MBOU Secondary School No. 2, Pochinka
Completed:
Mamkovich Tatiana
pupils of grade 9A
Teacher: Pankiv Ilya Romanovich
Pochinok
2013
V Smolensk region 1149 rivers and streams flow, there are 420 lakes and reservoirs. The region is rich in its
picturesque lakes in the northern part of the region are such as Sapsho, Dgo, Baklanovskoe, Rytoye, Lososno,
Chistik, Mutnoe, Akatovskoe (the most big lake Smolensk region - 650 hectares).
These lakes appeared after the retreat of the last glacier. Among them, the most famous is the Sapsho Lake, which stretches for 6 km, with its islands and the resort village of Przhevalskoe.
The territory of the region is a hilly-undulating plain with a number of hills and lowlands. Uplands are the watershed of the main rivers belonging to three sea basins: the Caspian, Black and Baltic Seas. More than 60% belong to the Dnieper River basin, Western Dvina- 15%, Volga - 25% of the area.
The Smolensk region is located in a zone of sufficient moisture and therefore its rivers form a dense ramified network (much higher than the average in Russia), the density of the river network is 450 m per 1 sq. km. Average long-term incidence of possible emergency flood protection once every 2 years. The average area of a probable emergency may be 0.5 thousand square meters. km, with a population of more than 4.2 thousand people, the possible prevented damage can be up to 0.2 million rubles.
The territory of the Smolensk region is subject to spring floods annually, but the levels of water rise in the rivers and reservoirs of the region do not always reach values leading to an emergency, it depends on the water supply in the snow cover before the beginning of spring snowmelt, the depth of soil freezing, the amount of precipitation during the period of snow melting, and floods, autumn-winter soil moistening by the beginning of snow melting, intensity of snow melting and other factors.
Rivers of the Smolensk region
In total, 1149 rivers with a total length of more than 12 thousand km flow in the region.
The river network is dense. The Dnieper and its large tributaries, the Desna and Sozh, originate in the region. Other rivers belong to the Volga basins (the largest are Vauza, Ugra) and Western Dvina, Western Dvina are navigable within the region.
The Ugra river from the source to the mouth of the Vori
The Ugra River, a large left tributary of the Oka, originates near the village of Vysokoe, flows along the Smolensk and Kaluga regions and flows into the Oka at a level of 117 m. The section is described to the mouth of the Vori at a level of 144 m. The river initially flows to the north, east and northeast along the east of the Smolensk region along a wavy plain. At the mouth of the left tributary of the Zhizhaly, the Ugra turns sharply to the southeast. Almost throughout the entire length of the Ugra flows in high banks, covered in the upper and middle reaches by forest. The length of the river is 399 km, the described section is 229 km, its average slope is 0.197 m / km. In a number of places in the Ugra valley, there are limestone outcrops with springs. Mixed river feeding: share of runoff melt water on average is about 60%, more than 30% of the annual runoff falls on groundwater, and only about 5% - for rainwater runoff. The level regime of the river is characterized by a clearly pronounced high spring flood, a low summer-autumn low-water period, interrupted by rain floods, and a stable long-term low winter low-water period. The spring flood begins at the end of March and ends in the first ten days of May. During the flood period, the total water rise above the winter low-water period in the middle and lower reaches of the Ugra in high-water years is 10-11 m.
Average discharge of water 35 km from the mouth is about 90 m? / Sec. Freezes in November - early January.
In the east of the Smolensk region, Ugra flows along the Ugranskaya lowland. Its relief is mostly flat, hilly in places, the height above sea level is 150-200 m. The Ugra valley is one of the most picturesque in Central Russia and the river enjoys
popular with tourists.
Dnepr River
The length of the Dnieper at present (after the construction of the cascade of reservoirs) is 2201 km, the area of the basin is 504 thousand km?. The current speed varies from 0.3 to 1.2 m / s in the area up to the mouth of the Desna; the prevailing flow velocity in the underlying sections is about 0.6-0.7 m / s; mineralization of water - 300-350 mg / dm3. The width of the river valley - up to 18 km. The width of the floodplain is up to 12 km. Delta area - 350 km?
Dnipro was part of an important trade route connecting the Baltics with the Black Sea region ("The Way from the Varangians to the Greeks"). On the lower Dnieper, there was a natural barrier in the form of rapids, which was overcome only in recent history with the construction of the Dnieper hydroelectric dam. On the lands around the middle reaches of the Dnieper in the 9th century, the core of the Old Russian state was formed, here was the capital of Rus (now the capital of Ukraine) - the city of Kiev. In the 16th century, in the bend of the lower Dnieper, the base of the Ukrainian Cossacks, the Zaporozhye Sich, was formed, which served as a buffer between the steppe nomads and the agricultural Slavic regions to the northwest. It was from here that in 1648 the Cossack detachments of Bohdan Khmelnitsky began their victorious campaign to the west.
The most common are carp, migratory, and semi-anadromous fish (herring, sturgeon, ram, and others), which previously entered upstream, but after the construction of reservoirs linger on the dam, or even do not leave the lower course at all.
Of interest is the upper course of the Dnieper to Smolensk. High steep shores here alternate with low ones, sandy ones with swampy ones. There are few forests in the upper reaches; towards Smolensk, they are more common. In the spring the river is wide in some places
overflows, and on the site up to Emelyanovo it becomes very shallow. From Dorogobuzh, cargo and passenger shipping is carried out.
Rivers Vazuza and Gzhat
The length of the Vazuza River is 162 km, the basin area is 7120 km?. The source of Vazuza is located on the northern slopes of the Smolensk Upland, not far from the village of Maryino, Vyazemsky District, Smolensk Region. The river is fed by snow and rain, freeze-up from November to April.
Three kilometers above Zubtsov, a dam of the Vazuz reservoir was built, which flooded the rapids of the Vazuza valley to the mouth of the Losmina river near the town of Sychevka and the entire lower course of the right tributary, the Gzhat river.
