The medium range "Buk-M2E" refers to the 3rd generation systems (on the NATO codification SA-17 "GRIZZLY"). Due to the use of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays in this model, the number of simultaneously accompanied air targets increased to 24. Introduction to the air default radar radar complex with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of up to 21 m, ensured the increase in the efficiency of the complex in combating low-fat targets.
The head manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system is OJSC Ulyanovsky Mechanical Plant. The head developer of the design documentation for the main combat and the complex "Buk-M2E" as a whole is JSC "Research Institute of Instrument Development named after Tikhomirov" (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the social development station of the detection of targets 9C18M1-3E - was engaged in OJSC NIIP (Novosibirsk).
The complex "Buk-M2E" is a modern multi-purpose medium-sized Action radius, which is characterized by high mobility. This anti-aircraft missile complex is able to ensure a successful solution of combat missions in any environment, even in the conditions of active radiopterosis from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic purposes, the SPC is able to fight with an extensive amount of missiles: winged rockets, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-cancer rockets, special air-surface missiles. It can also be used to defeat the sea surface target class rocket boat or destroyer. Also, the complex is able to ensure the shelling of terrestrial radiocontrase purposes.
Automated management of the combat operation of the "Buk-M2E" complex is carried out using the command item (CP), which receives the necessary information about the air situation from the goal detection station (social) or a higher command item (WCP). KP deals with the transfer of control commands and target designation by 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled fire installation (SOU) with 4 rockets and 1st commissioning installation (ROM) given to it, also the battery can include 1 reference radar and guidance (RPN).
The shelling accompanied by a complex of air targets is carried out both with the help of single and volley launches Zur. In the SPK-M2E, high-performance anti-aircraft controlled rockets with a solid fuel rocket engine, which are flexible adaptable to various types of target equipment. Using these rockets allows you to affect air targets in the entire range of the range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km by range, from 0.015 to 25 km in height. At the same time, Zur is able to ensure the height of the flight to 30 km, and the flight range is up to 70 km.
In the "Buk-M2E" seek, zur 9m317 is used. In this rocket, an inertial-corrected control system is used, which is supplemented with a nasal semi-active Doppler radar head of the 9E420 homing head. The combat part of the rope rocket, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the damage zone by fragments of 17 m. The maximum rocket flight rate is up to 1230 m / s, withstand overloads - up to 24g. The total mass of zur 9m317 is 715 kg. A two-mode RTTT is used on the rocket. The scope of her wing is 860 mm. Rocket is highly reliable. A fully equipped and collected rocket does not require any settings and checks throughout its entire period of operation, which is 10 years.
The complex includes modern phased antenna arrays (headlights), which have an effective command management method, which allows SPC simultaneously to accompany up to 24 different air targets that can be affected with the minimum time interval. The response time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the likelihood of aircraft damage, which does not perform evasion maneuvers, is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their possibilities for the implementation of effective work on rockets. "Buk-M2E" is able to effectively destroy such objectives with an effective reflected surface (ERP) at a level to 0.05 m2 with a probability of lesion at the level of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of affected ballistic missiles is up to 1200 m / s.
The destruction of the cruise missiles of the enemy and other purposes, for example, drones flying in small and extremely small heights in the conditions of difficult and crossed terrain, is provided by the SPC due to the presence in its composition of a special reference radar and guidance (RPN) equipped with antenna post, raised to a height of 21 m.
It is not a hindrance of the air temperature to + 50 ° C, the wind gusts up to 25-27 m / s, an increased dusting of air. The modern hardware and software implementation of the interference protection channels used in the complex allows combat facilities of the complex to function confidently even in conditions of strong noise suppression with the exhibition of barrier interference with a capacity of up to 1000 W / MHz. During the tests, firing was carried out both on solitary and several goals, simultaneously in the area of \u200b\u200bdamage to the complex. At the same time, the goals of various classes and destination were fired. The tests have become a real test of the limiting capabilities of the Russian air defense complex and confirmed its high combat potential and compliance with the tactical and technical characteristics that were laid down by designers at the development stage.
Placement of combat "BUK-M2E" SPT on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheels can be used) provides the ability to quickly coagulate and deploy the complex, this standard is laid in 5 minutes. To change the position with all the equipment included, the complex requires no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. Along the highway, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at a speed of up to 65 km / h, according to the dirt roads - 45 km / h. The stock of the fighting vehicles that make up the complex is 500 km.
At the same time, the SPK "Buk-M2E" is a virtual air defense complex. The main combat facility of the complex - works in all-term mode through the use of an optical electronic system, which is built on the basis of PZD-matrix television and submatractive thermal imaging channels. The application of these channels can significantly increase the vitality and noise immunity of the complex.
SPK "Buk-M2E" is able to be operated in a wide variety of climatic zones, at the request of the customer the machine is equipped with air conditioners. Complex combat vehicles without any restrictions (by distance and speed) can be transported by all types of transport: railway, water, air.
The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria made the starting customer of this complex, the contract was concluded in 2007 and is estimated at 1 billion dollars. All complexes within the framework of this contract are already delivered.
Specifications
| The range of defeat of aerodynamic purposes, km: | |
| maximum | 45 |
| mining | 3 |
| Height of the defeat of aerodynamic purposes, km | |
| maximum | 25 |
| mining | 0,015 |
| Distance lesion, km: | |
| 20 | |
| winged missiles at an altitude of 100 m | 20 |
| Maximum speed of affected aerodynamic purposes, m / s | 830 |
| Maximum speed of affected ballistic missiles, m / s | 1200 |
| The number of simultaneously shelled goals | up to 24. |
| The likelihood of defeating the objectives of one rocket: | |
| tactical aircraft and helicopters | 0,9–0.95 |
| tactical ballistic missiles | 0,6–0,7 |
| Deploying time (folding), min | 5 |
| Continuous operation time (with refueling fuel), hour. | 24 |
| The speed of movement of combat facilities, km / h: | |
| on the highway | 65 |
| on dirt roads | 45 |
| Stock of the battle without refueling, km | 500 |
| Climatic operating conditions: | |
| temperature, ° С | ± 50. |
| humidity at a temperature of + 35 ° С,% | 98 |
| height above sea level, m | up to 3000. |
| wind speed, m / s | up to 30. |
Video
Especially for "protecting Russia", the editor-in-chief of the site and blog "Bulletin air defense" Said Aminov deliberately in the analysis of generations of domestic SPC and told about what anti-aircraft missile systems "beech".
