly forest forms of animals that lead a settling lifestyle. Inhabitants of open spaces are less common.
Natural conditions, especially in the northern hemisphere, are diverse, which is explained by the large differences in humidity and heat, changes in the direction of winds. This is due to the active activity of cyclones. There are three types of sectors on land: intramicious, Western Wine-Eanic, East Peniocyanic. The boundaries between them are blurred. In the first and second sectors, such landscape zones are distinguished as solar radiation and reduction of moisturizing: forest, forest-steppe, steppe, semi-desert, desert natural zones. For the eastern-acyanic sectors, landscapes of forest zones are characterized, the formation of which occurs in the conditions of the monsoon climate, which is particularly pronounced in East Asia.
The sushiness of the sushi of a moderate belt by the economic activity of a person reaches the greatest level in the Adhesias of Europe and North America. There are industrial anthropogenic landscapes. Agricultural anthropogenic landscapes are common in the steppe and forest-steppe intra-engineity regions.
Similar materials:A moderate belt is a zone characterized by a moderate climate and other characteristic features. However, the main factor in dividing the belt is the climate. Climate is a factor that has a decisive influence on the entire live and non-living nature on the planet. In direct dependence on it there are vegetation, water bodies, animal world, soil cover.
Climate type
Climate belt
average temperature
Mode and amount of precipitation atmosphere, mm
Circulation of the atmosphere
Territory
Moderate marine
Moderate
1000 mm during the year
Winds from west
Western parts of Eurasia and North America
Moderate continental
Moderate
400 millimeters during the year
Winds from west
Internal parts of the mainland
Moody monsoon
Moderate
Mostly during the summer monsoon
Eastern region Eurasia
Climatic conditions are formed due to the impact of the following factors:
- features of the underlying surface
- number of solar radiation
- intensity Circulation of the atmosphere
Temperature regime in a specific climatic belt depends on two factors:
- Geographical latitude of the area (determining the angle of falling on the surface of the earth of the sun rays)
- Nearby Ocean
- Sea currents
- Features relief
- The nature of the prevailing winds
To determine more accurate climate characteristics, various indices, coefficients, factors are used. Among them are continentality, moisturizing, aridness.
Temperate zone
According to the adopted characteristics, a moderate belt can be divided into three main types by territoriality:
- moderate climate of oriental coasts
- moderate climate of Western coast
- continental moderate climate.
In this climatic belt, there are many cyclones forcing the weather to change dramatically and extract it snow, then rain. In addition, winds from the West are blowing here, which are reached all year round. Summer in this belt is quite warm (up to + 25 ° -28 ° C), winter winter (from + 5 ° C to -50 ° C). The average annual precipitation from 1000-3000 millimeters, and in the central parts of the mainland - no more than 100 millimeters.
Moderate belt latitude
Moderate climate is formed in the northern hemisphere. More than half of the square in the northern hemisphere occupies sushi, and in southern - almost 98% of the area is covered with seas. The belt is between 40-45 ° and 62-68 ° C.Sh. (Northern hemisphere) and 42 ° and 58 ° Yu.Sh in the southern hemisphere. The climate in this belt is characterized by severe and frequent changes in temperature, atmospheric pressure, wind directions. This is due to the high intensity of cyclones.
In general, this belt is a climatic zone in which HC - moderate air masses dominate throughout the year. During flight months, the invasion of TV - tropical winds is possible. This belt is also characterized by relatively low atmospheric pressure, intense frontal and cyclonic activities, large seasonal temperature differences. In winter, the instability of weather and climatic factors is obstacious.
Climatic regions of a moderate belt - wind, precipitation
- On the coasts on the eastern side of the continents there are areas of the monsoon climate. It is characterized by the next seasonal change of air masses - warm and wet summer monsions, dry very cold winter monsoon. Summer drops 15-20 times more precipitation than in winter. The Canadian and Asian high pressure centers have a significant impact.
- A sharply continental climate is observed in the inner areas of North America and Eurasia. These areas are isolated from the seas and oceans, the winter cold, summer months are usually hot. Weather type - anticyclonal.
- On the west coasts prevailing the sea temperate climate. It is formed under the influence of the monsoon, which is formed over warm marine and oceanic currents. In the summer in this area, as a rule, a non-jarous, precipitation is much, winter is warm with a large number of drop-down snow.
