Contents Purpose Kostochnating Campfire Platform for Campfire Warming Means for Breeding Fire Entry For Breeding Fire Preparation Fuel Preparation How to Reliable CyparthKak Reliable Bonfire Preparation of Food Picks
The appointment of the fire is extremely large: it is warm, the ability to warm up, dry clothes and shoes; It is necessary for cooking; This is one of the options for serving the rescuers; The fire scares predators; It helps calm down, feel more protected.
Preparing a fireplace for a fire if there is a turf, take it off, turn the grass down and squeeze around the fire. Remove the foliage, cheva, the grass around the fire is 1 1.5 m (may challenge) if there is an opportunity, sidewalls it with stones. Make under the fire litter from raw logs, sand, clay. (Otherwise, the fire will penetrate into a peatman and an underground fire will begin).
It is impossible! The fire can not be breeding directly near the trees, in coniferous youngsters, in areas with dry reed, cane, moss, or grass, on cutting, where there are remains of forest combustible materials (dry branches, leaves, etc.), on peatlands, as well as in Forest on rocky places.
Before the campaign, each boxes of matches need to be packaged into a plastic film, also put the matchboxes in a bubble with a hermetically fit plug (or rubber bag, a metal case for matchboxes that protect them from wetting and mechanical damage). Wet matches can be dried in her hair under the cap going to the cattle in nature, you need to have matches, candles and lighter grid.
Fuel for cooking for cooking is suitable for birch trees and alder, which burns smoothly and almost without smoke. If you need to break a big bonfire, then the best firewood will be made of pine, cedar and spruce dry. If the lamps are different, it is necessary to smash at least part of them along into two parts, and if it is thickly thick, then four. The split launches flare up faster. The fine twig goes in the first two or three minutes; Aspen and fir firewood are bad in that it is too much to shoot sparks.
General Tips: Use for a fire predominantly dry coniferous rocks. If it rains in the forest, then small lower branches of coniferous trees remain dry, dried on the trunk. Raw and rotten firewood give a lot of smoke, but little heat. The fallen trees are often raw firewood in advance and more, so as not to run at night in search of fuel; Fuel in flavored areas you can serve dry bushes, grass, reed, kizyak
General advice thicker firewood is put on top not very tight to ensure air access. If the fire does not flare up for a long time, you must inflate it (increase air access). For this, a hat, a bowl, a storm, a broom of branches, is suitable, in rainy weather, the fire is diluted under the cover of the cape or a raincoat, which holds two tourists. The stronger the wind or rain, the more dense the extracts and firewood on the fire in the crude cold weather can be (if it allows the reserve of firewood) to decompose two bonfire. The first for cooking, the second for drying clothes and equipment is necessarily needed to have a duty that will support the fire and ensure that things are not burned
Questions 1. Why can not be separated from the fire until it finally does not footprit and coals will not be filled with water? 2. What measures to save matches dry do you know more, except those stated in a couple of column? 3. What methods of extracting fire do you know? 4. In the picture on the next page you see the guys who choose a fireplace. And what do you think, where should it be decomposed?
Head facilities for the dilution of fire If the matches did not turn out, you can get the fire with the help of remedies. With the help of a lens: to restore the sun ray you need to work (you can make from cotton, bandage, fluff, finely mounted dry bark or pine crust). The stalking clutch should be carefully inflated until it lights up.
Chairs can produce fire also with a silica and steel subject (chairs). (In the absence of a silica, any solid stone can replace it, but an outer ax, a file can be a satell. Sliding strokes began to catch the sparks onto the clutch, and then carefully inflate it.
Friction fire can be obtained by friction. 1) "Onions". To do this, make out of a young birch, legged onions with a freely stretched guy. The scoop can serve as a stone with a notch. From the wood of poplar, pine, cedar, elm, lindens, or willow make a drill (make it from dry stick with a diameter of 1-2 cm, the upper end is smoothly inculping, and the lower left is rough). From the same or more solid dry wood, make a board (flaw) with a width of up to 10 cm, up to 0.5 m long. In two centimeters from the edge of the board, make a deepening (pit) for drill, and from it the expanding slot, through which resulting from friction Black powder will fall on the fencecloth. Luke Obnni's guide once around the drill and, holding his upper end, move the onion back-back, turning the drill with a slight pressure before the appearance of intensive smoke. Work will continue as long as you do not have confidence that the sparks hit the clutch. 2) If there is a steel wire, then with its help you can also get the fire. Spring wire under wooden bar and quickly-quickly pull it right and left. It will heat up and lit a clutch
Soviets in crude cold weather can be (if it allows the reserve of firewood) decompose two campfire. The first for cooking, the second for drying clothes and equipment (next to him put sticks to which you can hang wet things). Before him, it is necessary to have a duty that will support the fire and ensure that things are not burned. The shoes are put to the fire inner (not sole). After drying, the shoes should remain slightly wet and soft, it cannot be brought to a solid state.
Information hour
Topic: "Rules for breeding fires"
Purpose of classes: Create conditions for familiarization of students with the rules of boning rules, to promote the understanding of the risk of fire.
