Golomyanka - herself amazing fish Baikal: firstly, it is the only viviparous fish that lives here; secondly, it looks almost transparent, the spine and blood vessels are visible through the skin.
Golomyanka was first described by Peter Pallas in 1771: “Moreover, if there is something rare, and it is found in Baikal alone, then the fish, which the Russians call Kolomenka; it appeared here not very long ago, although there is not the slightest doubt that it was there before, only they did not notice it. It is as hard as a piece of bacon, and rightly so fat that if you fry it, only the back vertebrae will remain, and everything else is blurred. She never gets online, and has never been seen alive. Here, not without probability, they conclude that it is kept in the deepest only Baikal slabs, which have been explored in the middle and on the northern stone side ... What reasons would be in the sea, so that this fish would be driven to the surface, no one can say. Usually it throws it out in strong weather from the upland side, in summer most to the Posolsky Monastery and to Ust-Selenga. Often one has to see her after great storms, where she floats on the surface in great herds, and in some years she was so thrown away that she was lying on the bank, then the coastal residents had a fair profit from them to melt fat and sell them to the Chinese ... " ...
During one of the expeditions, Benedict Dybowski discovered that golomyanka are viviparous. The discovery literally thrilled scientific world... Before that, it was generally accepted that only fish of tropical waters are viviparous, and in temperate latitudes and in the north, fish spawn.
The lake is inhabited by two species of golomyanka - small golomyanka and large golomyanka. Moreover, both of these species are of autochthonous origin and formed in the Baikal waters about two million years ago.
Big golomyanka ( Comephorus baikalensis). Body length 22 cm. Almost a quarter of her body is a head with a huge mouth and teeth that fill it and grow, starting from the chin. Golomyanka is in constant motion. This allows the weak fish to effectively hunt macrohectopus crustaceans and fish fry. Vertical or oblique "hovering" is achieved in the big golomyanka due to neutral buoyancy due to the high fat content (over 40%) in the muscles.
In the large golomyanka, already at the fry stage, dark rather contrasting spots are formed. Then predominantly top part the body gradually darkens. In adult fish, the dark body color disappears, and the females become translucent pinkish with a whitish tint due to the high fat content.
Mating in the large golomyanka is observed in April-July, embryos are spawned in July-September, in the small one, respectively, in September-December and in March-April. The sexual cycle in the great golomyanka is predominantly one-time.
The age limit for females of the great golomyanka is 7 years, for males - 4 years. It makes daily vertical migrations: at night it rises behind food organisms to the surface of the water, and in the daytime sinks to a depth of 50-100 meters, where food organisms also descend. At these depths, it may be hiding from daytime predators, including from its older brethren, who do not miss the opportunity to feast on it. The golomyanka spends most of its life at great depths, where light does not penetrate and, it would seem, it does not need eyes. But for quite a long time she is also in the illuminated zone, where she gets her food, hunting for planktonic organisms, and here she needs eyes.
Small golomyanka (Comephorus dybowski). The body length is 14 cm. Vertical or oblique "hovering" is achieved in the lesser golomyanka due to the huge pectoral fins, total area which reaches 200% of the body area. Small golomyanka has a translucent pink-tinted body, on which rare dark pigment cells are located in a chain.
Despite the fact that this fish leads a solitary lifestyle, without straying into shoals, the golomyanka makes up a huge percentage of the biomass of all fish in Lake Baikal (about 200 thousand tons).
Baikal seal (Pusa sibirica) Is one of the three freshwater seal species in the world, the only mammal that lives in Lake Baikal. The scientific description of the seal was first made during the work of the 2nd Kamchatka, or Great Northern, expedition led by V.I. Bering. As part of this expedition, a detachment worked on Lake Baikal under the leadership of I.G. Gmelin, who comprehensively studied the nature of the lake and its environs and described the seal.
Until now, among scientists there is no single point of view on how this animal got to Baikal. Most researchers adhere to the point of view of I.D. Chersky that the seal entered Lake Baikal from Arctic Ocean through the system of the Yenisei-Angara rivers during the Ice Age, simultaneously with the Baikal omul. Other scientists do not exclude the possibility of its penetration along the Lena, which, as it is assumed, was a drain from Lake Baikal.
The average body length of an adult seal is 165 cm (from the end of the nose to the end of the hind flippers). Weight from 50 to 130 kg, females are more in weight than males. Linear growth ends in seals by the age of 17-19, and weight growth continues for a number of years and is possible until the end of life. The body shape of the seal is fusiform, without a pronounced neck. The extremities of the seal are flippers. The front flippers are very developed, with powerful claws. Live up to 55.
The seal is a good diver. She can dive to a depth of 400 m and stay under water for up to 40 minutes. Its speed of movement under water is 7 - 8 km. at one o'clock, maximum speed- 20 - 25 km / h. C more speed she swims when she gets away from danger. On a solid substrate, the seal moves rather slowly, fingering with fins and tail. In case of danger, he goes to horse racing.
