France in the 20th century Presentation on history. France in the second half of the XX - early XXI century. IV. homework

1. The consequences of World War II for France.

2. Fourth republic.

3. France during the years of the Republic.

1. Three interrelated stages determine the history of the post-war development of France. The first period (1944-1946) is a temporary regime in which a temporary government was formed, a new post-war constitution has been developed, the restoration of the economy began; the second (from December 1946 to 1958) - the time of the fourth republic; The third - after the adoption of the new Constitution of 1958, the period of the fifth republic continues.

The post-war position of France and the temporary mode. The Second World War deeply shocked the entire political and economic system of France. The third republic, which existed since 1875, was eliminated; 10% of the productive forces of France was destroyed, the level of production decreased. During the war, the collapse of her colonial empire began.

By the end of the war there was a new political alignment of forces. From August 30, 1944, a temporary government was operating in France, headed by General De Gall, the head of the free France movement. The resistance movement has greatly influenced the formation of the party-political system and the nature of the new constitution. Political parties that compromise themselves with agreements and cooperation with German invaders were dissolved. The government includes representatives of political parties who participated in resistance: Communists, Socialists, Catholics, etc.

The Provisional Government held a number of socio-economic reforms. It raised wages, pensions, benefits to large families. The leaders of the Vichi Government Laval and Peten were sentenced to the death penalty (for the loop, she was replaced by life imprisonment). The nationalization of coal mines, Renault automotive plants and other enterprises were one of the first major events in the field of industry.

In the domestic life of France, the question of the state device was acute. As a result of the contradictions with the majority of the Constituent Assembly, de Gaulle on January 20, 1946 resigned. The Socialist F. Guen was appointed head of government, and from June 1946 - Head of the People's Republican Movement (MRP) J. Bido. In September, the Constituent Assembly adopted a draft new constitution, which was approved as a result of a referendum.

2. Fourth Republic (1946-1958). Economic growth. In accordance with the Constitution, France was proclaimed by the Parliamentary Republic. The Constitution recorded democratic and social rights of workers: for labor, recreation, education, state assistance in case of disability, to create trade union associations, on strikes; equality of women; Proportional election system.

The central place in the structure of state power belonged to the Parliament, consisting of two chambers - the National Assembly and Senate (Council of the Republic). The head of state was elected for seven years with both chambers. On November 10, 1946, elections to the National Assembly were held in France.

The needs of the recovery of the economy led to the fact that most of the investment began to go to industry. This made it possible to accelerate the pace of its development. In 1948, the volume of industrial production in France exceeded the pre-war level. In agriculture, this level was surpassed in 1950.

A distinctive feature of the restoration of the national economy of the country was the programming of the economy, in 1947 the government approved the "Plan of Modernization and Reconstruction". Methods of state regulation included the provision of public loans, tax benefits, large contracts, foreign currency, etc.

In international relations, the Constitution provided a refusal of civil wars, from the policy of violent colonization. Together with their colonies, France amounted to the French Union, whose population formally received equal rights and obligations.

In the summer of 1948, France joined the "Marshall Plan" and concluded a number of economic, political and military agreements with the United States. France entered NATO, supported the plans for remilitarization of West Germany. On May 9, 1950 R. Schuman, the Minister of Foreign Affairs, made an idea of \u200b\u200bcombining coal production and steel of Western European countries ("Shumanna Plan"). In April 1951, six countries (France, Germany, Italy, Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg) concluded an agreement on the establishment of the European Association of Coal and Steel (EUO).

In 1952, France initiated the signing of an agreement on the European defense community. On the issue of its ratification, the acute struggle unfolded in the country. The National Assembly rejected an agreement on the European defense community.

However, the political instability of the governments of the fourth republic held back the economic growth of the country - a day of 12 years replaced about 15 cabinets. In the 50s, social conflicts aggravated. Another reason for the crisis phenomena of the republic was the colonial wars who led France in Vietnam (1946-1954) and in Algeria (since 1954).

The Government of the Republican Front, led by the Socialist Gi Mole, recognized in 1956 the independence of Tunisia and Morocco, but continued the war in Algeria. In April 1958, another political crisis broke out in France. Military and ultracolonialists raised the rebellion. The purpose of the rebel was to create a military dictatorship mode.

After the recruitment negotiations of the Republic of the Republic with General de Gall, the question was issued a question about the provision of special powers to the formation of the "government of national salvation". On June 1, 1958, De Gaulle was approved by the head of government with emergency powers. June 2, de Gaulle dismissed the National Assembly. These events put the end of the fourth republic in France.