Vazuza, the right tributary of the Volga, flows for the first 30 km along a narrow, shallow valley. There are few forests on the banks. Near the mouth, above the Zubtsov, a dam was built, which formed a reservoir used for water supply to Moscow. The backwater at Vazuz at the highest level extends to the town of Sychevka, along Osuga - to the village of Rakitka, along Kasna - to the mouth of the Sezha, along Gzhati - to the mouth of Aleshnia. Salik, the right tributary of the Vazuza, has a length of 31 km. The Vazuza flows in relatively high hilly banks, in some places covered with small copses. The bottom is sandy, sometimes crushed, the water is clear. Vazuza is a treeless river, but you can find places for bivouacs with fuel for a fire.
Below the mouth of the left tributary, the Losminka, there is a backwater to the dam in Zubtsovo. Without backwater, the Vazuza in this place is shallow, wide, and the current is strong. The left bank is high and mountainous. Further, the channel gradually widens, the current slows down. It is necessary to go, adhering to the left bank, cutting off the bays, first to the northeast, below the mouth of the Gzhati - to the northwest, and beyond with. Hepen - to the north. The width of the reservoir below the confluence of the Gzhati does not exceed 3 km, and in general it is less than 1.5 km.
Gzhat flows along a flat, treeless, in places swampy plain. Fuel is hard to find. The river originates south of the city of Gagarin (formerly Gzhatsk) and flows into Vazuza about 50 km above its mouth. The length of Gzhati is 110 km. There are almost no forests along the banks, except for willow thickets. Only in front of the village of Bolshoye Nikolskoye is a small forest preserved. There are many villages on the banks of the Gzhati; bridges are often thrown over the river. The bottom of the river is mostly sandy, the banks are dry. There are practically no parking spaces, unless you take a chance and go on a boat or walk along the coast. Since Gzhat flows through the city of Gagarin, it is not difficult to get to it.
Kasplya river
Kasplya is a river in the north-east of the Smolensk region, a tributary of the Western Dvina (flows into Belarus).
Length 224 km (within Russia - 157 km, together with Lake Kasplya - 164 km). It originates in the lake. Kasplya (Kasplyanskoe), to the regional center Demidov flows in a general northern direction. It flows through an area with a pronounced glacial landscape, the shores are low in places, swampy. From the mouth of the right tributary - Zhespeya, almost to Demidov itself, along both banks of the forest, then the banks are open. After the confluence of a significant right tributary, the Gobza (within the boundaries of Demidov), the river makes a global turn to the west-north-west. The nature of the shores is changing - they rise, in the area of dd. The Upper and Lower Khrapuny are stone ridges in the channel that once interfered with navigation. Further, the river flows through the territory of Belarus, flowing into
Zap. Dvina within the city of Surazh. The main tributaries: on the right: Zherespeya, Svaditsa, Gobza, Starka, Boroda, Vyazmena; Left: Olsha, Vyatsha, Galiska, Rutavech, Chernavka, Woodpile and Balazna. The river is rich in fish (bream, pike perch, pike, perch, etc.), and its valley is rich in archaeological monuments (fortified settlements, sites) - the village. Kasplya, Smolino village, etc.). In ancient times, one of the routes "from the Varangians to the Greeks" passed along the Kasplya River.
The source of Kaspli is at the northern end of the lake, in this place is the village. Kasplya. This is an ancient settlement, known from the 12th century. There is an ancient settlement in the village. A highway bridge has been thrown across the river. Further several kilometers Kasplya flows through open, inhabited places. The floodplain is swampy in places. The valley is quite wide. Further, below the mouth of the river. Zherespei, the valley narrows. The first and second terraces with heights of 5-6 and 7-9 m, respectively, are observed here. The current is accelerating, along the banks there are damp spruce-birch forests. There are few parking spaces. Almost to Demidov itself there are no villages along the banks. When approaching Demidov, the shores become drier, the forests recede.
The third section - from the mouth of the river. Floors to the border of the area. Here the valley narrows and deepens again. The width of the floodplain is up to 50-150 m. The heights of the first and second terraces increase to 5.5-8.5 and 9-11 m, respectively. The first terrace has a width of 50-100 m. Against its background, the size of the second terrace stands out, the surface of which is washed out in places and represents boulder fields (near the town of Demidov, in the village of Ponizovye, the villages of Pochinok, Myshkovo, etc.). The river bed winds strongly, replete with stretches, rifts, boulders. In this part of the valley, there are several lake-like extensions with oxbow lakes. Near the border with Belarus, near the villages of Verkh. and Nizh. Snatchers cross the bed of rocky ridges - an interesting section of the river.
Lakes of the Smolensk region
In addition to rivers in the Smolensk region, there are more than 70 0 reservoirs, of which 160 are large and small lakes. The total area of their water surface is about 70 sq. km, the area of artificial reservoirs and ponds - 3556 hectares.
The Smolensk region is rich in its picturesque lakes in the northern part of the region there are such as Sapsho, Dgo, Baklanovskoe, Rytoye, Lososno, Chistik, Mutnoe,). These lakes appeared after the retreat of the last glacier.
In the northwest, there are lakes of glacial origin (the largest are Lake Sapsho, Akatovskoe).
Lake Divnoe
Northwest of Smolensk, on the road to Demidov, among the wooded hills is Lake Divnoe. The name alone gives it some kind of fabulousness; it is not for nothing that there are many legends about this lake among the locals. The lake is not very big
but deep (there are places more than 25 m). The banks are high, dry, overgrown with young forest. There is a narrow strip of reeds at the water's edge. In the middle there are two picturesque islands overgrown with hazel. One of the islands is called Walnut. The bottom of the lake is rocky-sandy and silted only in places. The shores are very winding and abound with many quiet coves where it is convenient to fish from a boat.
