Here you can find out how to correctly determine the direction of the wind. After all, there are two possible definitions of the direction, but we will discover mostly the most common one.
I had to hear how people called the north wind southern and on the contrary, just because they did not know the rule of the formation of winds. The wind receives its name in the direction of which it blows, and not by what direction he blows.
What is the direction of the wind?
Wind direction is one of the indicators of movement atmospheric air. The meteorological direction of the wind indicates the azimuth of the points from where the wind blows; whereas the aeronautical direction of the wind - where it blows: thus the values \u200b\u200bdiffer 180 °.
How to determine the direction of the wind?
The wind always blows from the high pressure area into the low area. To measure the direction of the wind, a variety of tools similar to the wind indicator and the fluger are used. Both of these tools work, moving at the slightest blow of the wind. In the same way, the fluger shows a predominant direction of the wind - its tail part is directed toward which the wind blows. Also determine the direction of the wind can be moistened with a sinking finger - blowing wind will cause a feeling of a chill from the other side where the air is moving.
Wind direction is it from where or where the wind blows?
The wind, as a movement, is characterized by quite specific parameters: direction, force and speed.
- The direction of the wind, meaning where the wind blows is called air navigation. This is logical, but not the only measurement of the direction of the wind.
- The meteorological direction of the wind shows where the wind blows.
The meteorological and air navigation direction of the wind differ from each other with an accuracy of the opposite. One can only imagine what the consequences of a fraught confusion between them! We are also interested in the second item - meteorological direction of the wind.
There are four main directions Winds:
- Southern wind - blowing from the south to the north;
- North wind blows from north to south;
- Western wind blowing from west to east;
- Oriental wind blows from east to west.
Also highlight intermediate directions, for example, the North-West Wind or South-West Wind.
You can also remember one mnemonic seasale rule.
Page 1.
The predominant direction is determined by the solvent, but the mechanism of this influence is unknown.
The predominant direction of the winds should be taken on the average rose of the winds of the warm-old year on the basis of perennial observations.
The predominant direction of the wind (graph 11) and the repeatability of the wind direction as a percentage of all observations over the year (graph 12) are given for eight rumbes. The degrees of wind direction are counted on divisions corresponding to the wind rose, counting from the north to east and the west and from the south to East and the West. For example, the prevailing direction of the wind C46 3, the repeatability of directions - 39% means that the wind blows from the north of the west at an angle of 46, counted from the north to the West. The repeatability of such a direction during the year is 39 / from all other possible directions.
The prevailing direction of the winds take on the middle rose of the winds summer period years based - perennial (50 - 100 years) observations meteorological stations IB various areas of our country.
The prevailing directions of orientation in the process of pulling and relaxation of fibers differ as strong as in polyethylene.
The predominant direction of the wind, established by measurements at the top of the high-rise building, located near the site under consideration, is shown in Fig. 10.17. The tests in the aerodynamic tube were carried out only for this direction. Observations on the nature of the surface flows were carried out using beams of threads attached to the surfaces of the model, woolen thread at the end of the portable rod and the liquid mixture of kerosene and chalk (kaolin), which sprayed on the horizontal surface of the model. When the model is flow around, the mixture is blown in high speeds and accumulates in the braking zones of the flow. After evaporation of kerosene, the white sediments of the chalk indicate the low speed zones, and dark areas correspond to the zones of strong surface winds, where they were measured by their speeds. Numbers in fig. 10.17 represent the rating of average wind velocities at the specified points to mid speed At an altitude of 1,8 m from the surface of the Earth in the northwestern corner of the construction site. In percentage, the intensities of turbulence are expressed in the percentage, and the arrows show the direction of the wind component, the characteristics of which were measured using the probe. The numbers not enclosed in parentheses relate to the measurements that were carried out in the absence of a section of the designated 50-storey tower in the south-western corner.
The prevailing direction of their fragmentation, as was to be expected, is - a rupture of communication between benzine and carbonyl groups. The probability of the appearance of phenyl cation with PG / E 11 as a result of the p-rupture is quite small.
We will consider the direction of cargo flows (software or against the time of the clockwise) on those areas whose total length of which exceeds the total length of the sections with the backward flow of cargo flows.
