Life expectancy, or medium duration upcoming life population - statistical An indicator indicating the number of years that will be on average to give a generation of born or peers at a certain level of age mortality. This indicator is attached great importance in demographic statistics in assessing the overall mortality of the population. To obtain lifetime indicators, the mortality tables are constituted (see) and the average life expectancy. Mortality tables give an idea of \u200b\u200bthe order of extinction or harvesting a certain number of born in age groups. For the original set of born, 100,000 is usually accepted. Multiplying the number of people living to a certain age on the likelihood of surviving until next age, sequential numbers of living, of which determine the size of life expectancy for each age. In this way, the tables reflect the order of survivors possible, provided that during the life of the generation, the indicators of the mortality rate were maintained by the ages of those years to which the preparation of tables are timed. According to these tables, it is possible to calculate for every specific conditions for the life expectancy of men, women, the population of individual areas and cities, etc. For example, from the published CSSR of the USSR data for 1958-1959. The average life expectancy of men during these years was for 64.42 years, i.e., the boys born in these years had to live on average 64, 42 years, for the boys of 5 years of age, the life expectancy was 63.46 years, t. e. They had to live on average for another 63.46 years, and in total, therefore, 5 + 63.46 \u003d 68,46; For men who have reached 30 years old, the average life expectancy was 40.71, i.e., in total, each of them could live to live 30 + 40.71 \u003d 70.71, and so on.
The concept of "average life expectancy" can not be mixed with the concept " average age Living "or" the average age of the dead. " So, for example, the average age of the birth of 0 years, and the average life expectancy of 70 years.
The average life expectancy indicator does not depend on the age-sex composition of the population, from the level, migration of the population. This indicator depends only on the mortality rate by age groups.
The difference in the life expectancy of men and women depends on of different levels their mortality over age groups. These data indicate a constant improvement in the health of the USSR population, expressing in improving life expectancy.
Life expectancy (more precisely, the average life expectancy of the population) in demographic and sanitary statistics - the number of years that will be on average to live a given generation born or peers of a certain age, provided that all their life mortality in each age group It will be the one that she was in that year, for which calculus was carried out. This procedure for calculating the life expectancy is adopted in international statistical practice. Therefore, calculated for different countries Indicators of average life expectancy are comparable.
Life expectancy should not be mixed with the "middle age of the dead" and "middle age of living". The average age of the dead is the sum of the years lived dead, divided by their number. The average age of living is the amount of years lived from the birth of all living things, divided into their number. Both of these indicators do not have scientific value and unsuitable for the human health characteristic, as not so much from the life expectancy, as from the age composition of the population. With raising fertility, the average age and living, and the dead decreases, and with a decrease in the birth rate increases. The same happens as a result of changes in the age composition of the population due to migration.
Life expectancy indicators are obtained from mortality tables (see) and medium life expectancy. For example, from published CSSA of the USSR mortality tables and the average life expectancy of the USSR population for 1958-1959. It can be seen that the average life expectancy of men in these years was equal to the newborn 64.42 years, i.e., men born in these years had to live on average 64.42; For men of 5 years of age, life expectancy was 63.46 years, i.e. they had to live on average for another 63.46 years, and in total, therefore, 5 + 63.46 \u003d 68.46; For men who have reached 30 years old, the average life expectancy was 40.71 years, i.e., in the total complexity, each of them could live 30 + 40.71 \u003d 70.71, and so on.
To obtain life expectancy indicators, it is necessary to calculate the mortality tables and the average life expectancy. The calculation of such tables is made according to the data of the correspondence on the number of age-genital groups of the population and on materials on the age distribution of the dead over the years, adjacent to the year of the census, of which the likelihoods of survival are determined to a certain age. For the original set of born, 100,000 is usually accepted. Multiplying the number of people living to a certain age on the likelihood of surviving until next age, sequential numbers of living, of which determine the size of life expectancy for each age. The tables drawn up in this way reflect the order of survival, possible, provided that throughout the life of the entire generation, the sanitary conditions of the life of those years, to which the compilation of tables are timed. Thus, the USSR Mortality Tables of the USSR in 1958-1959 were published by the USSR CSB. It is indicated that if the sanitary conditions of the population were persisted unchanged (such as they were in 1958-1959), then the order of survival to a certain age, the life expectancy, the likelihood of death, etc., would be as indicated in the tables.
Since in fact the living conditions and the sanitary condition of the population are changing, then the mortality tables and the average life expectancy characterize the sanitary condition of only the place and those years or the closest to them for which they are calculated. As it changes over time, the living conditions of the population should calculate the new mortality tables and the average life expectancy. For practical health care purposes, brief mortality tables and average life expectancy are quite sufficient.
The life expectancy indicators of the most economically developed capitalist countries and their change over the last century are shown in Table 1. Increased life expectancy for recent decades It has been achieved mainly by reducing child mortality and reduce the mortality from tuberculosis, acute infectious and some other diseases affecting the population mainly in young and middle ages. In the elderly and senile age, where the cause of death is most often cardiovascular diseases and malignant tumors, the life expectancy compared with previous decades has increased slightly, since the mortality of these reasons does not decrease.
Backward B. economicly economical Capitalist countries, dependent countries and colonies have a lifespan significantly less than economically developed capitalist countries.