The seal finds food in a well-lit area (25-30 m) and, apparently, there is no need for it to dive deep. The seal is capable of diving up to 400 m and can withstand a pressure of 21 atm. In nature, it can be under water for up to 20-25 minutes. - this is enough for her to get food or get away from danger.
Inhabits the northern and middle parts Baikal. In June, on the shores of the Ushkany Islands, you can see a particularly large number of seals. At sunset, the seals begin a massive movement to the islands. These animals are curious and sometimes swim up to drifting ships with a muffled engine, staying nearby for a long time and constantly emerging from the water. The seal is a good diver. She can dive to a depth of 400 m and stay under water for up to 40 minutes. Its speed of movement under water is 7 - 8 km. per hour, maximum speed - 20 - 25 km / h.
Non-commercial fish (golomyanka, Baikal goby) serve as food for the seal. For a year, an adult seal eats up to 1 ton of fish. The main food of the seal is golomyanka-goby fish. Omul comes into the food of the seal accidentally and in very small quantities, no more than 1-2% of the daily diet.
The seal gives birth to its cubs in a specially prepared snow den. Most of The seal is born in mid-March. Usually, the seal gives birth to one, rarely two cubs. Newborn weight up to 4 kg. The skin of the cubs is silvery or silvery-gray. Buryats call a young baby seal khubunk. The cub spends about 4-6 weeks exclusively inside the den, feeding on the mother's milk. By the time the lair collapses, it manages to shed almost completely. The mother takes care of the baby, leaving only for the duration of the hunt.
With the transition to independent fish feeding, the seals molt, the fur gradually changes color to silver-gray in 2-3-month-olds, and then to brown-brown in older and adults.
When the lake is frozen, the seal can breathe only through air vents - spare holes in the ice. The seal makes air by raking the ice from below with the claws of its forelimbs. Around her lair there are up to a dozen or more auxiliary vents, which can be tens or even hundreds of meters away from the main one. The vents are usually round in shape. The size of the auxiliary vents is 10-15 cm (sufficient to stick out the nose above the water surface), and the main duct is up to 40-50 cm. From below, the vents have the shape of an overturned funnel - they expand significantly downward.
According to observations, the seal sleeps in the water, as it is immobilized for a long time. Probably as long as there is enough oxygen in the blood. During the sleep of the seal, the scuba divers swam close to it, touched it and even turned it over, but the animal continued to sleep.
The seal is underway commercial hunting, about 6 thousand seals are shot annually. Arctic foxes are fed with seal meat, hats are made from fur, and used for padding hunting skis. Seal meat is eaten, and seal flippers boiled in water are considered a delicacy. Especially tender meat of young seals - khubunks, whose meat does not smell like fish and tastes like chickens. There are many vitamins in the liver of a seal. In the old days, seal oil was used in tanning and soap making. In 1895-1897. Seal bacon was mainly used in the Lena gold mines to illuminate mines. Local residents consider seal fat to be medicinal and use it for treatment. pulmonary diseases and stomach ulcers.
According to the staff of the Limnological Institute of the Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, currently about 120 thousand heads of seals live on Lake Baikal.
The seal is included in the IUCN Red List as a species close to extinction.
Sources:
Volkov S.N. Along Baikal. - Moscow, AST, 2010
E. N. Kuzevanova, N. V. Motovilova Baikal studies. - Irkutsk, 2006
Lake Baikal is known for its endemic inhabitants, which are not found in any of the other bodies of water on Earth. Golomyanka Baikal is the most interesting and peculiar of them, demonstrating that they can live in cold climates. Indeed, most live-bearers are guests from warm climatic zones... But not only the fact of live birth in cold conditions makes the golomyanka unique: everything in it is unusual and inimitable.
All about the viviparous endemic of Lake Baikal
There are two types of golomyanka: large golomyanka and small golomyanka. In the fish system, their place is determined as follows: class Bony fish, subclass of the Ray-finned, the Scorpaeniformes order, the Horned suborder, the Golomyankov family.
Features of the appearance and structure
Like most representatives of horned fishes, the skin of the golomyanka is not covered with scales and does not have any other rigid integuments. There are still others interesting features its type and structure:
- The body looks pale pink and almost transparent because there is almost no coloring pigment in the skin, except for very few pigment cells on the back and at the beginning of the caudal fin.
- The head is slightly flattened and rather large with a large oblique mouth.
- On the inner and outer surfaces of both jaws, there are numerous teeth in the form of bristles arranged in several transverse rows (this is an adaptation to feeding on small plankton).
- The pectoral fins are almost like flying fish, very long and unfolding like a fan.
- There are no pelvic fins.
- Two dorsal fins - one short and one long.
- The long and anal fin located below the second dorsal fin.
- A feature of all fins: they are transparent and their rays are very soft, thin and unbranched.
- This fish has no swim bladder.
Sense organs of golomyanka
Well-developed sense organs of golomyanka are the eyes and the seismosensory system. Fish golomyanka has eyes of a special structure, characterized by the absence of receptor cells - "cones" in the retina. In other fish (and in other vertebrates), both types of cells are present in the retina - both "cones" and "rods". The presence of only "sticks" that provide vision in low light means a significant specialization of vision. So the Baikal golomyanka is adapted to life in low light - at great depths.