Tasks:
Acquaint students with the objectives of breeding fires, various types of fires;
To form the skills of the right choice of space for safe dilution of fires;
Shape students' skills to comply with the rules of fire safety and prevent various injuries;
Promote the prevention of fires in the forests.
Form of: Information hour.
During the classes
The teacher welcomes students and calls them to be collected and attentive to successfully learn the new material. Wishes students of interesting and fruitful work, provides a positive emotional attitude and psychological readiness for the upcoming communication.
Actualization of knowledge
1. What natural complexes are "light" of our planet?
A) mountains; B) forest; C) swamp; D) desert.
2. List the causes of forest fires.
A) abandoned cigarettes, matches;
B) abandoned glass bottles, fragments;
C) blowing lightning;
D) not bonfires;
E) burning dry grass;
E) malfunctions of the exhaust system of vehicles.
3. Forest fires, depending in which forest tiers the fire spreads, are divided into:
A) lower; B) riding; C) underground.
4. The rate of forest fire distribution depends on:
A) the area of \u200b\u200bthe tanned forest;
B) environmental humidity;
C) wind.
5. List your actions when a forest fire is detected.
A) Call the Ministry of Emergency Situations by phone 101;
B) if the fire is small - try to put out it on your own;
C) quickly leave a dangerous place, no one to report a fire;
D) leave the fire zone in the windward side perpendicular to the edge of the fire;
E) when leaving the fire zone to use the terrain (clearing, rivers, lakes, streams, wetlands).
Introduction
Now guess the riddle
Tourists will come to the camp,
It is divorced by the evening,
He will hide for a long time
His warmth to warm them (bonfire)
What is needed in the forest bonfire? (children's responses)
Topics and tasks
That's right, without it, it is impossible to solve the problem of heating and drying clothes, cooking and lighting during autonomous existence in natural conditions. But the bonfire is a fire. One of the types of fire is good for drying clothes, the other - for cooking. What do they differ? What types and types of fires come? Here we will talk about this today. The topic of our current lesson "Rules for breeding fires".
Plan:
1. Selection and preparation of a fireplace, the rules for breeding a fire, harvesting of firewood.
2. Vida Kostov
3. Measures in case of fire.
First point of our lesson Choice and preparation of a fireplace? Why is it important to be able to choose a fireplace? (children's responses).
Because in the worst case, with the wrong selection of space, a fire can begin.
Where can I plant a fire? What do you think?
And what do you think where it is impossible to breed fires? (children's responses).
To maintain fire should take care of firewood. They can be prepared to harm not only for cooking, lighting and heating camp.
Bone breeding can be carried out with various purposes: for feeding a disaster signal, cooking, drying clothes, perform any ritual actions (holidays for carnival, joys), but most often they are burned during short-term rest in nature. The last option is most dangerous.
Bonfire "Shalash", He is "Pioneer", "Pyramid".
Such a fire is divorced when it is required to get a lot of heat in a short time - quickly warm up, dry things. The fire is very hot and voracious, requires a lot of firewood. Gives a lot of light, very good when you need to light the camp.
Bonfire "Star" ("Star").
Economical, long burning fire. Convenient for cooking and overnight stay of several people. People stacked around the fire and periodically make "their" logs to the center.
The fire "Well" (lamps are folded by a frame). Gives low and wide flames. Long burns. It gives a lot of heat, it is also suitable for cooking and heating, the consumption of firewood is lower than that of the "Shalash", but also high. Quickly gives a lot of coal. The extract is set by "slag", a "well" is built around it.
The fire "Taiga"forms a few logs of a length of 2-3 meters, it burns for a long time, does not require frequent lining of firewood. You can cook food, dry things and spend the night near without a tent. A few hours is burning with a flat flame, then smolders and gives a strong heat.
Bone "Nodia". Gives a strong wide flame. Heats on all sides. Long burns.
Fizkultminutka
Now let's imagine that we go through the forest.
I go and you go - once, two, three. (Step on the spot.)
I sing and you sing - once, two, three. (Clap in your hands.)
We go and we sing - once, two, three. (Jumping in place.)
Very friendly we live - once, two, three. (Step on the spot.)
Actions in case of sunbathing dry grass or branches
Small foci of fire to stew, throwing sand, earth, pouring water, taping the legs. With indirect signs of a fire, look around the terrain from the sublime point, install the hearth and. Direction of fire distribution;
Feeling the smell of smoke, go closer, Determine: What is burning, in which side the wind blows, what is the risk of spreading the fire, the presence of children in the fire zone. Decide immediately - you will try to extinguish the fire or hurry for help, since, to., Overestimate your capabilities, you risk losing time and give fire to gain strength. Report that happened on the nearest telephone or through the messenger in the fireguard.