The average life expectancy of the USSR population is shown in Table 2. In the USSR, as a result of huge social transformations, which occurred after the Great October Socialist Revolution, significant shifts have been achieved in life expectancy. Compared to 1896-1897 Already in 1926-1927. Life expectancy increased by 12 years (from 32 to 44 years). In 1962-1963 The average life expectancy reached 70 years, i.e. it was more than 2 times more than in 1896-1897, and 1.5 more than more times more than in 1926-1927. Especially increased the average life expectancy in women delivered from domestic reinforcement and received equal rights to work with men, rest and education. With an average increase compared to 1896-1897. Life expectancy in 1926-1927. from 32 to 44 years, i.e. by 38%, and in 1962-1963. up to 70 years, or by 119%, in women, the extension of the average life expectancy was accounted for respectively from 33 to 47 years, i.e. 42%, and up to 73 years, or 121%, and in men - from 31 years to 42 years, i.e. 35%, and up to 65 years, or 110%. The successful implementation of plans to build a communist society will lead to an even greater lengthening of the average life expectancy of the population.
See also demography, sanitary statistics.
Table 1. The average life expectancy of the population (in years)
Table 2. The average life expectancy of the USSR (in years) 
Life expectancy in the RSFSR in the 1960-70s.
In the 1960-1970s. The life expectancy of the urban population in Russian Federation The average was 68-69 years. Its indicator grew to the mid-1960s. In 1961-1962 It was equal to 68.7 years, and in 1964-1965. - 69.4 years. If from 1961-1962 until 1964-1965 The life expectancy of urban residents has grown from 68.7 to 69.5 years, then in 1965-1966. and in 1966-1967 It was observed with its stabilization at the level of 69.4-69.5 years. In 1967-1968 and until 1970-1971. There was a small and short-term reduction in life expectancy from 69.4 years to 68.5 years. However, by 1973-1974. She rose again to 69.3-69.4 years. After 1974, the life expectancy of the citizens decreased. In 1974-1975 It was 69.2 years, and in 1979-1980. - 68.0 years.
In the cities of the RSFSR, the life expectancy for men was lower than that of women: men - 63-64 years old, in women - 72-73 years. At the same time from 1961-1962. to 1964-1965 Life expectancy for men has increased from 63.4 years to 64.7 years. From 1965-1966 in 1969-1970. decreased from 64.6 years to 63.6 years. From 1970-1971 in 1973-1974 increased from 63.7 years to 64.1 years. However, in the second half of the 1970s. Repeated from 63.8 years in 1974-1975. up to 62.3 years in 1979-1980 Thus, the lifespan in men in general decreased from 63.4 years in 1961-1962. Up to 62.3 years in 1979-1980.
Unlike men, the life expectancy in women increased in the 1960s. And in the first half of the 1970s. So, in 1961-1962 Women lived 72.5 years old, in 1969-1970. - 73.3 years, and in 1973-1974. - 73.7 years. In the second half of the 1970s. The life expectancy in women also decreased from 73.5 years in 1974-1975, to 73.1 years in 1979-1980. However, in general, the life expectancy in women in the late 1970s. Compared with the beginning of the 1960s. changed slightly. In 1960-1961 It was 72.5 years, and in 1979-1980. - 73.0 years.
In the 1970s. in cities Western Siberia. The average life expectancy in men has decreased by 4.5 years, and women grew by 1.13. In rural areas, life expectancy has decreased in men for 2.6 years, in women for 1.6 years. In the cities of the Urals, for example, in Sverdlovsk, the lifespan of men from 1965 to 1979 was on average by 3.8 years, in women for 1.9 years.
The main causes of the death of the urban population
In the 1960-1970s. In a significant increase in pollution of water, air, soil, especially in cities. On the structure of the causes of death, citizens provided a huge influence environmental factor.
A significant role continued to play the quality of housing and sanitary and hygienic conditions, nutrition, as well as the level of medical care.
Significantly increased mortality from diseases of blood circulation organs, neoplasms.
Distributed mortality from accidents.
A significant place in the structure of the causes of death was occupied by traditional disease diseases respiratory, digestion, infectious diseases.
In the cities of the RSFSR most high level Mortality fixed from diseases of the circulatory system. In 1960, the mortality rate from this class of disease was 187.4.
Mortality of the urban population from the neoplasms. In the cities of the RSFSR in 1960 - 136 died on 100,000 inhabitants from cancer. High specific gravity Dead city inhabitants from cancer was recorded in large industrial cities.
Mortality rates from oncological diseases in men were higher than women. In the Russian Federation - for 100,000 residents, mortality from them in 1970 was equal to men - 288.9, in women - 146.7. Men's mortality rates were significantly higher than women from stomach cancer, lungs, intestines and rectakes.
The indicators of the mortality rate of the population from the "accidents" - injury, poisoning, accidents as a result of road accidents, murders, as well as suicide, etc. They were mainly fixed in the ages of up to 45 years. At 100,000 inhabitants in 1970 died of accidents of men - 240.7, women - 51.5.
Death from suicides was 61.3 and 11.7, respectively.
Mortality rates in road traffic accidents and murders were significantly lower, especially in women - 28.1 and 5.9, 11.1 and 4.6.
The mortality rate of the population from the "accidents" in the RSFSR was much higher than in Western European countries - by 100,000 inhabitants in 1970-1971. Men died - 100.2, women - 43.1. In the cities of the Russian Federation in 1960, 23.6 died from the injuries of an unproductive nature - by 100,000 inhabitants.
However, in contrast to Europe, a significant impact on general level Mortality and life expectancy of the population in the Russian Federation continued to have diseases of respiratory, digestion, infectious diseases.
In the Russian Federation per 100,000 population in 1970, mortality in men from diseases of the respiratory organs was 198.4, infectious diseases - 56.0, diseases of the digestive organs - 44.1; In women - 89.2, 24.3, 21.0, respectively.
The highest mortality rate of the population was recorded from respiratory diseases. So, in 1960, 100,000 inhabitants died from inflammation of the lungs (all forms) - 35.3, tuberculosis - 29.2, infectious diseases - 9.8, diseases of the digestive organs - 2.59.
