And the United States of America lasted for more than 40 years and was called the "Cold War". Years of its duration are evaluated by various historians in different ways. However, it is possible to declare confidence that the confrontation ended in 1991, with the collapse of the USSR. Cold War left an indelible mark in world history. Any conflict of the last century (after the end of World War II) must be considered through the Cold War's Prism. It was not just a conflict between the two countries.
It was a confrontation of two opposite worldviews, the struggle for domination over the world.
Main reasons
The year of the beginning of the Cold War - 1946. It was after the victory over Nazi Germany a new world map and new rivals for world domination were identified. The victory over the Third Reich and His Allies went to huge blood for all Europe, and especially the USSR. The future conflict marked up at the Yalta Conference of 1945. At this famous meeting, Stalin, Churchill and Roosevelt decided the fate of post-war Europe. At this time, the Red Army was already suitable for Berlin, so it was necessary to produce the so-called section of the spheres of influence. Soviet troops, hardened in battles on their territory, carried the liberation to other people's peoples. In the countries that the Union occupied, friendly socialist regimes were established.
Spheres of influence
One of these was installed in Poland. At the same time, the previous Polish government was in London and considered himself legal. Supported it, however, chosen by the Polish people communist party de facto ruler country. At the Yalta Conference, this issue was particularly acutely considered by the parties. Also, similar problems were observed in other regions. The nations liberated from the Nazi occupation created their own governments with the support of the USSR. Therefore, after the victory over the Third Reich, the map of future Europe was finally formed.
The main stumbling blocks of former allies on the anti-Hitler coalition began after the German section. The eastern part was occupied by Soviet troops, the Western Territories were proclaimed, which were taken by the Allies, became part of the Federal Republic of Germany. Between the two governments immediately started. The confrontation ultimately led to the closure of the boundaries between the FRG and the GDR. Spyware began, and even sabotage promotions.
American imperialism
Throughout 1945, allies on the anti-Hitler coalition continued close cooperation.
These were acts of transferring prisoners of war (which captured the Nazis) and material values. However, the next year the Cold War began. The years of the first exacerbation fell on the post-war period. The symbolic start was the speech of Churchill in the American city of Fulton. Then the former Minister of British said that communism and the USSR communism and the USSR are the main enemy for the West, which personifies him. Winston also called on all English-speaking nations to combat the "Red Independence". Such provocative statements could not but cause the response of Moscow. After some time, Joseph Stalin gave an interview with the Pravda newspaper, which compared English politicians with Hitler.
Countries during the Cold War: Two Blocks
However, at least Churchill was a private person, he only identified the course of Western governments. The United States sharply increased their influence on the world stage. It happened in many ways thanks to the war. The fighting was not conducted in the American territory (with the exception of the raids of Japanese bombers). Therefore, against the background of ruined Europe, the states had a rather powerful economy and armed forces. Fearing the start of the national revolutions (which would be supported by the USSR) on their territory, capitalist governments began to wade around the United States. It was in 1946 that the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a military in response was performed for the first time. It even came to the point that the parties have developed a strategy of armed struggle with each other. As directed by Churchill, a plan of a possible war from the USSR was developed. Similar plans were also from the Soviet Union. Preparation for the trade and ideological war began.
Arms race
The arms race between the two countries was one of the most indicative phenomena that the Cold War brought. The years of confronting led to the creation of unique means of warfare, which are still used. On the second half of the 40s, the United States had a huge advantage - nuclear weapons. The first nuclear charge bombs were still applied to the second world war. The bomber "Enola Gay" dropped shells to the Japanese city of Hiroshima than almost equalized him from the earth. It was then that the world saw the destructive power of nuclear weapons. The United States began to actively increase their stocks of such weapons.
The state of New Mexico creates a special secret laboratory. Based on a nuclear advantage and strategic plans were built regarding further relationships with the USSR. Tips, in turn, also began to actively develop a nuclear program. The Americans found the presence of charges with enriched uranium the main advantage. Therefore, the intelligence has hastily exported all documents on the development of atomic weapons from the territory of defeated Germany in 1945. Soon, a secretly developed strategic document was developed, which suggested a nuclear strike on the territory of the Soviet Union. According to some historians, various variations of this plan were several times the Truman. So the initial period of the Cold War ended, the years of which were the least intense.
Nuclear weapon of the Union
In 1949, the USSR successfully conducted the first tests of the nuclear bomb at the Polygon in Semipalatinsk, as soon as all Western media stated. The creation of RDS-1 (nuclear bomb) became possible largely due to the actions of Soviet intelligence, which penetrated on the secret polygon in Los Alamosse.
Such a rapid creation of nuclear weapons has become a real surprise for the United States. Since then, Yao has become the main restraining force of a direct military conflict between two camps. The precedent in Hiroshima and Nagasaki showed the terrifying power of the atomic bomb around the world. But in what year was the cold war of the most fierce?
Caribbean crisis
For all the years of the Cold War, the most abandoned situation was in 1961. The conflict between the USSR and the United States entered the story as his prerequisites were still long before. It all started with the placement of American nuclear missiles in Turkey. The charges "Jupiter" were placed in such a way that they could hit any goals in the western part of the USSR (including Moscow). Such a danger could not be left unanswered.
A few years before that, the People's Revolution headed by Fidel Castro began in Cuba. At first, the USSR did not see the prospects in the uprising. However, the Cuban people managed to overthrow the batter mode. After that, the American leadership stated that he would not tolerate the new power in Cuba. Immediately after that, close diplomatic relations were established between Moscow and the island of freedom. Soviet armed parts were sent to Cuba.
Start of conflict
After placing nuclear weapons in Turkey, the Kremlin decided to take urgent countermeasures, because for this period it was impossible to carry out the start of atomic missiles in the United States from the territory of the Union.
Therefore, an "Anadyr" secret operation was reached. Military ships were tasked to deliver a long-range missile to Cuba. In October, the first ships reached Havana. Starting starting pads. At this time, American intelligence aircraft made a flight over the coast. The Americans managed to get several pictures of tactical divisions, whose weapons were sent to Florida.
Exacerbation of the situation
Immediately after that, the American armed forces were translated into a state of high combat readiness. Kennedy conducted an emergency meeting. A number of high-ranking persons called the president immediately start the invasion of Cuba. In case of such a development of events, the Red Army would immediately cause a rocket and nuclear strike on the landing. It could well lead to worldwide so both sides began to look for possible compromises. After all, everyone understood what such a cold war could lead to. Years of the nuclear winter were unequivocally not a better prospect.
The situation was extremely tense, everything could change literally at any second. As evidenced by historical sources, at this time Kennedy even slept in his office. As a result, the Americans put forward an ultimatum - remove Soviet rockets from Cuba. Next began the sea blockade of the island.
Khrushchev spent a similar meeting in Moscow. Some Soviet generals also insisted not to succumb to Washington's requirements and, in which case, to reflect the attack of Americans. The chief blow of the Union could not be at all in Cuba, but in Berlin, which was well understood in the White House.