3. Fifth Republicand the period of the presidency of Charles de Gaulle (1958 - 1969). Speaking again as the Savior of the sense of de Gaulle focused on developing a new constitution, which would limit the right to parliament and strengthened the presidential power. A referendum conducted in September 1958 approved a new constitution, which formed a mixed, presidential-parliamentary regime in France.

Supporters of De Gaulle created on October 1, 1958. The new political party is "Union in defense of the New Republic" (UNR).

The elections to the National Assembly were conducted on a majority system in two rounds in acute political struggle. As a result of the elections, the Degollevsky party of UNR received most deputies in Parliament, and in December 1958 de Goal was elected president of the republic.

The president elected for seven years, received broad powers in the field of internal and foreign policy: he belonged to the functions of the head of state, the Supreme Commander. He appointed the Prime Minister and Ministers, argued the laws taken by Parliament. He could declare a state of emergency. The legislative competence of the French parliament was limited. The president could dissolve the National Assembly, but the meeting itself could not control the president. The presidential republic was established in France.

The French Union was transformed into a community. In 1960, most French colonies in Africa became independent and formed 14 independent states. Thanks to Flexible Policy, France retained a significant political and economic impact in these regions.

In March 1962, the cease-fire agreements were signed in Evian, the provision of independence alrhile.

In the 60s, a deep structural restructuring of the economy was carried out in France, technological upgrades. One of the effective forms of "big projects", in which foreign capital also participated. The scientific and technical revolution led to the widespread introduction of conveyor production, automation, electronic computing machines. Significant development received new industries - the atomic and rocket industry. Production of goods of mass consumption (cars, refrigerators, televisions, washing machines).

Agriculture was significantly upgraded. His structure has changed radically. It turned into modern commodity farm production, closely integrated with the processing industry. France has become the largest exporter of food in Western Europe.

The most important shares in foreign policy were the exit of France from the NATO military organization, the withdrawal of American bases from the country. De Gaulle condemned American intervention in Vietnam. Relations from the USSR were improved and an important declaration of establishing the atmosphere of discharge between East and West was adopted. At the same time, France created its nuclear missile triad.

"Red May" (1968) and the resignation of de Gaulle. Despite the success of the Degollevsky regime, the inner position in France in the late 1960s was becoming more intense. In the course of the parliamentary elections, 1967, the Levate groups called "Toshisti" were noticeable (from Franz. "Gosh" - left).

In May-June 1968, the political crisis in the country resulted in sharp clashes in society. The beginning of the events put student speeches for the democratization of the Higher Education system and conducting fundamental changes in the state and public strict country. May 3 Police dispersed the student rally in the courtyard of the Sorbonne University. Many students were beaten, injured and arrested. These events excited the whole country. Hundreds of thousands of Parisians reached the protest demonstration against the Halft regime.

Workers, supporting students, conducted the struggle for the uranial economic and social requirements. About 10 million people took part in the universal strike. Farmers made reducing taxes and protection against competitors from the "common market" countries.

The result of these speeches became serious concessions from the government and entrepreneurs: 13-15% were increased wages. The government promised to restore the 40-hour working week without reducing the salary. The workers were guaranteed to comply with trade union freedoms in enterprises, students - an improvement in the education system.

Events in France had an international response. A surge of discontent and student unrest rolled in European countries and the United States.

Despite the victory in the election, with the aim of weakening social conflicts and direct them in the direction of compromises and social partnership de Gaulle decided to hold a number of reforms. On April 27, 1969, a referendum was held in the country on the draft law on the new regional division of France and the reform of the Senate. Instead of traditional departments, it was assumed to establish areas with representative "professional groups" and the executive authorities led by appointed prefects. The results of the referendum turned out to be unfavorable for de Gaulle: 52.41% of his participants answered "no". On the same day, General de Gaulle declared his departure from the post of president.

France in the 70s. Rearrangement of party-political forces. In the elections held in June 1969, George Pompidou was elected president (1969-1974.). He declared the continuation of the De Gavel's course, having denoted him as "continuity and dialogue." At the same time, he began the search for a compromise with the right opposition. The Government was introduced by the leader of the "Independent Republicans" V. Zhiscar d'Estin.

Inside the country, Pompidu proclaimed the policy of creating a "new society", in which the workers could take part in the "Production Management". As its political situation strengthened Pompiduda began radical cleaning of the Halft movement. In 1971, the party was renamed the "Union of Democrats in Defense of the Republic" (YDR). The leadership posts in the party and government Georges Pompidu actively put forward representatives of the young generation of Hollests. The leader of this group was Jacques Chirac, in him Pompidou saw his successor.