The Russian Federation retained a high level of infant mortality, despite some of his decrease: babies died on 1,000 newborns in 1960 - 34.9, 1964 - 25, 1970 - 23.0, 1975 - 22.5 , 1980 - 22.1. In cities - respectively in 1960. -35.4, and in 1980, 21.2.
Reducing the level of infant mortality in the Russian Federation affected the reduction of fertility. Due to this factor, an indicator of an effective fertility in 1963-1964. decreased by 8.6%.
Russian population in the XX century. T. 3, KN. one
Plague, OPE, war, extremely low level Medicine, the highest mortality among newborns (according to some data from 10 born woman Children survived with strength 3-4), hunger, predominance of primitive agricultural labor, mass accidents - all this to the population mowed in countless quantities.
Source: Artchive.ru.
People live willingly and for a long time, give birth to children, are being treated for free. Soviet medicine is highly appreciated not only in the country, but also recognized in many corners of the world. Hundreds of thousands of young students from around the world are going to medical and other universities of the USSR to learn from doctors, teachers, engineers. At the time there are a flourishing of the Soviet highest and medium special Education. People get used to that, despite the cataclysms in the world, they will have workplace, Advance and salary, utility payments are kopeck, and if you are lucky and gaining patience, then sooner or later the state will give a completely comfortable apartment or room in a new house. Yes, there is a shortage and products, clothes, and cars, but the people somehow gets like this, "spinning", getting the necessary goods, goes once a year in Sochi or Crimea and lives well, but it is quite worthy, let's say.
The USSR, however, carried large human losses, except on an alcoholic front, because citizens drank and drank actively, and horse doses of alcohol break any, even a heroic organism. Then, when Gorbachev's anti-alcohol company was held in 1985, not only fertility increased, but also the average life expectancy. For the Soviet times of the era of "stagnation" and to the era of Gorbachev, stability in life is characterized, which turns into a powerful rise in the average life expectancy in the USSR, and then the country was part of the first ten countries of the world with a high SPJ (71.4 years).
But then the same Gorbachev began to handle the country, and the citizens did not particularly resist this, and the terrible 90s were killed with mass extinction population, interethnic conflicts, chechen wars, Sea "Palenny" and cheap alcohol, criminal disassembly and Akhov, sometimes Nishchensky, domestic medicine. The country cooked with blood again, fell into the corpses of young and medium in the age of men (women turned out to be more adapted to change, and their death is much less) - and the average life expectancy against the background of deterioration of the quality of life itself and the ash state of medicine again went down having achieved 56 years for men in 1997 year. 
Photo: Bob Galbraith, Ru.Wikipedia.org
In addition, millions of young women went to Western countries, coming out married foreigners. Purchased and capable men ("brain drain"), which is still going to this day. All this was even more population, refers to the coefficient of the elderly in relation to the young. And the demographic "pit" of the 90s, when in general women almost did not give birth, just now starts to beat on our system higher education. After all, the moment will come soon when the number of school graduates with full secondary education will be almost several times lower than the number of places in institutes and universities! Go where you want! All this is the echo of the 90s.
Now, from the beginning of the 2000s, the fertility situation is straightened, and I would like the trend of increasing the average life expectancy continued to continue. True, this parameter is growing not due to the mass fertility, but by aging the entire population as a whole. That is, by increasing the number of older people in general. But still women give birth, and hope no revolutions, repression, hunger and genocide at least in the foreseeable future in Russia will not. Enough, "found" already. I want simple long period Peaceful development. And there, our children and grandchildren will decide how they live on.
Photo: Depositphotos. Although the Egyptian citizens are certainly a couple of years ago, and did not imagine that the "Arab Spring" and subsequent shocks are bursting into their measured life. Tens of thousands of killed and those killed in Syria also did not consider moments to civil War. The world boils slowly, and how further everything will turn out - it is unclear. But still I would like to hope that Russia passes a bowl of the next fratricidal war ...
Some statistics.In Russia, approximately 135 million people lived to the first Russian revolution of 1905. Maximum number residents were recorded in soviet years: At the end of the existence of the USSR, the population of the entire Union reached almost 290 million people (1991). The recent census of the population of Russia 2010 gave a figure of 145 million people. True at the beginning of the XX century Russian empire It was huge and included part of Poland, all Finland, most of the major republics of the former USSR.
In the Soviet times (though, already far from the WWI, during the time of the so-called Brezhnevsky "stagnation") another value was taken - a record life expectancy of people. Now it is in Russia according to 2011, 70.3 years. For men - 64.3 years, for women - 76.1.
Life expectancy in the USSR
In fig. 3 shows the duration of life expectancy in the USSR from 1958-1959 to 1982-1983. However, there are serious grounds to believe that in reality the life expectancy in the USSR in the 1960-1970s was significantly lower than the published data. Unpublished mortality tables of the Federation of the Union republics for 1958-1959 - 1969-1970 contained extremely high and completely implausible in those times the performance of the life expectancy of Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, it was characteristic especially for rural areas named republics. Low better than the situation of affairs in Azerbaijan, Georgia and Moldova. As R.M.Dmitriev noted, when calculating the mortality tables of 1958-1959, it was necessary to very much to correct mortality rates in these republics so that they looked likely. Even according to the control checks, which were held until 1957 everywhere, the inhabitants of infant mortality achieved in many regions of these republics of dozens percent. The authors who analyzed all these data were assessed by the widespread mortality in the USSR in 1958 at the level of 5%, including children up to 1 year - 25%. But if, when calculating the republican tables, the amendments were made to failure, then the tables in the USSR were always calculated without amendments.
Figure 3. Life expectancy in the USSR from 1958-1959 to 1982-1983 years old
Source: USSR population. 1988: Statistical Yearbook / State Statistics Committee of the USSR, M.: Finance and Statistics, 1989. National Economy of the USSR in 1990 (Statistical Yearbook) / State Statistics Committee of the USSR, M.: Finance and Statistics, 1991.