"Black Saturday"
The world's greatest blows in the years of the Cold War was subjected to October 27, on Saturday. On this day, the American intelligence aircraft U-2 flew over Cuba and was shot down by Soviet Zenitchiki. After a few hours, this incident was known in Washington.
The US Congress advised the president immediately to start the invasion. The President decided to write a letter to Khrushchev, where he repeated his requirements. Nikita Sergeevich responded to this letter immediately, agreeing on them, in exchange for a promise of the United States not to attack Cuba and take a rocket from Turkey. To make the message reached as quickly as possible - the appeal was done through the radio. On this Cuban crisis and ended. Since then, the decomposition has become gradually decreasing.
Ideological confrontation
Foreign policy during the cold war for both blocks was characterized not only by rivalry for control over the territories, but a rigid information struggle. Two different builds in every way tried to show our superiority to the world. The famous "Radio Liberty" was created in the USA, which was broadcast on the territory of the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. The stated goal of this information agency was the fight against Bolshevism and Communism. It is noteworthy that Radio Liberty still exists and works in many countries. The USSR during the Cold War years also created a similar station, which broadcast to the territory of capitalist countries.
Each event that is significant for mankind of the second half of the last century was considered in the context of the Cold War. For example, the flight into the space of Yuri Gagarin was presented to the world as the victory of socialist labor. Countries spent huge resources to propaganda. In addition to sponsoring and supporting cultural figures, there was a wide agent network.
Spy Games
The spy intrigue of the Cold War was widely reflected in art. Secret services went to the most different tricks to be one step ahead of their opponents. One of the most characteristic cases is the Operation "Confession", which is more similar to the plot of a spy detective.
During the war, the Soviet scientific learned term The term created a unique transmitter who did not require recharging or power source. It was a kind of eternal engine. The listening device was called "Zlatoust". The KGB on the personal order of Beria decided to establish "Zlatoust" in the building of the US Embassy. To do this, a wooden shield was created with the image of the coat of arms of the United States. During the visit of the American ambassador to the children's health, a solemn ruler was arranged. At the end, the pioneers were sang by the anthem of the United States, after which a wooden coat of arms was handed a touched ambassador. He, not suspecting a trick, installed it in a personal account. Thanks to this, the KGB of 7 years received information about all the conversations of the ambassador. Such cases open to the public and secret, there was a huge set.
Cold War: years, essence
The end of the confrontation of the two blocks came after the collapse of the USSR, lambing 45 years.
The tension between the West and East has been preserved to this day. However, the world has ceased to be bipolar, when Moscow or Washington stood in the world in any significant event. What year was the Cold War of the most fierce, and the closer to "hot"? Historians and analysts still lead to disputes on this topic. Most converges in the fact that this is the period of the "Caribbean crisis" when the world stood in a step from the nuclear war.
After the end of World War II, the winner of the winner could not establish relationships among themselves. The main contradictions were between the Soviet Union and the United States. Both states began to form military blocks (alliances), which in the case of war would speak on their side. The confrontation between the USSR and the United States, as well as their allies received the name of the Cold War. Despite the fact that combat actions were not conducted, both states were in a state of almost continuous confrontation (hostility) from the late 1940s to the mid-1970s, constantly increasing his military potential.
The beginning of the Cold War is made to count down from 1946, when the English Prime Minister Winston Churchill uttered his famous speech in the American city of Fulton, in which the Soviet Union was named the chief enemy of Western countries. Between the USSR and the western world kicked the "iron curtain". In 1949, the Military North Atlantic Union (NATO) was established. The USA, United Kingdom, France, West Germany, Canada, Italy and other Western countries entered the NATO block. In 1955, the Soviet Union founded the organization of the Warsaw Treaty. In addition to the USSR, Eastern European countries entered into it, which included in the socialist camp.
One of the symbols of the Cold War began to split down in Germany. The border between the two camps (Western and Socialist) took place right through the city of Berlin, and not symbolic, and the most real - in 1961 the city was divided into two parts by the Berlin Wall.
Several times during the Cold War of the USSR and the United States were on the verge of war. The most acute moment in this confrontation was the Caribbean crisis (1962). The Soviet Union posted his rockets on Cuba Island, the nearest southern neighbor of the United States. In response, the United States began preparing the invasion of Cuba, where Soviet military bases and advisers were already located.
Only personal negotiations of US President J. Kennedy and the head of the USSR N.S. Khrushchev prevented a catastrophe. The presence of atomic weapons in the United States and the Soviet Union held back the governments of these countries from the beginning of a real "hot" war. In the 1970s, the process of discharge policy began. The USSR and the United States signed very important agreements on the non-proliferation of nuclear weapons, but the tensions between the two countries remained.
The arms race absorbed the huge resources of both blocks. By the beginning of the 1980s, the Soviet Union began to play hard in the competition of two systems. The socialist camp has fallen more and more from the advanced capitalist countries of the West. The Soviet Union was forced to begin large-scale reforms - restructuring that led to radical changes in international politics. The Soviet Union and the United States concluded agreements on the restriction of the arms race and the establishment of new partnerships. Cold war began to go into the past. Socialist camp broke up.
In most countries of the Warsaw Treaty, the forces were sent to power, who considered the Western world with their ally. The symbol of the end of the Cold War was reuniting in 1990 by Germany.
1. What event is considered to be the beginning of the "Cold War":
a) Churchill's speech in March 1946 +
b) "Doctrine Truman", February 1947
c) Molotov's statement that no question of international life should be solved without the participation of the USSR
2. Speaking of which politician is considered the exact reference of the Cold War:
a) Roosevelt
b) Churchill +
c) Khrushchev
3. In which year, Europe was divided into USSR allies and allies of the USSR:
a) Spring 1946
b) autumn 1948
c) summer 1947 +
4. What city during the Cold War was divided into 2 parts:
a) Berlin +
b) Prague
c) Warsaw
5. "Iron Curtain" is:
a) Border System of Socialism Countries
b) the wall that separated East Berlin from the Western
c) the split of the world into two hostile camps +
6. What event became the most acute clash of the United States and the USSR from 1946 to 1953:
a) the introduction of the USSR Protectorate over Libya
b) War in Korea +
c) Berlin crisis
7. The first "unofficial" military clash of the USSR and the United States in the Epoch of the Cold War happened in:
a) Vietnam
b) Berlin
c) Korea +
8. In what years, the Berlin Wall was "delivered" and the Caribbean crisis broke out:
a) 1961, 1962 +
b) 1955, 1960
c) 1957, 1964
9. Name the date of creation of the organization of the Warsaw Treaty:
a) August 1955
b) April 1955
c) May 1955 +
10. What state was originally part of the NATO block:
a) Poland.