The lateral line, representing in fish the outputs of the channels of the seismosensory system, is located in golomyanka on the sides of their body, but does not reach the caudal fin:
- The length of the lateral line in the great golomyanka reaches only the middle of the large dorsal fin (second from the head);
- The lateral line of the lesser golomyanka is even shorter: it does not reach the beginning of the second dorsal fin.
Below you see a photo of the Baikal golomyanka (large), where you can see the lateral line located close to the back, the end of which is lost behind the pectoral fin pressed to the body.
The seismic sensory system plays important role and in the orientation of fish in space, and in obtaining food. In golomyankas, the outputs of the channels of the seismosensory system are concentrated in the front part of the body; therefore, their lateral line is short, and there are additional channels on the head.
Lifestyle
Golomyanka live in the open waters of Lake Baikal, throughout the entire thickness from the surface layers to the very bottom, sinking to a depth of 1600 meters. The main limitation for them is the water temperature above 8, 5 - 9 degrees, at which they die. Golomyanka fish prefers a water temperature of 4-5 degrees, this is the most comfortable conditions for her.
Golomyanka is characterized by sedentary image life. Not being active swimmers, they just float in the water column for a significant part of the time thanks to their large pectoral fins.
Vertical migrations
Golomyanka, endemic to Lake Baikal, has adapted well to life in this reservoir with unique conditions. A feature of the golomyanka's lifestyle is vertical migrations, which they regularly make, moving from the upper layers to the lower ones and vice versa. Migrating constantly, they try not to leave the water layer with a comfortable temperature for themselves (4-5 degrees):
- This layer (its upper bound) in warm weather is located approximately at a depth of 250 meters, therefore, in summer there is no chance of seeing them close to the surface.
- By winter, the upper boundary of this layer rises to the surface of the lake's ice cover. Golomyankas also rise up, but are at a depth of about 25 meters (not higher). But individual specimens can be seen directly under the ice.
There is no exact explanation of the reasons for the migrations yet, there are two versions:
- Golomyanka move after their prey items. But the plankton that they feed on does not go below 100 meters, and golomyanka are often seen much below this depth.
- Diving to the depths, golomyankas escape from the pressure of predators, being food for many animals of Lake Baikal, for example, the Baikal omul and the Baikal seal.
Power features
There is very little information about the nutrition of golomyankas. It is known that their diet includes three components: crustaceans (copepod and amphipod) and their own juveniles. The quantitative ratio of these objects is different in adults and young, and each species of golomyanka also has its own ratio.
Let's see what the big golomyanka feeds on, and more specifically, its juveniles:
- In summer and autumn (July-November), 96 percent of its diet is copepod crustaceans (epishura).
- From December to June, the crustaceans of the Epishura are only 10 percent, but 65 percent of its food is juveniles of the Little Golomyanka.
What role do gills play in food selection?
To avoid competition for food, golomyanka (large and small) have different devices for "sorting" food items. The branchial stamens, located on the gill arches, form a kind of sieve so that food items do not jump out of oral cavity through the gill openings.
The number of stamens on the gill arches of the great golomyanka is less, so it can only hold large objects for food. On the other hand, in the small one, the number of stamens is greater, so it can retain smaller individuals of copepods.
Riddles of breeding golomyanka
Living in the water column, golomyanka do not bind to underwater substrates, even during breeding.
They do not lay eggs on the substrate, but incubate in their own body.
Therefore, they often say about the golomyanka: viviparous fish of Lake Baikal, implying viviparity, as a way of reproduction of this fish. But this is wrong.
More precisely, the method of reproduction of the golomyanka should be called ovoviviparity, because, developing inside the mother's body, the future larvae are in the egg (egg) and they take all the necessary nutrients from it.
The hatching of fry occurs inside the female's body and then the already developed larvae are "born". Nobody was able to observe the process of breeding of golomyanka directly.
Known Breeding Facts:
- Fertility ranges from 600 to 2500 eggs.
- The number of females in the population is much greater than that of males.
- Females containing developing embryos can be found throughout the year.
"Viviparous fish of Baikal" and its life cycle are still a mystery to scientists. There are unverified assumptions:
- female golomyanka reproduce once in a lifetime (like salmon and lampreys) and die immediately after spawning their larvae.
- puberty and the ability to reproduce is observed at 3-4 years and the maximum age is 8 years.
Which golomyanka is fatter and why?
If we look for the relationship between the lifestyle of golomyankas and the structure, then the high content of fat in their body is very easily explained.
Being constantly in the water in a suspended floating state, these fish must have devices for keeping their bodies in a certain layer of water, i.e. have neutral buoyancy.
These gadgets are:
- No swim bladder.
- The bones of the skeleton are thin, which reduces the weight of the fish.
- The accumulation of fat in the body of the fish also helps to reduce weight.
- Very big pectoral fins with a huge open surface.
The amount of fat in the body of golomyanka is different: in the large golomyanka it is 38, 9%, that is, much more than in the small golomyanka, which has 4.6%.