Even in the era of publicity, the State Statistics Committee of the USSR did not decide to publish indicators of life expectancy in the republics for the period up to 1979, but published information about infant mortality. In Uzbekistan, the infant mortality rate from 1970 to 1980 increased from 31.0 to 47.0 per 1000 born, in Kazakhstan from 25.9 to 32.7, in Tajikistan from 45.9 to 58.1, in Turkmenistan with 46, 1 to 53.6. It has been proven that this growth was a consequence of improving mortality. It is obvious that if you adjust the data on the USSR for the period up to 1979, the lifespan at birth will be significantly lower than 70 years. But in six former republics USSR with relatively reliable mortality statistics: Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia (Fig. 4) The life expectancy is 70 years, undoubtedly was achieved in 1964-1968, the maximum life expectancy, as in Fig. 3, falls for 1964. The figures clearly seen that the increase in mortality in the USSR, in the 6 republics with reliable mortality statistics (including Russia) and in Russia, taken separately, began after 1964.
Figure 4. Life expectancy at birth in the 6 former Union Republics of the USSR with relatively reliable mortality statistics (Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia) from 1959 to 1983 years
A source: Calculated according to Human Mortality Database.
Recall that on October 14, 1964, a plenum of the CPSU Central Committee was held, which N.S. Khrushchev was held with the post of the first secretary of the Central Committee and elected L. Brezhnev to this position. In the people, this event was called a whisper "another October coup". Let us allow myself another memoir retreat. In 1974, the Head of the Statistics Department of the Population, Health and social security R.M. Dmitrieva attracted me to writing a report "Up" on the demographic situation in the country. It was required to write the truth, but at the same time do not protrude sharp corners. We gave the phrase with collective efforts, which sounded something like this: "After 1964, new adverse trends arose in the dynamics of the death rate of the USSR population, and even the growth of individual mortality rates. When the text was ready, Dmitrieva suffered him to the head of the CSSU USSR V.N. Starovsky. The next day, I asked how our work was appreciated. Dmitrieva said that everything was generally approved, but one important remark was done to us. Starovsky replaced "after 1964" At "in the mid-60s" and advised not to remind the leadership that it was with their arrival to power that the situation began to worsen.
On October 4, 2011, the spokesman for the Prime Minister D.S. Weskov in an interview with the Rain TV channel said: "You know, Brezhnev is not a" minus "sign for the history of our country, this is a huge" plus ". He laid the foundation of the economy, agriculture etc.". I am not a specialist in the economy and I can not challenge the merit of Brezhnev to the national economy, but from the point of view of the health and longevity of the population of the country, L.I. Brezhnev - undoubted "minus". For the lost 18 years from 1964 to 1982, the life expectancy in the country not only did not grow, but on the contrary, decreased. In the USSR, according to official data, it decreased by 2 years, including men - by 3.5 years. In Russia, the reduction was smaller, only 1.5 years, and men - 2.7 years. For comparison for 11 years from 1953 to 1964, when the leadership of the country was headed by N.S. Khrushchev, life expectancy increased from 59.0 to 70.4 years, i.e. Its growth was more than 1 year per year.
In fig. 5 presents monthly data on the number of dead aged 1 year and older in Russia. Indicators are normalized, taking into account the number of days in the month. Of course, the number of dead is a bad mortality rate indicator, but at a short time interval, when the population and its age composition change weakly, it can also be used. It is clearly seen that almost from early 1961 until the end of 1964, monthly numbers of the dead were fluctuated around a rough level. The exception is the January peak of 1962 - a consequence of a severe flu epidemic, which significantly increased mortality not only from influenza and its complications, but also from diseases of the circulatory system. Starting from 1965, this monthly average begins to grow almost linearly. That this is a random coincidence or between the change of management and the growing mortality existed causal communication? Below we will return to this issue.
Figure 5. Monthly numbers of the dead in Russia in 1961-1968, men aged 1 year and older
The issue of extension of life is one of the most serious tasks of humanity. Over her decision worked and operate whole teams of scientists who are sponsored by both the state and private companies and persons. Recently, Rosstat published an important news that the life expectancy of Russians reached a historic maximum, exceeding 72 years, and we decided to dig statistics in Russia and the world to make out this curious topic "Bone".
Some shifts in this direction are already noticeable, but even the stable mass overcoming of one hundred central age is still very early. BelowReconomica. consider basic information related to relevant issues Extension of life and preservation of health in old age.
How the average life expectancy in Russia changed: from the Tatstika Rosstat by year
So, we deal with the secrets of active longevity. To begin with, general information.Table average life expectancy in the Russian Federationby year (starting with the nineties To this day) looks like this:
| Year | General | For men | For women |
| 1990 | 69.1 | 63.7 | 74.3 |
| 1995 | 64.5 | 58.1 | 71.5 |
| 2000 | 65.5 | 59 | 72.2 |
| 2002 | 64.9 | 58.6 | 71.9 |
| 2005 | 65.3 | 58.9 | 72.4 |
| 2007 | 67.6 | 61.4 | 74 |
| 2008 | 67.9 | 61.9 | 74.2 |
| 2009 | 68.7 | 62.8 | 74.7 |
| 2010 | 68.9 | 63 | 74.8 |
| 2011 | 69.8 | 64 | 75.6 |
| 2012 | 70.2 | 64.5 | 75.8 |
| 2013 | 70.8 | 65.1 | 76.3 |
| 2014 | 70.9 | 65.3 | 76.5 |
| 2015 | 71.4 | 65.9 | 76.7 |
| 2016 | 71.9 | 66.5 | 77 |
Gladly looking at the table, you can do 2 important outputs:
- The average life expectancy of men in Russia, although it grows in 1995, still remains very low. In fact, almost all the growth of the general indicator has been reached with a decrease in male mortality with catastrophically high to just high. Women still live for 11 years longer. Many do not understand what the term "life expectancy" means. Simple wordsThis means that every average girl born in 2017 is supposed to live last 11 years of his life, already buried the spouse.