Two small rivers flow into the lake, and one flows out - Divitsa. The small village of Divo stretches along its coast. After flooding 4 km, the Divitsa river flows into the large Akatovskoe lake.
In Lake Divnoe there are roach, rudd, large bream and ide, huge humpback perch, pike, burbot and tench. Pike perch does not live in this lake, he moved to Akatovskoe.
Lake Divnoe has all the conditions for a good rest: excellent fishing, mallard ducks fly to the lake during the hunting season, and there is a lot of upland game in the forest. There are mushrooms and berries around the lake. It is not far to go to the village of Divo for groceries.
Active biting on the lake from May to late autumn. The main tackle here is considered to be a float rod with a worm, caddis flies and dough attachments. Large perches and pikes are used for spinning. Predators are also good at mugs and
"track". An excellent bite of perch and roach from a boat to a jig with an earthworm attachment.
V summer months bream is caught all day long with float and bottom fishing rods. Fishing line 0.2-0.25, weight - pellet, hook No. 8 with a long forearm, nozzle - brush of earthworms, feather float, long. Roach and rudd actively peck at meadow grasshopper and forest ant.
It is not difficult to get to Lake Divnoe: by bus "Smolensk - Demidov" up to 56 km, walk 200-300 m - and you are on the shore of the lake. The boat can be rented from local residents, but it is better to have a kayak or inflatable boat with you.
Lake Akatovskoe
This reservoir is located in a picturesque corner of the Smolensk region. The hilly shores of the lake are covered with pine forests, which are rich in berries and mushrooms in summer. The lake is of glacial origin. Its size is quite large - it stretches for 9 km in length, and its average width is about a kilometer. The depths are very diverse. Deep muddy pits alternate with rocky ridges - luds, the depth above which is 2.5 -3 m.
Maximum depth in the lake about 11m. Coastal zone overgrown with reeds in places. The water is clean - the abundance of springs flowing into the lake affects.
A variety of fish is found in the lake. There are a lot of pike perch, and there are two varieties - white and silver. The catches are dominated by predators weighing 2 - 5 kg, often caught fish and twice as large. The second place in the fish stock of the lake is occupied by bream. The fodder base of the reservoir is so rich that bream is here called fish weighing at least two and a half to three kilograms.
There is an abundance of roach in the lake. Experienced anglers can catch fish weighing one kilogram here!
There are also a lot of perch and pike in the reservoir, even whitefish has taken root.
Many fishermen, who have recognized this lake and adapted to it, will not exchange it for anything else. Fish at Akatovsky is caught all year round. In winter, the most interesting time is the first ice (December) and the end of winter (February, March, April). Large bream and pike perch are caught from the ice.
Lake Rytoe
The area is 178 hectares, the maximum depth is 20.4 m, the average is 6.7 m. Before the formation of the National Park on this lake, the Smolensk Society of Amateur Fishermen carried out fish-breeding and reclamation measures, and a boat station was operating.
Lake Rytoye is distinguished by a high number of fish from this. carp (bream, roach, silver bream, rudd). Currently, the largest number of fishermen visit this particular reservoir. Lake Rytoye belongs to the glacial lakes of the Smolensk region. It is located in the Demidov region. It is connected with the basin of the Western Dvina through the Elsha River. Rytoye was formed due to glacial erosion and therefore belongs to hollow lakes. In connection with the annual renewal of erosion processes, the origin of potholes and the regular alternation of pits are explained.
Since fishing on Lake Rytnoye is a pleasure, because it is the most stocked of the lakes of the national park. The lake is inhabited by 16 species of fish, of which two were found hybrid: crucian carp and roach bream.
Lake Chistik
Lake Chistik is located in Russia in the north of the Smolensk region, two and a half kilometers from the village of Przhevalskoe. It is part of the Smolenskoe Poozerie National Park. It is connected by a channel with the Sapsho lake located in Przhevalskoye, belongs to the Mezha river basin.
The total area of the lake is 57 hectares, the maximum depth of Chistik is 19.4 meters, the average depth is 8.9 meters. Lake Chistik is of glacial origin, rounded in shape. It is surrounded on all sides by sandy ridges, which are densely approaching the coast. It has a permanent groundwater supply, the surface catchment area is almost completely absent, which is extremely rare for lakes in northwestern Russia, but Chistik is unique in this respect. The basin of the reservoir is thermokarst in origin, the basis of the lake's nutrition is underground sources, which is the main reason for the extraordinary purity and transparency of the water. The Chistik's location among the hills is explained by the fact that the lake was formed from buried ice.
It is unique, lost among pine forest the lake attracts people with its magical purity of water, even at a depth the lake can be seen at a glance. Throughout the year, the transparency of the water in Chistik Lake does not fall below 4-6 meters. This is due to the fact that there are no natural drains in the lake. The emerald color of the water resembles the sea, and the lake itself emits positive energy that charges you for a long time.
The rugged bottom topography of the reservoir and the picturesque landscape attract spearfishermen and fishermen. The lake is inhabited by 10 species of fish, and although it does not differ in a large number of fish, there are quite large specimens of burbot, pike and perch, crayfish are found. Lake Ryto is adjacent to Chistik from the west.
On the this moment Lake Chistik is almost inaccessible for recreation. Such temporary measures were forced to take the tourists themselves, who do not clean up the garbage, because of which the anthropogenic load on the reservoir increased, unable to cope with the flow of waste, and this led to the fact that some representatives of fauna and flora, which are a kind of indicator of cleanliness, began to disappear. On the lake you can sunbathe, swim, pick mushrooms and berries, but it is strictly forbidden to make fires, put up tents and grill barbecue in the barbecue. Violation of these rules is subject to a fine. All tourist camps have been dismantled, and raid groups are regularly bypassed.
Lake Baklanovkoe
Lake Baklanovskoye is located in the Demidovsky district of the Smolensk region, about 80 km north of the regional center.