Unfortunately, we did not see the live newest SPK "BUK-M3" - in the festive columns they walked self-propelled firing plants and commissioning machines of the SPM "BUK-M2". But the image of the Buk-M3 complex has already been officially appeared not only at the Corporate Calendar of the Almaz-Antey Concern, but also on the cover of the book "Constellation of Tikhomirova", which came to the 60th anniversary of the NIP named after V.V. Tichomirov - developer of zenith rocket Middle range complexes.
"Beech" is, indeed, a complex that consists of a number of elements: self-propelled fire installation, a commissioning installation, a radar detection of air targets, command clause and a number of technical machines. It can successfully function in the complex of these machines and devices.
Cubic
NIIP was a developer of one of the massive anti-aircraft missile sets of air defense forces "Cube", which not only was actively exported to the USSR countries, but also a military baptism was held in the Middle East in the Arab-Israeli War of 1973. According to its developers, the "Cube" SPC (he "Square" for export) in that war perfectly demonstrated its capabilities, but its shortcomings were opened. During the fighting between Israel and Lebanon in the Bekaa Valley in 1982, in a few days of hostilities, 8 self-propelled plants of intelligence and guidance (SURN) of the Syrian Syrian SPC were destroyed by air bombs.
In 1970, the USSR Ministry of Defense issued an order for the establishment of a new generation complex, which received the name "beech". When forming the appearance of the new SPC, the experience of combat use "Cubes" was taken into account. Basically, the combat capability of the "Cubes" battery depended on one SURN 1C91, which also had restrictions on the height of the detection of goals - 7 km. In case of its malfunction or disabling the enemy, all four launchers 2p25 became useless. Given this, in the new "beech" provided for the presence of a self-propelled fire unit with four rockets and a radar station, which not only provided the target lighting, but also could conduct an overview of the airspace. In addition, a separate powerful radar station "Dome" was introduced into the new complex, which had twice the detection of air targets than in the Cube SPC.
Another lesson of combat use SPK "Cube" was the fact that the "Cubes" battery of four starting plants with 12 missiles during the battle after the consolidation of the guest was destroyed by the enemy, and rechargeing launchers with TZM2T7 in the conditions of combat it was impossible. Therefore, as part of a new complex, it was decided to ensure the possibility of playing fire directly with the means of transporting reserve ammunition - this appeared a new unit of complex, a commissioning machine. Abroad there is no analogues. The ROM provided not only rechargeing two sow, as well as if necessary, it could perform the starts of four missiles from its starting device, and then replenish it with four other rockets from the lower tier.
Photo: Bulletin air defense
The decision to develop a complex 9k37 "Beech" was made on January 13, 1972. At the same time, the task of creating a ship SPM M-22 "Hurricane" was set up before NPO "Altair" for the Navy using a single with a complex "beech" of an anti-aircraft missile.
The development of the complex was carried out by NIIP. The main designer of the "beech", as a whole, was A.A.Rastov, for the creation of a team point 9c470. G. N. Valayev (later V.A.Rastov, then V.I. Sokiran), Self-Proper Fire Installation 9A38 - V.V. . Mattyhev (hereinafter referred to as Yu.I.Kozlov), the semi-effective head of the homing of 9E50 - I.G. P.Kopyan, the rocket control circuit - L.G.Voloshin, maintenance and repair machines - V.A.roslov.
A commissioning installation was created in the ICD "Start" of Minaviaprom of the USSR under the leadership of A.I.Yaskin (hereinafter referred to as G. M. Murtashina). The unified tracked chassis for combat units of the complex was developed in the OKB-40 of Mytishchinsky Mashzavod under the direction of N.A. Astrova (hereinafter V.V. Heerkin). The radar station of detection and target designation 9C18 was created in NIIP (Novosibirsk) under the direction of A.P. Voshko (then - Yu.P. Schekotov).
At the beginning, the developer of the rocket 3m9 SPC "Cube" of the ICD "Vympel" led the work on a solid fuel missile 3 M9-M40 (chief designer A.L.Lapin). In a short time, design and technical documentation was released, the production was made 10 missiles and a starting container mounted on all-terrain vehicles. In October-December 1965, five launches of rockets were performed at the site number 1 in Faustovo (Moscow region, now Gkinipas) with their self-destruction within the landfill. However, the ICD Vympel focused on creating air-to-air aircraft missiles, and the task to create zur 9m38 for Buka was put in front of the Sverdlovsk OKB "Novator" under the leadership of L.V. Lulev. OKB "Novator" had the experience of creating rockets for army air defense systems - long-range (for its time) SPC "Circle" was equipped with a rocket created by L.V. Lulev.
It was planned to complete the work on the creation of the "Beech" complex in the second quarter of 1975. However, the deadlines could not be kept. The development of self-propelled fire installation was ahead of work on other means of the SPC and on the rocket. Taking into account the actual state of work on the complex, as well as the need to strengthen the air defense of the ground forces, it was decided to split the work on the "beech" SPC in two stages. Initially, an accelerated pace was provided to develop an anti-aircraft managed rocket and self-propelled fire installation, capable of applying both new rockets 9m38 and old Zur 3m9m3 from the complex "Cuba-M3". At this database, using other means of the Cuba-M3 complex, it was planned to create a "transitional" SPM 9k37-1 "Bloom-1", which was planned to transfer to joint tests in September 1974. At the second stage, the creation of a full-fledged SPE "Beech" was assumed.