On the eve of the parliamentary elections, 1972 continued the restructuring of other political parties. Soon the party of radicals and radical-socialists split into two currents. In 1971, the Socialists united, the party received the name of the French Socialist Party (FSS), F. Mitteran became the leader. He tried to collaborate with communists durable. French diplomacy made a conclusion in the 1974 new Atlantic Charter, strengthened the principles of collegiality in activities with NATO. Relations with China, Egypt, Iraq have been improved. Within the framework of the new military doctrine, North Africa was declared the "sphere of vital interests."

During this period, a socio-economic strategy is changing: a turn to neoliberalism and effective market relations occurred. The aggravation of intraparty struggle in Yudr affected the elections in March 1973, Yudr lost 4 million votes. For the first time openly revealed a crisis of holism. The sudden death of the President J. Pompidou in 1974 again issued a question about choosing a country development strategy for subsequent years.

After the period of organizational and political restructuring, the centrist movement was revived. The leader of the new generation of Centrists- "Independent Republicans" and a number of other small parties who received the general name "Union for French Democracy" (SFD), - was Valerie Zhiscar d'Estin (1974-1981), which held in April 1974 The presidential election was elected president. The Prime Minister was the representative of Yudru J. Shirak.

The presidency in, Jiscar d'Esthen coincided with the period when the French economy was drawn into a strip of a deep crisis that followed after the "oil shock". Against the background of the decline in business activity in 1975, a program of reviving economic life was adopted by encouraging consumption. In 1976-1980. The seventh five-year plan was developed, which provided an increase in employment, liquidation of budget deficit, etc.

Postgollylist France. Until the presidential elections in the government and the opposition camps there were regrouping of political forces. In 1976, the leader Yudrian J. Shirak resigned from the post of Prime Minister. Yudr was transformed into a wide coalition "Association in support of the republic" (ODA). It proclaimed loyalty to Gollyzm.

In 1981, "Union for the French Democratic" put forward by the presidential candidate V. Zhiscar d'Esthen. ORD after an acute inner struggle stopped at the candidate J. Shirac. The government coalition, thus, turned out to be split. Large election differences manifested themselves in opposition parties. The Extraordinary FMS Congress in January 1981 nominated F. Mittera to presidential candidate. Communists offered a candidacy of J. Marshe.

The presidential and parliamentary elections of 1981. After 23 years of the reign of right parties brought victory to the left forces. The Socialist Francois Mitteraran became the president of the country (1981-1995), the absolute majority of seats in the National Assembly were also socialists. The government formed P. Morua. For the first time after 1947, the Communists entered the coalition government.

However, the union of the left forces began to manage the country in difficult times. The primary task of the new government consisted of the conclusion of the country from the economic crisis. Politics F. Mittera was to further expand state intervention in the economy. The law on the nationalization of 18 banks, the two financial and five largest industrial firms was adopted. In addition, some metallurgical and military companies were supplied under state control. Social programs were expanded, state control of prices and salary was introduced.

However, by the mid-80s in France, the crisis of the reign of the left forces was revealed. Since mid-1982, the government has turned to the policy of tough economy, which turned into an increase in unemployment. Indirect taxes increased, as well as taxes on personal income, domestic services.

Return to power of the right forces. At the elections held in March 1986, the majority of the Right Party received the majority and formed their government headed by the leader of ODA Zh. Shirac. The new government immediately declared its intention to denial of a number of companies controlled by the state and enterprises.

In a short time, the new government has prepared about 30 bills that provided for the provision of benefits of capital, the abolition of control over prices and taxes on large conditions, denationalization of financial and industrial enterprises, decided to block the salary, reduced government spending on state needs, held another devaluation of Franca and T .P. All this caused a stormy protest reaction. In June 1986, millions of French conducted a week of action to protect their requirements. Rallets, demonstrations, strikes took place throughout the country.

France's foreign policy situation with F. Mittera has strengthened. Relations with the United States and NATO have intensified. Mitteraran supported the accommodation in Europe of American medium-range nuclear missiles. The new military doctrine reflected the "global containment" strategy. With regard to the USSR, official Paris took a tough position, demanding the withdrawal of Soviet troops from Afghanistan, the abolition of the military situation in Poland, the reduction of the Soviet Armed Forces posted in Europe. French military forces, as part of the coalition, conducted military operations in the Persian Gulf in 1991

Mitteran paid special attention to European integration issues. F. Mitteran's reliable partner became the German leader of the city. The initiatives of the two countries in the field of deepening economic and political integration, the resumption of close military-political cooperation outside the NATO framework made it possible to prepare the concept of the European Union. In 1986, a single European act was signed. Even earlier (in 1990), Mitteran supported the union of Germany.