The lake is of glacial origin and is located on the territory of the Smolenskoe Poozerie National Park.
Baklanovskoe is one of the cleanest and deepest reservoirs of the Smolensk region. With an average depth of 8 m, there are areas up to 28 m in the lake. The length of the reservoir is about 3 km, width is 1 km, and the area is 221 hectares. The lake is flowing, the bottom is mostly sandy.
With its purity and relative inaccessibility, Baklanovskoe is attractive for rare birds... Such species as swan, osprey, white-tailed eagle nest here. Otters, beavers and minks are frequent guests here.
The species composition of fish inhabiting Baklanovskoye is very wide: bream, roach, redfish, silver bream, ruff, gudgeon: bleak, perch, gudgeon, pike; crucian carp, ide.
The main methods of fishing: boats with float and side fishing rods (bream and other carp fish); spinningo and circles (pike and perch).
Particularly attractive for anglers are the places around the large island in the middle of the lake, as well as the bays in the southern part of it.
On the bank of Baklanovsky there is the administrative center of the national park "Smolenskoe Poozerie", there is a comfortable recreation center for 100 people, a boat station. You can get to the lake by car from Smolensk along the road to the village. Przhevalskoe (before reaching this settlement 20 km).
Lake Sapsho
Geographical position
Lake Sapsho is located in the north-west of the Smolensk region and in the north-east of the Demidov region, 39 km north-east of the city of Demidov, 120 km north of the city of Smolensk. It is located on the Slobodskoy hilly-moraine upland, which belongs to the Smolensk-Moscow upland. It is the largest lake in national park... The terrain is hilly-ridged. There are two sand and gravel ridges (oza) on Lake Sapsho. One of them was partially eroded by glacial flows. This led to the formation of five islands. The other forms the western shore of the lake. This is the so-called Devil's Ridge. This name was given to the oz from the word "devil". After N.M. Przhevalsky acquired the western part of the lake, the border of his estate (line) began to run along this ridge. It is like a feature separating the steep shore of the lake and the lowland from the side of the villages of Maklakovo and Boroviki. The northern shore of the lake is also quite steep. Complete opposite- southern and eastern coasts. They are rather shallow. The relief of the bottom of the lake here is also not steep.
The lake is divided by islands into two parts - north and south. In turn, the bottom of the northern part is also divided into two parts - western (less deep) and eastern (here the depth of the lake reaches its maximum). A long and narrow underwater spit extends from the northern shore of Sapsho to the middle of the lake. Here, the depth of the lake does not exceed five meters. It ends in shallow water, the so-called "underwater island" or "sitnik". In this place, you can confidently stand in the middle of the lake waist-deep in water.
The lake belongs to the basin of the Western Dvina River. Area - 304 hectares, length - 3 km, width - 1.8 km, average depth - 7.3 m, maximum depth - 18.6 m, water volume - 21.3 million m3, transparency - up to 3 m, area drainage basin - 84 km? ... In spring (usually, in the middle and second half of April), there is a significant rise in water due to melting snow: up to 3-4 m. The release of the lake from ice is delayed by an average of 10-15 days and falls on the end of April - beginning of May. Bathing season usually falls in late June - early July. The lake water warms up best in mid-July. The lake freezes in the second - third decade of November. Sometimes the lake is covered with ice only by mid-December. The thickness of the ice is usually 50-70 cm. In the coldest periods, this figure can increase to 80-90 cm. The freeze-up period is 150-170 days.
The rivers
A small river Sapshanka flows into the lake from the south. From the west - Sapsha, which flows out of the lake in the east. Flowing along the lowland, the Sapsha flows into Lake Petrakovskoye after three kilometers. Both lakes are approximately at the same level, so the river flow is weak, and Lake Sapsho is classified as low-flowing. The area of the Petrakovsky lake is only 17 hectares. During melting snow or heavy rains, the water level in it rises much faster than in Sapsho. This leads to the fact that the Sapsha river changes the direction of the flow. This usually happens several times a year.Islands
There are 6 islands on the lake. 4 large: Chernetsky, Raspashnoy, Crimson, Long, and two small: Dubovy island and Love island. Five of them stretch along one line from west to east. They also form a lake (sand and gravel ridge), later washed out in some places by surface glacial sweats.Chernetsky Island. Local fishermen call him "the first". It is located in close proximity to the eastern coast of Sapsho. You can wade from the coast to the island. The island got its name because, according to legend, a long time ago, when “there was no landowner in Sloboda” and there was no village itself, there lived a hermit on this island, who was nicknamed Chernetsov. And from his nickname the island itself got the name Chernetsky. They say that the hermit was gloomy, but not evil-looking and meek behavior. He lived poorly and "waited for God's mercy." It is not known whether he died here or left somewhere.
Swing Island in the evening
The "second" island is Swing. It is so named because of its bay. The island seems to open up its arms when you drive up to it by boat from the south coast.
The "third" island is Crimson. There are many lindens on it, aspen and birch are found. In autumn, when the leaves turn yellow and red, the island turns crimson.
Crimson and Dolgy Islands (view from the observation deck located on the Devil's Ridge)
The border of NM Przhevalsky's possessions ran through this island. Since then, another name has been preserved for the island - Pogranichny. The name remained after Nikolai Mikhailovich bought the western part of the lake.
"Fourth" island - Long or Long. He received such names due to the fact that he is greatly elongated in length.
Love Island (view from the boat station near the Przhevalsky sanatorium)
The inhabitants of the village do not number two small islands. Dubovy Island is located between the southern coast of Sapsho and the Crimson and Ravashny islands. Almost all the trees on it are oaks. Sometimes this island is mistakenly called the Island of Love. In fact, such a name bears the same small island near the northern coast of Sapsho; on this shore there is a boat station and a beach of the sanatorium. Tourists love to ride on catamarans and boats around this island, as well as to moor to it.