- Moderately continental climate is characterized by replacing each other with air masses, continental winds prevail. Cold winter, warm summer period. The invasion of tropical winds causes warming, the amount of precipitation is average, but in the summer they are usually greater than in the winter.
- The region of the continental climate is observed exclusively in the northern hemisphere. During the year, continental winds blow. In the southern part of the region, warmer, in North - cooler. The region is characterized by a small amount of precipitation. There is an eternal merzlot, which is supported by stably low temperatures and a small amount of snow.
Moderate climate on the west coasts
On the coasts of the mainland, temperate climate has pronounced marine climates. Sea air masses prevail throughout the year. There is such a climate on the coast of the Pacific Ocean and the coast of the Atlantic in Europe. The natural border that separates the incontinental districts from the coast with the sea climate is the mountains of Cordillera. Almost all the European coast (with the exception of Scandinavia) is fully open to entering the masses of moderate sea air.
Sea air is constantly transferred, this process is accompanied by high cloud. Unlike continental regions, Eurasia in the area there are prolonged spring. Western coasts in this belt warm winter. The main factor affecting the climate in this area is the washing shores warm sea currents. The middle January temperature is plus, it changes (from north to south) from 0 to +6 degrees Celsius. At the same time, in Scandinavia, subject to the invasion of the Arctic winds, the temperature behes down to -25 degrees. During the invasions of tropical winds.
In the summer of Scandinavia (Western coast), the temperature grows sharply. Compared with medium latitudes, the difference can be up to twenty degrees. On the Atlantic coast, the temperature anomaly is not so expressed - it is about 12 degrees. The middle July temperature is 16 degrees of heat. During the daytime, even on the warme days, the temperature almost never rises above 30 degrees.
Since frequent cyclones are characterized for this belt, the weather usually stands rainy and cloudy, most days are not sunny. Particularly large number of cloudy days on the western side of the North American coast. Cordillera block the path of cyclones, and they are forced to slow down.
The average annual precipitation on the mountain slopes is 2000-6000 millimeters, in the rest of the regions - 600-1000 millimeters.
Moderate climate on the eastern coasts
On the eastern coasts of continents, air flows from the North-West dominate in the winter period, in the summer period - air masses from the south-east. The climate has monsoon properties.
In winter, a clear, but windy weather is observed on the coast. At the same time, in the southern areas of precipitation, very few, and Kamchatka and Sakhalin periodically enter the influence of powerful cyclones. It is the cyclones who play a crucial role in education in these areas of powerful snow covers, whose thickness in some areas can reach two meters.
The eastern North American coast is characterized by a climate with marine features. It is expressed in the fact that winter precipitation is dominated. What swinging the temperature regime, then in these areas the maximum temperature is observed in August, (when the ocean temperature reaches the maximum), and the minimum - in February.
Anticyclones in these areas have different features. Azian, unlike Canadian, is quite sustainable. Canadian anticyclone is formed at a high distance from the shores and can be interrupted many times different cyclones.
The average temperature in the summer - 14-18 degrees Celsius, that is, the summer in these areas is quite warm. The North American coast is also characterized by very snowy winter - the thickness of the snow can reach two and a half meters. For these areas, a frequent ice is characterized, which appears by the exposure to the southern wind.
Moderate continental climate
Eurasia is part of the planet on which a moderately continental climate is pronounced most bright. The climate feature in these areas is an impressive temperature amplitude. It can reach 55-60 degrees. The sushi surface quickly cools quickly and intensively, such a phenomenon is called radiation heating. It can be so significant that the lower layers of continental air become colder than air of the Arctic.
The formation of this type of climate is greatly influenced by the geographical features of the continent. Europe, for example, in contrast to North America, is absolutely open, and air masses moving from the Atlantic are freely penetrated over long distances deep.
The average July temperature in Continental Eurasia is 19-22 degrees. In more arid areas, the temperature is slightly higher - 25-28 degrees Celsius. But the amount of precipitation in different areas is significantly different. Thus, on the strong winds, the Alps slopes per year falls 2000 millimeters of precipitation, and on the plain parts of the mainland - only 300-800 millimeters.
In areas with a temperate continental climate, most of the territories are occupied by the mountains. The largest of them are Cordillera, Sayans, Altai, Rocky Mountains, Carpathians and Alps.
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