b) France +
c) FRG
11. Who Winston Churchill:
a) Prime Minister of Great Britain +
b) Minister of Britain
c) US President
12. What unites dates 1949 and 1953:
a) carrying out economic reforms in industry
b) the first tests in the USSR of the atomic bomb and the hydrogen bomb +
c) Space flights on manned ships
13. What event happened before the rest:
a) Potsdam Conference +
b) the creation of ministries instead of drug addicts
c) test of the USSR of the first nuclear bomb
14. In 1945, nuclear weapons were only at:
a) Germany
b) USSR
c) US +
15. The theory of peaceful coexistence belongs:
a) Khrushchev +
b) Stalin
c) Brezhnev
16. As a result of the Caribbean crisis, there was a disarmament of ballistic missiles from countries:
a) Africa and Asia
b) Cuba and Europe +
c) Australia and Indonesia
17. What a number of dates are associated with the creation of international organizations of socialist countries led by the USSR:
a) 1946, 1960
b) 1961, 1967
c) 1949, 1955 +
18. In which city Winston Churchill pronounced his famous speech, which argued about the beginning of the Cold War:
a) London, United Kingdom
b) Fulton, USA +
c) Washington, USA
20. In which year, the Caribbean crisis broke out:
a) 1960.
b) 1962 +
c) 1959.
21. The period of US participation in the Vietnamese War:
a) 1965 - 1973 +
b) 1957 - 1965
c) 1973 - 1975
22. In which year, the period of discharge in the Cold War between the USSR and the United States ended:
a) 1978.
b) 1979 +
c) 1977.
23. Afghan war, years:
a) 1979 - 1987
b) 1980 - 1985
c) 1979 - 1989 +
24. How many years did the Berlin Wall stood:
a) 18.
b) 28 +
in 20
25. What caused the end of the Cold War:
a) Reducing world oil prices in the mid-80s
b) anti-communist revolutions 1989
c) both options are correct
26. The Intergovernmental Economic Organization of Socialist countries was named:
a) OWD
b) CEV +
c) UN.
27. Developing countries, freed from colonial dependence after World War II, is customary to call countries:
a) "Third World" +
b) early capitalism
c) upgraded
28. The appearance after the Second World War of two superpowers, USSR and the United States, led to:
a) discharge of international tension
b) creating a collective security system
c) the beginning of the "Cold War" +
29. Increase in the west of the number of Communals after World War II testified:
a) the growth of the authority of the USSR +
b) the growth of the living standards of workers in the West countries
c) discharge of international tension
30. Cause of the Cold War:
a) the need for denazification of Germany
b) the desire of the USSR and the United States to expand the spheres of influence +
c) the weakening of the positions of the USSR as a result of World War II
Planet Earth. |
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Collapse of the USSR |
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Opponents |
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ATS and CEV: |
NATO and UES: |
Albania (until 1956) |
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France (until 1966) |
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FRG (from 1955) |
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Cuba (from 1961) |
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Angola (since 1975) |
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Afghanistan (since 1978) |
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Egypt (1952-1972) |
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Libya (since 1969) |
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Ethiopia (since 1974 |
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Iran (until 1979) |
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Indonesia (1959-1965) |
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Nicaragua (1979-1990) |
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Mali (until 1968) |
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Cambodia (from 1975) |
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Commander |
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Joseph Stalin |
Harry Truman |
Georgy Malenkov |
Dwight Eisenhower |
Nikita Khrushchev |
John Kennedy |
Leonid Brezhnev |
Lindon Johnson |
Yury Andropov |
Richard Nixon |
Konstantin Chernenko |
Gerald Ford |
Mikhail Gorbachev |
Jimmy Carter |
Gennady Yanaev |
Ronald Reagan. |
Enver Khoja |
George Bush Sr. |
Georgy Dimitrov |
|
Vleetko Chervenkov |
Elizabeth II. |
Todor Zhivkov |
Clement Ettley |
Matyash Rakoshi |
Winston Churchill |
Janos Kadar |
Anthony Eden |
Wilhelm Peak |
Harold McMilllan. |
Walter Ulbricht |
Alexander Douglas Hume |
Erich Honekker |
Harold Wilson |
Boleslav taking |
Edward Heath |
Vladislav Gomulka |
James Callagan |
Edward Herkeck |
Margaret Thatcher |
Stanislav Kanya |
John Major. |
Wojcih Yarzelsky |
Vensean Oriol. |
George Georgiu-Dezh |
Rene Koti |
Nikolae Chaushesku |
Charles de Gaulle |
Clement Gotald |
Konrad Adenauer |
Antonin Zapototsky |
Ludwig Erhard |
Antonin Novobody |
Kurt Georg Kizinger |
Ludwik Freedom |
Willie Brandt. |
Gustav Gusak |
Helmut Schmidt |
Fidel Castro |
Helmut Kol |
Raoul Castro |
Juan Carlos I. |
Ernesto Che Guevara |
Alchid de Gaspieri |
Mao Zedong |
Giuseppe Pella |
Kim Il Saint |
Ambitor Fanfani. |
Ho Chi Min |
Mario Shelba |
Antonio Seny |
|
Tone Duc Thang |
Adona Jolie. |
Khorlogyin Choibalsan |
Fernando Tambrony |
Gamal Abdel Nasser |
Giovanni Leone |
Fausie Selu. |
Aldo Moro. |
Adib Ash-Shishakley |
Mariano Rosor. |
Shukri al-Kuatly |
Emilio Colombo |
Nazim al-Kudsi |
Julio Andreotti |
Amin al-hafhes |
Francesco Cossig |
Nudedin Al-Atassi |
Arnaldo Foreliani |
Hafez al-Assad |
Giovanni Spadolini |
Abdul Salam Aref. |
Bettino Krax. |
Abdul Rahman Aref. |
Giovanni Gurya |
Ahmed Hassan al-Bakr |
Chiriako de Mita |
Saddam Hussein |
Chan Kaishi. |
Muammar Gaddafi. |
Lee Son Man. |
Ahmed Sukarno |
Yun Bo Son. |
Daniel Ortega |
Pak Chon Hee. |
Chkhve gy ha |
|
Chon Du Hwan. |
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NGO DIN ZEYM. |
|
Zong van Min. |
|
Nguyen Khan |
|
Nguyen van Thyeu |
|
Chan Van Hyong |
|
Haim Weizman |
|
Itzhak Ben-Zvi |
|
Zalman Shazar |
|
Efraim Katsir |
|
Yitzhak Navon |
|
Haim Duke |
|
Mohammed Reza Pohlevia |
|
Mobutu seed seed |
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Global geopolitical, economic and ideological confrontation between the Soviet Union and its allies, on the one hand, and the United States and their allies - on the other, which lasted from the mid-1940s to the early 1990s.
One of the main components of the confrontation was ideology. The deep contradiction between capitalist and socialist models is the main cause of the Cold War. Two superpowers - the winner in World War II tried to rebuild the world according to their ideological settings. Over time, confrontation has become an element of the ideology of two sides and helped the leaders of military-political blocks to consolidate the allies "in the face of the external enemy" around themselves. A new confrontation required the cohesion of all members of opposite blocks.