The elections to the National Assembly, held in May 1993, brought a triumphal success to the right parties, which abandoned the radicalism of the left and built their program on the "responsibility" and "trust" slogans, moderate reforms, the fight against social inequality and unemployment, crime and terrorism .

In 1994, a tunnel was officially opened under La Mansha, who connected France and England.

In May 1995, the leader of the right, the mayor of Paris Jacques Shirak won the presidential election. F. Mitteraran due to illness could not take part in them. The new conservative government of Shirak, which led him to power on the platform for a high level of unemployment of France, had the support of a significant majority in both chambers of parliament.

In 1997, according to the results of early elections, a block of left forces (Socialists, Communists, Green) won the victory in the National Assembly. So, with the right president, the Left Government of the Socialist L. Zhospin was formed. Weighted, professional and deideologized action style has become a distinctive feature of a new cabinet. Such a course was called "left-hand realism".

In all cases, the government avoided the extremes and offered constructive compromise options from complex situations. The press called this policy "modernization with a human face." Tax policy made it possible to reduce the level of budget deficit and bring it to the requirements of the transition procedure to the European Monetary System

In foreign policy, Zh. Shirak conducted a course correction. A moratorium on the test of nuclear weapons was removed. France returned to the integration policy into the military structure of NATO. But in the late 1990s, France began to condemn the US desire for Hegemony and returned to European projects.

In 2007, after the expiration of the term of office, Jacques Shirak left the presidency. The president was elected his colleague in the party N. Sarkozy. He intends to settle relations with the United States. In July 2008, he managed to assemble the summit of 48 countries of Europe and the Mediterranean, which decided to create their union.

During World War II, France was partially occupied by Germany, and partly managed by loyal Germany by the government of Marshal Peten. At the same time, both resistance movement, participants who fought for the liberation of the country operated in France and beyond its limits. The leader of this movement was general Charles de Gaulle, who by the end of the war became the national hero. After the liberation of France, he became the head of the Provisional Government.

Events

1946 - adoption of the Constitution of the Fourth Republic (1946-1958). De Gaulle performed for the presidential republic with the broad authority of the president, but as a result, a constitution was adopted, according to which France in the form of government became closer to the parliamentary republic, and the government's power was rather weak. De Gaulle resigned and moved to the opposition.

1946 - The beginning of the decolonization of France: independence received its Protectors of Syria and Lebanon. In the future, France has lost almost all of its colonies - in Indochier, Africa, etc.

1954 - Begins the Anti-Manzus uprising in Algeria. Algeria possessed the status of not a colony, but one of the departments of France, a large number of ethnic French lived in it. The struggle was very fierce and split into French society on those who were ready to abandon Algeria, and those who were ready to hold it at any cost.

1958 - At the peak of the Algerian crisis, de Gaulle becomes the prime minister with emergency powers. The Constitution of the Fifth Republic is adopted (currently for the present), presidential powers are significantly expanded, in January 1959, the president is becoming de Gaulle.

1962 - The independence of Algeria is proclaimed.

1966 - France comes out of NATO. France was one of the countries - the founders of NATO, however, de Gaulle did not like the US domination, as France sought to conduct an independent foreign policy.

May 1968 - Mass speeches of students and workers, known as Red May. The first were students, many of whom were divided by left ideas; They protested against the overall atmosphere of non-vocabulary in the country and personally de Gaulle, who was considered a usurper belonging to the same era. Student demonstrations accelerated by the police, but soon millions of workers dissatisfied with their position joined students. The government managed to pay off the excitement, but the situation de Gaulle was shaken; In 1969 he resigned. After the resignation of De Gaulle and until today, France differs relative political stability.

October - November 2005 - Mass riots in France. After decolonization, many residents of the former colonies (primarily of Africa - both black and Arabic) immigrated to France and received French citizenship. At the same time, the level of their integration into French society was rather low. For this social group, a compact accommodation in disadvantaged areas and a high level of unemployment is characterized. It was in such districts in the fall of 2005 a mass riots broke out, expressing in clashes with the police, arson of cars and shops, pogroms and looting. These events launched another turn of the discussion about the problems of social integration of migrants.

January 7, 2015 - The terrorist attack of Islamists to the editors of the Satyric magazine Charlie Hebdo, who published among other things, caricature on the Prophet Mohammed. 12 people died, according to the number of victims, this terrorist attack is the largest in the history of France. The actions of terrorists caused multimillion stock protests and solidarity with victims around the world (see: Charlie Hebdo).

Conclusion

The post-war history of France, at first, conjugated with a certain instability associated with the processes of decolonization, is further characterized by a rather sustainable development and lack of significant shocks, with the exception of May 1968 events. At the moment, the main threats and problems in France are associated with the position of immigrants from the former French colonies, as well as with Islamist terrorism.