According to the prevailing direction of the grooves, grooves and strokes can be judged by the main direction of the winds that blow in this section ground surface. The same can be observed at the significant heights of the mountain ranges, where the surface of the earth is not covered with vegetation. Education as a result of wind activity on rocks The grooves, furrows, strokes, grinding, polishing and drilling surfaces of the rocks is called Korrazia.
If today the prevailing direction is the correction of errors, then in the future, the fight against the reasons causing violation of natural equilibrium will be put forward to the fore. In other words, this means the development of safe for ambient Technologies, creation of closed production cycles that prevent pollution of water and air.
| The average monthly and annual wind speed. T a b l and c A 4. The average monthly and annual wind speed at various hours of day. The data of these tables represent the average monthly and annual wind speeds calculated from the series of observations of various durations (3 from 7 to 19 years and 4 from 14 to 19 years within the period from 1945 to 1963 at Vilnius stations (1926 - 1939 . And Palanga (1923 - 1940, the materials of which are of a certain interest, the data for the period up to 1945 are used when meteorological observationsIn contrast to the period since 1945, not four times (1, 7, 13 and 19 hours, and three (in Palanga at 7, 14, 21 hours, in Vilnius at 7, 13 and 21 hours. In 3, the data of Art. Vilnius, AMSG, calculated from observations with a duration of 5 - 6 years, so they should be considered to some extent indicative. |
It should be taken into account the prevailing direction of the wind not only for the year or for any limited period (for example, as it is often done, for the warm period), but also for all months of the year.
It is also necessary to take into account the prevailing direction of the wind.
For most of the territory, moderately continental, on the Black Sea coast south of Tuapse - subtropical. Ridge Big Caucasus Close the coast of the Black Sea from cold winds, which causes the features subtropical climate. The territory of the edge of the Kuban River is divided into two sharply different parts: the northern plain and southern mountain. Plain zone - Prikubansky lowland - takes two thirds of the territory and is the economically most developed part. Southern Zone. Formed by the systems of the Ranges of the Western Caucasus, which is adjacent to the Branch of the Bargain and the narrow tape of the Black Sea coast. Krasnodar region Located on one geographic parallel with Northern Italy and Southern France. Located on the border of moderate and subtropical latitudes, at the junction of the plains and the mountains, the land is distinguished by a variety and impermanence of weather conditions. Sophisticated physical and geographical conditions, variety of landscapes, the proximity of the seas make changes to the total transfer of air masses and cause big variety Climate on site.
The climate is significantly changing from the west to the east.
The average temperature of January minus 2.6 ° C (on the plain - minus 3-5 ° C, on the coast + 5 ° C, in the mountains -8 ° C). The average temperature of July plus 22.6 ° C (on the plain - + 22 ° C, on the Black Sea coast + 25 ° C; in the mountains + 13 ° C). Annual number Running precipitation ranges from 350 mm on the Taman Peninsula and 500 mm on the Right Bank of Kuban up to 2500 mm and higher on the southwestern slopes Caucasian ridge. Each spring the edge flood floods. In general, the edge is characterized by hot summer and soft winter.
In the edge, average annual temperatures are lowered with a height. For winter, unstable weather is characterized with alternating short frost and warm periods, lack of frosting soil and stable snow cover. The preciputes fall in the form of snow, rain and wet snow. For the winter, the amount of precipitation 100 is 180 mm, on the Black Sea coast 144 - 270 mm. The distribution of precipitation through the territory is extremely uneven, especially in mountainous areas, where the height and exposition of the slopes affect the size of the precipitation. The amount of precipitation for the year increases through the territory in the direction from the north to the south and the average is at most of the plain areas of 500 - 600 mm. In the foothills and adjacent to them, it increases to 700-800 mm, and in the mountains up to 800-2000 mm. Maximum precipitation on the flat part falls for the summer, and on the coast - on the cold part of the year.
The warm half year is characterized mainly by the Western-Eastern transfer of air masses along the periphery of the high pressure band (Azov origin), which causes steadily hot weather. Often, such circulation is broken by the breakthroughs of Western and southern cyclonescausing strong rainseed precipitation with thunderstorms, and sometimes intense illness.