Climate
Climate temperate continental... All seasons are pronounced. average temperature January - 9 ° C, July + 17 ° C. Refers to excessively humidified areas, precipitation from 630 to 730 mm per year. The average annual number of days with precipitation is from 170 to 190. The growing season is 129-143 days. The period with a positive average daily air temperature is 213-224 days. The average duration of the frost-free period is 125-148 days.Wet penetrating with cyclones air masses from the Atlantic in winter they cause a weakening of frosts and snowfalls, in summer - a decrease in temperature and rains. Arctic masses cause a sharp cooling in winter, and strong heating of the surface in summer.
The origin of the lake In the Devonian period, on the territory of the Smolensk region there was a sea, at the bottom of which layers of sedimentary rocks accumulated: limestone, dolomite, gypsum and sea salts. After the uplift of the land, the bottom of the departed sea underwent complex weathering processes. marine rocks... Later came sudden cold snap climate. The territory of the present-day Smolensk Lake District has also been glaciated. Lake Sapsho is of glacial origin. The last glacier, the Valdai glacier, disappeared, according to geologists, 15-20 thousand years ago. Individual blocks of ice that filled the lowlands of the preglacial relief, with the active melting of the glacier with powerful streams of melt water, which carried a large number of sand and clay particles turned out to be buried under layers of alluvial rocks. The buried “dead ice” melted later, as the climate warmed. According to geologists in this area, "dead ice" began to melt 8-9 thousand years ago. As voids formed in the ice, the alluvial rocks were projected onto the bottom of the hollows, and thermokarst lakes were formed. Sapsho also belongs to thermokarst. This explains the steepness of its banks and deep cliffs.
Flora and fauna Lake Sapsho is located in the zone of broadleaf-spruce forests. On the shores of the lake, indigenous pine forests have been preserved. The roots of the pine trees on the slopes are bare as a result of weathering processes.
Bream
In the past, the lake was rich in fish. At the beginning of the 20th century, commercial fishing was carried out on the lake. Up to 10 tons of fish were caught per year (mainly bream and pike perch). The pike perch was brought to the lake by N.M. Przhevalsky. It is believed that this species has now completely disappeared. There are 19 fish species in the lake. The ichthyofauna is dominated by bream, roach, thicket, and rudd. A tench is found in well-heated areas. The lake belongs to the type of "bream lakes". Here favorable conditions for all age stages of bream. Now the number of fish in the lake has decreased significantly. Some types of animals and flora the lakes are listed in the Red Book of the world, the Russian Federation or the Smolensk region.
Settling the coast of the lake
The shores and islands of Lake Sapsho were first inhabited in the 4th - 3rd millennium BC. e. There was a Neolithic camp on the eastern shore of the lake and on the right bank of the mouth of the Sapsha River. This is confirmed by the flint tools and flakes found here, fragments of neolithic pottery. On the island of Chernetsky, the closest to the eastern coast of Sapsho, Neolithic ceramics and worked flint were discovered. This indicates the settlement of this area by tribes of the pit-comb pottery.In the north of the lake and in the east, at the mouth of the Sapsha River, a settlement is found (its area is about 0.7 hectares). It occupied the cape of the coast and, for the most part, the territory of the modern cemetery. It was a settlement of the Tushemli tribes of the 4th-7th centuries. n. e. The cultural layer is 0.5 m in some places. A relatively large number of fragments of molded earthenware and broken stones that had been in the fire were found here.
Along the northern coast of Sapsho, at the top of the steep slopes, burial mounds of the Tushemlinsky tribes have been preserved. Some of them are located on private territory, in the gardens of the inhabitants of the village of Przhevalskoye. Others are in the park area. E. A. Schmidt divides the Sloboda burial mounds into 3 groups depending on their location. The groups are at a distance of approximately 250 m from each other. According to scientists, there were more than a hundred barrows here earlier, but some of them were leveled during the construction of houses and the arrangement of estates, some were excavated by archaeologists, local residents, or destroyed by the expansion of the modern cemetery. Basically, these mounds contained the remains of cremations. The mounds were studied by M.F.Kustsinsky and V.I.Sizov in the 1880s and I.S.Abramov in 1905.
etc.................
Rivers of Eurasia carry out almost half of all to the oceans river waters planets. In terms of river flow, the continent surpasses all continents. Most of greatest rivers the world (more than \ (3 \) thousand km long) is located in Eurasia.
Largest rivers Eurasia: Yangtze, Yellow River, Mekong, Indus, Lena, Ob, Yenisei, Volga.
Rivers are unevenly distributed across the mainland. The largest river systems are located in the North, East and South-East Asia... Small rivers predominate in Europe. The internal drainage basin occupies central part mainland. Some of the rivers (Volga, Amu Darya, Ili) flow into closed lakes (Caspian, Aral, Balkhash), others are lost in the desert sands.
Basin rivers The Pacific have a monsoon type of regime and are distinguished by high water content (Yangtze, Yellow River, Mekong, Amur).
The Yangtze is the longest river in Eurasia (\ (6300 \) m). It begins in Tibet, breaks through the rapids into the alluvial plain and flows into the East China Sea. The Yangtze in terms of runoff volume takes \ (4 \) -th place after the Amazon, Congo and Ganges with Brahmaputra.
Yellow River (" yellow River") Is the second longest river in Eurasia (\ (4845 \) m). The Yellow River annually brings over \ (1 \) billion tons to the Yellow Sea solid material, which gives the water of the river and the sea a yellow color.
By the rivers of the basin Indian Ocean also monsoon. The largest of them - Indus, Brahmaputra, Ganges, Tigris, Euphrates - are formed high in the mountains. The Ganges - Brahmaputra system in terms of water content takes \ (3 \) -th place after the Amazon and Congo.