In 1946, the next year after the end of World War II, the so-called has been established in France. Fourth Republicthat existed until 1958. This period of the history of France is characterized by restoring the economy and industry related to the "Marshall Plan" (American Financial Assistance to Europe's countries in return for the actual dependence in external affairs). IN 1949 France joined NATO. The same period of time is characterized by the beginning of the fall of the colonial France: Syria and Lebanon gained independence. At the same time, France supported the reactionary mode in Indochier, sending their troops there. In 1951, together with Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, France joined the European Association of Coal and Steel - the prototype of the European Union (EU).

Fig. 1. Charles de Gaulle ()

IN 1958. General (see Fig. 1) came to power. In the same year, a constitution was adopted at the referendum (nationwide voting) Fifth Republicwhich significantly expanded the functions of the president. During the reign, de Gaulle, France experienced the collapse of the colonial system. In the 1960s France has lost almost all of its colonies - Algeria, Tunisia, Chad, Mali, Senegal and others. In 1968, the so-called began. " May events" French youth and students because of the overproduction crisis were in a state of mass unemployment, the living conditions worsened. In the university towns reigned tough administrative orders. In early May 1968, the student demonstration brutally dispersed the police. Unions, who were also joined by trade unions, whose members were also in the depressing socio-economic situation. The manifestations were mercilessly suppressed by the troops and the police, which was even more angry from the side of the strikers and sympathies of ordinary French. More and more Frenchmen demanded the resignation of de Gaulle and social transformations. Eventually "Red May" He marked the beginning of the crisis of the fifth republic and in a year he was resigned by President de Gaulle (see Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. "Red May" in Paris ()

IN 1969. To power came halft (supporter de Gaulle)Georges Pompidou. Started "30th anniversary of well-being". Social and economic transformations were conducted, agricultural modernization occurred, and large investments were made to computerization and informatization of France. In foreign policy there was a process of rapprochement of capitalist France and the USSR.

The successor pompidu B. 1974 became Valerie Zhiskar d'Estin, continued the modernization of the French industry and the economy. Special emphasis began to be made on the development and high-tech programs. In foreign policy, France began to gradually return to the Lohn of American Policy and the North Atlantic Alliance - NATO. The second half of the term accounted for a strong economic crisis, the result of which was the policy of "hard savings", which led to the actual termination of the financing of French territories in tropical Africa and soon their loss.

IN 1981 Socialist was elected new president of France Francois Mitteran (See Fig. 3). With it, the economic rise began, many social programs were implemented, a turn on the next convergence from the USSR was launched.

Fig. 3. Francois Mitteraran and Mikhail Gorbachev ()

IN 1995. The new president was Jacques ChirakIn which France returned to the position of hollym in foreign policy, i.e. Distance from the United States, remaining in the NATO block. In the internal policy, Chirac adhered to liberalism and at the same time allowed himself state interference in the market.

IN 2007. President of France was elected Nicolas Sarkozy. With it, France began to play one of the leading roles in European politics. Being, in the context of the 2008 economic crisis, the leading European power, France, along with Germany, was the forps of the EU policies and economics. In foreign policy, France Sarkozy was a convinced supporter european integration. During the Georgian-Ossetian conflict of 2008, Sarkozy acted as an intermediary between the warring parties.

IN 2012. Sarkozy lost the election of the president, giving way to the Socialist Francois Holland (See Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. President of France Holland ()

Bibliography

1. Shubin A.V. General history. The newest story. 9 CL: student. For general education. institutions. - M.: Moscow textbooks, 2010.
2. Sorok-Tsype O.S., Sorok-Tsype A.O. General history. The newest story, grade 9. - M.: Enlightenment, 2010.
3. Sergeev E.Yu. General history. The newest story. Grade 9. - M.: Enlightenment, 2011.

Homework

1. Read paragraph 19, pp. 197-200 Tutorial Shubin A.V., and answer question 4 on page 202.
2. Why was the foreign policy of France been aimed at avalanche between the USSR and the United States?
3. How can I explain the events of "Red May"?

1. Internet portal Coldwar.ru ().
2. Internet portal Marksist.blox.u / ().
3. Expert ().

During World War II, France was partially occupied by Germany, and partly managed by loyal Germany by the government of Marshal Peten. At the same time, both resistance movement, participants who fought for the liberation of the country operated in France and beyond its limits. The leader of this movement was general Charles de Gaulle, who by the end of the war became the national hero. After the liberation of France, he became the head of the Provisional Government.