In the south of the region, on the Black Sea coast, local (private) cyclones are periodically formed, which also cause severe livnery here.
Insufficient precipitation in the plain areas determine the dryness of air and soil, which causes greater repeatability of drought and Sukhovyev. In the mountains, dry phenomena are absent, on the coast of drought are rarely and weak intensity
Most of the summer is moderately hot, the hottest days comes to July-August. The maximum temperature exceeds plus 35 - 39 ° C, the number of days with a maximum temperature above 30 ° C for the summer is about 30 to 65 days. The highest sum of air temperature over a period of temperatures above 10 ° accumulates on the Black Sea coast - up to 4000 - 4200 °. On the flat part of the territory it is 3400 - 3600 °, in the foothills of 3000 - 3400 °. With an increase in the height of the terrain, the amount of heat decreases. In the mountains at an altitude of 2000 m, the sum of active temperatures is 1000 °, which does not ensure the cultivation of crops even with the shortest vegetation period.
The duration of the warm period (period of air temperature above 0 ° C) for the most part of the territory is 9 - 10 months, and in the Black Sea coast of the steady transition after 0 ° does not happen, i.e. the decrease in air temperature negative values Observed B. cold period Only within a few days.
The smuggous period in most areas lasts 180--200 days, on the Black Sea coast - 220--260.
The uneven distribution of precipitation, sharp temperature fluctuations, the destructive effect of Sukhovyev and drought cause the need to strict adherence to the scientifically based agriculture system in the cultivation of crops, an increase in forest belt and other hydro-accumulating and anti-erosion measures. Nevertheless, the climate in the region is one of the most favorable in Russia for living and human activity. Krasnodar region - the most warm region Russia, medium duration Time when in the bright day of day on the territory there is a sunny weather, it is 2,300 hours a year. Amount total solar radiationentering this territory ranges from 115 kcal / sq. Cm in the north of the edge of up to 120 kcal / sq. Cm in the south.
If we talk about specific areas Krasnodar Region, on the Kuban-Priazovskaya lowland, the climate is moderate and continental with insufficient moisture and predominance of warm and solar weather. Average annual temperature + 11 ° C. Hot summer. July has a middle monthly heat treatment + 23 ° C (Krasnodar). The average temperature of January is about 4 ° C, but will not be unexpected and frost to - 20 ° C. The plain territories are open from the north and are available to the action of the Arctic air masses. Northeastern winds, especially at the beginning of winter, with still small or no missing snow Pokrov, regularly apply damage to winter cultures. The sediments are usually in the form of rains (even in winter). Total amount The precipitation is sufficient, but they are unevenly distributed during the year: in the summer, drought are frequent when prevale oriental winds. In the northern and northeastern regions of the region (Yeysky - Kushchevsky districts) cold winter and hot summer (with a temperature of up to + 35 ° C); autumn is shorter than in other regions of the region; for winter and spring ordinary dust stormbrought by the eastern northeastern winds; These storms demolish the upper fertile layer of the soil. In the east of the region - in Tikhoretsky and Caucasian districts - unstable winter with sharp changes of negative and positive temperatures; Early but cold in the first half of spring; roast, with rains, thunderstorms and winds in the first half and arid in the second half, summer; Dry I. warm autumn. IN central regions edges - Krasnodar, Ust-Labinsk, Crimean, Dinsky districts - most often blowing the northeast wind, which dries the soil in the summer; and Western and south western winds rain (in winter, in winter, in winter); During the rain in December-January, thunderstorms are possible.
On the Taman Peninsula, the climate steppe, arid with dry hot summer ( average temperature + 24 ° C) and soft and wet winter. Prefers WindsOften great strength, have the northeastern direction. For the year up to 350 mm precipitation on Taman and up to 400 mm in Temryuk. Maximum precipitation falls on autumn and winter. For summer, infrequent rainy rains are characteristic.