Pour the fire with water from the nearest reservoir, fall asleep the earth. Use to extinguish a bundle branches from hardwood trees or a quarrel with a length of 1.5-2 meters, wet clothing, dense fabric. Apply sliding blows on the edge of the fire on the side towards the fire focus, as if a felling flame; Cress the branches at the next impact therefore there is a place and turning, cool them in this way. Tap a small fire with your legs, do not let him spread to the trunks and crowns of trees. When the fire spread along the crowns of the trees, the trees not touched by the fire on his way (the crown of the place of fire).
Acquaintance with Articles 15.29, 15.57, 15.58 Code of the Republic of Belarus on Administrative Offenses:
1.Attage 15.29. Involvement of fire safety requirements in forests or on peatlands.
Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or on peatlands or a ban on their visit, which has not caused damage to damage, entails a warning or imposition of a fine in the amount of up to twenty-five basic values.
Violation of fire safety requirements in forests or peatlands, resulting in the destruction or damage to the forest or peatlands, if there is no composition of the crime in these actions, the imposition of a fine in the amount of from twenty-five to fifty basic quantities.
2.Acks 15.57. Illegal burning of dry vegetation, herbs for the root, as well as stubborn and outfit residues in the fields or failure to eliminate Palov.
The illegal burning of dry vegetation, herbs on the root, as well as stubborn and the fires in the fields or the failure of measures to eliminate PALOV on land - entail the imposition of a fine in the amount of ten to forty basic quantities.
3.Acks 15.58. Bone breeding in prohibited places.
Bone breeding in prohibited places, with the exception of violations of fire safety requirements, the responsibility for which are provided for by other articles of the special part of this Code, entails a warning or imposition of a fine of up to twelve basic values.
Consolidation of new knowledge
Solving problem situations (work on options).
Situation 1. You need to climb clothes. Do you hang it closer or away from fire fire?
Situation 2.. By chance, your hat fell into the fire or lies near the fire. What needs to be done so that it does not burn: pull it out with hand or stick?
Situation 3.Corner fell out of the fire. What needs to be done: pour it with water to cool, and throw back to the fire or leave to go around the fire?
Check of knowledge
1. The last match was used for the campfire. What needs to be done to keep the mined fire for a long time:
a) constantly maintain a fire, organizing duty;
b) make a broom of dry plants and set fire;
c) fill the bucket by rotating coal and maintain their deposition;
d) set fire to dry drunk stump;
e) Fill the bucket with fir or pine cones and set fire?
2. What should be the place for breeding a fire:
b) in rainy weather it is necessary to breed a fire under the tree, the crown of which should exceed the base of the fire by 6 m;
c) The place for breeding a fire must be cleaned of grass, leaves, shallow snow?
3. What are the basic circumstances to ensure security, you will take into account when collecting a fire:
a) the fire should be protected from a strong wind by branches, a tent, a wall of stones, etc.;
b) a bonfire, divorced in shelter, highlights carbon monoxide;
c) Wide bonfire is divorced for heating, and for cooking - cone-shaped?
4. You are eleven people and you need not only to cook food, but also to dry the wet things to warm up. What type of fire for this will you choose?
A) Bonfire "Star" ("Star"). B) Bone "Shalash".
C) Bonfire "Taiga". D) Bonfire "Well".
E) Bonfire "Shalash", he "Pioneer", "Pyramid.
Summarizing
To understand, love and take care of nature, take care of her, multiplying her invaluable wealth - everyone's debt. After all, love for nature is a particle of love for homeland. A true friend and defender of nature is designed to be resting. He must not only protect it, but also to teach this others. Take care of the forest. Do not rub the trees and shrubs on the poles and stakes for the tents, do not break the branches for the device forces, bedding and other things. For bonfire breeding, use only a dog. Waste and garbage burned or instill in the ground.
The teacher brings students to the awareness of the achievement of the goals. Students formulate rules for safe behavior in the forest.
Reflection.
In conclusion, the teacher asks to continue the sentences (to choose from)
At the lesson, I learned (a) that ...
I was especially surprised ...
I understood (a) why ...
I would like to find out...
I studied (studied) ...
I can tell, teach ...
List of sources used:
1. Basic life safety. 7th grade. Vangorodsky S.N., Latchuk V.N.
2. Life safety safety. 7th grade. Smirnov A.T., Khrennikov B.O. (2011, 207c.).
3. Safety of life activity. 7th grade. Frolov M.P., Yurieva M.V. et al. (2012, 144c.).
This methodological material for the lesson is compiled according to the technology of "Development of critical thinking", such forms of work are very interesting for students and give an excellent result of the quality of learning.
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Obzh lesson in 6 "in" class.
Teacher: Bogorodskaya Marina Aleksandrovna
Technology: "Development of critical thinking"
Theme lesson: "Bone breeding with matches. Place for the fire. Types of fires. "
Objectives lesson:
Learn how to choose and cook a place for a fire, familiarize students with species of extracts, a device of fire, the rules and methods of burning a fire, various types of firebread and mandatory fire safety regulations;
Development of critical thinking of students;
Education of a careful attitude towards the forest.
During the classes
1. The organizational moment
Present a poem"Bonfire" Russian poet Sasha black from the wonderful cycle of poems "Children's Island":
Hey, kids,
Welcome in Kuch
Prickly spiny
Chips and cones,
And on the top
Leaves and chips ...