For the Buk-1 complex, it was envisaged in each of the five anti-aircraft cube-m3 shelf, in addition to one self-propelled installation of exploration and guidance and four self-propelled start-up settings, to have one self-propelled fire setting 9A38. Thus, due to the introduction of the complex, the number of target channels of the regiment increased from 5 to 10, and the number of warhead zur - from 60 to 75.
The composition of SEO included a starting device with power tracking drives, a radar station 9c35, a supplemented television-optical vizir with a terrestrial radar requester, a digital computing system, telecommunication equipment with SURN from the Cube-M3 SPC and wired communication with SPU. Self-propelled fire installation 9A38 had a starting device with replaceable guides either for three zur 3 m9 m³ or for three zur 9m38. The mass of sow with a combat calculation of four people was 35 tons.
Technical progress in the field of microwave appliances, element base, as well as digital computing machines allowed us to create a radar 9C35 with the functions of the detection station, maintenance and reference of the target. The station worked in a centimeter radio wave range.
For an anti-aircraft missile, a radar head of the 9E50 homing head was developed.
From August 1975 to October 1976, the Buk-1 complex passed government tests at the polygon under Embos. The trials were led by the Commission headed by P.S.Bimbash.
On the tests of the autonomous operation of the self-propelled fire installation, the aircraft detection range from 65 to 77 km was confirmed at altitudes over 3000 m. At low heights, the detection distance was reduced to the range from 32 to 41 km. Helicopters, located at low altitudes, separated from 21 to 35 km.
With centralized operation, due to restrictions on the operation of the self-propelled installation and guidance of 1C91m3, airplane detection range decreased to 44 km for heights from 3,000 to 7000 m and up to 21-28 km for small heights.
Working time (the period from the purpose of detecting the target before the launch of the rocket) of the self-propelled fire unit offline was 15-20 seconds. Recharge the complex with three rockets 9m38 - about 15 minutes.
The defeat of aircraft at altitudes of more than 3000 m was provided on the range from 3.4 to 20.5 km. The lesion zone in height was from 30 m to 14 km, in the course parameter - 18 km. The probability of damage to the aircraft of one zur 9m38 is from 0.70 to 0.93.
The complex was adopted in 1978 under the designation of 2k12m4 "Cuba-M4", instead of the previously used names of "BOT-1". The reason was the fact that Sou 9A38 and Zur 9M38 - only additions to the Cube-M3 SPC.
The "Cuba-M4" complexes that appeared in the military air defense air defense sets significantly increased the effectiveness of air defense divisions of the Soviet army.
Serial production of SOU 9A38 was deployed at the Ulyanovsk Mechanical Plant, Rocket 9A38 - on the Dolgoprudna Machine-Building Plant, previously produced 3m9 rockets.
Beech
Joint tests of the "BEK" complex in the staff were held from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba Polygon. It should be noted that careful testing of the complex of the complex during the period of autonomous tests, as well as a significant degree of continuity with the Cube-M4 SPK, led to the fact that during the factory, as well as jointly from the Ministry of Defense of the tests of fundamental problems was not detected. The complex fully responded to the specified tactical and technical requirements. In 1979, the "Beech" complex was adopted by the Soviet Army. In 1980, the development was awarded the USSR State Prize.
Incoming the "beech" Sprink and placed on the chassis of the GM-579 Command Point of the 9C470 ensured the reception and processing of information on the purposes received from the station detection and target designation 9C18, as well as from six self-propelled fire settings 9A310, and from the KP of the anti-aircraft missile brigade " Beech "(" "). The command post processed reports of 46 purposes moving at altitudes up to 20 km in the zone of a radius of 100 km, for the viewing cycle of detection and target designation. He gave out for self-propelled fire installations up to six target designations with an accuracy of 1 degrees along the corner coordinates and 400-700 m in terms of range. The work of the command item was extremely automated. The processing of all information was made by the Argon-15. The mass of self-propelled KP with a combat calculation of six people did not exceed 28 tons.
Three-coordinate coherent and impulse station of detection and targeting (social) 9C18 "dome" of a centimeter range with an electronic beam scanning in a given sector at the corner of the place (30 or 40 deg.) And mechanical (circular or in the specified sector) by the rotation of the azimuth antenna (by means of electro - or hydraulic) was intended to detect and identify air targets on the range up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight height of 30 m targets). SOCS ensured the transfer of radar information about the air atmosphere on KP 9c470.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A310, located on GM-568, in its purpose and the device was different from SEU 9A38 Cube-M4 SEO ("BOK-1") in that with the help of the telephone line, it was conjured with KP 9C470 and a commissioning unit 9A39 , not with the "Cube" designed for the Cube complex 1C91M2 and 2P25M2. And most importantly - on the new self-propelled fire installation there was not three, and already four rockets 9m38. The conversion time of SOE from the hiking in combat position did not exceed 5 minutes, and from the duty mode to the worker (for example, after a position change with the equipment included) - no more than 20 s. The mass of self-propelled fire installation with rockets and the calculation of four people did not exceed 35 tons.
Putting on the chassis GM-577 A commissioning unit (ROM) 9A39 served to transport and storing eight zur (four on the starting device and on fixed lifes); launch of four missiles; Self-loading of your starting device Four Zur from lifesters; Self-operation by eight rockets from the transport machine; Charged and discharge by self-propelled fire installation with four rockets. The mass of the ROM with a calculation of three people was 35.5 tons.
Compared to the predecessors of the "Cuba-MH" and "Cube-M4" ("" BUK-1 "), a significant improvement in combat and operational characteristics was achieved at the" BUK "complex:
- division simultaneously fired six goals and could perform up to six independent combat missions in the autonomous use of self-propelled fire facilities;
- the joint work of the detection and target designation station with self-propelled fire installations of the division increased the reliability of the detection of goals;
- the new onboard computers of the homing head and the algorithm for forming a reference signal increased noise immunity;
- Zur received a combat part of increased power.