Climate of footnight without sharp fluctuations in monthly and daily temperatures. The climate here depends on the height of the terrain: at a lower western part, the average annual temperatures rise to + 11 ° C, in a higher eastern part - are close to + 8 ° C. In each of the valleys, its unique microclimate. During long summer Duration 4 - 5 months The average temperature gradually increases from 14 ° in May to 22 ° in August. Droughts in the summer are rare and short. But there is a hail that destroys crops. Autumn and spring warm, with rare rains. Winter is soft (the average monthly temperature of January in the central regions minus 1.6 ° C) and short (2 - 3 months). IN winter months Snow though falls, but quickly melts: on the southern slopes of the hills and mountains during the day.
The climate of the mountain part depends on the height: the higher, the colder. When lifting every 100 meters, it becomes colder about half generators. Mid annual temperature Approximately + 4 °. In October - November in the mountains already lies snow. Winter is long, snowy and windless. In the mountains pronounced shift vertical climatic belts: in the foothills warm climate, in the middle of the mountains - the cool (summer is short, and the winter is long and multispered), and in the alpine part, the climate is moderately cold. At an altitude of more than 3,500 meters lie eternal snow.
Now let's talk about the climate of the Krasnodar coast of the Black Sea. Here, the high Caucasian mountains detain cold air flows running from the north. The sea has a mitigating effect on the climate coastal districtswhich is determined by the movement of air masses (cyclones and anticyclones) above the sea, the nature of the shores and the terrain of sushi. The climate on the coast is soft, warm.
Two anticyclones have a predominant effect on the climate of the coast: Siberian (Winter) and Azores (summer). They bring sustainable clear weather in winter and warm dry summer. Cyclones from the Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea Brings rainy unstable weather. Siberian (or Asian) Anticyclone creates a stable northeast winds over the Black Sea, famous Black Sea Nord-osce. Especially strong wind is observed in Novorossiysk and adjacent areas - the so-called boron. Under the bore, the wind speed usually reaches 40 m / s, and with gusts - up to 80 m / s. If we consider that the wind speed over 34 m / s is already considered hurricane, then you can approximate the power of the boras. And if you take into account yet and quick fluctuations in wind speed (from 10 to 60 m / s for a minute), it will not be a surprise to take the fact that there were cases when the gusts of the wind overturned railway cars. There is a boron as a rule, in winter. At this time, the air temperature may fall to minus 20 ° C with heavy snowfall. Bora is available in Novorossiysk 40-50 days a year, although not always, fortunately, reaches a crushing force. The impact of cyclones on the coast of the coast occurs as follows: Initially, strong, but short-term southern winds; The temperature grows and from time to time it rains. Then the southern winds are replaced by strong Western with precipitation. Finally, they begin to blow unstable, sometimes strong, northwestern and northern winds clear weather and falling air temperature.
Sushi land relief strongly affects precipitation: Krasnodar coast Cyclones meet on their mountain path and precipitation occurs. For comparison: the plain Crimean coast, located on the same path of cyclonic air, remains without rains.
For the sea coast of the Krasnodar Territory, natural breets that bring a pleasant coolness and are felt even at a distance of 20-30 km from the coast: during the day they blow from the sea to land, and at night - from sushi to the sea. Also on the mountain coast, the so-called Fenoi develops: warm, dry winds that breathe from the mountains. In Sochi, for example, at Fen relative humidity Air drops to 10-12%. If usually, in the evening there is a cooler and fresh, then at Feno from the mountains pulls heat and there is a lack of moisture. Usually the action of Finov is noticeably in spring, less often in the fall and winter (in October - December). The duration of their 1-2 days, rarely week.
Sometimes tornadoes are rushed over the sea, most often in the fall. Usually, the tornadoes appear over the sea at a thunderstorm when black clouds crawl across the sky. If the tornado goes to the shore, then. As a rule, it rises up the valley of the river flowing into the sea, and, having passed a few kilometers, collapsed. Entertained enormous mass of water fall on Earth and the river is spread.
Winds North - Eastern Black Sea
The northeast of the Black Sea is one of the energy-in-law zones of the Black Sea basin and in relation to other areas of the Black Sea is characterized by the most intensive storm activity, which must be taken into account in the construction of offshore and coastal WES Big speeds Winds are celebrated in almost all parts of the coast and all seasons of the year. Nevertheless, zones of high wind activity are distinguished, where the mid-one-year wind speed values \u200b\u200bexceed 5 m / s (capes, Taman, Anapa). The strongest winds are observed above the open part of the sea, as well as in the areas of Novorossiysk ("Bora") and in the Kerch Strait.