The expression "Cold War" for the first time used on April 16, 1947 Bernard Baruch, adviser to US President Harry Truman, in speech before the Chamber of Representatives of South Carolina.
The internal logic of the confrontation required from the parties to participate in conflicts and interference in the development of events in any part of the world. The efforts of the United States and the USSR were sent primarily to dominance in the military sphere. From the very beginning of the confrontation, the process of militarization of two superpowers unfolded.
The United States and the USSR created their spheres of influence by consolidating their military-political blocs - NATO and the Warsaw Agreement. Although the United States and the USSR never entered a direct military confrontation, their rivalry for influence often led to outbreaks of local armed conflicts around the world.
The Cold War was accompanied by a race of ordinary and nuclear weapons, the matter of threatening lead to the Third World War. The most famous of such cases when the world turned out to be on the verge of a catastrophe, became the Caribbean crisis of 1962. In this regard, in the 1970s, both parties have made efforts to "discharge" international tensions and restriction of weapons.
The growing technological lag of the USSR, along with the stagnation of the Soviet economy and exorbitant military expenses in the late 1970s - early 1980s, forced the Soviet leadership to go to political and economic reforms. The course announced by Mikhail Gorbachev in 1985, the course for restructuring and publicity led to the loss of the leading role of the CPSU, and also contributed to the economic collapse in the USSR. Ultimately, the USSR, burdened by the economic crisis, as well as social and interethnic problems, collapsed in 1991.
In Eastern Europe, communist governments, having lost its Soviet support, were shifted even earlier, in 1989-1990. The Warsaw Agreement officially ceased on July 1, 1991, which can be considered the end of the Cold War.
History
Start of the Cold War
At the end of the Second World War of Soviet control over the countries of Eastern Europe, especially the creation of the Soviet government in Poland in contrast to the Polish Emigrant Government in London, led to the fact that the ruling circles of Great Britain and the United States began to perceive the USSR as a threat.
In April 1945, United Kingdom Prime Minister Winston Churchill ordered the preparation of the War Plan against the USSR. The task was preceded by the conclusions that Churchill presented in his memoirs:
The operation plan was prepared by the combined headquarters of the British Military Cabinet. The plan is given an assessment of the situation, the goals of the operation are formulated, the forces attracted, the directions of shocks of Western allies and their probable results are identified.
The compilers of the plan came to two main conclusions:
- starting the war from the USSR, it is necessary to be prepared for a long and expensive total war, and to a completely possible affection;
- the numerical advantage of Soviet troops on land does an extremely dubious opportunity to achieve the victory of one of the sides will be rapidly.
It should be indicated that Churchill pointed out in the comments on the draft plan represented by him, which he is a "preventive measure" on how he hopes, a "pure hypothetical case".
In 1945, the USSR presented territorial claims of Turkey and demanded a change in the status of Black Sea straits, including the recognition of the law of the USSR to create a naval base in Dardanelles.
In 1946, Greek rebels, led by the Communists and the supply of weapons from Albania, Yugoslavia and Bulgaria, where the Communists were already in power were intensified. At the London Meeting of Foreign Foreign Ministers, the USSR demanded that it gives him the right to the protectorate over Tripolitania (Libya) to secure her presence in the Mediterranean.
In France and Italy, the Communists became the most large political parties and the Communists became part of governments. After withdrawing from Europe the main part of the American troops, the USSR turned into a dominant military force in continental Europe. Everything favored the establishment of full control of Stalin over Europe, if he wished it.
Part of the political figures of the West began to appear for the peace of the USSR. The Minister of Commerce of the United States Henry Wallace expressed the most clearly this position. He considered the claims of the USSR substantiated and offered to go to a peculiar section of the world, acknowledged for the USSR the right to dominance in a number of areas of Europe and Asia. Another point of view was adhered to Churchill.
On March 5, 1946, the formal start of the Cold War is often considered, when Winston Churchill (at that time he has not yet served as Prime Minister of Great Britain) said his famous speech to Fulton (USA, Missouri), in which he put forward the idea of \u200b\u200bcreating a military union of the Anglo-Saxon countries with The purpose of the fight against world communism. In fact, the aggravation of relations between allies began earlier, but by March 1946 it increased due to the refusal of the USSR to withdraw the occupation troops from Iran (the troops were brought only in May 1946 under the press of Great Britain and the United States). Churchill's speech was out of the new reality, which the retired English leader, after assurances in deep respect and admire the "valiant Russian people and my comrades of Military Time Marshal Stalin," defined:
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... from Shattin on Baltic to Trieste in Adriatic, the iron curtain stretches along the continent. On the other side of the imaginary line - all the capital of the ancient states of Central and Eastern Europe. (...) Communist parties, which were very small in all Eastern European countries, were reached by power everywhere and received unlimited totalitarian control. Police governments prevail almost everywhere, and so far, except for Czechoslovakia, there is no genuine democracy. Turkey and Persia are also deeply alarmed and are concerned about the requirements that the Moscow government places. The Russians made an attempt in Berlin to create a quasicomunist party in their area of \u200b\u200bthe occupation of Germany (...) If the Soviet government now will try to separately create prommunicable Germany in its zone, it will cause new serious difficulties in the British and American zones and divide the defeated Germans between the advice and Western democratic states. (...) The facts are as follows: this is, of course, not the liberated Europe, for which we fought. This is not what is necessary for the permanent world. |
Churchill urged not to repeat the mistakes of the 30s and consistently defend the values \u200b\u200bof freedom, democracy and "Christian civilization" against totalitarianism, for which it is necessary to ensure close unity and cohesion of Anglo-Saxon nations.
Weekly later I. V. Stalin in an interview with "Pravda" set Churchill to one row with Hitler and stated that he called West in his speech to war from the USSR.
1946-1953: Beginning of the confrontation
On March 12, 1947, US President Harry Truman declared its intention to provide Greece and Turkey military and economic assistance in the amount of $ 400 million. At the same time, he formulated the US policy tasks aimed at helping "free peoples that resist the attempts to challenge by an armed minority and external pressure." Truman in this statement, in addition, determined the content of the beginning rivalry of the United States and the USSR, as a conflict of democracy and totalitarianism. So did the doctrine of Truman, who became the beginning of the transition from the post-war cooperation of the USSR and the United States to rivalry.
In 1947, at the insistence of the USSR, socialist countries refused to participate in the Marshall Plan, according to which the United States provided economic assistance to countries affected by the war in exchange for the elimination of communists from the government.