Serial production of combat facilities ARC "Beech" led the same cooperation as in the case of the Cuba-M4 complex. Start-charging installations 9A39 were produced at the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Plant. M.I. Kalinin, and self-propelled fire units 9A310, detection and target designation 9C18 and KP9S470 - at the Ulyanovsky Mechanical Plant.
Beech M1.
At the same time, its modernization began with the adoption of the "Beech" complex. In accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the SM of the USSR of November 30, 1979, work was carried out to increase its combat capacity, the protection of its radio-electronic means from interference and anticulate missiles. The new complex was supposed to have increased lesion boundaries, an expanded nomenclature of affected targets, among whom were AlcM and Tomahawk, hanging helicopters hanging.
For the new complex of the OKB Dolgoprudnensky NPP developed an improved 9M38M1 missile. At the same time, an enlarged range of flight was ensured, the duration of the inertial area was increased, the accuracy of guidance on the maneuvering target was improved. 9E50M1 appointment head is better adapted to flight conditions, interference setting, the type of shelled target.
It was developed and introduced into an improved SEA 9A310M1. A fundamentally new target type recognition system (aircraft, helicopter, ballistic missile) with the transfer of relevant information on the rocket radio transceiver to ensure the optimal undermining of the BC.
With regard to the "Buk-M1", a set of measures was developed, which makes it possible to effectively deal with hanging helicopters - a very difficult goal for both fighter air defense facilities. In the course of the polygon tests held in February-December 1982, it was found that the upgraded Buk-M1 complex compared to the "Bukom" provides a large area of \u200b\u200baircraft defeat, capable of chopping the winged rockets of the ALCM type and Tomahawk with a probability of defeat one A rocket of at least 0.4, and highly melanized relatively "compact" and well-protected combat helicopters like "Hugh Cobra" - with a probability of 0.6-0.7 for a distance from 3.5 to 6-10 km.
The radar of the upgraded SPC received 32-bit highlighting frequencies (instead of 16 from the "beech"), which contributed to improving the protection against mutual and deliberate interference.
Sou 9A310m1 compared to the previously provided detection and capture of the targets to 85 km, and the auto drift is 75 km.
The complex included a more perfect station of detection and target designation 9C18M1 "Dome-M1" with a flat talent headlights placed on the tracked chassis of the GM-567 M, the same type (as opposed to the dome station) with other caterpillar means of the division.
"Buk-M1" was adopted in 1983, and since 1985 his mass production was deployed.
Beech-m2 and beech-M1-2
At the same time, with the beginning of work on the small modernization of the complex, which was realized in the SPK-M1, NIIP deployed work and over the advanced version of the Buk-M2 complex. In the third generation complex, the creation of multichannel SPC capable of installing up to 24 targets simultaneously. It required the introduction to the combat RLS complex with a phased antenna lattice (headlights) and ensuring an intermittent reference mode.
The new complex has achieved a significant expansion of the zone of defeat targets in terms of range and height. Due to the use of a phased antenna lattice, one self-propelled installation could simultaneously hit four goals (SO "" Buk-M1 "- only one). SPC possessed greater informativeness, increased noise immunity and a number of other advantages providing its essential superiority over foreign counterparts.
In addition to the enhanced 9m317 missile, created in the OKB DNPP, and the self-propelled fire installation with the headlights of the complex received a new combat factor - the RLS of the reference of the goals and the guidance of missiles (RPN). The receiving-transmitting module of this station, also placed on the Self-propeller GM-562, in the working position by means of a special telescopic mast climbed to a height of 21 m, which significantly expanded the possibilities of the complex to combat low-testicular aircraft, helicopters and cruise missiles. The range of defeat targets flying at extremely small heights increased by 1.5-2 times.
By decree of the Central Committee of October 18, 1990, the "Buk-M2" SPC on the caterpillar chassis was adopted, the timing of its serial development was established.
Almost follows were completed joint tests of the modernized complex "Buk-M2-1" - "Ural", placed on the wheelbase (cars of increased traffic "Kraz" and trailers of Chelyabinsk production), intended for the military air defense troops. According to the plan of the then master committee air defense I.M.Trevyak, the towed SPC "Ural" was supposed to be combined with a VIS type, which should have to form a very efficient echelonized system, intended for the defense of large state objects (Moscow, Leningrad and other key political and economic centers of the country) . Unfortunately, the collapse of the USSR, a sharp reduction in the financing of the armed forces and industry did not allow to launch new complexes into a series.
From the entire composition of the combat facilities, the "Buk-M2" Sprink in the 90s managed to serve only zur 9m317. The rocket was developed and was manufactured by Dolgoprudnensky NPP as interspecific: for the air defense air defense system and for the Shtil-1 Ship SPC. The presence of a new missile allowed IIP to initiate the modernization of the "Buk-M1" VPC due to the introduction of a new rocket from the Buk-M2 complex. The main rocket and artillery management of the Ministry of Defense supported the idea: carrying out such an OCC with minimal use of budgetary funds made it possible to obtain a significant increase in the TTX complex - in particular, the possibility of use not only in air defense systems, but also in tactical software systems and in coastal defense.
The complex, called the "Buk-M1-2", was created in the most difficult for OPK years, when practically for all enterprises the main task was not the development and technication, but survival in the established conditions.
OCP "Buk-M1-2" was performed by the former cooperation: NIIP (CEO - V.V. Mattyhev, at the final stage of the development of Yu.I. Bely, chief designer of the SERF - E.A. Pigin), Ulyanovsky Mechanical Plant (CEO - V.V.Abanin), DNPP (CEO - G. P. Yezhov, General Designer - V.P.Ektov), \u200b\u200bMSI "Agat" (CEO and General Designer - I.G.Kopyan), NPP " Start "(General Director - M. M. Muratshin), MZIC (General Director - N.V. Kleyin).