Basin rivers Atlantic Ocean do not form large systems, have a smaller and more uniform flow, a variety of food sources. The largest river in this basin is the Danube (\ (2850 \) m), which flows through the territory or is the border of \ (10 \) countries.
Swimming pool Northern Arctic Ocean occupies the northern outskirts of Eurasia. The largest rivers of this basin - Lena, Ob, Yenisei - originate in the mountains and flow across the plains from south to north. They feed on melted snow, rain and glacial waters. In winter they freeze, and many of their small tributaries freeze to the bottom.
Volga (\ (3530 \) m) is the largest river in Europe. She is also herself long river internal drainage basin. It flows into the Caspian Sea, forming a powerful delta.
The largest lakes in Eurasia: Caspian Sea, Aral Sea, Baikal, Ladoga, Onega, Balkhash.
The lakes of Eurasia are numerous and varied. They are unevenly distributed over the territory and differ in the origin of the basins, in size, nutrition, temperature regime, salinity.
There are significant areas of glaciation in Eurasia. It is common on the islands of the Arctic Ocean and in high mountains... Not on any continent of the planet (except for Antarctica) has it received such distribution permafrost ... It occupies \ (1/5 \) of Eurasia.
A lake is a more or less significant mass of water, occupying a depression in the land relief, which does not have a direct connection with the sea. Lakes cover about 1.8% of the land surface, but are extremely unevenly distributed.
There are various lakes by area.
Lakes play a very important role both in nature and in human life. Like the seas, they have a warming effect on the world... Lakes also affect the relief, as they also carry out erosional and accumulative work.
The largest lakes
Victoria
Lake Victoria location: located in East Africa in Tanzania, Kenya and Uganda, at an altitude of 1134 m above sea level.
Lake Victoria area: 68 thousand km², dimensions 320 by 240 km, length coastline 7 thousand km
Lake Victoria depth: up to 80 m.
The way of feeding Lake Victoria: it gets its food mainly from heavy rainfall (more than from tributaries). The largest tributary is the Kagera River.
Inhabitants of Lake Victoria: crocodiles, lang fish, Nile perch and others
Lake Huron location: located in North America in the United States and Canada, at an altitude of 177 m above sea level.
Lake Huron area: 59.6 thousand km², volume 3580 km³, length of the coastline 6160 km.
The depth of Lake Huron: up to 230 m (average 60 m).
Rivers in and out of Lake Huron: Several small rivers flow into the lake, the St. Clair River and the Detroit River.
Inhabitants of Lake Huron: whitefish, trout, bream, catfish.
Michigan
Where Lake Michigan is located: located in North America in the United States, at an altitude of 177 m above sea level.
Lake Michigan area: 57.7 thousand km². Dimensions 500x190 km.
Lake Michigan depth: up to 281 m.
Lake Michigan inflowing and outflowing rivers: Connected to Lake Huron by the Mackinac Strait, which is 3 km wide.
Inhabitants of Lake Michigan: whitefish, sturgeon, pike
Tanganyika
Location of Lake Tanganyika: located in East Africa, in the Congo, Tanzania, Zambia, Burundi, at an altitude of 774 m.
Lake Tanganyika area: 34 thousand km², volume 30 thousand km³, length 650 km, width up to 80 km.
Depth of Lake Tanganyika: maximum 1470 m.
Inflowing and outflowing rivers of Lake Tanganyika: the largest inflowing rivers Malagarasi and Ruzizi, flowing out Lukugu.
Lake Tanganyika water temperature: during the year 23-26 degrees Celsius, remains up to a depth of 400 m.
Inhabitants of Lake Tanganyika: hippos, crocodiles, shrimps, crayfish, molluscs, more than 250 species of fish, many of them.
Baikal
Location of Lake Baikal: located in the south Eastern Siberia, in the territory Irkutsk region and the Republic of Buryatia.
Lake Baikal area: 31.5 thousand km², length 636 km, width up to 80 km, length of the coastline 2100 km.
The depth of Lake Baikal: the maximum is 1637 m, the average is 758 m.
Salinity of Lake Baikal: 100 mg / l
The inflowing and outflowing rivers of Lake Baikal: the inflowing Selenga, Upper Angara, Barguzin, the outflowing Angara. In total, more than 330 rivers and springs flow into the lake.
Inhabitants of Lake Baikal: seal, more than 50 species of fish, including omul, grayling, whitefish, sturgeon, burbot, taimen, pike.
Ladoga
Location of Lake Ladoga: located in the northwest of the East European Plain, on the territory of Karelia and Leningrad region.
Lake Ladoga area: 17.7 thousand km², volume 908 km³, length 219 km, average width 83 km.
The depth of Lake Ladoga: maximum depth 230 m, average 51 m.
The flowing and flowing rivers of Lake Ladoga: the rivers Svir, Volkhov, Vuoksa, Syas and others flow, the Neva flows out.
Water temperature of Lake Ladoga: in summer (in August) the water temperature in the lake reaches 17 degrees Celsius, in March 0.1 degrees.
Inhabitants of Lake Ladoga: salmon, trout, char, whitefish, vendace, ripus, pike perch, bream, ruff, perch, roach, pike, silver bream, bleak, blue bream, smelt, whitefish
A story about Lake Baikal for children on the subject of the world around you will help prepare for the lesson.
Lake Baikal short message
Lake Baikal is the most mysterious and enigmatic. Tourists have been admiring its beauty for many years. 336 rivers and streams flow into the lake.
The depth of Lake Baikal an average of 730 m. The maximum depth of the lake is 1642 m. Even at a depth of 40 m, the bottom is clearly visible.
Where is Lake Baikal located?
Baikal is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia. The lake is located on the territory of the Republic of Buryatia, as well as the Irkutsk region.
How old is Baikal? The exact figure difficult to name. Scientists traditionally determine the age of the lake at 25-35 million years.