Wind speed has a good pronounced annual move With a maximum in the cold period and minimum in warm. In winter, in the coastal zone, the HPhRhm range of the values \u200b\u200bof the average wind speed varies from 2.7-2.8 m / s per skirt up to 6-7 m / s in the areas of the Kerch Strait. Summer wind speed decreases to 1.9-2.4 m / s and 3.3-5.3 m / s, respectively. The wind speed in the area of \u200b\u200beach station depends not only on the time of year, but also from the coastal relief. Therefore, at such open stations like Taman and Anapa in the most windy years, the average monthly wind speeds in the winter reach 9-13 m / s, and in Novorossiysk (Cemesky Bay) 15 m / s, i.e. In the cold period, wind strength winds can act throughout the month. Maximum average wind speeds are most often observed in November-March. Received by urgent observations maximum speeds Winds in the areas of Anapa and Novorossiysk reached 35-40 m / s. The average number of days with a strong wind (? 15 m / s) varies from 22-25 days from eastern coast Crimea up to 55 days in the area of \u200b\u200bNovorossiysk. Along with the average and maximum wind speed values, practical interest are information about the repeatability of various gradations of speed. Wind speed recipiency curves (Fig. 1), calculated on the rows of average daily values \u200b\u200bwith intervals in 1 m / s, show that the greatest repeatability of weak winds (0-5 m / s) is marked on the eastern coast of Crimea (Yalta - 90%, Feodosia - 78%) and in the southern part of the Kerch Strait (cherished - 71%). Much less often weak winds are observed in the northern part of the Kerch Strait (54%), in the Caucasian coast (54%) and in the open part of the shelf (46-52%), where the repetition of the strong (\u003e 10) winds are maximum. For example, in the central part of the northeastern shelf at Anapa, it reaches 16% of the total number of observations.
Fig. one
The winds of the hurricane force whose speed exceeds 25 m / s, are observed on most stations, but have a small repeatability (0.08-0.09%). At the stations of the Kerch Peninsula - this is 2-5 days, in Anapa to 16 days., And in Novorossiysk, the repeatability of such winds is 1.5%. This is over 50 days. For observation periods. The relative distribution of wind repeatability in different parts of the coast can be estimated in fig. 1A, and a visual idea of \u200b\u200bthe values \u200b\u200bof repeatability and speeds strong winds In the region under study, histograms are given. 5 B. Seasonal changes The repeatability of strong winds (10 m / s) and cases of lack of wind (cali) are shown in Fig. 2.
Fig. 2.
From October to March, the repeatability of cases of strong winds varies from 2.5-5.0% in the districts of the Southern and Eastern Coast of Crimea (Yalta, Alushta, Feodosia) to 16-21% at the Caucasian coast and 24-26% in the open part of the North Eastern shelf (Fig. 2a). In the period from May to August, the repeatability of the storms decreases to 3-5% of Anapa and the capes and to 0.3-0.5% in the Skk area. In the summer, on the coast, the BLACHM prevails, low-voltage weather prevails, however, the cases of 92 full calm in the open sections of the coast are very rare. For example, in the central part of the shelf and the Caucasian coast, the repeatability of the calm throughout the year is less than 2%, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Kerch Strait - 3-9%. Only in the Feodosian bay, the repeatability of calm in the spring-summer period reaches 9-12%, and even 15-17% in the cement bay (Fig. 2b). The relatively small repeatability of the calm is associated with the breeze circulation in the coastal zone, as a result of which the winds blow from a cooler water surface to a strongly heated bank, and at night - from the shore. Brist has been observed from April to October, but their greatest repeatability is marked in July and August, when brize situations can be held most month. The main directions of the wind over the Black Sea are determined by the distribution atmospheric pressure In different seasons of the year. In the cold period, under the influence of cyclonic areas over the Mediterranean and Black Seas, the transfer of continental polar air is predomined, accompanied by the northeast, northern and northwestern winds. In summer, the prevailing influence of the Azor maximum causes Western, southwestern and southern winds. Features wind regime are associated not only with non-cycling synoptic processes, but with relief, orientation and configuration of the shores of individual regions coastal zoneSo the HPCH has its own characteristics. In fig. 3 are the average annual roses of wind repeatability in the directions on which the contours of the total repeatability lines are depicted for all gradations and lines corresponding to the wind repeatability< 10 м/с.