And the size of the pectoral fins, on the contrary, is greater in the lesser golomyanka: the length is 55 percent of the body length. The length of the pectoral fins of the great golomyanka is less than half the length of the body - 38 percent.
As a result of such subtle differences in the structure of golomyankas, they are adapted to soaring in different ways:
- Large golomyanka achieves neutral buoyancy due to the large amount of fat.
- The Lesser Golomyanka achieves the same result with the huge area of longer pectoral fins.
Natural enemies of golomyankas
Naturally, being such oily fish, golomyanka is included in the diet of other inhabitants of Lake Baikal. The second endemic of the lake - Baikal seal It feeds on golomyankas, and these fish are one of the main components of its food. Baikal omul also actively eats golomyanka. But this does not affect the number of golomyanka in Lake Baikal. There is evidence that the number of golomyanka in Lake Baikal is five times more than the population of modern China.
Interesting fact: locals They do not eat golomyanka, cats and dogs also refuse to eat. The fish is considered junk.
Listen to an interesting mini-lecture about golomyanka, which can be heard at the Baikal Limnological Museum in Listvyanka.
How many species of golomyanka live in Lake Baikal?
Golomyanka in her natural environment exclusively beautiful fish... They are pale pink in color, with pearlescent highlights shining in all the colors of the rainbow. This effect is enhanced by the rays of the sun passing through the uneven transparency of the ice. The body of the golomyanka is translucent, the eyes have a bright orange rim, like that of albinos. Large black letters on a white background can be read through the tail. Giant pectoral fins, covering half of the body, are completely transparent. Golomyanka's mouth is pretty large sizes, the open mouth is one and a half times the width of the body.
There are two species of golomyanka living in Baikal: the big one and the Dybowski golomyanka, or the small one. Both species are found at different depths to the very bottom. But the big golomyanka is more common at great depths. In the daytime, the small golomyanka keeps mainly at a depth of 250-500 m, and at night rises to the surface - up to depths of 50-100 m. Vertical migrations, especially in summer, are more pronounced in the small golomyanka. In winter, she was repeatedly observed swimming up to the very hole in the ice. Both types of golomyanka can live in aquariums, if only the temperature required for them is maintained at no higher than 6 ° C. Golomyanka, along with the planktonic crustacean macrohectopus, also eat their smaller counterparts, that is, they eat their juveniles. The sizes of the largest specimens of the largest golomyanka reach 25 cm, males - 16 cm. Females and males of the small golomyanka are noticeably smaller: females - up to 15 cm, males - up to 12 cm.
When does golomyanka spawn?
Golomyanka immediately gives birth to larvae, unlike all other fish living in Lake Baikal, which lay eggs in the lake or its tributaries to breed offspring. In the literal sense, the golomyanka does not spawn at all, that is, it does not lay eggs and does not have spawning migrations, as is inherent in all other fish in Lake Baikal. His offspring gives birth when the time comes, and in the place where he lives on this moment... For the birth of offspring, females of golomyanka rise to the upper layers to a depth of 250-500 m. This is probably necessary so that the offspring can feed on planktonic organisms here (epishura, fry of macrohectopus, etc.). Big golomyanka usually gives birth to its offspring in August-November; small golomyanka - in spring, before the release of Baikal from the ice. Large specimens of the great golomyanka give birth to 2-2.5 thousand larvae, the small golomyanka is almost 1.5 times less - up to 1.5 thousand larvae.
According to some authors, golomyanka die at the birth of offspring, while other viviparous fish (for example, mosquito fish from freshwater, sharks from marine ones) remain alive after the birth of offspring and remain capable of repetitive birth. No other aquatic organism in the world is known to have such a method of reproduction as in the golomyanka. How did it come about is a mystery? And is it not because it is a kind of dead end in the evolution of these fish, they are not found anywhere else in the world and were able to appear and survive only in Baikal? However, research recent years(Zh. A. Chernyaev) show that golomyanka do not always die at the birth of offspring. After fertilization of females, males remain alive or their insignificant part perishes.
In what temperature limits does the golomyanka live?
The temperature limits, in which the golomyanka have adapted to live, lie between 0.3-1.5 and 6-8 ° С. Under these conditions, she makes food migrations and gives birth to offspring. It is more often found at a depth of 250-1600 m, where the temperature is practically constant throughout the year and lies in the range of 3.4-3.6 ° C. Extracted from natural conditions, it falls asleep at 8 ° C, and dies at a temperature of 10-12 ° C.
Golomyanka fry can live for some time in warmer water than is needed for adults - 12-14 ° C.
Who eats golomyanka?
Seal consumes more than 40% of the annual production of golomyanka, or over 60 thousand tons. Some part of golomyanka is eaten by omul, pelagic gobies and golomyanka itself. Moreover, a large number of already dead females after the birth of their offspring are eaten by waterfowl and gulls.
What is the biomass of all golomyanka in Lake Baikal?