Why is Baikal considered a unique natural phenomenon?
The main wealth of the lake is water, which accounts for 90% of all fresh water reserves in Russia and 20% of the world's total reserves. It is clean and transparent, and its oxygen saturation is 2 times higher than its content in ordinary water bodies.
There are two reasons for this phenomenon:
- The solubility of oxygen in water depends on its temperature. How less temperature, the more oxygen in the water. The water in Lake Baikal is very cold. At a depth of 100 m, it is no more than 3-4 ° С.
- Also, the water is saturated with oxygen by the algae.
Baikal water is also purified due to the activity of planktonic crustaceans. Crustaceans filter and absorb algae and bacteria cells. A clean water returned to Baikal. Sponges, molluscs and worms contribute to the purification of water by eating various dying organisms.
Lake Baikal softens continental climate these areas. Accumulating the heat received during the summer months, Baikal gives it back with the onset of winter cold.
Another inexplicable phenomenon is that the shores of the lake diverge at a rate of 1.5–2 cm per year.
Lake Baikal animals
More than 2600 species and subspecies of animals live in the lake, half of which live only in this reservoir. This lake is the only habitat - Baikal seals(seals).
The weight of Baikal seals can reach 130 kg and on land they become clumsy and defenseless.
In the waters of Lake Baikal, there are about 50 species of fish(omul, grayling, sturgeon, burbot).
Live near Baikal 200 species of birds(ducks, herons, waders, representatives of the eagle family).
Baikal problems
In 1996 Baikal was added to the List of Objects World heritage UNESCO. But human activities and tourists cause enormous damage to the environment. As a result, waterlogging of the once crystal-clear Baikal reservoir has taken on an alarming scale.
Besides:
- waste water from enterprises pollute water;
- Irkutsk hydroelectric power station, built on the main source of Lake Baikal - Angara causes shallowing of the lake;
- poaching leads to a decrease in the number of Baikal seals and omul, imperial eagles;
- predatory deforestation combined with forest fires- destroy this protected area.
Lake Baikal message for class 4 you can write using this information.
There are more than two million freshwater and salt lakes in Russia. The largest lakes in the European part of the country are Ladoga (17.87 thousand km2) and Onega (9.72 thousand km2) in the north-west, Lake Peipsi-Pskov (3.55 thousand km 4.58 thousand km²) on the Volga to the north of Moscow.
Narrow lakes from 160 to 320 km in length are located behind dams on the Don, Volga and Kama. In Siberia, similar artificial lakes are located on the upper Yenisei and its tributary the Angara, where the Bratsk reservoir, 570 km long, is one of the largest in the world. But they are all insignificant compared to Lake Baikal, the largest reservoir of fresh water on the planet. With a length of 636 km and an average width of 50 km, the surface area of Lake Baikal is 31.72 thousand km², and the maximum depth is 1642 m.
There are also countless smaller lakes located mainly in the poorly drained lowlands of the Russian and West Siberian plains, especially in the more northern regions... Some of them reach significant sizes, in particular, Lake Beloye (1.29 thousand km2), Topozero (0.98 thousand km2), Vygozero (0.56 thousand km2) and Lake Ilmen (0.98 thousand km2) on the territory of the European the north-west of the country, and Lake Chany (1.4-2 thousand km²) in the south-west of Siberia.
List of the largest lakes in Russia
We present to your attention the 10 largest lakes in the Russian Federation with descriptions, photos and geographic location on the map of the country.
Caspian Sea
The Caspian Sea is the world's largest inland water body (area: 371 thousand km²). It is called the sea, not the lake, since the ancient Romans who arrived in this region discovered that its water was salty, and named the sea after the Caspian tribes who lived near the lake's coast. The Caspian Sea is bordered by the following five countries: Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan and Iran. The main river the lake is fed by the Volga, which provides about 80% of the inflow of the Caspian Sea, and the remaining 20% comes from other smaller rivers.
The Caspian Sea is rich in oil and natural gas deposits, but the production of these is under development. Also, the mining process is hampered by the problem of separation natural resources lakes between the five countries bordering it. The Caspian Sea and the deltas of the rivers flowing into it are inhabited by about 160 species and subspecies of fish from 60 genera. About 62% of the species are endemic.
Baikal
Baikal is the deepest (1642 m), oldest (25-35 million years) and the most voluminous (23.6 thousand km³) of all lakes in the world; it is a superstar reservoir in the field of hydrology, geology, ecology and history. Today Lake Baikal contains about 20 percent of fresh water on the Earth's surface, which is comparable in volume to the entire Amazon River basin. Baikal has 27 islands, including one more than 70 km long (Olkhon Island).
More than 1,500 species of animals live near the shores of the lake, 80% of which are not found anywhere else on the planet. The most renowned representative fauna of Baikal is a seal that lives exclusively in fresh water... According to some reports, the population of seals is about 100,000 individuals. Also near the lake there are such large predators like the wolves, which occupy the top positions of the Siberian the food chain by feeding on deer, birds, rodents and smaller predators.
Ladoga lake
Lake Ladoga is the largest freshwater lake in Europe, located in northwestern Russia, 40 km east of St. Petersburg. The area of the lake is 17.87 thousand km², the volume is 838 km³, and the maximum depth at a point west of the island of Valaam it reaches 230 m.
The depression of the lake appeared under the influence of glaciers. The northern shores are mostly high and rocky, and are also divided by deep, ice-covered bays. Southern shores have many sandy or rocky beaches, mostly low, slightly concave, overgrown with willow and alder. In some places there are ancient coastal quays covered with pine trees. Most large tributaries are the rivers Volkhov, Svir and Vuoksa.
Found in the lake 48 different types fish, of which the most common are roach, carp, bream, pike perch, perch and smelt. Of the 48 species, 25 are of commercial importance and 11 are in the important commercial fish category.