The efforts of the USSR, in particular Soviet intelligence, were aimed at eliminating the US monopoly on the possession of nuclear weapons (see Article Creation of the Soviet Atomic Bomb). On August 29, 1949, the first tests of the nuclear bomb were held in the Soviet Union at the Semipalatinsky Nuclear Polygon. American scientists from the Manhattan project have previously warned that over time the USSR will definitely create its own nuclear potential - nevertheless, this nuclear explosion had a stunning impact on military-strategic planning in the United States - mainly because US military strategies did not expect them We'll have to lose your monopoly so soon. At that time, it was not yet known about the successes of Soviet intelligence, managed to penetrate Los Alamos.
In 1948, the United States adopts Vandenberg resolution - the official refusal of the United States from the practice of non-compound to military-political blocs beyond the boundaries of the Western hemisphere in peacetime.
Already on April 4, 1949, NATO is being created, and in October 1954, Germany adopts in the Western European Union and NATO. This step caused the negative reaction of the USSR. In response, the USSR began to create a military unit, which would unite Eastern European countries.
In the late 1940s, repressions against dissenters are enhanced in the USSR, which, in particular, begin to accuse the "worship of the West" (see also the article Fighting cosmopolitanism), and the campaign is unfolding to identify sympathizer communists.
Although the USSR now also has a nuclear potential, the United States was far ahead both by the number of charges and by the number of bombers. With any conflict, the United States could easily apply a bombing blow to the USSR, while the USSR could hardly respond to it.
The transition to the large-scale use of jet fighters-interceptor changed this situation in favor of the USSR, reducing the potential effectiveness of American bomber aircraft. In 1949, Curtis Lemey, the new commander of the US strategic aviation command, signed a program for the full transition of bombing aircraft on reactive traction. In the early 1950s, B-47 and B-52 bombers began to be admitted.
The most acute period of confrontation between the two blocks (USSR and the United States with their allies) came on the years of the Korean War.
1953-1962: on the verge of nuclear war
With the onset of the Khrushchev "thaw" threat of world war retreated - it was especially characteristic of the late 1950s, who crowned the visit of Khrushchev in the United States. However, for the same years, events occur on June 17, 1953 in the GDR, the events of 1956 in Poland, an anti-communist uprising in Hungary, Suez crisis.
In response to a numerical increase in Soviet bombarding aviation in the 1950s, the United States has created a rather strong echelonized air defense system around large cities, providing for the use of interceptor aircraft, anti-aircraft artillery and lats "Earth-air". But at the head of the corner, there was still the construction of a huge Armada of nuclear bombers who were intended to crush the defensive borders of the USSR - because it was considered impossible to ensure efficient and reliable protection of such an extensive territory.
Such an approach was firmly rooted in US strategic plans - it was believed that there were no reasons for special concern, while the US strategic forces exceed the general potential of the Soviet Armed Forces. Moreover, according to American strategists, the Soviet economy, destroyed during the war years, was unlikely to be able to create adequate counter-potential.
However, the USSR quickly created its own strategic aviation and experienced an intercontinental ballistic missile (ICBM) of the P-7, capable of reaching the territory of the United States in 1957. Since 1959, mass production of the ICBM began in the Soviet Union. (In 1958, the first ICBM "Atlas" was also experienced by the United States). From the mid-1950s, the United States begins to realize that in the case of the USSR nuclear war, it will be able to inflict a response control of American cities. Therefore, since the late 1950s, military experts recognize that the total US Nuclear War from the USSR becomes impossible.
The scandal with the US spy of U-2 (1960) led to a new exacerbation of the relations of the USSR and the United States, whose peak was the peak of the Berlin crisis of 1961 and the Caribbean crisis (1962).
1962-1979: "Discharge"
The continued racing of nuclear weapons, the concentration of the management of the nuclear forces of the West in the hands of the United States and a number of incidents with nuclear weapons caused increasing criticism of the US nuclear policy. Contradictions in the principles of nuclear weapons in the NATO command led to the exit of France in 1966 from participation in the formation of the Armed Forces of this organization. On January 17, 1966, one of the largest incidents with nuclear weapons occurred: after a collision with the aircraft, the bomber B-52 US Air Force made an emergency reset of four thermonuclear bombs over the Spanish village Palomares. After this incident, Spain refused to condemn the exit of France from NATO and limited US Air Force military operations in the country, suspending the Spanish-American agreement of 1953 on military cooperation; Negotiations on the resumption of this treaty in 1968 ended in failure.
Regarding the competition of two systems in Space Vladimir Bugrov, it was noted that in 1964, the main opponents of the queen can create an illusion from Khrushchev that it is possible to land on the moon before Americans, according to the scientist race if it was, then between the main designers.
In Germany, the coming to the power of Social Democrats, headed by Willie Brandt, was marked by the new "Eastern Policy", which was the result of which the Moscow Agreement between the USSR and Germany of 1970, which recorded the irrevomination of borders, the refusal of territorial claims and declared the possibility of combining FRG and GDR.
In 1968, attempts by democratic reforms in Czechoslovakia (Prague Spring) caused the military intervention of the USSR and its allies.
However, Brezhnev, unlike Khrushchev, did not give a tendency to any risky adventures outside of a clearly defined Soviet sphere of influence or an extravagant "peaceful" shares; The 1970s were held under the sign of the so-called "discharge of international tension", the manifestations of which were a meeting on security and cooperation in Europe (Helsinki) and a joint Soviet-American flight to space (Soyuz-Apollo program); At the same time, agreements were signed to limit strategic arms. In many ways, it was determined by economic reasons, since the USSR already began to experience increasingly dependent on the purchase of consumer goods and food (for which currency loans were required), the West during the oil crisis caused by Arab-Israeli confrontation was extremely interested in Soviet Oil. In militarily, the "discharge basis" began the rocket-nuclear parity of blocks by the time.
On August 17, 1973, US Secretary of Defense Minister James Schlesinger put forward the doctrine of the "blinding", or "behead" strike: defeat the command points and enemy communication sites using rockets of medium and smaller range, winged rockets with laser, television and infrared targets for targets. Such an approach assumed a gain in "Retail Time" - the defeat of command clauses until the opponent would have time to decide on the response-counter strike. Emphasis in deterrence was shifted from the strategic triad to the means of medium and less distance. In 1974, this approach was enshrined in key documents on the US nuclear strategy. On this basis, the United States and other NATO countries began the modernization of advanced base systems (Forward Base Systems) - American tactical nuclear weapons posted on the territory of Western Europe or its coast. At the same time, the United States began to create a new generation of winged missiles capable of as accurately as defined as defined.
These steps caused concerns to the USSR, since the means of advanced basing of the United States, as well as the "independent" nuclear potentials of Great Britain and France, were able to affect the goals in the European part of the Soviet Union. In 1976, Dmitry Ustinov became Minister of Defense of the USSR, who was leaning towards a hard answer to the US actions. Ustinov spoke not so much for the extension of the land grouping of ordinary armed forces, how much to improve the technical park of the Soviet Army. The Soviet Union began upgrading the means of delivering nuclear weapons of medium and less distance at the European Theater of Military Action.