Golomyanki are the most numerous fish in Lake Baikal. Their total mass is about 150 thousand tons, which is 67% of the biomass of all fish. The annual growth of the golomyanka is about 150 thousand tons, that is, during the year, it seems to completely renew its entire population.
Where do the young golomyanka live?
It makes diurnal vertical migrations: at night it rises behind food organisms, during the day it sinks to depths of more than 100-200 m, where food organisms also descend. At these depths, it may be hiding from daytime predators, including from its older counterparts, who do not miss the opportunity to feast on it.
Why don't fishermen catch golomyanka?
Golomyanka does not form commercial and spawning stocks, lives in the water column in a dispersed manner. It gets into the network in very small quantities - up to 100 g per 100 m2 of networks per day. It would be possible to catch golomyanka with a trawl, but this is also unprofitable - about 0.5 kg of fish are caught by trawling. Attempts have been made to catch the light, but he does not attract her either. So The best way disposal of golomyankas - as feed for seals and omul. It is easier and more cost-effective to get these animals, although from the point of view rational use feed, this method is not the best, since at each trophic stage 9/10 of the energy accumulated at the previous stage is lost.
Live golomyankas are exceptionally beautiful fish in their natural environment. They are pale pink in color, with pearlescent highlights shining in all the colors of the rainbow. This effect is enhanced by the rays of the sun passing through the uneven transparency of the ice. The body of the golomyanka is translucent, the eyes have a bright orange rim, like that of albinos. Large black letters on a white background can be read through the tail. Giant pectoral fins, covering half of the body, are completely transparent. The mouth of the golomyanka is rather large; the open mouth is one and a half times the width of the body.Two species of golomyanka live in Lake Baikal: the large Comephorus baicalensis Pall, and the Dybowski golomyanka, or the small golomyanka, Comephorus dybowskii Kor. Both types of golomyanka are found at different depths to the very bottom. But the big golomyanka is more common at great depths. In the daytime, the small golomyanka keeps mainly at a depth of 250-500 m, and at night rises to the surface - to a depth of 50-100 m.Vertical migrations, especially in summer period, are more pronounced in the lesser golomyanka. In winter, she was repeatedly observed swimming up to the very hole in the ice. Both types of golomyanka can live in aquariums, if only they maintain the necessary low temperature water not higher than 6 ° С. Golomyanka, along with the planktonic crustacean - macrohectopus, also eat their smaller counterparts, that is, they eat their juveniles.
566. What is the largest golomyanka size?
The largest specimens of females are up to 25 cm, males - up to 16 cm. Females and males of small golomyanka are noticeably smaller: females up to 15 cm, males up to 12 cm.567. When does golomyanka spawn?
Golomyanka gives birth to live larvae, unlike all other fish living in Lake Baikal, which lay eggs in the lake or in its tributaries to breed offspring. In the literal sense, the golomyanka does not spawn at all, that is, it does not lay eggs and does not have spawning migrations, as is inherent in all other fish in Lake Baikal. He gives birth to his offspring when the time comes and in the place where he lives at the moment. For the birth of offspring, female golomyankas rise to the surface of the lake. This is probably necessary in order for the offspring to have the opportunity to feed on the planktonic organisms living here (epishura, macrohectopus fry, etc.). Big golomyanka usually gives birth to its offspring in autumn, in September - October; small golomyanka - in spring, after Baikal was freed from ice. Large specimens of the great golomyanka give birth to up to 2.0-2.5 thousand larvae, the small golomyanka is almost 1.5 times less - up to 1.5 thousand larvae.568. What is the difference between the birth of offspring in golomyanka in comparison with other viviparous fishes?
Newborn larvae for the first period of their life are in the near-surface water horizons. According to some authors, golomyanka die at the birth of offspring, while other viviparous fish (for example, mosquito fish from freshwater, sharks from marine ones) remain alive after the birth of offspring and are capable of re-birth. No other aquatic organism in the world is known to have such a method of reproduction as in the golomyanka. How did it come about is a mystery? And is it not because it is a kind of dead end in the evolution of these fish, they are not found anywhere else in the world and were able to appear and survive only in Baikal? The death of parents during reproduction also occurs in salmon fish(chum salmon, pink salmon, red). But these fish lay eggs, they are not viviparous and by their death help the survival of the offspring. The bodies of dead fish, gradually decomposing, enrich the water in the area of hatching from the eggs of fry organic matter and nutrients necessary for the development of food organisms for salmon juveniles. However, recent studies (Zh. A. Chernyaev) show that golomyanka do not always die at the birth of offspring. After fertilization of females, males remain alive, or their insignificant part perishes.569. How long does the golomyanka live?
The golomyanka matures in the 2-3rd year of life, therefore, it could live up to 10-15 years. However, it has not yet been possible to meet such high-aged individuals. According to the observations of E.A. Koryakov (1964), age limit Big golomyanka females are 7 years old, males - 4 years old.570. In what temperature limits does the golomyanka live?