Shaded areas among them correspond to the values \u200b\u200bof the repeatability of storm winds (? 10 m / s). Rose winds "Sea" is calculated for the central part of the northeast shelf. The legend of its hatching shows the repeatability of different gradations of wind speed (from 1 to 30 m / s) in directions. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Feodosi Bay, Western (21%) and North-Western (18%) winds have the greatest repeatability. In the skirt zone, besides these winds, the Eastern (21%) and the southern (13%) winds have increased repeatability. In the north of the Caucasian coast, the eastern, northeastern (25%), southern (23%) and southeast (17%) winds are more often observed.
Figure 3.
Strong winds
Throughout the coast, the SCChm strong winds are observed annually and in all seasons. Throughout the year, the storm winds of the northeastern and eastern directions are dominated. Their average annual repeatability in the sea is 4.5% for northeastern and 1.9% for oriental winds. In fig. 9 are represented by roses of repeatability of the storm wind 10-30 m / s on the shelf (sea) and coastal stations. Almost all roses of the winds of the northeastern part show the predominant repeatability of the storm winds of the northern half of the horizon (up to 2.8-3.8%) and the eastern (1.3%), less often - southern Rumbes.
Despite the fact that the northern, northeastern and eastern storm (\u003e 10) winds are mainly observed by the coast, their strength (up to 35-40 m / s) and relatively large repeatability (in the amount of up to 7%) can adversely affect On hydrotechnical and wind power facilities, destroy the blades of engines, break the masts, contribute to the development of strong wind flows and unrest, which, in turn, must be taken into account when booking by the foundations or anchorage systems of offshore VES.
The most dangerous directions of wind for the UNFCM are the South-West (UZ), South (U) and Southeastern (SJT). The average annual repeatability of these winds is small: Yow - 0.14%, Yu - 0.08%, UZ - 0.16%. In February, their repeatability increases to: Yow - 0.82%, Yu - 0.28%, UZ - 0.37%. To estimate the seasonal variability of winds, not distorted by the conditions of the coastal zone, the repeatability of storm winds (10-30 m / s) in directions at various months of the year was calculated on the basis of the aforementioned digital array of atmospheric pressure and the calculated wind over the sea for the center of the northeastern part of the Black Sea (Fig. 10). The season with the greatest repeatability of strong winds (\u003e 10 m / s) lasts from November to March with a maximum in January-February (up to 10.5%). Less frequently, strong winds are celebrated in the summer months. In the winter months, the repeatability of the northeastern storms reaches 7-10%, in the summer decreases to 0.6-0.8%.
Despite the relatively small repeatability of the strong winds of the southern quarter, and on the shelf, it in sum reaches 3%, during periods of rare, but strong storm winds of the south-western and southern directions, the rates of hurricane strength, which at maximum accelerations cause extreme excitement. The decisive factor of wind conditions over the Black Sea is the structure of the baric field. Strengthening wind speed over the sea and the coast is due to the most often cyclonic activity. In the Black Sea, and, in particular, in the northeast part of it, the autumn cyclones are allocated with their destructive consequences, which happen once every 7-10 years and differ from ordinary cyclones.
Their peculiarity is that they pass over the pool during the autumn cooling period (most often in November), when a relatively high temperature of the water remains some time.
Rare, but strong storms Different with hurricane speeds. The repeatability of such storms is small, and destructive force Maximum. It is necessary to take into account when building large windarons, materials of increased stability should be used, and the installers themselves must withstand wind speeds up to 35 m / s (Fig. 1).
Wind - An important weather element. Wind speed is taken to calculate in meters per second. The wind direction is determined by where it blows, for example, if the wind blows from the south to the north, it is called southern.