- As we see, heavy for the country the nineties with a high degree of mortality economic reasonsas well as from alcoholism and other dependencies, reflected on statistics. When technical progress pushed up the standard of living in developed countriesRussia rolled on the bottom because of the economic catastrophe.
So, remember, current numbers today, to further analyze them:
- The average life expectancy of men in Russia in 2017 is 66.5 years
- Women - 77 years
- On average, Russia, according to Rosstat, for mid-2017, reached a level of 72.4 years on the life expectancy.
August 14, Vice Prime Minister Olga Golodetts reported that the average life expectancy in Russia for the first time exceeded 72 years. , following the results of the first half of 2017, according to the preliminary assessment of Rosstat, 72.4 years.
How many years have people lived in the USSR?
Evaluating some parameters of modern life, people often love to remember how everything was before the collapse of the USSR. Therefore, we give data on the duration of life in the Soviet Union in the most quiet years:
| Of the year | Average duration, years |
| 1958-1959 | 68.5 |
| 1960-1961 | 69.5 |
| 1962-1963 | 69.5 |
| 1964-1965 | 70.5 |
| 1966-1967 | 70 |
| 1968-1969 | 69.5 |
| 1970-1971 | 69.5 |
| 1972-1973 | 69.5 |
| 1974-1975 | 68.5 |
| 1976-1977 | 68 |
| 1978-1979 | 68 |
| 1980-1981 | 67.5 |
| 1982-1983 | 68 |
However, the statistics on the USSR are considered overestimated. The main reason is inaccurate for mortality in Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Turkmenistan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Moldova.
How are you from our neighbors? Ukraine, Belarus, Kazakhstan and other CIS countries for continuing with life today
Table by CIS countries / former USSR (Actual data for full 2016):
| State | average life expectancy |
| Azerbaijan | 66.3 |
| Armenia | 72.4 |
| Belorussia | 70.2 |
| Kazakhstan | 67.35 |
| Kyrgyzstan | 68.9 |
| Moldova | 70.3 |
| Tajikistan | 64.7 |
| Turkmenistan | 68.35 |
| Uzbekistan | 65.1 |
| Georgia (entered the CIS early) | 76.55 |
| Ukraine (entered the CIS Early) | 68.1 |
As we see, today from our nearby neighbors ahead of the Russian Federation for the expected lifespan, only Georgia, Armenia is at the same level, taking into account the measurement error.
List of countries in the world life expectancy (for 2017 year)
We will give long-life statistics on the countries of the world, separately, and separately - for men and women.
Since for 2017 the statistics are not yet - the rating is compiled according to the data for the full 2016:
List of countries for medium life expectancy, 1 part
List of countries for medium life expectancy, part 2
List of countries for medium life expectancy, part 3
List of countries in the middle life expectancy, part 4
As you can see, officially data in Russia, global statistics have not yet recognized. Collection of statistics around the world is a difficult and unprecedented matter, since national results are tested for accuracy before publishing in peer-reviewed scientific publications, from where we took the data.
But the data on the fact that the Russian Federation almost submitted the mark in 72 years, they proceed from Rosstat, which means that now we are between 90m and 100m place in the world for the life expectancy. It is also worth saying that this is the national escort record!
Why do women live longer around the world?
There is clear gender inequality for life expectancy: women in all countries on average live longer than representatives of strong sex.
Briefly in numbers: The number of women who lived up to 85 years, on average 2 times more than men. And from 49 most old people In the world - only 2 men. Why?
Because:
- Attitude to own health . Men pay much less attention to the state of health, often "tightening" to the last, while symptoms of the disease will not interfere with living. Women are much more closely applied to health, who is more accurate to visit doctors and more precisely following their instructions.
- Relationship to your own security. Have you ever seen women who are climbing on the roof along the wall of the house? Or women who are glad to jump into the water from a height of several floors? Of course, these are, however, the reckless and dangerous deeds make precisely men.
- Level of psychological loads. Most often, the work of a man is constant stress. Add eternal rush to this in the desire to earn more. And the moral fatigue that accumulates years - will definitely lead to the emergence of problems of physical.
- Lack of time. A man who strives to earn more to ensure a family, in addition to psychological health, also loses a full-fledged vacation, and often insensitive.
- Working conditions. The vast majority of all the "dangerous" professions are men. And severe working conditions for a long time often lead either to the emergence of serious diseases, or to a general deterioration of health.
- Difference in work hormonal system . Testosterone (male sex hormone) partially "prevents" the work of immunity, while estradiol (female hormone), on the contrary, helps.
- Difference in nutrition. Men do not have such a need to look slim and consider every kilogram. Men lack time for cooking healthy food. Men need much more calories than women. All this leads to the fact that representatives of the strong floor are more likely feeding incorrectly.
Role of race: to wow on the nature written for a long time to live?
If we talk about racial predisposition to long-life, then to allocate some other race that lives longer than others - it is impossible.
Switzerland leads in the long-livers ranking, with minimal lag - Japan. However, this does not mean that Asians and Europeans live longer: in other European and asian countries The average life expectancy is far from so high. Low lifespan in the countries of the African continent is easy to explain poverty, hunger, sanitary problems and a disadvantage of clean fresh water. Place the European or Japanese in such conditions - how long will he live?
The reason is that the main factor affecting longevity is not nationality or race, but the living conditions.
Climate influence
An important in matters of longevity is the climate in which a person lives. No wonder after all the trips to the sea or in nature are considered healthy?