Matches live!
Fire like snakes
From the branch of the branch
Circling the cage,
Runs and plays
Fucking and glowing ...
Spike! Kryaks!
Let's hands -
And we will jump around the fire.
No better thing -
Welcome fire in broad daylight.
Fire burns,
And the smoke eyes terribly eats
Bonfire cracks
While he does not get bored ...
Careful, Devora,
Further, farther from the fire -
You can light up.
Excellent game ...
Hey, firefighters, it's time
It will turn you!
Leate water on fire.
Raw Earth and Sand,
But the foot of the coal is not trick -
The shoe will light up.
Suffered siny, bumps ...
Leite, Leite, Children!
Once, once, once again ...
Here is our bonfire and went out.
I. Vysov
Without which it is impossible to solve the problem of heating and drying clothes, cooking and lighting during an autonomous existence in natural conditions, for example, when did you get lost in the forest or your vehicle crashed in deserted terrain? (student responses.)
Well, of course, without a fire. But the bonfire is a fire. One of the types of fire is good for drying clothes, the other - for cooking. What do they differ? What types and types of fires come?
- Statement of a question.
Most people seem to incite the fire not much difficulty. But even in good weather, not everyone can do it quickly, and it will turn into a problem in the rain to turn into a problem for many. Do not everyone know that there are different types of fires. How to choose the one that will be most useful to you in this situation?
- So, what do you know about the fire? What do you associate this word?
- Individual work (1-2 minutes) - Each student records everything that knows about the bonorable.
- Information exchangein groups (pairs) knowledge or information about the fires.
- Announcement of each group of facts, all the facts (information) are recorded by the teacher incluster (Cluster-bundle, bush), while simultaneously establishing causal relationships. In the preparation of the scheme, there is a discussion of other groups, and put marks. If there are doubts: icon?, If there is no doubt, then the icon +
And, of course, there are always questions that require additional clarification. This is how close attention should be paid to the subsequent study of this material.
II.staddia
- Students work with the text (on the sheet) using the methodinsenet (Insert- marks in the fields).
Breeding fire
The principle of breeding the fire itself is not complicated. First, the extracts are ignited - some material that is capable of giveing \u200b\u200ba sufficiently large flame to give a short time, so that quite thin dry branches with a match with a match. Then lining the bitch more, approaching the thickness of the pencil. When these, these, put the following, thicker in the finger. So, gradually put on the fire more and thicker firewood. It is clear that all firewood should be necessarily dry.
There is usually paper, less often - berson. It is only necessary to remember that it is unacceptable to remove Barriest to tramples from Birch. Beresto usually stockfall, when a rotten or fallen tree is found during the transition. Experienced tourists often cost without paper or bark. As a crossbow, they use either very thin Luchin (almost chips), which is taken from the middle of the dry is full, split along, or the fact that tourists are called a cobweb - a small dry sprigs of ate. They can almost always be found on a large ate if you look under the hanging branches in the trunk.
The extractors are usually placed directly to the ground, and on top of it are put on her branches or rays from the first batch of fuel, but not the entire harvested cob or lady, but only part of them, so that the extroduction is not littered with them. Indeed, in such laying there is a sense: twigs or rays lying in the inclined position, it is easier to flare up. Merging should be on the bottom - then it will prieng all, to the end. If you roam the extractor from above, it is often ruled only its upper part, and then the flame goes out: the fire down extends very badly.
Kostov species
In reference books and guidelines, it is customary to divide fires into smoke, heat and fiery. Flue fires are used for signaling and to scare away mosquitoes, blinding, benus; Heavy - for cooking, drying things, for warming people, if they spend the night without a tent by the fire; Flames - for lighting Bivak and cooking.
There are several basic types of such fires (Fig.24).
Fig. 24. Types of fires:1 - "Well"; 2 - "Shalashik" ("cone");
3 - "Star"; 4 - "Taiga"; 5 - "Taiga-2"; 6 - "Taiga-3";
7 - "Three Logs".
"Well". Two are put on the corners in parallel, at some distance from each other; across them - two more, etc. Such a design in appearance, indeed, resembles a wellblock. It provides good air access to fire, and lamps usually burn evenly along the entire length.
"Shalashik" , or "cone". Lengins are placed on the corner obliquely to the center. At the same time, they partially rely on each other. With this design, the firewood is burned out mainly in its upper part, but, thanks to the close side of their burning parts, the flame is powerful, hot and concentrated. This fire is beneficial if you need to boil water or quickly cook something in one bucket, saucepan, kettle. If you need to hang on fire not one question, but a few and, moreover, it is desirable that everything is ready at the same time, then "Shalashik" does not fit. It is better to take advantage of some other kind of fire, at least the same "well."
"Star" . Lena lays on a pile of coal from several sides by radius from the center. The burning occurs mainly in the center, and as the firewood burns, they are promoted closer to the center.