An important indicator is the so-called wind rose - a diagram showing the predominant direction of the wind. The diagram consists of four axes (north-south, the West-East, the North-West - Southeast and the Northeast - South-West) and is built as follows. Decisions on the axis correspond to days, the wind for each day is postponed on the appropriate axis. For example, on June 1, the wind was the North - one division was noted on the "North" axis, the second - North-West - one division is noted on the "North-West" axes, the third - North - the second division on the "North" axis is celebrated, the fourth axis - Southwest - one division is noted on the "South West" axis, etc. Then the extreme marked divisions are connected. As a result, the wind rose in the month looks like this. 6 days in the month of the North Wind, 6 - Northeast, 6-Eastern, 4 days -Yu-East, 3 days - Northwest and 3 southern days, 2 days shown South-West Wind. Western wind has never been noted, so the "West" axis remained clean, and the marked divisions of the South-Western and North-Western axes are connected through zero.
Weather forecast
Weather forecast holds great value For some areas of industry and agriculture, for sea and air transport. The forecast is made up for a period of 2 days on the basis of movement. Long-term forecasting is not so efficient, and is largely based on the average weather indicators.
The temperature changes when the upward movement is reduced by 6 ° C per kilometer of lifting. Also reduced with the rise, since the air pole becomes less. Up to 1 km, the pressure is reduced by 1 mm Hg. Art. For every 10 m, the change is slowed down with further lifting.
Moving air above the surface of the earth in the horizontal direction is called Wind. The wind always blows from the high pressure area into the low area.
Wind characterized by speed, strength and direction.
Wind speed and power
Wind speed It is measured in meters per second or in points (one score is approximately 2 m / s). The speed depends on the Baric gradient: the greater the baric gradient, the higher the wind speed.
The strength of the wind depends on the speed (Table 1). The greater the difference between neighboring grounds of the earth's surface, the stronger the wind.
Table 1. Wind power in the earth's surface on the Bafort scale (at a standard height of 10 m above the open level surface)|
Balves Beaufort |
Verbal definition of wind power |
Wind speed, m / s |
Wind effect |
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Calm. Smoke rises vertically |
Mirror smooth sea |
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The direction of the wind is noticeable but the following smoke, but not on the fluger |
Ripples, foam on the ridges |
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The wind movement is felt on his face, leave the leaves, drives in motion. |
Short waves, ridges do not overturn and seem to be vitreous |
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Leaves and thin branches of trees all the time pegs, wind waves top flags |
Short, well-pronounced waves. Combs, tilting, form a glass foam, occasionally small white lambs are formed |
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Moderate |
The wind raises dust and papers, drives thin branches of trees |
Waves elongated, white whiskers are visible in many places |
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Thin trunks of trees are swinging, waves appear on the water with ridges |
Well developed in length, but not very large waves, white lambs are visible everywhere (in some cases splashes are formed) |
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Thick branches of trees are swinging, the telegraph wires are buzzing |
Large waves begin to form. White foam ridges occupy significant fasteners (splashes likely) |
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Trees trunks are swinging, it's hard to go against the wind |
Waves are prayer, the ridges are broken, foam lies with strips in the wind |
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Very strong |
The wind breaks the bitch of the trees, go against the wind is very difficult |
Moderately high long waves. At the edges of the ridges begin to take the splashes. Foam strips fall rows in the direction of wind |
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Minor damage; The wind breaks down the smoke caps and tiles |
High waves. Foam is widely dense stripes falling around the wind. Combs of the waves begin to overturn and crumble into splashes that worsen visibility |
|
Heavy storm |
Significant destruction of buildings, trees break down with the root. There is rare on land |
Highly high waves With long-breeding down crests. The resulting foam is blown by the wind by large flakes in the form of thick white stripes. The surface of the sea is white from foam. A strong crash of waves is like shocks. Visibility bad |
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|
Cruel storm |
Large destruction at a significant space. On land is very rare |
Exceptionally high waves. Courts of small and medium sized at times are hidden from the view. The sea is all covered with long white foam flakes located in the wind. The edges of the waves are blown away in a foam. Visibility bad |
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32.7 or more |
The air is filled with foam and splashes. The sea is all covered with foam stripes. Very bad appearance |
Scale Beaufort. - Conditional scale for visual assessment Forces (speeds) of wind in points in its action on ground items or by wondering on the sea. It was developed by the English admiral F. Beaufort in 1806 and first applied only to them. In 1874, the Permanent Committee of the First Meteorological Congress accepted the Beaufort Scale for use in international synoptic practice. In subsequent years, the scale varied and specified. Beaufort scale is widely used in marine navigation.