Indirectly OT climatic conditions Depends:
- Diet. For example, in the coastal cities in the menu in the population more seafood, which are considered more useful than animal meat.
- Industry spheres. If the region is not suitable for the construction of large industrial facilities - Ecology in such a zone will be better and cleaner.
In the North Caucasus - most long-livers in Russia.
Directly on the human body, the climate affects this way:
- Northern. Low temperatures Require from the body of a larger calorie flow to "heated". Also due to lack of sunlight and due to frosty air, problems with the respiratory system are enhanced. The shortage of light considers long-term depression and high mortality from suicide.
- Deserted. Dry air high temperatures, dust - these conditions are constantly supported respiratory system In voltage, because of what it is more susceptible to diseases.
- Mountain. In the mountains, the air is not only cleaner: it contains less oxygen. It stimulates nervous system, improving performance. Immunity during life in the mountains is usually stronger, health itself is better.
- Seaside. IN coastal zone The air is usually cleaner, however, more wet. Such conditions may not be suitable for people who have heart or pulmonary diseases.
Development and availability of medicine in developed countries
One of the main factors affecting longevity in residents of developed countries is the level of medical services. Moreover, this nuance can be divided into several:
- Treatment in case of illness.
- Prevention measures for each citizen separately (vaccinations, diagnostics).
- Prevention measures for the population as a whole (state control ambient, quality drinking water, food).
Largely on longevity influences the quality of medical services. Where would you prefer to lie?
In developed countries, all these factors are controlled and carried out at a high level, using modern methods and equipment.
In less developed countries - on the contrary: medical sphere Often it is running. This affects the treatment of existing diseases among citizens, and on preventive measures (which leads to an increase in morbidity).
Russians began to live longer: what about this merit?
IN last years The life expectancy of citizens of the Russian Federation stably increases, which reliably demonstrates the table at the beginning of the article. There are several reasons for this:
- The number of smokers and alcohol consumption decreases. Control over the turnover of alcohol and tobacco in recent years is noticeably tightened, and the prices for this products are growing. In addition, bad habits come out of "Fashion": now people pay more attention healthy image Life and career.
- The amount of drug intake is reduced. If we remember the nineties and the beginning of zero, when drugs could be purchased almost without problems and without risk - now in this regard, everything seriously tightened and complicated. Of course, narcotic drugs are still illegally distributed, and their choice has become more, but now consumers are tracked, and distributors are prosecuted much more efficiently.
- Increased the standard of living of the population. The average salary in Russia in 2004 amounted to about 7 thousand rubles. . Of course, prices rose, however, the situation in the labor market has improved, and the population has the opportunity to spend more and on full nutritionAnd for treatment, at least in the last 2-3 years and there was some because of the crisis.
- The quality of health care has increased. We are talking both about state clinics, and about private medical institutions, which has become much more than 15-20 years ago.
- Improved economic situation in the country. This led to a decrease in crime levels.
What factors affect the expected lifetime of a person?
The following factors directly or indirectly affect life expectancy:
- Genetics, hereditary diseases and predisposition to them.
- Food.
- Bad habits.
- Regular physical exercise (we are not talking about daily two-hour training in the gym, but about moderate activity - charging, hiking, active species sports).
- Climate.
- Psychological health (lack of stress, experiences).
- Attention to health in children and youthful age (From the side of the parents - the diseases were treated in a timely time, vaccinated was given, whether the diet was right, the right way of life was the right to conceive and during pregnancy).
- Work (Is it connected with severe physical labor, whether regular stress leads whether a sufficient amount of time remains for sleep and rest).
- Quality of medical care (both hospitals, which treat existing diseases and structures that are engaged in the prevention of their development).
- Ecology in the region.
What has changed in economics, ecology and medicine over the past 20 years?
Since longevity statistics directly depends on these areas of human activity - we give brief description The most significant news (for the Russian Federation).
In ecology.
In the plan of ecology of positive changes did not happen. On the contrary, the situation in this area continues to deteriorate (not only in the Russian Federation - in the world as a whole). Specifically in the Russian Federation, the harmful factor is a large number of large industrial facilities that emissions worsen air quality.
Plant "Tatelectromash" (Naberezhnye Chelny), emergency and salvo release at commissioning works, April 14, 2016
Moreover, due to crises, enterprises have to save (including on modernization and cleaning), which is why the situation is further aggravated. In addition: an uneven cutting of the forest is produced, the discharge is poorly controlled. wastewater In reservoirs, minerals are often mined without compliance with secure technology.
In economics.
If you compare the situation in the "nineties" and the state of the economy today, only positive changes are noticeable. The average salary of the population increased, the unemployment rate has decreased, the number of diverse enterprises has increased. On the russian market Foreign investors are actively working.
We give a brief table of specific numbers, comparing 2000 and 2014 (the last pre-crisis year, when the maximum positive dynamics was traced):
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Parameter |
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GDP, per capita, thousands of rubles |
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Products of agriculture are produced, in billion rubles |
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Entered the construction of housing, million m² |
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Population, millions |
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The number of unemployed, in% to the working population |
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Average salary in the Russian Federation, thousands of rubles |
In medicine.
Specific figures immediately: in 2000, 10.7 thousand hospitals operated in the Russian Federation and 21.3 thousand clinics. In 2015, this figure declined roughly: hospitals - 4400, clinic - 13800. True, according to the authorities, this is done in order to optimize costs. However, in fact, the population is experiencing a lack of medical staff, first of all - pediatricians and general practitioners.
The quality of service and the possibility of medicine - increased. Qualitative breakthroughs are also observed in dentistry, and in cardiology, and in prosthetics, and in diagnosis, and in gynecology, and in the treatment of oncological diseases, and in pediatrics - that is, in all the most basic and mass directions. In addition, the salary has increased by medical personnel, which can also indirectly affect the quality of service and the popularity of medical professional. Now. Modern Russian hospitals are equipped better than 15-20 years ago. True, it is relevant not for all therapeutic institutions - in many medical institutions in the regions, equipment remains obsolete.