Lake Ladoga also serves as a key stopping point for migratory birds of the North Atlantic Flyway, which usually mark the arrival of spring.
Lake Onega
Lake Onega- the second largest lake in Europe, located in the north-west of the European part of Russia, between Lake Ladoga and the White Sea. It covers an area of 9.72 thousand km², 248 km in length and up to 83 km in width. Deepest is about 127 m.
The basin of the lake was formed by the movement crust and glaciers. The high rocky shores in the north and northwest are composed of layered granite and are covered with forest. There are deep bays in Petrozavodsk, Kondopoga and Pevenets. The southern shores are narrow, sandy, often swampy or flooded. Lake Onega has about 1,650 islands, covering a total of about 260 km², usually in the northern and northwestern bays.
The lake is home to over 40 species of fish, including vendace (a small member of the salmon family), smelt, burbot bream, pike, perch, roach, and salmon. Many types of fish have significant economic value.
Taimyr
Taimyr is the second (after Baikal) largest lake in the Asian part of Russia, located in central regions the Taimyr Peninsula. It is located south of the Byrranga mountains, in the zone.
The lake and tundra area is a popular destination for birds such as geese, swans, ducks, rough-footed buzzard, peregrine falcon and snowy owls. Lake Taimyr is home to a large number of fish, including grayling, muksun, char and whitefish. Although the area is relatively remote, there is still a depletion of stocks of certain commercial fish species.
Taimyr is famous for the most large population reindeer in Eurasia. Also in this region are found such animals as argali, arctic fox, wolf and lemmings. In 1975 the area was re-entered.
The lake and its surroundings have been included in the Taimyr nature reserve... Scientists have discovered plutonium in the sediments of the lake, which supposedly entered Taimyr through wind-carried radioactive particles after nuclear tests held on Novaya Zemlya during the Cold War.
Hanka
Lake Khanka has an area of 4 thousand km², of which approximately 97% is located in Russia. The maximum depth of the lake is 10.6 m, and the average volume is 18.3 km². The lake is fed by 23 rivers, 8 of which are in China, and the rest in the Russian Federation. The only outflow is the Sungacha River, which flows eastward to the Ussuri River, which forms the international border, and rushes northward, where it flows into the Amur River.
Khanka is famous as the home of the highest variety of birds in the whole temperate zone Eurasia. At least 327 species of nesting, wintering and migratory birds were observed in the lake area.
Peipsi-Pskov lake
Lake Peipsi-Pskov is the largest transboundary and the fifth (after Ladoga, Onega, Swedish Venern and Finnish Saimaa) largest lake in Europe, located on the border between Estonia and Russia. It takes 3.6% of total area the Baltic Sea basin. A total of 30 islands are located on Lake Peipsi, and 40 more in the delta of the Velikaya River. Most of them rise only 1 to 2 m above the water level, and often suffer from floods.
About 54 types of coastal aquatic plants, grows in the basin of Lake Peipsi-Pskov, including reeds, calamus, reeds and various grasses. The waters of the lake are inhabited by 42 species of fish, such as smelt, vendace, bream, perch, pike, roach and whitefish. Wetlands serve as important nesting and feeding grounds for migratory birds such as swans, geese and ducks, which migrate from Of the White Sea To Baltic Sea... The region is home to one of the largest swallow colonies in Estonia.
Ubsu-Nur
Ubsu-Nur is the largest lake in Mongolia in terms of surface area (3.35 thousand km2), as well as the largest salt Lake in the country. The Ubsu-Nur basin is one of the most important biodiversity poles in Eurasia. Though most of the lake is located in Mongolia, its northeastern shores are located in the Tyva Republic of the Russian Federation.
The lake is shallow, very salty, and is a remnant big sea, which existed several thousand years ago. The basin covers an area of about 70 thousand km² and is one of the best preserved natural steppe landscapes on the continent. This is where the most Northern part deserts and most southern part tundra.
Reed and freshwater river deltas serve as resting and nesting sites for numerous migratory birds. More than 220 bird species can be found around the lake, including the black stork, osprey, white-tailed eagle, whooper and black-headed gull. About 29 different fish species live in the waters of the lake, one of which is fit for human consumption. The mountainous region is home to Mongolian gerbils, wild sheep and Siberian ibex.
Vats
Although Lake Chany is not well known outside Siberia, it is one of the most large lakes country. Vats is a shallow lake with salty and constantly fluctuating water, the level of which can change from season to season and from year to year. The lands of the lake basin serve as pastures for cattle.
Vats play important role in the fisheries of the region. The most common species are silver carp, carp, ide, and perch. V Lately there is a tendency of depletion of fish stocks of the lake.
Lake White
By area, Beloye is the second (after Onega) natural lake Vologda region, and the third (after the Rybinsk reservoir). It is one of the ten largest natural lakes in Europe. The lake has a relatively circular shape with a diameter of 46 km. Its area is 1.29 thousand km2, and the basin area is about 14 thousand km2.
The lake is famous for its fish stocks, the most famous delicacy is Belozersk smelt. Fodder base and high level oxygen create favorable conditions for the life of many species. The waters of the lake are widespread the following types fish: perch, pike, bream, ruff, sabrefish, roach, bleak, burbot, chub, rudd, whitefish, ide, tench, asp, dace and gudgeon).
Table of the 10 largest lakes in Russia
| Lake name | Area, km² | Volume, km³ |
Dimensions, km | Maximum depth, m |
Average depth, m |
| Caspian Sea | 371000 | 78200 | 1200 to 435 | 1025 | 208 |
| Baikal | 31722 | 23615 | 636 by 79.5 | 1642 | 744,4 |
| Ladoga lake | 17870 | 838 | 219 to 125 | 230 | 46,9 |
| Lake Onega | 9720 | 285 | 248 to 83 | 127 | 30 |
| Taimyr If you find an error, please select a piece of text and press Ctrl + Enter. |
Loading...