Given the scanty state financed, enterprises-co-valves created a new complex due to export revenues under contracts for the supply of "Buk-M1" SPC in Finland and modernization of the Svadrat SPC (export name "Cube") in Egypt. As a result, the most difficult for the domestic OPK years was created unique in its characteristics of the SPC, which does not have analogues at that time in world practice for combat capabilities. Saving the composition of combat facilities similar to the Buk-M1 complex, the "Buk-M1-2" SPC, in contrast to its predecessor, ensures the defeat of tactical, ballistic and aviation missiles, as well as shooting along the superval and radio-contrast ground targets.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe defeat of the aerodynamic objectives of the modernized SPP is expanded to 25 km in height and up to 42-45 km by range. A magnification of twice channels is ensured when the target is defeated in the "Coordination Support" mode. The probability of damage to the enemy aircraft has increased from 0.80-0.85 to 0.90-0.95. The command paragraph of the SPC "Buk-M1-2" was collected with the control point of a small range of "", which made it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of mixed anti-aircraft grouping.
It is important to note that the modernization documentation was made in such a way that the factory brigades directly in the troops at a minimum of costs could be finalized to the "Buk-M1-2". In 1998, by order of Minister of Defense No. 515 dated November 21, 1998, the "BUK-M1-2" SPC was adopted by the Russian army.
Only in the early 2000s, when the defense began to receive the first orders, the question of the serial production of the third-generation SP-M2, again arose. Unfortunately, over the past 15 years after its development, many component suppliers have ceased to exist or found themselves abroad, and the element base has changed significantly. NIIP and head manufacturer Ulyanovsky Mechanical Plant conducted enormous work on the establishment of new cooperation, replacing components and introducing new technologies and materials. For example, a replacement of the basis of computational means of the complex with a foreign supplier of the Argon-15 supplier (Chisinau) to the domestic Type "Baguet" was replaced.
As a result, the SPK "BUK-M2" began to enter the Russian army. Since 2008, the complex participates in parades on Red Square. At the same time, the "Buk-M2E" SPC received high international recognition. Currently there is an export contract for the supply of a complex on a caterpillar chassis in Syria. In the process of holding the Rosoboronexport of marketing work on promoting the IPC-M2E, several foreign customers expressed a desire to acquire complexes, but not on the caterpillar base, but on wheeled. Such work was carried out by NIIP in conjunction with UMP and NPP "Start". As a base wheel, the tractor manufactured by the Minsk Plant Wheel Tractor (MZKT) was chosen. The Wheel Option of SPK passed all types of tests and was delivered to the first customer - Venezuela. In line, another number of far abroad states.
In 2013, the serial development of the SPK-M2, the Government Prize of the Russian Federation was noted.
Beech-M3.
The decision to create a new modification of the complex, which received the "Buk-M3" index, was adopted by the Ministry of Defense in 1990. The defense enterprises were provided to themselves, and only those who could find export contracts were survived. The NIIP products were well known in the world, which helped the institute to survive a long period of reforms and continue new developments. On the part of the Ministry of Defense and the Grau did not cease funding, although not sufficient. The main thing is that there was an understanding of the need to preserve a unique school, by the shoulders of which half a century experience in developing an average range of medium-range for air defense forces.
Despite the difficult conditions that have made the development of the "Buk-M3" SPC in the history of NIIP, in 2011, the work was completed by successful starts within public testing. Currently, the complex is being finalized according to the plan to eliminate the comments obtained in the GCI process, and the state program of armaments provides its serial launch. According to media reports, the "Buk-M3" SPC should begin to enter the troops since the end of 2015.
The main features of the complex compared to its predecessor: increasing the cableness, an increase in the lesion range, a significant increase in noise immunity, the placement of zur in transport and starting containers, an increase of 1.5 times the municipal rockets on Sou (now 6). According to media reports, in the Dolgoprudnensky NPP, a new 9M317ME rocket was developed, unified for the "Beech-M3" and Shutil-1 Ship SPC with a vertical start-up site. The rocket in these complexes will be placed in transport and starting containers. In the ship version, the launch of the rocket will be vertical, in the land - inclined.
The Buk-M3 complex will affect air targets operating at a speed of up to 3 thousand meters per second and altitudes of 0.015-35 km. In addition, the Zenit Division "Buk-M3" will have 36 target channels. These data brought the head of the air defense troops of the land forces, Lieutenant General Alexander Leonov in his interview with the Echo Moskvy radio station in December 2013.
In a new complex, firepower will be significantly increased. The start "Start" created a new system of the complex - self-propelled launcher with 12 rockets. There are no analogues among the ARC-M3 SPC abroad abroad.
Based on:
"The constellation of Tikhomirov. 60 years of the Research Institute of Instrument Development V.V. Tichomirova .
LLC Publishing Group "Bedtadinov and Co." , M., 2014
"Anti-aircraft missile sets of air defense systems. Technique and weapons »№ 5-6, 1999.
Said Aminov
Multifunctional high-scale anti-aircraft missile complex (SPT) "Beech-M1-2" (the latest modernization of the "beech") is designed to destroy modern and promising strategic and tactical aircraft, winged rockets, helicopters and other air aerodynamic objects in the entire range of their Practical application in conditions of intensive radio persecution, as well as to combat tactical ballistic missiles of Lance type, anti-cancer rockets of type "Harm", other elements of high-precision weapons of air and ground basing in flight and lesions of surface and terrestrial radiocontrase purposes. The anti-aircraft missile complex can be used for the air defense of the troops, military facilities, important administrative and industrial and other territories (centers) in the massive application of air attack funds, as well as to be a tactical pro.The complex adopted a combined method for guiding a rocket - inertial guidance with a radio correction at the initial point of guidance and semi-active homing at the final point of guidance.
SPK "Buk-M1-2" has in its composition combat, technical support and training facilities.