The temperature limits in which the golomyanka have adapted to live lie between + 0.3 °, + 1.5 ° С and + 6 °, + 8 ° С.Under these conditions, it makes its food migrations and its entire life cycle associated with reproduction of offspring. It is more often found at a depth of 150-200 to 500-750 m, where the temperature is practically constant throughout the year and lies in the range of +3.4 + 3.6 ° C. Extracted from natural conditions, it dies (falls asleep) at a temperature of 12-14 ° C.At the same time, its fry can live for some time in warmer water than is needed for adults, - + 12 °, + 14 ° С, and at night they show a slight phototaxis. Perhaps this is the reaction of golomyanka fry not to light, but to the concentration of food organisms attracted by the light - epishura and macrohectopus fry. Corresponding experimental studies have not yet been carried out. We hope that the experiment will be carried out in aquariums under pressure up to 50-100 atm., Which corresponds to natural conditions the life of the golomyanka at depths of up to 500-1000 m.
571. What does golomyanka eat?
The fry feed on epishura, cyclops and juveniles of macrohectopus. Adult golomyanka consume mainly the macrohectopus crustacean, as well as their juveniles (cannibalism) and juveniles of pelagic goby fish - yellowfly and long-winged. Their own juveniles in the diet of golomyanka are about 20%. During the year, golomyanka and pelagic gobies utilize up to 1 million tons of epishura.572. Who eats golomyanka?
Seal consumes more than 40% of the annual production of golomyanka, or over 60 thousand tons. Some part of golomyanka is eaten by omul, pelagic gobies and golomyanka itself. In addition, a fairly large number of already dead females after the birth of their offspring are eaten by waterfowl and gulls.573. What is the biomass of all golomyanka in Lake Baikal?
Golomyanki are the most numerous fish in Lake Baikal. Their total weight about 150 thousand tons, which is 67% of the biomass of all fish. The annual growth of the golomyanka is about 150 thousand tons, that is, during the year, it seems to completely renew its entire population.574. Where do the young golomyanka live?
It makes daily vertical migrations: at night it rises behind food organisms to the surface of the water, and in the daytime sinks to a depth of 50-100 m, where food organisms also descend. At these depths, it may be hiding from daytime predators, including from its older brethren, who do not miss the opportunity to feast on it.575. How does golomyanka balance body weight in water?
Golomyanka have zero or even slightly negative buoyancy and balance their body weight due to their high fat content in muscles and internal organs(the fat content in the big golomyanka reaches 43-44% of its weight, in the small golomyanka the fat is much less - up to 8-9%). Two large golomyanka females with a total weight of 80 g are equal in calories to an omul weighing 340 g or a grayling 500 g. The calorie content of a large golomyanka is 3 times higher than that of a sturgeon.576. Why is the visual pigment of the eyes preserved in the golomyanka?
The golomyanka spends most of its life at great depths, where light does not penetrate, and it would seem that it does not need eyes. But for quite a long time she is also in the illuminated zone, where she gets her food, hunting for planktonic organisms, and here she needs eyes.577. Why don't fishermen catch golomyanka?
Golomyanka does not form commercial and spawning stocks, lives in the water column in a dispersed manner. It gets into the network in very small quantities - up to 100 g per 100 m 2 of networks per day. It would be possible to catch golomyanka with a trawl, but this is also unprofitable - about 0.5 kg is caught in one hour of trawling. fishes. Attempts have been made to catch the light, but he does not attract her either. Therefore, the best way to dispose of golomyanka is as food for seals and omul. It is easier and more cost-effective to get these animals, although, from the point of view of rational use of feed, this method is not the best, since at each trophic stage, 9/10 of the energy accumulated at the previous stage is lost.Siverskoye Lake is located in Vologda region, on its banks is the city of Kirillov. It is about one hundred and twenty kilometers from Vologda. The lake has been known since antiquity; in written documents of the 15th-17th centuries, one can read about the sacred Siverskoye Lake. There are several islands in the lake, on which, according to legend, there is a cross, which was erected by Saint Cyril. The length of the lake is 6.6 kilometers, and the width is 3 kilometers, great depth reaches 26 meters.
Lake Siverskoe is located in national park"Russian North". The Sviyaga River flows into it. It is believed that the lake has very good fishing, there are many fish in it: roach, bream, ide, pike, pike perch, burbot, perch and ruff. The water in Siverskoye Lake is cold, in July the water temperature is about 17 degrees.
On the shore of the lake there is a male Kirillo-Belozersky monastery.
Megorskoe lake
Megorskoe Lake owes its appearance Lake Onega... The reservoir was formed on the site of the lake channel. The water accumulated for a long time until it reached an area of 40 square kilometers. At the same time, three bays even arose - Kedrinsky, Chagozer and Kobylin.
With a lake width of almost six kilometers, its length reaches eight kilometers. Maximum depth- a little more than three meters. The bottom is covered with silt, sand or underwater plants... The lake is filled with natural sediments, dozens of streams flowing from the plain, as well as from swamp drains. Because of the latter, the water in the reservoir is always cloudy. This is very good conditions for fish. The lake is home to pikes, burbots, ruffs, crucians, perches, pike perch. Sometimes a Baltic smelt swims up, which smells fresh cucumbers... It is best to eat it dried.