Differences in the regions of the Russian Federation: D de People live longer?
Since Russia is a large country, and conditions in the regions differ among themselves, the life expectancy in them will also be different.
Indicators (for the full 2015) are as follows:
As we can see, people in Russia live long or in the conditions of a clean ecology of the North Caucasus, or in the face of the developed infrastructure of large cities, where the ambulance will arrive and take an ambulance hospital, which has "live" equipment and the necessary medicines.
We reveal the key factor of longevity from the figures of statistics
If it is rational to analyze all the information about longevity (countries in which long-livers live, the standard of living of the population in these countries, the quality of medical care, and so on), then key factors It can be called a high standard of living of the population and economic stability in the country.
If a citizen has high income - He can afford highly qualified medical service, full-fledged rest (and moral, and physical), proper nutrition, accommodation in comfortable conditions. If the country has a high standard of living of the population means everything is in order with the economy. This means that the state has the opportunity to allocate funds to maintain the normal state of ecology, on the prevention of morbidity, for the construction of modern medical institutions, water treatment facilities, the production of quality food, and so on.
Long-livers - who are they?
According to Wikipedia, the long-liver is a person who has lived to 90 years. This age is relatively large for all countries. However, in some states such people more (if you take the ratio of long-livers to total number population), in others - less. Let's try to figure out why.
In which countries do people live to a hundred years?
Here the list of countries in which most people lived to 100 years of age:
- Japan. Moreover, women's long-livers are approximately 87.3% (if you take the last 30 years).
- Sweden. The "concentration" of long-livers in relation to the population is quite high here: at 9.4 million citizens - about 1600 long-livers (that is, up to 100 years survives about 1 of 5888 people).
- Great Britain. Here for every 6777 citizens account for 1 long-lived.
- Cuba. In total, about 1,500 people who fastened the 100th anniversary live in Cuba. By the ratio K. total - 1 long-lived at 7222 people.
As we see, the chances of the average person to overcome the centenary frontier today are really insignificant! It is easier to win in a latter a large amount.
About record holders' long-livers (video)
Recordsmen Guinness Records
We give a list of the "most-most" long-livers.
From now living:
- V. Brown (Jamaica). Born on March 10, 1900 (117 years old).
- Nabi Tajima (Japan). August 4, 1900 (116 years old).
- Tie Miyako (Japan) on May 2, 1901 (116 years old).
- Marie-Josephin Godett (Italy). March 25, 1902 (115 years old).
- Juseppin Pretto Frau (Italy). May 30, 1902 (115 years).
- Cana Tanaka (Japan). January 2, 1903 (114 years).
- Maria-Giuseppa Robuchchi-Nardizo (Italy). March 20, 1903 (114 years old).
- Iso Nakamura (Japan). April 23, 1903 (114 years).
- Tae Ito (Japan). July 11, 1903 (114 years).
In 2017, two long-livers have died from this list:
- Ana led Rubio (Spain). October 29, 1901 (died in 116 years).
- Emma Morano (Italy) on November 29 in 1899 (died in 117 years).
Of the dead, confirmed:
- Jeanne Kalman (France). Lived 122 years and 164 days.
- Sarah Knauss (USA). Lived 119 years and 97 days.
- Lucy Hannah (USA). Lived 117 years and 248 days.
- Maria Louise Meyer (Canada). Lived 117 years and 230 days.
- Emma Morano (Italy). Lived 117 years and 137 days.
- Misao Okava (Japan). Lived 117 years and 27 days.
- Maria Ester de Capovilius (Ecuador). Lived 116 years and 347 days.
- Suzanna Mushatt Jones (USA). Lived 116 years and 311 days.
- Gertrude Weaver (USA). Lived 116 years and 276 days.
- Tae Ikai (Japan). Lived 116 years and 175 days.
An interesting nuance: the first man from this list is found only at the 16th position, and the whole men in the list of 99 points is 6 people.
Unconfirmed long-livers (age is known only from the words of the person himself):
- Lee Zingun (China). Allegedly lived 256 years.
- Anna Feinset (USA). Allegedly lived in 195 years.
- Mom Efisho (Nigeria). Alleged 193 allegedly lived.
- Elizabeth Mahoni (USA). Allegedly lived 191 years.
- Mahashta Murashi (India). Allegedly lived in 182 years.
- Tensa Abayev (South Ossetia). Allegedly lived 180 years.
- Eselzil Siren (Uganda). Allegedly lived 180 years.
- James Olofintui (Nigeria). Presumably lived 172 years.
- Pa Aki Onforrene (Nigeria). Presumably lived 170 years.
- Hanger Nina (Turkey). Allegedly lived 169 years.
About a person who lived (?) 256 years: True or fiction? (video)
Where long-livers live: r Ol power and ecology
We highlight several places in which people are statistically more likely to live up to 90 years. The data was collected den Buttner (American researcher, traveler, writer who explored the secrets of longevity).
- Japan - Okinawa Island. Meet on this island (the population of which is about 1 million inhabitants) of a person aged 80-90 years old - easy. And it will look for 10-30 years than the number in the passport. Okinawa residents eat often, but small portions. In the diet - fresh vegetables and fruits, soy and tofu. On the island, the occupation of east martial arts is common, various respiratory techniques are practiced, and in general the population leads an active lifestyle.
- ITALY - Sardinia Island, Ovvoda. One of the most beautiful paradise seats of Mediterranean. Some special diet inhabitants of the island do not adhere to feeding through what is common in their region (seafood and traditional dishes for Italy). However, den Buttner leads interesting fact: Previously, the inhabitants of the Ovvod lived separately, and often joined marriages inside their community. Genetically developed so that people born here are predisposed to longevity.