The composition of combat equipment includes:
- Command Point (KP) 9c470m1-2;
- Radar station detection (social) 9c18m1-1;
- up to six self-propelled fire installations (SOU) 9AZ10M1-2;
- up to six pumping installations (ROM) 9A39M1;
- anti-aircraft controlled rockets (zur) 9m317.
The technical means of collateral include:
- Maintenance Machine (MTO) 9V881M1-2 With Autographic Spring 9T456;
- maintenance workshop (MTO) AGZ-M1;
- Machines (workshops) repair and maintenance (MRTO): MRTO-1 9V883M1; MRTO-2 9V884M1; MRTO-3 9V894M1;
- transport machine (TM) 9T243 with a set of technological equipment (who) 9T3184;
- automated test moving station (AKIPS) 9B95M1;
- Machine (workshop) repair of missile 9T458;
- Unified compressor station UKS-400B;
- Mobile power station PES-100-T / 400-AKR1.
Teaching training facilities include:
- Educational and acting rocket 9m317ud;
- Training and split rocket 9m317ur.
All combat combat facilities are assembled on caterpillar sams of increased patency, equipped with means of communication, orientation equipment and navigation, power gas turbine aggregates, security systems and life support systems, which ensures their high maneuverable capabilities and autonomy when conducting hostilities.
The command paragraph 9c470m1-2 is intended for automated control on telecode (radio or wired) communication channels by combat actions of the SPC and works in conjunction with one social 9C18M1-1, six SEO 9A310M1-2 and provides mutual work with a higher CP of automated combat operations of the SPK "beech -M1-2.
KP equipment consisting of a digital computing system, information display tools, operational command communication and data transmission and other auxiliary systems, allows you to optimize the process of controlling the SPC, automatically assign operational modes, to process up to 75 radar marks, to carry out automatic maintenance up to 15 tracks Hazardous purposes, to solve the tasks of the designer and target designation, ensure comprehensive regimes of steam work of the SEO ("Reluction Regulatory", "Alien Light", "Triangulation", "Coordinate Support", "Startup"), which are used under the use of strong anti-cancer missiles Radio-resistance and when the radar failures, the radar of one of the SO, as well as document the combat work processes, to monitor the functioning of combat facilities and imitation of the air situation for conducting training of the CP.
The social 9C18M1-1 is intended to be detected, identifying the state affiliation of the objectives and transfer of information on the air situation in the form of marks from targets and bearers on the vehicle's leadership at KP 9c470m1-2 "BUK-M1-2" SPT and other air defense control points.
The SOC is a three-order radar of a centimeter wave range, built on the basis of a waveguide lattice with an electronic scanning of the beam of the directional pattern at the corner of the place and the mechanical rotation of the antenna in azimuth. Indicator range Social -160 km.
There are two possibilities for viewing the space:
- "regular" - in the mode of unshakable defense;
- "Sector" - in the mode of missile defense.
The main element of the SPC is SOU 9A310M1-2. In its functional purpose, it is a radar detection station, target maintenance, references to the target and rockets with a ground radar requester, a television optical visise of the target and a start-up setting with four zur, combined into a single product with a digital computing system.
SOU provides solving the following tasks:
- receiving targeting and control signals from PBU 9C470M1-2;
- detection, identification of state affiliation, capture and maintenance of the goal, recognition of the class of air, surface or terrestrial purposes, highlighting them and missiles;
- determination of the coordinates of accompanied targets, the production of flight task for rocket and the solution of other predictional problems;
- guidance of the starting device in the direction of the preemptive point of the rocket meeting with the goal;
- issuance of a target designation on the radar head of the homing of Zur;
- launch missiles;
- the development of commands of the radioocorrection and transmission of them for flying missiles;
- transmission on the ROM 9A39M1 signals necessary to guide the ROM starter in the direction of the preemptive point, attaching the radar head of the nourishes to the target and its start;
- transfer to the CP information about the accompanied goal and on the process of combat work;
- Training of combat calculation.
SO can perform these challenges as part of SPC in case of targeting CP and autonomously in the responsibility sector. At the same time, the start of rockets can be done both directly with the SO and from the ROM starter.
When operating as part of the SEA, when controlling the CP, the SEO can be used as a start-up installation, in shooting mode with a "foreign lighting" and take part in solving a complex of coordinate support task.
Punchargeting Installation 9A39M1 Designed for:
- transportation and storage of Zur, while four rockets are on the guide launchers and are ready for launch, and four warning cancer are you on transport supports;
- Chargeing of Sou and self-equipping with rockets located on the transport supports of the base, transport machine, soil lodges or containers;
- Control of the health of ROM and Zur as a team with SOU and autonomously;
- pre-trap and alternate launch of ZUR according to SO.
To solve these problems, the ROM includes a launching device for four rockets with electro-hydraulic power tracking drive and launching automatic equipment, four transport supports for rocket storage, analog computing machine, a load-lifting unit (up to 1000 kg) and other instrument.
Zur 9M317 is designed to defeat the entire class of aerodynamic purposes, tactical ballistic missiles, elements of high-precision weapons, radar-contrasting surface and terrestrial purposes. The rocket is made according to a normal aerodynamic pattern with a small lengthening wing of a trapezoidal form with a single-stage dual-mode solid fuel jet engine.
The guidance of the rocket on the target is made in the system of semi-active homing by the proportional navigation method.
To improve the accuracy of the guidance at the initial stage, pseudo-inertial control over the Radio Correction line is organized - the flight task in the side calculator Zur is adjusted depending on the change in the characteristics of the movement of the shelled target by the radio commands transmitted in the target and rocket reference signals.
The rocket is supplied to the consumer fully assembled and equipped. Normal operation and combat use of missiles are provided at any time of the year and day in various weather and climatic conditions for ten years.
The main tactical division of the "Buk-M1-2" SPC, which can independently perform combat missions, is a separate anti-aircraft missile regiment (OZRI) or an anti-aircraft missile division (VDDN).