Direction of the wind
Direction of the wind Determined on the side of the horizon with which it blows, for example, the wind blowing from the south is south. The direction of the wind depends on the distribution of pressure and from the deflecting effect of the Earth's rotation.
On the climatic map. The dominant winds are shown by arrows (Fig. 1). Winds observed in the earth's surface are very diverse.
You already know that the surface of the sushi and water is heated in different ways. On a summer day, the surface of the sushi is stronger. From heating air over land expands and becomes easier. Over the reservoir at this time, the air is colder and, therefore, harder. If the reservoir is relatively large, in a quiet hot summer day on the shore you can feel a light breeze blowing from water, above which is higher than above the land. Such a light breeze is called daily Breeze (from Franz. Brise is a light wind) (Fig. 2, a). Night breeze (Fig. 2, b), on the contrary, blows from sushi, as the water is cooled much slower and the air over it is warmer. Brist can occur both on the edge of the forest. Briz scheme is presented in Fig. 3.
Fig. 1. Distribution scheme dominant winds On the globe
Local winds can occur not only on the coast, but also in the mountains.
Foney - Warm and dry wind blowing from the mountains in the valley.
Bora - Gusty, cold and strong wind appearing when cold air turns through low ridges to the warm sea.
Monsoon
If the breeze changes the direction twice a day - day and night, then seasonal winds - Mussons - Change your direction twice a year (Fig. 4). Summer, the dryer is quickly heated, and the air pressure above its surface. At this time, the cooler air begins to move to the land. In winter, everything is the opposite, so the monsoon blows from sushi to the sea. With the change of winter monsoon on the summer, a change of dry cloudless weather on rainy.
The action of monsoon is strongly manifested in the eastern parts of the continents, where the huge spaces of the oceans are adjacent to them, so such winds often bring abundant precipitation on the mainland.
The unequal nature of the circulation of the atmosphere in different areas globe Determines the differences in the causes and nature of monsoon. As a result, blurred and tropical monsimes distinguish.
Fig. 2. Breeze: a - daily; B - Night
Fig. 3. Briz scheme: a day; B - Night
Fig. 4. Monspi: A - in summer; b - winter
Vneopic Monsons - monsoons of moderate and polar latitudes. They are formed as a result of seasonal pressure fluctuations over the sea and land. The most typical zone of their distribution - Far East, Northeast China, Korea, to a lesser extent - Japan and the northeastern coast of Eurasia.
Tropical Monsoons - Tropical latitudes monsions. They are due to seasonal differences in heating and cooling the northern and Southern Hemisphey. As a result, the pressure zone is shifted to seasons relative to the equator to the hemisphere in which this time summer. Tropical monsions are most typical and stable in the northern part of the Indian Ocean basin. This consistently facilitates the seasonal change of atmospheric pressure over the Asian mainland. The indigenous features of the climate of this region are associated with South Asian monscons.
The formation of tropical monsoons in other parts of the globe occurs less characteristic when one of them is more clearly expressed - winter or summer monsoon. Such monsoons are celebrated in Tropical Africa, in Northern Australia and in the having essential areas of South America.
Standing winds of the Earth - Passat and Western winds - depend on the position of atmospheric pressure belts. As B. equatorial belt Low pressure prevails, and close to 30 ° C. sh. and Yu. sh. - High, near the surface of the earth, throughout the year, winds blow from thirty latitudes to the equator. These are trade winds. Under the influence of the rotation of the Earth around the axis of the trade winds, they deviate in the northern hemisphere to the west and blow from the northeast to the southwest, and in the southern they are directed from the south-east to the North-West.
From high pressure belts (25-30 ° C. sh. And Yu. Sh.) The winds blow not only to the equator, but also in the side of the poles, since 65 ° C. sh. and Yu. sh. Low pressure prevails. However, due to the rotation of the Earth, they gradually deviate east and create air flowmoving from west to east. Therefore B. moderate latitudes Western winds prevail.
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