"Taiga" . This bonfire is necessarily mentioned in tourist directories and manuals. However, if you take different directories, it turns out that there are completely different designs, fires under this title. Here are the main one:
1. The bonfire is folded from long lanes in two rows, two or three are full in each row. Both rows intersect at some angle. At the same time, the top row is put so that it intersects with the bottom over the pile of coal. The location of burning is in the intersection of both rows.
2. Near coals are put in thick. The rest are put on it with one end. Breast of coal is under them.
3. Three four-four are fitted on cornes closely or almost close to each other. The burning goes along the entire length of the lane, mainly in the places of their contact.
As you can see, in all three cases, laying firewood into the fire is completely different. However, something in common between them is. The principle of mutual warming up of burning surfaces, separated only by narrow slots, is always used. Due to this, the heat is enhanced, and there is a fairly strong vertical thrust between the logs, although they lie very close to each other.
Speaking about the types of fires, above everywhere it was indicated that these bonfires fold out of the lane. But, of course, exactly the same bonfires can be folded from non-painted trunks of various thickness.
Selection and harvesting of firewood
In the previous sections about the firewood, only one thing was said: they should be dry. Let's talk about them in more detail. The best firewood is made of coniferous trees. For the experienced travelers, it is customary to give preference to the pine and cedar, as they are little sparkle. However, this is essential only if there is no night not in the tent, and next to fire, so young tourists can assume that the spruce is no worse than pine and cedar. The dry larch and fir are also burning well. The latter, however, often "shoots" coals. From hardwood is better than others - birch, but even it is considered worse than coniferous trees. It is often surprising for those who have earlier with chimney heating: when buying firewood always give preference to birch. The fact is that purchased firewood is pre-dry. And besides, they are usually not immediately allowed to be immediately allowed, but fold into the field, where they still dry. Under these conditions, birch, indeed, more economical pine and ate. Otherwise, the business is in the forest, where firewood goes into the fire immediately. The dry birch birch is almost always rotten, the more fallen, which usually turns into a duch. Neither the rot, neither the root on the fire, is understandable, do not fit. But the coniferous rocks are significantly less susceptible to rotting - this prevents the resin.
Campfire in the rain
Let's start with the simplest - with matches. To dilute a fire in the rain, you need to have dry matches. In the group, there must be matches in the waterproof packaging. This is besides those crowds that lie in the pocket of the fire or attendants. There are many ways to seal matches. But, first of all, it is necessary to decide which sealing is complete or incomplete.
For incomplete sealing, the box of matches are put in the plastic bag and turn it around several times around the box. For complete sealing in the same polyethylene pack, the neck is brewed using an iron or soldering iron. Incomplete sealing is quite sufficient to protect matches from rain. But if the matches somehow fall into the water, it will not help. Full sealing guarantees the safety of matches in all cases, but it exists, naturally, only until the first case of applying matches. To take advantage of the matches are brewed in a plastic bag, you need to break it. Thus, complete sealing is more reliable, and incomplete - more convenient in circulation.
Hold these matches not somewhere in a backpack, but always with you. If the tourist goes in a stormy, they lie in the breast pocket; Removing the storms, he immediately shifts matches in pants or in his pocket shirt.
- Information are recorded in the table:
Using keywords and phrases, fill in the table.
III. Stage of reflection
1.Bested with class on questions:
What about what you read, have you already become familiar?
What was the new information read?
What caused you doubt or what did you disagree with?
Let's call questions that arose when reading and try to answer them.
2. Return to the cluster, addition to new information.
3.Practic work (5 minutes):
Task 1. Fold the fires of the following types: "Shalash", "Well", "Star", "Taiga".
Handout:
Briefing according to.
5.Synwane (reflection)
Repetition Rules for building a poem:
For example:
Bonfire
Hot, fiery
Heats, smoke, lights
You need to know how to dry the fire
the fire
Skinway reading rules:
The speaker comes out before the class, it appears, sits on the chair, reads Sinwen, after which everyone should pat.
Homework Individually on issues that cause doubt.
Text "fires"
- Place for fire
- Prepared aside from trees, bushes (no closer than 4-6 meters)
- Purted from forest garbage: herbs, dry leaves, cones
- It is better to even remove the top layer of turf
- Put this place with stones
- It is dangerous to breed a fire close from dry grass and in a dry coniferous forest, on peat soil
- And if the snow? Clear place before the Earth. Deep snow is tightly dried, do it flooring from raw logs and branches.
- Flooring the fire
- Types of firebones
- "Shalash".
- "Well" good in raw weather.
- "Star"
- "Taiga"
- "Nodia"
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Briefing according to.
- Do not breed a fire near the trunks and on the roots of trees.
- Do not breed a fire under low crowns of trees
- It is impossible to breed a fire in coniferous youngsters.
- It is impossible to break a fire in the thickets of a dry root or other grass.
- It is forbidden to breed a fire on the peatlar.
- It is impossible to approach the fire in nylon and other flammable clothes.
- It is impossible to work near the fire with loose hair.
- It is strictly forbidden to throw powder and other explosives into the fire, to add gasoline and other flammable liquids into the fire.