The composition of the OZRT (VDDN) includes a command paragraph 9c470m1-2, social 9c18m1-1, communications, three anti-aircraft missile batteries (two SOU 9A310M1-2 and one-two ROM 9A39M1 each), technical battery and maintenance and repair unit.
A separate SPR is usually part of the motorized rifle (tank) division (brigades), and VDNA is part of the anti-aircraft missile brigade (up to 4-6 VDNs, KP, technical battery and maintenance and repair divisions) of the army (army corps).
The anti-aircraft missile division (regiment), armed with "Buk-M1-2" SPC, can perform the challenges of air defense of military units and parts in all types of hostilities and the most important objects (territories) of troops and countries, shelling at the same time up to six aerodynamic purposes or to Six ballistic missiles with a start range up to 140 km, or fire on six aerial or ground targets. At the same time, the division (regiment), as a module of tactical pro, provides an area cover of about 800 - 1200 km2.
The KP of the anti-aircraft missile brigade uses a complex of automation tools "Polyana-D4M1".
The Zenit Rocket Complex "Beech" in the "BUK-1" version of Sou 9A38 and Zur 9M38 was adopted by the air defense troops in 1978.
In complete configuration, the "beech" was adopted in 1980, several phases of modernization passed and was adopted under the sector of SPK "Beech M1" - in 1983, the SPK "Buk-M1-2" - in 1998.
SPK "Beech" and its modifications are in service with the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation, the CIS countries and are set in a number of foreign countries.
In addition to the standard configuration, the SPC "Beech-M1-2" Russian industry has the opportunity:
- supply special asphalt shoes for tracked ribbons of combat facilities of the complex, providing the movement of SPC on roads with asphalt coating;
- Put an objective control system (juice) actions of the combat units of the SPC by registering, memorizing, storing and playing the Sou-Zur-ROM exchange information.
| "Beech" | "Beech-M1" | "Beech-M1-2" | |
| Types of affected targets | aircraft | airplanes, Helicopters, Winged Rockets | airplanes, helicopters, winged missiles, TBR type "Lance", PRRR type "Harm", surface and terrestrial purposes |
| The zone of aerodynamic purposes, km: | |||
| by range | 3,5-25-30 | 3,0-35 | 3-42 |
| in height | 0,025-20 | 0,015-22 | 0,015-25 |
| by exchange parameter | 18 | 22 | 25 |
| The zone of the defeat of tactical ballistic missiles of the LANS-2 type, km: | |||
| far border | - | - | 20 |
| maximum height | - | - | 16 |
| parameter | - | - | 12 |
| Footing range by surface targets, km | - | - | 3-18-25 |
| Footing range by land targets, km | - | - | 3-12 |
| Maximum speed of affected purposes, m / s | 800 | 800 | 1200 |
| The number of simultaneously shelled targets with one SPC | until 6 | until 6 | until 6 |
| The likelihood of the defeat of one rocket: | |||
| aerodynamic purposes | 0,7-0,9 | 0,7-0,9 | 0,7-0,9 |
| tactical ballistic missiles | - | - | 0,5-0,7 |
| anticulate Rockets type "Harm" | - | - | 0,6-0,8 |
| winged rockets | not lower than 0.4. | not lower than 0.4. | 0,6-0,8 |
| helicopters | 0,3-0,7 | 0,3-0,7 | 0,7-0,8 |
| Reaction time, with | 15-18 | 15-18 | 15-18 |
| Deployment time, min. | 5 | 5 | 5 |
| The time of transition from the duty regime in combat, with | 20 | 20 | 20 |
| Charge time Sow, min. | 12 | 12 | 12 |
The main developer was appointed Research Institute for Instrument Engineering, and 9A39 commissioning installations were created in the Start Machine-Building Design Bureau. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex was developed in the OKB-40 of the Mytischinsky Machine-Building Plant, the design of the 9M38 missiles was instructed by the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau "Novator". The detection and target designation station of 9C18 "Dome" was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Devices. In the West, the complex received the designation SA-11 Gadfly ("Bumblebee").
The composition of the SPK "Beech" was included:
- An anti-aircraft rocket Zur 9m38 It was equipped with a two-mode solid fuel engine (total working time - 15 seconds), and in front of the front part seed a semi-active head of the homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a combat part of the fragant-burglar type.
- Command Paragraph 9C470 His feature - receiving and processing information on the purposes received from the 9C18 detection station and six self-propelled fire installations, choose the purpose and distribution of them between installations. The command post processed reports of 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20 km in the zone of a radius of 100 km.
- Station of detection and target designation 9C18 "Dome" The three-coordinate coherent-pulse station of a centimeter range with an electronic beam scanning in the sector and mechanical rotation of the antenna was intended to detect and identify air targets on the range up to 120 km and transferring information to the command post.
- Self-propelled fire installation 9A310 The installation time of the installation from a hiking position in the combat was not more than 5 minutes, and the time of translation from the duty mode to the working - no more than 20 seconds, no more than 12 minutes went to charging the installation. Length 9A310 - 9.3 m, width - 3.25 m (9.03 m in the working position), and height is 3.8 m (7.72 m, respectively).
- A commissioning unit 9A39 was intended for the transportation and storage of eight missiles (4 on the starting device and on fixed lifes), start four missiles, self-loading of its starting device with four rockets from lifesters and self-operation of eight zur from the transport machine (in 26 minutes). The composition of the commissioning installation, in addition to the starting device, crane and lodges, included: a digital computing machine, navigation equipment, topographic binding and orientation, communication system, power supply and power supply units. Starting installation length - 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.
Joint tests of the "Beech" complex were conducted from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Emba Polygon in Kazakhstan. "Beech" surpassed all the most preceding complexes of similar purpose (Cuba-M3 SP and Cube-M4), demonstrating higher combat and operational characteristics.
The installation provided simultaneous shelling by a division of up to six purposes, and if necessary, and perform up to six independent combat problems with the autonomous use of self-propelled fire settings. "Beech" was distinguished by a greater reliability of detecting goals due to the organization of a joint view of the location of the detection station and six self-propelled fire facilities.