Under the pretext of the modernization of obsolete complexes of the RSD-4 and RSD-5 (SS-4 and SS-5), the USSR began to deploy the medium-range missiles of the PIONER (SS-20) on the Western borders. In December 1976, rocket systems were deployed, and in February 1977 - put on combat duty in the European part of the USSR. In total, about 300 missiles of a similar class were deployed, each of which was equipped with three combat separating heads of individual guidance. This allowed the USSR in a matter of minutes to destroy the NATO military infrastructure in Western Europe - management centers, team points, and, especially ports, that in the event of the war, it was impossible to disembark American troops in Western Europe. At the same time, the USSR modernized the general purpose forces posted in Central Europe - in particular, the Tu-22m long-range bomber has upgraded to the strategic level.
The actions of the USSR caused a negative reaction of NATO countries. On December 12, 1979, a double decision of NATO was adopted - the deployment of American rockets of medium and less distance in the territory of Western European countries and at the same time starting negotiations from the USSR on the problem of Eurobet. However, negotiations went to a dead end.
1979-1986: a new round of confrontation
A new exacerbation occurred in 1979 in connection with the introduction of Soviet troops to Afghanistan, which in the West was perceived as a violation of geopolitical equilibrium and the transition of the USSR to the policy of expansion. The aggravation reached the peak in the fall of 1983, when the South Korean civil airliner was shot down by the Soviet forces, on board which, according to media reports, there were about 300 people. It was then that President Ronald Reagan called the USSR "Evil Evil".
In 1983, the United States was placed on the territory of FRG, Great Britain, Denmark, Belgium and Italy, the ballistic missiles of the medium-range "Pershing-2" 5-7 minutes from the targets in the European territory of the USSR and the winged airbase missiles. In parallel in 1981, the production of neutron weapons began in the USA - artillery shells and warheads of a small range of Lans. Analysts assumed that this weapon can be used to reflect the onset of the military of the Warsaw Treaty in Central Europe. The United States also began developing a cosmic missile defense program (the so-called Star Wars program); Both of these large-scale programs were extremely disturbed by the Soviet leadership, especially since the USSR, with great difficulty and voltage for the economy supported rocket-nuclear parity, there were no funds for an adequate essay in space.
In response, in November 1983, the USSR came out of the negotiating negotiations held in Geneva. The Secretary General of the Central Committee of the CPSU Yury Andropov said that the USSR will take a number of countermeasures: will place operational-tactical nuclear-weapon carrier missiles on the territory of the GDR and CHCCR and will put forward the Soviet nuclear submarines closer to the US coast. In 1983-1986 Soviet nuclear forces and a missile prevention system were in a state of high combat readiness.
According to reports, in 1981, Soviet intelligence services (KGB and GRU) began the Operation "Rocket and Nuclear Attack" (Ryan Operation) - monitoring the possible preparation of NATO countries to the beginning of a limited nuclear war in Europe. The alarms of the Soviet leadership summoned the teachings of NATO "Able Archer 83" - in the USSR feared that under their cover of NATO prepares for the launch of "Eurobet" by goals in the countries of the Warsaw Treaty. Similarly, in 1983-1986 NATO military analysts were afraid that the USSR would bring a proactive "disarming" blow to the views of the "Eurobet".
1987-1991: "New thinking" Gorbachev and the completion of confrontation
With the arrival of Mikhail Gorbachev who proclaimed the "socialist pluralism" and "the priority of universal values \u200b\u200bover class", the ideological confrontation quickly lost its sharpness. In the sense of the military-political, Gorbachev initially tried to pursue a policy in the spirit of "discharge" of the 1970s, offering programs for restricting weapons, but rather harshly trading around the terms of the contract (meeting in Reykjavik).
However, the development of the political process in the USSR in the direction of the failure of the communist ideology, as well as the dependence of the USSR economy from Western technologies and loans due to a sharp drop in oil prices led to the fact that the USSR went on broad concessions in the foreign policy sphere. The view is descended that it also is also associated with the fact that military spending increased as a result of the arms race was unbearable for the Soviet economy, but a number of researchers prove that the relative level of military expenses in the USSR was not excessively high.
In 1988, the conclusion of Soviet troops from Afghanistan begins. The fall of the communist system in Eastern Europe in 1989-1990. He led to the liquidation of the Soviet bloc, and with it - and to the actual termination of the "Cold War".
Meanwhile, the Soviet Union himself experienced a deep crisis. The central authorities began to lose control over the Union republics. In the outskirts of the country broke out interethnic conflicts. In December 1991, the final collapse of the USSR occurred.
Manifestations of the Cold War
- The acute political and ideological confrontation between the Communist and Western liberal systems, which has engulfed almost the whole world;
- creation of a military system (NATO, organization of the Warsaw Treaty, SeaTo, Sento, Anzyus, Anzyuk) and Economic (UES, SEV, ASEAN, etc.) of alliances;
- creating an extensive network of US military bases and the USSR in the territory of foreign countries;
- forcing arms racing and military preparations;
- sharp increase in military spending;
- periodically emerging international crises (Berlin crises, Caribbean crisis, Korean War, Vietnamese War, Afghan War);
- the unlawful section of the world on the "spheres of influence" of the Soviet and Western blocs, inside of which the possibility of intervention was silently allowed to maintain anyone or another regime block (Soviet intervention in Hungary, Soviet intervention in Czechoslovakia, American operation in Guatemala, organized by the United States and Great Britain. Governments in Iran, organized by the United States invasion of Cuba, American Intervention in the Dominican Republic, American Intervention in Grenada);
- rise of the national liberation movement in colonial and affiliates and territories (partly the inspired USSR), decolonization of these countries, the formation of the "third world", the movement of non-aligned, neocolonialism;
- the maintenance of a massive "psychological war", the purpose of which was the propaganda of his own ideology and lifestyle, as well as discrediting in the eyes of the population of the "enemy" countries and the "third world" of the official ideology and lifestyle of the opposite block. For this purpose, radio stations were created that broadcast the territory of the "ideological opponent" countries (see the articles of enemy voices and and inviance), financed the release of ideologically directed literature and periodic publications in foreign languages, the injection of class, racial, national contradictions was actively used. The first main department of the KGB of the USSR carried out the so-called "active events" - operations on the impact on foreign public opinion and policies of foreign countries in the interests of the USSR.
- support for the anti-government forces abroad - the USSR and its allies supported financially communist parties and some other leftings in the West countries and developing countries, as well as national liberation movements, including terrorist organizations. Also, the USSR and its allies supported the world in the West countries. In turn, the intelligence agencies of the United States and the UK supported and used their own interests such anti-Soviet organizations as a People's Labor Union. The United States also since 1982 secretly provided material assistance to solidarity in Poland, and also provided material assistance to Afghan Mujaheds and "contrace" in Nicaragua.
- reducing economic and humanitarian ties between states with various socio-political systems.