- Have a shovel with yourself so that in the event of a fire in the nearest grass, a foliage that has fallen a cheva, etc. Fall asleep his land.
Briefing according to.
- Do not breed a fire near the trunks and on the roots of trees.
- Do not breed a fire under low crowns of trees
- It is impossible to breed a fire in coniferous youngsters.
- It is impossible to break a fire in the thickets of a dry root or other grass.
- It is forbidden to breed a fire on the peatlar.
- It is impossible to approach the fire in nylon and other flammable clothes.
- It is impossible to work near the fire with loose hair.
- It is strictly forbidden to throw powder and other explosives into the fire, to add gasoline and other flammable liquids into the fire.
- Have a shovel with yourself so that in the event of a fire in the nearest grass, a foliage that has fallen a cheva, etc. Fall asleep his land.
Briefing according to.
- Do not breed a fire near the trunks and on the roots of trees.
- Do not breed a fire under low crowns of trees
- It is impossible to breed a fire in coniferous youngsters.
- It is impossible to break a fire in the thickets of a dry root or other grass.
- It is forbidden to breed a fire on the peatlar.
- It is impossible to approach the fire in nylon and other flammable clothes.
- It is impossible to work near the fire with loose hair.
- It is strictly forbidden to throw powder and other explosives into the fire, to add gasoline and other flammable liquids into the fire.
- Have a shovel with yourself so that in the event of a fire in the nearest grass, a foliage that has fallen a cheva, etc. Fall asleep his land.
Briefing according to.
- Do not breed a fire near the trunks and on the roots of trees.
- Do not breed a fire under low crowns of trees
- It is impossible to breed a fire in coniferous youngsters.
- It is impossible to break a fire in the thickets of a dry root or other grass.
- It is forbidden to breed a fire on the peatlar.
- It is impossible to approach the fire in nylon and other flammable clothes.
- It is impossible to work near the fire with loose hair.
- It is strictly forbidden to throw powder and other explosives into the fire, to add gasoline and other flammable liquids into the fire.
- Have a shovel with yourself so that in the event of a fire in the nearest grass, a foliage that has fallen a cheva, etc. Fall asleep his land.
For example:
Water
Transparent clean
Sit kills pour
Water source of life of the Earth
Liquid
Rules of compilation of synkievine
- 1 noun
- 2 adjectives
- 3 verb
- 4 words - your attitude to the topic
- 1 word-synonym for the 1st Word
For example:
Water
Transparent clean
Sit kills pour
Water source of life of the Earth
Liquid
"V" - knew (a)
"+" - a new fire burning
- It begins with the workpiece of the Machine: Beresto, Dry Slops, Gnilushki from the Hollow, Dry Moss, Dry Grass, Chips, Luchin, Smoliest Slices of Crust Tree Core and the so-called "fiery sticks" from resinous stumps of coniferous trees.
- Prepared extracts are laid under the shabby or well, a small dry brushwood and ignites
- After that, dry bumps are added to the fire, a dry ripe trees is better coniferous trees or coniferous dry.
- Types of firebones
- Bigs are smoke, heat and fiery. Smoke to drive mosquitoes and moshkar and to supply a signal about its location. Flame - Light the place of the prival, heat the food, boil the water. Heat - for cooking, drying things.
- "Shalash". This type of fire is convenient if you need to boil the water or cook something in one bucket or a saucepan.
- "Well" good in raw weather.
- "Star" Requires constant supervision, otherwise go out, fireproof.
- "Taiga" Does not require frequent lining of firewood.
- "Nodia" It consists of three large logs of 2 - 2.5 meters long. Two logs need to put it closely, the extras are stacked on top, after the extractor will turn around well to put the third log. Such a fire can burn for several hours.
In the event of an extreme situation of autonomous existence, a largest bonfire can be brought. It will make it possible to warm up at low air temperature, cook hot food and drink, which is especially important if there is injured in the group. The bonfire is also a purely psychological sedator, from which it makes hope, confidence in a safe outcome of the case. In a word, be able to breed the fire anywhere and with all weather conditions it is very important.
But there are situations when none of the victims do not find lighters, matches, or they are hopelessly otned, i.e. There is no one of the elements of the "triangle of fire" (see 1.3). In this case, one of the ways specified in Figures 140-144 will have to be produced.
The easiest way to get fire, causing a solid rock (silicon, sulfur chest and other) sliding blows with satell. Metal items can be used as a chair: a file, the opposite side of the knife blade, the blade of the ax. The direction of strikes should be so that the sparks fall on
the clutch is flammable or smoldering material (Fig. 140). The success of the case depends on its quality. Therefore, the clutch can be prepared in advance and carry in hermetic packaging.
It is possible to make a clutch from a piece of medical wool, having impregnated with a concentrated solution of potassium nitrate and drying well. The clutch can also be made of a piece of pure wool or cotton fabric. It is dried on a weak heat until it starts burning around the edges. Not giving fabrics to ignite, it is removed from the fire and placed in hermetic packaging.