Andozero
Andozero is a lake located on the Belozerskaya ridge in the Volgograd region. The area of the mirror surface of the water is almost 45 square kilometers. Coastline it is dissected by protruding peninsulas, which optically divide the lake into four reaches. The coast is mostly swampy, overgrown with reeds and reeds, in places covered with wooded vegetation. Several small streams and rivers flow into the lake, the largest of which is Materka, and the Andoga River flows out.
Fish is found in Andozero, mainly represented by species such as pike, bream, smelt and roach. There are several settlements on the coast of the lake.
Shichengskoe lake
Lake Shichenga is very a nice place area, but it is not easy to get to it. It is surrounded by swamps on three sides. You can drive up to the lake from the side of the pine forest. A knurled road leads to the reservoir. Even a passenger car will pass.
The lake itself is small, slightly elongated. Its area is about 10 square kilometers. With a width of two and a half kilometers, the length reaches about five kilometers. Moreover, it is not deep, although there are places where it is two and a half meters to the bottom. Most often, such sites are in the middle of the lake.
The water in the lake is flowing, but slightly cloudy, since a third of the water comes from swamps. Also, two rivers flow into Shichengskoye - Gluhaya Sondushka and Sondushka. A river with the same name Shichenga originates in the lake.
Shimozero
Shimozero was recently added to the list unique objects Russia. The reservoir was noted for its picturesque and extraordinary view. The lake is a sinkhole filled with water. Its area is 10 square kilometers. With a width of five kilometers, the length of the reservoir reaches six kilometers. Among the locals, it is considered deep lake... In some places, the depth is up to four meters.
Dolgozero is located next to Shimozero. They are interconnected by a narrow duct. Also, the Vekshruchei flows into the lake and the Syurga River originates. With such small parameters, there are several islands in the lake. One of the largest is Nerostrov.
Oshta rural settlement is located on the shore of Shimozero. There used to be many villages where Finns lived. They are now empty.
Novozero
Novoozero has very small parameters. The area of the reservoir reaches a little more than 12 square kilometers. The catchment area in total is over 140 square kilometers. Despite this, the lake itself is very deep. In some places, the depth reaches 10 meters. Therefore, you need to be extremely careful when swimming or riding a rubber boat.
Lake Andozero is located next to Novoozero. They are interconnected by a narrow channel called Nova.
Although Novoozero is small, it contains big islands... One of them used to be a monastery, the building of which is now occupied by a prison, where they are serving a life sentence. Another island was given to the village of the same name, where the staff of the colony mainly live. There are residential villages along the shores of the lake. These include Ekimovo, Volkovo and Anashkino. But in the villages of Petryaeva Gorka and Pyzhelokhta no one has lived for a long time. Houses have long been desolate.
Nikolskoe lake
Nikolskoye Lake, despite its small parameters, is very famous in the region. Many people go to him because of fishing. It's no joke, because there are so many fish that no lake in Vologda can boast of. Here you can find pike, tench, pike perch, crucian carp, roach and many other things.
As for the size of Nikolsky, its area is only six square kilometers. The length and width of the lake is almost the same and reaches three kilometers, thereby giving the reservoir the shape of an even circle. By the way, this very rare for the Vologda region. Basically, there are lakes of elongated shape, there are even some that look like long rivers.
The water in Lake Nikolskoye is slightly turbid. This is all because of the thickets of duckweed. Where the banks are surrounded by reeds, the water is even more or less transparent. The bottom of the lake is covered with silt, sand or underwater plants. There are places cleared for the beach. You can safely swim without being afraid that you will bump into a snag.
White lake
Beloe is a lake in the Vologda region, quiet, calm. The beautiful scenic shores around the lake complement the blue beauty of the lake. Bely is 46 kilometers long and 33 kilometers wide, with an average depth of six meters. The deepest point of the lake is 33 meters. Around Lake Beloye, the Belozersky canal, 67 km long, is laid, which bends around Beloe from the west and south.
The name "White" lake received, as it is supposed, from the clay, which is at the bottom. Mixing with water, the clay gave it a white color.
The lake is considered a fishing spot. It contains pike perch, pike, bream, ruff, blue bream, chekhon, ruff, roach, perch, bleak, burbot, asp, rudd, vendace, ide, crucian carp, tench, chub, silver bream, dace, gudgeon. But the most valuable of the entire large list of fish is considered the Belozersk pike perch, which lives in the lake almost all the time.
Soydozero
The name of the lake Soydozero with Finnish translated as a pipe or whistle. Why such a name is still unknown to historians.
Outwardly, the lake seems small, but in reality it is not. The area of Soydozero is almost four square kilometers. The depth of the lake is also not serious. In some places it reaches two meters, but most of the lake can be crossed on foot without getting your rolled-up pants wet.
The lake is annually replenished with water from flowing streams, underwater waters, natural precipitation. There is a river near the reservoir, which originates in Soydozero. It is called the same as the lake - Soida. In those parts, as a rule, it is clean and almost clear water... What can not boast of Northern part lakes. There the water surface is completely covered with duckweed, the banks are silted. On the other hand, century-old pines and spruces grow along the banks, which are united into a nature reserve.