- boycotes of some Olympic Games. For example, the United States and a number of other countries boycotted the Summer Olympic Games of 1980 in Moscow. In response to the USSR and most socialist countries boycotted the 1984 Summer Olympics in Los Angeles.
Cold War Lessons
Joseph Nai, Professor Harvard University (USA), speaking at the conference "From Fulton to Malta: As it started and how the Cold War ended," (Gorbachev Foundation, March 2005), pointed out the lessons to be learned from the Cold War:
- bloodstone as a means of resolving global or regional conflicts is not inevitable;
- a significant deterrent role played the presence of nuclear weapons in the opposing parties and an understanding of how the world may be after a nuclear conflict;
- the course of development of conflicts is closely related to the personal qualities of specific leaders (Stalin and Harry Truman, Mikhail Gorbachev and Ronald Reagan);
- military power has a significant, but not crucial (US suffered a defeat in Vietnam, and the USSR - in Afghanistan); In the era of nationalism and the third industrial (information) revolution, it is impossible to manage the hostile population of the occupied country;
- under these conditions, the economic power of the state also acquires a much larger role to adapt to the requirements of modernity, the ability to continuously innovate.
- a significant role is played by using soft forms of influence, or Soft Power, that is, the ability to achieve from other desired, without forcing them (intimidating) and without buying their consent, but attracting to their own way. Immediately after the defeat of Nazism, the USSR and the communist ideas had serious potential, but Bo? The more part of it was lost after the events in Hungary and Czechoslovakia, and this process continued as the Soviet Union of his military power.
Cold War Memory
Museums
- The Cold War Museum is a Military Historical Museum and Museum and Entertainment Complex in Moscow.
- Cold War Museum (United Kingdom) - Military Historical Museum in Shropshire County.
- The Cold War Museum (Ukraine) is the Naval Museum Complex in Balaclava.
- Museum of the Cold War (USA) - Military Historical Museum in Lorton, Virginia.
Medal "For the victory in the Cold War"
At the beginning of April 2007, a draft law on the establishment of a new military award for participation in the Cold War was submitted to both chambers of the US Congress. COLD WAR SERVICE MEDAL), supported by a group of senators and congressmen from the Democratic Party headed by the current US Secretary of Hillary Clinton. The medal is invited to reward all those serving in the Armed Forces or who worked in US government departments from September 2, 1945 to December 26, 1991.
As Hillary Clinton said, "our victory in the Cold War has become possible only due to the willingness of millions of Americans in military uniform to reflect the threat that emanated due to the iron curtain. Our victory in the Cold War has become a huge achievement, and those men and women who have served at that time deserve awards. "
Congressman Robert Andrews, who represented a bill in the Chamber of Representatives, said: "The Cold War was a global military operation, extremely dangerous and sometimes fatal for brave soldiers, seafarers, pilots and marines who participated in this campaign. Millions of American veterans who served worldwide to help us defeat this conflict, deserve to receive a unique medal as a sign of recognition and respect for their service. "
In the US, there is a Cold War Veterans Association, which also demanded that the authorities recognize their merits in the victory over the USSR, but managed to achieve only the issuance of certificates of the Ministry of Defense, confirmed participation in the Cold War. The Association of Veterans has released its own unofficial medal, the design of which was developed by the leading specialist of the Geraldry Institute under the US Army Nadein Russell.
The Cold War, the years of which is considered to be consecrated to limit the period that began a year after the victory of the countries of the Anti-Fascist Coalition, and continued to the events of 1991, the result of which was the fall of the Soviet system, was a confrontation of two political blocs dominated on the world stage. Not being war in the international legal meaning of this term, it was expressed in the confrontation of the ideologies of socialist and capitalist state-owned models.
The beginning of the confrontation of two world systems
The Cold War Prologue was established by the Soviet Union of Control over the countries of Eastern Europe, liberated from the fascist occupation, as well as the creation of a state-owned puppet government in Poland, while its legitimate leaders were in London. This policy of the USSR, aimed at establishing control over the maximum possible territories, was perceived by the US and UK governments as a threat of international security.
Especially acute confrontation between the main world powers was marked in 1945 during the Yalta Conference, on which, in fact, the question of the post-war section of the world on the spheres of influence was resolved. The bright illustration of the depth of the conflict was the development of the UK command the plan in case of the beginning of the war from the USSR, to which they began in April of the same year by order of Prime Minister Winston Churchill.
Another significant reason for exacerbating contradictions between yesterday's allies was the post-war section of Germany. In her eastern part, controlled by Soviet troops, the German Democratic Republic was established (GDR), the government was fully controlled by Moscow. In the Western territories liberated by the Allies - the Federal Republic of Germany (Germany). The acute confrontation immediately began between these states, which caused the closure of the borders and establish a long period of mutual hostility.
The anti-Soviet position of the governments of Western countries was much dictated by a policy that the USSR held in the post-war years. The Cold War was the result of the exacerbations of international relations caused by the whole range of Stalin's actions, one of which was his refusal to bring Soviet troops from Iran and tough territorial claims to Turkey.
Historical speech O. Churchill
The beginning of the Cold War (year 1946), according to the majority of historians, was marked by the speech of the head of the British government in Fulton (USA), where on March 5, he expressed the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to create a military union of the Anglo-Saxon countries aimed at combating world communism.
In his speech, Churchill called on the world community to not repeat the mistakes of the thirties and, clutching, put a barrier on the path of totalitarianism, which became the fundamental principle of Soviet policy. In turn, Stalin, in an interview with the newspaper "True" of March 12, the same year accused the English Prime Minister in calls to the War of the West with the Soviet Union, and liked him Hitler.
Doctrine Truman.
A new impetus that the Cold War received in the postwar years was the statement of the American President Harry Truman, made by it on March 12, 1947. In its appeal to the US Congress, he pointed out the need to provide comprehensive assistance to nations leading the struggle against the attempts to challenge their armed minority within the country, and confrontal external pressure. In addition, the rivalry between the United States and the USSR, he described as a conflict of totalitarianism and democracy.
Based on his speech, the American government developed a program that was then obtained by the name of the doctrine of Truman, who was guided by all subsequent US presidents during the Cold War. It defined the main mechanisms for holding down the Soviet Union in his attempts to extend their influence in the world.
Taking as the basis of the revision of the system of international relations established during the reign of Roosevelt, the creators of the doctrine ratified for the establishment of a single-polar political and economic system in the world, the leading place in which would be given to the United States. Among the most active supporters of the transition to a new form of international relations, in which the Soviet Union was viewed as a potential opponent, there were such prominent political figures of America for those years as Dean Asson, Allen Dulles, Loy Henderson, George Kennan and a number of others.
Marshall Plan
At the same time, the American Secretary of State George K. Marshall put forward a program for economic assistance to European countries affected by the Second World War. One of the main conditions for promoting the restoration of the economy, the modernization of the industry, as well as the elimination of trade restrictions was the refusal of states from the inclusion of the Communists to their governments.