Events

1946 - adoption of the Constitution of the Fourth Republic (1946-1958). De Gaulle performed for the presidential republic with the broad authority of the president, but as a result, a constitution was adopted, according to which France in the form of government became closer to the parliamentary republic, and the government's power was rather weak. De Gaulle resigned and moved to the opposition.

1946 - The beginning of the decolonization of France: independence received its Protectors of Syria and Lebanon. In the future, France has lost almost all of its colonies - in Indochier, Africa, etc.

1954 - Begins the Anti-Manzus uprising in Algeria. Algeria possessed the status of not a colony, but one of the departments of France, a large number of ethnic French lived in it. The struggle was very fierce and split into French society on those who were ready to abandon Algeria, and those who were ready to hold it at any cost.

1958 - At the peak of the Algerian crisis, de Gaulle becomes the prime minister with emergency powers. The Constitution of the Fifth Republic is adopted (currently for the present), presidential powers are significantly expanded, in January 1959, the president is becoming de Gaulle.

1962 - The independence of Algeria is proclaimed.

1966 - France comes out of NATO. France was one of the countries - the founders of NATO, however, de Gaulle did not like the US domination, as France sought to conduct an independent foreign policy.

May 1968 - Mass speeches of students and workers, known as Red May. The first were students, many of whom were divided by left ideas; They protested against the overall atmosphere of non-vocabulary in the country and personally de Gaulle, who was considered a usurper belonging to the same era. Student demonstrations accelerated by the police, but soon millions of workers dissatisfied with their position joined students. The government managed to pay off the excitement, but the situation de Gaulle was shaken; In 1969 he resigned. After the resignation of De Gaulle and until today, France differs relative political stability.

October - November 2005 - Mass riots in France. After decolonization, many residents of the former colonies (primarily of Africa - both black and Arabic) immigrated to France and received French citizenship. At the same time, the level of their integration into French society was rather low. For this social group, a compact accommodation in disadvantaged areas and a high level of unemployment is characterized. It was in such districts in the fall of 2005 a mass riots broke out, expressing in clashes with the police, arson of cars and shops, pogroms and looting. These events launched another turn of the discussion about the problems of social integration of migrants.

January 7, 2015 - The terrorist attack of Islamists to the editors of the Satyric magazine Charlie Hebdo, who published among other things, caricature on the Prophet Mohammed. 12 people died, according to the number of victims, this terrorist attack is the largest in the history of France. The actions of terrorists caused multimillion stock protests and solidarity with victims around the world (see: Charlie Hebdo).

Conclusion

The post-war history of France, at first, conjugated with a certain instability associated with the processes of decolonization, is further characterized by a rather sustainable development and lack of significant shocks, with the exception of May 1968 events. At the moment, the main threats and problems in France are associated with the position of immigrants from the former French colonies, as well as with Islamist terrorism.

In 1946, the next year after the end of World War II, the so-called has been established in France. Fourth Republicthat existed until 1958. This period of the history of France is characterized by restoring the economy and industry related to the "Marshall Plan" (American Financial Assistance to Europe's countries in return for the actual dependence in external affairs). IN 1949 France joined NATO. The same period of time is characterized by the beginning of the fall of the colonial France: Syria and Lebanon gained independence. At the same time, France supported the reactionary mode in Indochier, sending their troops there. In 1951, together with Germany, Italy, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg, France joined the European Association of Coal and Steel - the prototype of the European Union (EU).

Fig. 1. Charles de Gaulle ()

IN 1958. General (see Fig. 1) came to power. In the same year, a constitution was adopted at the referendum (nationwide voting) Fifth Republicwhich significantly expanded the functions of the president. During the reign, de Gaulle, France experienced the collapse of the colonial system. In the 1960s France has lost almost all of its colonies - Algeria, Tunisia, Chad, Mali, Senegal and others. In 1968, the so-called began. " May events" French youth and students because of the overproduction crisis were in a state of mass unemployment, the living conditions worsened. In the university towns reigned tough administrative orders. In early May 1968, the student demonstration brutally dispersed the police. Unions, who were also joined by trade unions, whose members were also in the depressing socio-economic situation. The manifestations were mercilessly suppressed by the troops and the police, which was even more angry from the side of the strikers and sympathies of ordinary French. More and more Frenchmen demanded the resignation of de Gaulle and social transformations. Eventually "Red May" He marked the beginning of the crisis of the fifth republic and in a year he was resigned by President de Gaulle (see Fig. 2).

Fig. 2. "Red May" in Paris ()

IN 1969. To power came halft (supporter de Gaulle)Georges Pompidou. Started "30th anniversary of well-being". Social and economic transformations were conducted, agricultural modernization occurred, and large investments were made to computerization and informatization of France. In foreign policy there was a process of rapprochement of capitalist France and the USSR.