- Costa Rica - Niko Peninsula. There are no super-modern medical centers or some very useful products Food, which are produced nearby. Clean nature and a quieter period of life - maybe this is what positively affects longevity local residents. According to statistics, they are about 4 times most likely to live up to 90 years than the average US citizen (which spends much more money on medicine).
- Greece - Ikara Island. Approximately 6 out of 10 locals live up to 90 years. Of the pattern of lifestyle - a diet with the predominance of seafood and fresh vegetables, dimension and calm, fresh air and a warm and favorable climate. Also, the local wine is highly valued, which is preparing immediately, without preservatives and chemical additives. This type of food is also known as the "Mediterranean Diet". Numerous studies have proven positive influence Such a diet on health.
As we see the main factors of long-life is warm (but not abnormally hot) climate, fresh and clean air, measured life and food without abundance of harmful products.
Proven: Daily work keeps health and reason until the very end
Many of those who lived for longer than 90 years, as their secretion of longevity allocate constant activity.
And also to longevity!
It is possible to give a simple analogy: any technique idle without a case - flies (rust, some details dry out, dust is stuffed into the mechanisms, and so on). Inaction is badly affected by the human body, both on moral and physical.
That is why it is extremely important to constantly develop and show activity in different areas (Work and physically, and mentally). It is not about the exhausting work for 14-20 hours a day - you need to work in moderation, but regularly.
This also applies to those who have already retired (or for some reason can afford not to work). Various studies have similar conclusion: early care of retirement leads to premature extinction: the meaning of life is lost, depression arises from the lack of communication, the engineering activity is reduced, the desire to live further disappears. And after that, nature is simply getting rid of the "torn material".
What the long-livers themselves say about their secret of longevity: 5 quotes
Emma Morano, Italian long-lived, 117 years old ( older manwho lived in 3nd centuries: born in 1899 and died in 2017).
According to Emma, \u200b\u200bstarting from 20 years of age, she eaten every day 3 eggs (raw or boiled), on the advice of the doctor. Otherwise, in terms of diet, she did not adhere to some tough restrictions: ate meat, chocolate, sometimes he saw alcohol. Fruit and vegetables in the diet, according to her doctor, there was not a lot.
One of the secrets of longevity considers a small number of years in marriage, thanks to which she did not spend their strength on the relationship. It was married twice, after 1938 and until the end of his life - she lived without her husband.
Leila Denmark, USA, 114 years.
Believed that the secret of longevity lies in happy marriage (She herself lived with her husband for more than 60 years) and his beloved work. Leila continued to work until 103 years.
Israel, 110 years old.
As a talented musician (pianist), it believed that the secret of longevity was to take a favorite thing that makes her happy. He said that the worst thing that could be in life is boredom.
It is also possible to allocate optimism: Alice believed that for pessimism and hatred should not be time, and that they eat the soul.
Misao Okava, Japan, 117 years old.
He said that the key to long life lies in sufficient recreation (at least 8 hours a day, and if possible - and day sleep), relax in the ability to relax proper nutrition. Misao's favorite dish was sushi, which she could have three times a day. Also daily drank coffee.
According to doctors, the secret of the longevity of a woman was good health (Throughout life, she did not hurt anything serious) and a strong psyche.
Giselle Kazadsu, France, 102 years old.
I believed that the pledge of longevity is love: to her husband, to children, to the family. Also said that it is always necessary to learn, as the workout of the mind slows down his old age.
The lifestyle was relatively correct: followed nutrition (sometimes allowing wine), engaged in regular physical loads. Also does not forget about genetics: in terms of health, there were no special problems.
- Refuse from harmful habits . Smoking, alcohol - all this is unacceptable even in minimal doses.
- Put your diet. About the rules of healthy diet will have to learn a lot: nutrition is a whole science, to apply it individually for each person.
- Put your mode. It is desirable to sleep for 7-8 hours, and ideally - at night.
- Support physical activity. Being a professional athlete is not necessarily, but regular (ideally - daily) charging for 15-20 minutes will definitely be useful. We walk more, make yourself some kind of active hobby (swimming, cycling, table tennis, and so on - optional).
- Watch out for health. Prevent it easier to treat - so attend doctors every 1-2 years (at least). It is possible to make a major list of specialists: a cardiologist, urologist (gynecologist), therapist, gastroenterologist, neurologist. If there is no time or desire - it can be limited to the therapist. It is also desirable to surrender annually.
- Do not postpone the treatment. The main problem that prevents our people live for a long time is the triggering of disease. Many of us go to the doctor only when the symptoms become explicit and intolerable.
- Avoid stress. Less conflict, quarrel, try to avoid communicating with people you are unpleasant. Take a bigger time with your loved ones, do something together.
- Choose the right job. If the goal is precisely the long-life - then definitely should not work for heavy places. Loaders, miners, workers "heavy" industry - among such specialties long-livers are hardly found very often.
- If possible, change the place of residenceIf you have a problem with ecology in your city.
- Be more sociable. Socially active and sociable people are usually more optimistic and positive.
If we disappeared someone with dry numbers and facts, breaking the plan to live more than 100 years - do not worry in vain. Stusty as a whole reflects the past, we already live in another world. For instance, The average life expectancy in Russia in the 19th century was only 32 years (And in Europe - the slightly more than this figure, longer than 40 years in the European countries did not live at that time). Could someone suggest that in 70-80 years old can be an active person? And only a little over 100 years passed.
We do not know the future. So far, technical progress has only increased life expectancy. In the Japanese, which today is 80-90 years old, already dropped 2 in their life nuclear bombs! Stay positive how to health, it will need for many years!
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