According to the results of fire tests, it was determined that the "beech" SPC ensures the shelling of the non-lawing goals flying at a speed of up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, on the range from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speeds up to 300 m / s) and with the probability of lesion, equal to 0.7-0.8. When shooting on targets maneuvering with overloads up to 8 units, the probability of lesion decreased to 0.6. As a result, the complex "Beech" was adopted by the air defense troops in 1980.
"Beech-M1"
In accordance with the Decree of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the USSR of November 30, 1979, the "BUK" SPC was modernized to increase its combat capacity, the protection of radio-electronic means from interference and anticulate missiles. The combat facilities of the Buk-M1 complex were interchangeably with the "beech" SPC without refinement, the staffing organization of combat formations and technical units is also similar to the "Beech" complex.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A310m1 Compared to installation 9A310 ensured the detection and capture of the target for maintenance on large ranges (by 25-30%), as well as recognition of airplanes, ballistic missiles and helicopters with a probability of not lower than 0.6.
The command paragraph 9c470m1 compared to the KP 9C470 complex "beech" provided simultaneous reception of information from its own detection and targeting station and about six goals from the control point.
The complex uses a more perfect station of detection and target designation 9C18M1 ("Dome-M1"), which has a self-propelled tracked chassis of GM-567M, the same type with a command clause, self-propelled fire installation and commissioning installation.
"Beech-M1-2"
Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP named after V.V. Tikhomirova In 1994-1997, work was carried out on the creation of an upgraded complex "Buk-M1-2". As a result, it turned into a universal firing agent: due to the application of the new rocket 9m317 and the modernization of other funds, it was possible to defeat tactical combat missiles, aircraft missiles to 20 km, elements of high-precision weapons, ships on the range of up to 25 km and ground targets ( aircraft on airfields, starting attitudes, large command items) on the range of up to 15 km. The efficiency of the lesion was also increased, the boundaries of the lesion zones were increased to 45 km in terms of range and up to 25 km in height.
The Buk-M1-2 complex differs from its predecessor before and using a new rocket 9m317. In addition, it is planned to be introduced into a set of new funds - radar reference of the objectives and guidance of missiles with an antenna accommodation at an altitude of up to 22 meters using a telescopic device. Due to this, the combat capabilities of the complex for the damage to low-fat goals, in particular, modern winged missiles have been significantly expanded.
The complex is offered in two versions - movable on tracked machines of the GM-569 family by type of "beech" complex in previous modifications, as well as transported "Kraz" with semi-trailers. In the automotive version, at some reduction of the cost, the indicators of the passability and the time of deploying the anti-aircraft missile complex increases from 5 to 15 minutes.
The composition of the coordinated fire unit 9A310M1-2 includes: - Radar Station (RLS) - Starting installation with four rockets - Digital Computing System - Television and Optic Vizier - Laser Rangefinder - Navigation and Svyagnaya Equipment - Radio Favor
"Beech-M2"
Multifunctional high-scale anti-aircraft missile complex 9k317 "Beech-M2" is designed to defeat tactical and strategic aviation aircraft, winged rockets, helicopters and other aircraft in the entire range of their practical application in conditions of intensive electronic and fire counteraction of the enemy, as well as to combat Tactical ballistic, aviation rockets and other elements of high-precision weapons, lesions of the surface and shelling of terrestrial purposes. SPK "BUK-M2" can be used for the air defense of the troops, in various forms of hostilities, administrative and industrial facilities and territories of the country.
"Buk-M2" was intended to replace the "Cube" anti-aircraft complexes of previous generations and should have arisen in the early 1990s, but this did not happen due to the collapse of the USSR and the complex economic situation. The work on improving the complex continued in 2008, and the Ulyanovsky mechanical plant began serial production of the modern version of the complex 9k317 "Buk-M2", which began to enter the troops. In parallel, taking into account the requirements of foreign customers, the export version of the "Buk-M2E" - "Ural" was developed. Currently, the "beech" SPC is in service with Belarus, Azerbaijan, Venezuela, Georgia, Egypt, Cyprus, Serbia, Syria, Ukraine, Finland.
Composition of the complex 9K317 "Beech-M2": - Batics - Anti-aircraft Rockets 9M317 - Self-Proper Fire Settings 9A317 and 9A318 (Towing) - Extracting Installations 9A316 and 9A320 - Controls - Command Parameter 9C510 - Radar Options for Detection of Goals 9C18M1-3 - Radar Station Reference and Guidance Rocket 9c36
Self-propelled fire installation 9A317 is made on the tracked chassis GM-569. In the process of combat operation, the self-propelled fire installation is detected, identifying, auto repair and recognition of the target type, the production of the flight task, the solution of the starting task, the launch of the rocket, the target lighting and transmission of the radioocorrection commands to the rocket. The installation is capable of eating targets both as part of an anti-aircraft missile complex for targeting the command item and autonomously in a predetermined sector of responsibility. The complex can be transported without limiting the speed and distance by rail, air and water transport.
"Beech-M3"
Currently, work is being actively working on the creation of new complexes of military air defense, including the prospective SPC "Beech-M3". It is expected that the new complex will have 36 target channels and will be able to affect air targets flying at a speed of up to 3 km / s at a distance of up to 70 km and altitudes up to 35 km, which will attack highly melanized goals in conditions of severe radioprotection, hit all existing aerodynamic Objectives, terrestrial and surface targets, operational tactical missiles. Upgraded self-propelled fire installation will receive a modified semi-tailed tracked chassis and 6 rockets in transport and starting containers.
The uniqueness of the "Beech" complex and all its modifications is that with significant sizes of the zone of damage, height and parameter, the combat task can be performed with the autonomous use of only one fire ground-based product - self-propelled fire installation. This quality allows you to provide suddenness of the shelling of air targets from ambide and autonomous operational change of combat position, which significantly increases the vitality of the installation.
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