Palozero
Palozero is a freshwater lake. The water in the reservoir is clean and can be easily used for food. What, in fact, say and do the inhabitants of the village of the same name, located in the northern part of Palozero. The reservoir for them is the main source of life. People use not only the water, but also the riches of the lake. All caught fish goes to the markets and bazaars of the Vologda region.
This is primarily a pike, which grows there up to three meters. Crucian carp, pike perch, perch are not bad competition for the predator in terms of biting. In addition to fishing, villagers grow fruits and vegetables. Fortunately, humid air and abundant moisture from the lake only contribute to this.
Outwardly, the lake is slightly elongated. Its area is only one square kilometer. But despite such small parameters, the reservoir is deep. The average depth is about one and a half meters. In the middle of the lake, it can be up to five meters.
Lake Vozhe
Lake Vozhe - largest lake in the Vologda region and the entire northern region. Its area is 422 kilometers, the length of the lake is also impressive - 64 kilometers. Width - from 7 to 16 kilometers. Such dimensions give the lake an elongated shape. Previously, Lake Vozhe was called Charonda, since the once magnificent city of Charonda was located on its shores. The city grew up on the site of the waterway to white sea across the lake Charondskoe. When they stopped using the path, the city literally began to die, turning first into a small village, and then into an empty, dilapidated ghost town.
Lake Vozhe is shallow, the deepest is about five meters. In the center of the lake is the Spassky Island, where you can see the ruins of an old monastery of the 17th century.
Vozhe is very rich in fish. Here you can catch pike perch, pike, perch, bream, ide. The shores of the lake are very beautiful, covered with greenery, forest, in some places they are swampy.
Kubenskoe lake
Lake Kubenskoe is located in the Vologda region, belongs to the river basin Northern Dvina... The lake was formed at the site of a glacier melting, has an elongated shape, and is 110 meters above sea level. The lake is quite long - 54 kilometers and 12 meters wide. These dimensions give the lake an elongated shape. The deepest lake is 13 meters, the usual depths are 1.2 meters. The lake is very shallow to the shore.
The lake freezes over, it happens somewhere in late October - early November. It is freed from ice in April or May. The lake is rich in fish, there are Kubenskaya nelma, whitefish, pike, roach, ide, bream, crucian carp, burbot, perch, ruff. So a pleasant trip and a walk to the lake can be combined with good fishing.
Now Lake Kubenskoye also serves as a reservoir for Vologda.
Lake Druzhinnoe
Lake Druzhinnoe is really small in size. Its parameters are very small. The reservoir covers an area of about 14 square kilometers. It is about five kilometers long and a little over four kilometers wide. The depth in the middle of the lake reaches three meters, and in coastal zone barely holds up to one and a half meters.
The lake itself is round in shape. The banks of the Druzhinnoye are mostly flat and overgrown with reeds. The bottom is without driftwood and stones, covered with sand or silt. These are excellent conditions for fishing. In addition, there are a lot of fish here. Most often bream, pike and perch are caught on the hook.
In addition, the lake area is very picturesque nature... Around the forest, bushes with wild berries. In autumn, many come here for mushrooms and do not return with empty buckets.
Kemskoe lake
Lake Kemskoe is rightfully considered a part of the basin the mighty river Upper Volga. And this is despite the fact that its area is almost tiny. It is just over two square kilometers. The lake itself is long. With a width of almost two kilometers, the length reaches up to nine kilometers. And the depth is generally ridiculous, about a meter. You can walk the entire lake without getting your outer clothing dirty.
Now the lake is unkempt. It has long been overgrown with algae that cover the water surface of carpets. And this despite the fact that several rivers flow into the reservoir - Yanishevka, Soida and more than a dozen streams. And the Kema river has its origin in the lake. Although, the locals remember very well the times when tons of fish were caught from the lake. It was sold all over the country. From those beautiful days, only memories remain, yeah Pine forest along the shores of the lake.
Lake Katroma
The shape of Lake Katroma is round. Its area is almost 15 square kilometers. With a reservoir width of four kilometers, its length reaches five kilometers. At the same time, the depth is shallow. Basically one and a half to two meters, but there are areas where it can be up to three meters. The lake water is fresh and clean. It can be easily eaten. It's all because the lake is replenishing groundwater and streams flowing down from the plains. In addition, the Katroma River originates in Lake Katroma.
On the northern and southern sides, the lake is swampy. central part quite picturesque. Water lilies, egg capsules, arrowheads and duckweed grow in the water. Tourists often come there to relax or just go fishing. And the bite here is really excellent. The rod can be used to catch pike, ide, perch and roach. The latter is delicious both fried and dried.
Lake Kovzhskoe
The parameters of Lake Kovzhskoye are quite impressive. Its area is over 60 square kilometers. The body of water itself is very long. With a width of four kilometers, its length reaches almost 20 kilometers. From the satellite, the lake looks very much like a river.
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