The Government of the Soviet Union, having pressure on the countries of Eastern Europe controlled by him, made them refuse to participate in this project, received the name of the Marshall Plan. Its purpose was to preserve its influence and establishment in controlled states of the communist regime.
Thus, Stalin and his political environment deprived many Eastern European countries the ability to quickly overcome the consequences of the war and went to further exacerbation of the conflict. A similar principle of actions has become fundamental to the USSR government during the Cold War.
"Long Telegram"
To a large exacerbation of relations between the USSR and the United States, the analysis of the possible prospects for their cooperation given in 1946 by the American ambassador George F. Kennan in the telegram sent to the President of the country. In its extensive message, the name of a long telegram, the ambassador pointed out that, in his opinion, from the leadership of the USSR, recognizing only power, did not follow the partnership in solving international issues.
In addition, he emphasized that Stalin and his political environment are full of expansive aspirations and do not believe in the possibility of peaceful coexistence with America. As necessary, he suggested a number of actions aimed at the depression of the USSR within the framework of the sphere of its influence that existed at that time.
Transport blockade of West Berlin
Another important stage of the Cold War was the events of 1948, unfolding around the capital of Germany. The fact is that the US government in violation of the previously reached agreements included in the scope of the Marshall Plan and West Berlin. In response to this, the Soviet leadership began its transport blockade, breaking the automobile and railway tracks of the Western Allies.
The result was a fabricated charge against the Consul General of the USSR in New York Yakova Lomakina, allegedly those who had exceeded diplomatic powers and announcement of non-grants person. As an adequate response, the Soviet government closes its consulates in San Francisco and New York.
Cold War Arms Racing
The bipolarity of the world in the years of the Cold War was the cause of everything in the year from the year of the arms race, since both opposing parties did not exclude the possibility of a final decision of the conflict by the military way. At the initial stage, the advantage in this respect had, since in the second half of the 40s, nuclear weapons appeared in their arsenal.
Its first application in 1945, as a result of which the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki were destroyed, showed the world a monstrous force of this weapon. At the same time it became obvious that now it is precisely it that can give it to the owner superiority in solving any international disputes. In this regard, the United States began to actively increase its reserves.
The USSR did not lag behind them, during the Cold War years also made a raid for military force and conducted scientific research in this field. After the end of the Second World War, the employees of the special services of both powers were tasked with the task of detection and export from the territory of defeated Germany all documentation related to nuclear developments.
Soviet athlette specialists accounted for especially to rush, since according to intelligence data, in the post-war years the American command was developed a secret plan under the code name "Rropshot", which provided for the application of a nuclear strike on the USSR. There is evidence that individual options were submitted for consideration by the President of Truman.
A complete surprise for the American government was the successful test of a nuclear bomb, implemented in 1949 by Soviet specialists at the landfill in Semipalatinsk. Behind the ocean could not believe that their main ideological opponents were able to become the owners of atomic weapons in such a short time and thereby established the balance of the forces, having deprived them of their former advantage.
However, the reality of the accomplished fact was not subject to question. Already much later it became known that this success was achieved in many ways thanks to the actions of Soviet intelligence, which operated on the American secret polygon in Los Alamos (New Mexico).
Caribbean crisis
The Cold War, the years of which were a period of not only the ideological confrontation, but also the time of armed confrontation in a number of landforn areas, reached the highest point of exacerbation in 1961. The conflict broke out that year included in history under the name of the Caribbean crisis that set the world to the face of the Third World War.
Its prerequisite was the placement by the Americans of its nuclear missiles in Turkey. This gave them the opportunity if necessary to strike anywhere in the western part of the USSR, including Moscow. Since in those years, the rockets, bruised from the territory of the Soviet Union, could not reach the coast of America, the response of the Soviet government was their placement in Cuba, shortly before this overthrowing the pro-American Puppet Mode Batista. With this position it was possible to hit the nuclear strike even Washington.
Thus, the balance of force was restored, but the American government, not wanting to put up with this, began to prepare an armed invasion of Cuba, where Soviet military facilities were posted. As a result, there was a critical situation in which in the case of their implementation of this plan, would inevitably follow a return nuclear strike and, as a result, the beginning of a global catastrophe, to which the bipolarity of the world has steadily led during the Cold War.
Since such a scenario did not suit any of the parties, the governments of both powers were interested in a compromise solution. Fortunately, at a certain stage, common sense triumphed, and literally on the eve of the invasion of the American troops in Cuba N. S. Khrushchev agreed to fulfill the requirements of Washington, subject to their avoidance on the island of freedom and removal of nuclear weapons from Turkey. On this conflict was completed, however, the world in the years of the Cold War was more than once put on the edge of a new collision.
Ideological and information war
The years of the Cold War of the USSR and the United States were marked not only by their rivalry in the field of weapons, but also an acute informational ideological struggle. In this regard, it is appropriate to recall the commemorative people of the older generation Radio "Freedom", created in America and broadcasting their programs to the countries of the socialist bloc. Its officially declared target was the fight against communism and Bolshevism. It does not stop its work and now, despite the fact that the Cold War ended with the collapse of the Soviet Union.
The years of oppositioning two world systems are characteristic of the fact that an ideological color was inevitably attached to any major event that occurred in the world. For example, the first flight into space in Yuri Gagarin Soviet propaganda presented as evidence of the celebration of the Marxist-Leninist ideology and victory created at its society.
Foreign Policy of the USSR during the Cold War
As mentioned above, in the field of foreign policy, the action of the Soviet leadership were aimed at creating states in Eastern Europe organized on the principle of Stalin Socialism. In this regard, providing support to those who emerged throughout the people's democratic movements, the Government of the USSR made efforts to put in the head of these states the projection of oriented managers and thereby keep them under their control.
Such a policy has served as the Western border of the USSR of the so-called security sphere, legally enshrined a number of bilateral treaties with Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Albania, Romania and Czechoslovakia. The result of these agreements was the creation of a military unit in 1955, called the organization of the Warsaw Treaty (ATS).
Its institution was the answer to the creation of America in 1949 by the North Atlantic Military Union (NATO) in which the United States entered, United Kingdom, Belgium, France, Canada, Portugal, Italy, Denmark, Norway, Iceland, the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Subsequently, several more military units were created by the West countries, the most famous of which are Seato, Sato and Anzyus.
Thus, a military confrontation was designated caused by foreign policy during the cold war, carried out by the strongest and influential world powers - the United States and the USSR.
Afterword
After the fall of the communist regime in the USSR and its final collapse, the cold war was completed, the years of which are usually determined by the interval from 1946 to 1991. Despite the fact that to this day the tensions between East and West persists, the world has ceased to be bipolar. She went into the past trend to consider any international event in terms of his ideological context. And although the foci of tensions occasionally arise in certain areas of the world, they do not put humanity as close to the unleashing of the Third World War, as was during the Caribbean crisis of 1961.
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