If there is no pre-harvested cloth, it can be made in an extreme situation using a small dry beered, primary pine or cedar bark, wood dust from the trunk, made by insects, reed and bird fluff, - in one word, everything that begins to smooth or flammable when Finding on them sparks.
If it is possible, the clutch before use can be coined with gasoline, alcohol, or some other combustible material.
Several other ways of mining fire are based on the effect of heat release by friction. The most productive of them is a drilling method. To do this, it is necessary to make onions, "drill", support and a bummer (Fig. 141). Onions can be made from any branch length about a meter, a diameter of 2 - 3 cm. As a tale on it there may be a robust rope, a narrow strip from the cut strap.
For the manufacture of support, it is necessary to split in half a scrabble of a solid tree of wood (the best material is dry larch). It is desirable to make both the "drill" from the same breed. For this, a dry branch with a diameter of 1 - 2 cm is suitable and a length of 15-20 cm. The upper part of the "drill" should be sharpened with the form of a sphere or a cone with an angle of about 60 °, the lower - in the form of a cone with an angle of 30 °. Under the same angle on the surface of the support, at 1.5 - 2 cm from the edge, they make a small deepening where the "drill" is inserted by the lower end. The "drill" spitter is pressed against the support. Therefore, it should also be made of solid wood, and it is better to use a stone with a small deepening. After that, the "drill" is overlooked the guy.
Rotate the "drill", moving onions back and forward, it is necessary at the beginning slowly, gradually increasing the speed. At the same time, the "drill" is not too much pressed through the spike to the support. Initially, appears at the deepening of the smoke. But the work must be continued for some time until a certain amount of brown powder appears in the recess. Heated powder can flash down the edges of the deepening. If this does not happen, then you should carefully inflate the powder, attached to it in advance the cooked truth. Working together (Fig. 142), you can do without a bow. Otherwise, the order of work remains the same.
Easy of this method does not guarantee fast success. And it depends on many factors: the correct selection of wood, the quality of the cloud, the pressure forces on the "drill", weather, etc. As a rule, this method can be successful only in the summer in dry weather.
In the case of the victims of the rifles, you can set fire to the shots. To do this, a bullet or fraction is removed from the cartridge, as well as a part of the porch. The sleeve is clogged with a cotton, dry moss, a ball of fabric or shallow beerates. The shot is produced in the ground next to the laid crude. You can pour out a part of the pouring to the clutch and try to set fire to it, carving sparks with a satell.
If, with a vehicle accident, the battery or batteries remain unharmed, then they can be used to produce fire (Fig. 143). The short circuit of the advantage and minus contacts will give a powerful spark that can ignore the clutch.
The task is greatly simplified into clear sunny weather. With the help of a lens from a camera, binoculars, glasses can focus the sun's rays into the cloud and thereby ignite it. Focusing the rays into the cloud, the lens should be kept motionless (Fig. 144). To do this, you can prepare any stop for your hand.
There are also chemical methods of extracting fire based on self-burning of various mixtures. With a motor accident, antifreeze can be used (radiator coolant) and potassium permanganate (manganese), which should be in a car aid kit. To do this, the teaspoon of mangartee is poured on paper or cloth, 2 - 3 drops of antifreeze on it. After that, the sheet should be tightly collapsed, put on the ground, put the terminal on top. In the process of oxidation, a large amount of heat is highlighted, capable of ignite paper and set fire to the clutch. Do not pour a lot of fluids - from this heating rate decreases. The speed of heating is reduced and with a loosely rolled paper.
The same effect gives a combination of manganese with glycerin, which may be in a medical aid kit as a means used to mitigate the skin and mucous membrane during its illness. In this case, mangartage is poured on a dry surface, several drops of glycerin drip it on it. After the appearance of smoke, a few more glycerin drops are added, which may be critical - a bright flash occurs from which the cooked truth is set.
In all cases, the mining of fire should be at first to carefully prepare. To do this, it is necessary to prepare a clutch, fine distillers, small and large branches for subsequent after the fire of the campfire breaker. There must be prepared and place for the fire.
When breeding fire, weather conditions must be taken into account and try to further eliminate their negative impact. During the wind, it is necessary to find a quiet, closed place or build a windproof wall. It is difficult to extract the fire during the rain, as the air humidity is very high and the clutch cannot be saved dry. In such a situation, friction fire production methods become ineffective, and if there is no possibility to use another way, it is worth waiting for the cessation of the rain.
Campfire without matches requires a skill, big patience, and sometimes this process lasts for quite a long time. Once the contamination of the fire, we must try to keep it for the entire period of autonomous existence. So they did our ancestors, belonging to the preservation of fire as a sacred duty. Save the fire, being in place is easy. Requires permanent duty to maintain it (wood should always be at hand). At night, you need to collect smashes and coals into a pile, fall asleep their layer of ash, cut the ground from above. In case of rain, you can cover the place of the fire as an awning. In the morning it is enough to unprove the land and ash and inflate the heads. After that, it is easy to braid a fire. It is necessary to take care that firewood, giving good coals, and not extending completely used in the evening. You can use for this knocked closed or a small root.