The successor pompidu B. 1974 became Valerie Zhiskar d'Estin, continued the modernization of the French industry and the economy. Special emphasis began to be made on the development and high-tech programs. In foreign policy, France began to gradually return to the Lohn of American Policy and the North Atlantic Alliance - NATO. The second half of the term accounted for a strong economic crisis, the result of which was the policy of "hard savings", which led to the actual termination of the financing of French territories in tropical Africa and soon their loss.

IN 1981 Socialist was elected new president of France Francois Mitteran (See Fig. 3). With it, the economic rise began, many social programs were implemented, a turn on the next convergence from the USSR was launched.

Fig. 3. Francois Mitteraran and Mikhail Gorbachev ()

IN 1995. The new president was Jacques ChirakIn which France returned to the position of hollym in foreign policy, i.e. Distance from the United States, remaining in the NATO block. In the internal policy, Chirac adhered to liberalism and at the same time allowed himself state interference in the market.

IN 2007. President of France was elected Nicolas Sarkozy. With it, France began to play one of the leading roles in European politics. Being, in the context of the 2008 economic crisis, the leading European power, France, along with Germany, was the forps of the EU policies and economics. In foreign policy, France Sarkozy was a convinced supporter european integration. During the Georgian-Ossetian conflict of 2008, Sarkozy acted as an intermediary between the warring parties.

IN 2012. Sarkozy lost the election of the president, giving way to the Socialist Francois Holland (See Fig. 4).

Fig. 4. President of France Holland ()

Bibliography

1. Shubin A.V. General history. The newest story. 9 CL: student. For general education. institutions. - M.: Moscow textbooks, 2010.
2. Sorok-Tsype O.S., Sorok-Tsype A.O. General history. The newest story, grade 9. - M.: Enlightenment, 2010.
3. Sergeev E.Yu. General history. The newest story. Grade 9. - M.: Enlightenment, 2011.

Homework

1. Read paragraph 19, pp. 197-200 Tutorial Shubin A.V., and answer question 4 on page 202.
2. Why was the foreign policy of France been aimed at avalanche between the USSR and the United States?
3. How can I explain the events of "Red May"?

1. Internet portal Coldwar.ru ().
2. Internet portal Marksist.blox.u / ().
3. Expert ().

France in the second half of the 20th century. Recall what happened with France during World War II. Before the war existed the third republic (). It was the presidential republic. In 1940, the northern part of France was occupied by the Germans, and in the southern part the collaborationist regime of Marshal Peten was formed. The third republic, therefore, fell. The French leader Marshal Henri Philipp Peten welcomes Adolf Gitlar to Montuar-sur-La-Loir on October 24, 1940. On the right of the Foreign Minister Ioachim von Ribbentrop. In 1944, France was released. The main leaders of the Vichy regime were convicted of state treason in years. De Gaulle in the liberated Sherbour. Pierre Laval (), shot in 1945

France in the second half of the 20th century. Charles de Gaulle () in France existed a temporary government, which was headed by the main character of the resistance of General de Gaulle. The government was coalition. It includes all the parties, actively participating in resistance, including communists and socialists. The main issue was about the nature of the future of the device. There were two main options - the Presidential Republic and the Parliamentary Republic.

France in the second half of the 20th century. Charles de Gaulle () eventually tried the option of the parliamentary multi-party republic. De Gavel did not like 1946 - the Constitution and the establishment of the regime of the fourth republic in France. De Gaulle left for a while. He was a supporter of sick of right, authoritarian and nationalist ideas. Why do you think de Gaulle, a man of military hardening, adhered to the idea of \u200b\u200bthe "Presidential Republic"?

France in the second half of the 20th century. Lesson Plan 1. Fourth Republic () 2. Fifth Republic () de Gaulle in power (). 3. Student revolution of 1968 and de Gaulle's care. 4. From the Socialist Mitterian to the Unclear Sarkozy ()

1. The fourth republic () The Constitution of the fourth republic did not provide for a strong and independent presidential power from parliament. The regime of the fourth republic turned out to be unstable. Governments were formed by the coalition of heterogeneous forces. From 1944 to 1958, 26 (!) Cabinets changed. The main failure in the politics of the fourth republic was the Colonial War in Algeria () War in Algeria ()

1. The Fourth Republic () January 8, 1961, a referendum on the fate of the Algerian problem was already conducted on the confidence of De Mount of the Year. For the provision of Algeria independence, 75% of the survey participants spoke. The war was extremely unpopular in the people. War in Algeria took about 40 thousand lives

1. The fourth republic () years have become the years of the deep political crisis of the Republic of IV. A protracted war in Algeria, unsuccessful attempts to form the Council of Ministers, finally the economic crisis. René Koti, the subordinistence of the fourth republic's law in Algeria was unhappy with all - and those who wished the world, and those ultra-right forces that they did not want to admit the independence of Algeria. In September 1958, the French Parliament approved the new government de Gaulle among the French at that time there were many supporters of "strong power". What do you think they wanted to see in power?

2. The Fifth Republic (...) de Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle () 1958 is the adoption of a new constitution and the establishment of the fifth republic.

2. The Fifth Republic (...) de Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle () "When the institutions of the republic, the independence of the nation, the integrity of its territory or the implementation of international obligations are under serious and immediate threat, and the normal functioning of the constitutional bodies of state power is violated, president The republic takes measures that are dictated by these circumstances. For this, there is a simple consultation with the Prime Minister, the chairmen of both chambers of the Parliament and the Constitutional Council "(out of the 16th Article 1958) How can the authorities be characterized by the president in emergency situations under the Constitution of the Fifth Republic?

2. The Fifth Republic (...) de Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle () 1958 is the adoption of a new constitution and the establishment of the fifth republic. Dreamed de Gaulle's dream came true - the republic with a strong presidential power of de Gaulle himself, having wandered by the president, became someone like the "National Arbitrator"

2. Fifth Republic (...) de Gaulle in power () Charles de Gaulle - man of the year (1958) Covering the magazine Time "What is the justification of Article 16? I recalled, precisely because of the lack of such an article in June 1940, President Lebeds, instead of moving with the state apparatus to Algeria, called Marshal Peten and discovered the path to surrender "(de Gaulle's memoirs) as de Gaulle justified authoritarianism presidential power in emergency situations? What events from the history of France influenced these views of de Gaulle?

2. The Fifth Republic (...) de Gaulle in power () In 1965, Charles de Gaulle was elected for a second term (another 7 is on the constitution). Charles de Gaulle () in 1962 de Gaulle completed the Algerian war, providing Algeria independence. Read the second paragraph in the separation of the "Fifth Republic" of the 24th paragraph. Highlight the main features of the hollism. Around de Gaulle, the party of his supporters was rallied (now called "Union for People's Movement"). The ideology for her became "Halfism"

2. The Fifth Republic (...) de Gaulle in power () "Political Spectrum": Extremely Lower Reliable Extreme Right Social Democrats Communists Anarchists Conservatives Nationalists to which part of the political spectrum do you assume worms?

3. Student revolution of 1968. What do you know about the student revolution of May 1968? Who participated in it? One of the posters of May 1968 was "ten are quite enough!" What did the rebellious students hinted? Ironical poster of May 1968. Take a look at the poster. A dark figure, stunning his mouth to the student - who is it? Why do you think de Gaulle with her authoritarianism was Dalka from the protest youth of the 1960s?

3. Student revolution of 1968. France in May 1968 was actually divided into "young" and "old". Street fighting of young people with the police in the Latin Quarter of Paris did not subside. On May 30, 1968, de Gaulle spoke in favor of the petty. He stated that he would not leave his post, dissolve the National Assembly and appoints early elections. Half elections won.

3. Student revolution of 1968. Nevertheless, in 1969, almost 80 dealed de Gaulle left the power - voluntarily. De Gaulle often reproached in authoritarianism. Remember how De Gaulle was removed from power in 1946, when the fourth republic was proclaimed. Can it be considered a fully authoritarian politician?

Valyari Zhiscar d ESTEN, French President () Georges Pompidou, President of France (June 20, 1974) Ance de Gaulle his course continued his devotee of Georges Pompidou. He put a lot of strength in the modernization of the country, but died in 1974 from a rare form of Laykemia. In the 1974 elections, Valyar Zhiscar D Esten in severe struggle defeated the Socialist Francois Mittera. "When a crimsar looks at me, I feel: he thinks that I am too slowly dying" (Pompidou in 1974)

4. From the Socialist Mitterian to the Neuchlist Sarkozy () Francois Mitteraran, French President Refusal to neoliberalism. Nationalization of large banks and corporations. Increase pensions, lower wage threshold.

4. From the Socialist Mitterian to the Neuchlist of Sarkozy () Jacques Chirac, French President (from 1995 to 2007) In 1995, Hollyists returned in the face of Jacques Shirak. Now the president is Nicolas Sarkozy.

4. From the Socialist Mittera to the Neucholist Sarkozy () "Political Spectrum": Extremely Lower Reliable Extreme Right Social Democrats Communists Anarchists Conservatives Nationalists to which part of the political spectrum can include Francois Mittera and Jacques Chirac?