It is more difficult to keep the fire if the group (or one person) is in motion. Glowing coals, floating ashes, can be transferred to the bowler, a bucket or tin can. In the absence of containers, another method is used. From the birch, the bark is removed to all its thickness - before the wood. A layer of dry ground is poured on the massacled bark, then the layer of ash. It is necessary to put glowing coals on the ash and fall asleep as a layer of ash, then the lands. After that, the Beresto must neatly turn into a roll, tightly tie and close the ends of the roll of barking, wooden plugs (Fig. 145). It is necessary to transfer such a roll in a vertical position, prejudice from shaking.
A torch in which thin rays are shifted with dry moss are tightly turning the bark. Such a torch, a thickness of up to 15 cm and a length of 70 cm, will save the fire about 6 hours.
Teacher: Beanskaya S.I.
Slide 2.
Purpose Kostroma
Slide 4.
Playground for fire
Slide 5.
- Choose a cleaner protected from a strong wind.
- Clean the estimated fireplace from dry grass, foliage.
- You can lay a fire with stones.
- Do not divide the fire near dry trees.
Slide 6.
If the snow is shallow, filming it and incite the fire on the ground. With deep snow you can make flooring.
Slide 7.
Preparation of a fireplace
Slide 8.
If there is a turf, take it off, turn the grass down and squeeze around the fire.
Remove the foliage, cheva, grass around the fire for 1 - 1.5 m.
Slide 9.
If there is an opportunity, to sort it with stones.
Make under the fire litter from raw logs, sand, clay. (Otherwise, the fire will penetrate into a peatman and an underground fire will begin).
Slide 10.
Kostov species
Slide 11.
- Flames - for cooking and lighting.
- Heavy - for cooking, heating, drying things.
- Smoke - to scare away mosquitoes, midges and signals.
Slide 12.
Billet fuel
Slide 13.
Small dry fir branches, berst, resin coniferous trees, dry moss, grass, lichen, chips, rays, from the middle part of a split ax of dry (mainly coniferous rocks), lower dry branches.
Slide 14.
- For cooking, a birch trees and alder, which burns smoothly and almost without smoke.
- If you need to break a big bonfire, then the best firewood will be made of pine, cedar and spruce dry.
- The split launches flare up faster.
- A small twig goes in the first two or three minutes.
- Aspen and fir firewood are bad in that it is too much to shoot sparks.
Slide 15.
Slide 16.
- Use for a fire predominantly dry coniferous rocks.
- If it rains in the forest, then small lower branches of coniferous trees remain dry, dried on the trunk.
- Raw and rotten firewood give a lot of smoke, but little heat.
- Firewood is in advance and more so as not to run at night in search of fuel.
- Fuel in flavored areas can be served by dry bushes, grass, reed, Kizyak.
Slide 17.
Methods of mining of fire
Slide 18.
Match; Sparking candles; lighter.
Slide 19.
Before the campaign, each boxes must be packaged:
- in a polyethylene film;
- also place the matchboxes in a bubble with a hermetically fit plug (or rubber bag, a metal case for match boxes that protect them from wetting and mechanical damage).
Wet matches can be dried in hair under the hat.
Slide 20.
Main ways
- Flint-solid stone.
- Fireproof (chairs) -topor, knife.
- Truth- any dry flammable material (moss, wool, rot, wood dust).
Slide 21.
With bow and sticks
Slide 22.
Insert a pointed wand into the deepening of a piece of wood or bark and patiently rotate until the chimka appears. Then swell the smoldering truth, which must be pre-put in the deepening and near it.
Slide 23.
Magnifying glass
Slide 24.
How to ignite the fire
Slide 25.
Before healing the fire, it is necessary:
- harvesting;
- put the mock under the shabby or well a small dry twig;
- set fire
- from above, thwashes, thicker firewood neatly put.
Slide 26.
Slide 27.
Thiccked firewood is put on top not very tight to ensure air access.
If the fire does not flare up for a long time, you must inflate it (increase air access). For this suitable hat, bowl, storm, broom of branches.
Slide 28.
In rainy weather, the fire is diluted under the cover of the cape or a raincoat, which holds two tourists.
The stronger the wind or rain, the more dense the extras and firewood on the fire.
Slide 29.
In crude cold weather, you can (if the reserve of firewood allows) to decompose two fire. The first is for cooking, the second - to dry clothes and equipment.
Before him, it is necessary to have a duty that will support the fire and ensure that things are not burned.
Slide 30.
Types of firebones
Slide 31.
Chalash
Slide 32.
Any firewood is suitable. Lamps put obliquely; They partially rely on each other.
The flame is bright, high, roast, with a limited heating strip.
The fire requires constant lining of firewood.
Slide 33.
STAR
Slide 34.
Lengins are placed on coals along the radii from one point.
The burning takes place predominantly in the center, the firewood as combustion is promoting closer to the middle.
Slide 35.
WELL
Slide 36.
Two are put in parallel to each other, at some distance; across them - two more.
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