International Standards, European Union Directives and Russian Gosts. International, Interregional and National Standardization. Harmonization of standards at different levels. The meaning of international standardization

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Introduction

Standardization is a tool for providing product quality, works and services - an important aspect of multifaceted commercial activities.

The problem of quality is relevant for all countries, regardless of the maturity of their market economy. To become a participant in world economy and international economic relations it is necessary to improve the national economy, taking into account global achievements and trends.

The lag of national standardization systems largely predetermined the difficulties that are experiencing domestic enterprises in the context of modern competition not only in foreign markets, but also on the inner.

Russia's transition to a market economy determines new conditions for the activities of domestic firms and industrial enterprises. The right enterprises for independence does not mean permissiveness in decisions, but forces to study, know and apply in their practice the "Rules of the game" in its practice. International cooperation in any directions and at any level requires the harmonization of these rules with international and national norms.

Standardization as it was in the planned economy, not only did not fit into new working conditions, but also slowed down or simply made it impossible to integrate Russia into civilized economic space. A particularly bright example is the condition of the entry of our state to GATT / WTO.

RF Law "On Consumer Protection", "On Standardization", "On Certification of Products and Services", "On Ensuring Unity of Measurements" created the necessary legal framework for making significant innovations into the organization of these most important areas of activity.

Today, the manufacturer and its trading mediator seeking to raise reputation brand, to win in a competitive struggle, to enter the world market, are interested in fulfilling both the required and recommended standards requirements. In this sense, the Standard acquires the status of a market incentive. Thus, standardization is a tool for providing not only competitiveness, but also effective partnerships of the manufacturer, customer and seller at all levels of management.

Standardization is based on the latest achievements of science, technology and practical experience and determines progressive, as well as economically optimal solutions to many national economic, industry and intra-production tasks. Organically combining functional and applied sciences, it contributes to the strengthening of their focus and the fastest implementation scientific achievements in practical activity.

Standardization creates the organizational and technical basis for the manufacture of high-quality products, specialization and cooperation of production, gives it the properties of self-organization.

Standard is a sample, a standard, a model taken for the initial to compare with other similar objects. As a regulatory document, the Standard establishes a set of rules, rules, requirements for the object of standardization and is approved by the competent authorities.

The standard is developed on material items (products, standards, samples of substances), norms, rules and requirements of various nature.

So, the transition of the country to the market economy with the competition inherent in it, the struggle for the confidence of consumers forces commerce experts to make the methods and rules of standardization in their practical activities to ensure high quality goods, works and services.

1. The concept of standards and standardization. Russian standards systemFederation

Standardization - Activities aimed at achieving streamlining in a certain area by establishing provisions for universal and multiple applications for actually existing and potential tasks. This activity is manifested in the development, publishing the application of standards.

The purpose of standardization is to achieve an optimal degree of streamlining in a region through a wide and repeated use of established provisions, requirements, norms for solving real-life, planned or potential tasks.

The standardization aspect is the direction of standardization of the selected standardization object, which characterizes a specific property (or group of properties) of this object.

So, aspects of standardization of specific products are:

Terms and Definitions;

Conventions and cuts;

Classification, requirements for main parameters and (or) sizes

(target or functional indicators);

Requirements for the main indicators of quality level (utility);

Requirements for the main indicators of the level of efficiency;

Requirements for product equipment;

Requirements for methods and storage and transportation facilities;

Product safety requirements for life, health and property in its production, circulation and consumption;

Environmental protection requirements (requirements for environmentally dangerous properties of products in its production, circulation and consumption);

Requirements for the rules and means of acceptance of products;

Requirements for product labeling;

Requirements for packaging products, transport and consumer packaging.

The main results of standardization activities should be to increase the degree of compliance of the product (services), the processes of their functional purpose, the elimination of technical barriers in international trade, promoting scientific and technical progress and cooperation in various fields.

Standardization is carried out at different levels:

International standardization;

Regional standardization;

National standardization - in one specific state;

Administrative and territorial standardization.

Standard - a regulatory document developed on the basis of an agreement of most stakeholders and approved by a recognized body (or enterprise), which establishes general principles, characteristics, requirements and methods related to certain standardization objects aimed at streamlining and optimizing work in a particular area.

Types of standards:

State standards;

International standards;

Sectoral standard;

Enterprise standards;

Standards of public associations (scientific and technical societies)

. (standards for new products and services);

The object of standardization can be products, services and processes having a perspective of multiple playback and (or) use. The standards are regulated by measuring, control and product testing methods. The procedure for developing, coordination, approval and registration of standards and technical conditions is subject to standardization. It is in standards that the requirements for manufactured products are established, compliance with which allows us to consider this product quality.

Standards indicators are characteristics of standardization objects, expressed using conventional units, designations or concepts. Indicators can be given in size, chemical composition, physical properties, scales, operational qualities, efficiency, reliability, durability.

Currently, the State Standardization System of the Russian Federation (GSS) has been formed, which regulates the processes of construction, presentation and dissemination of standards in the Russian Federation. The GSS includes 5 fundamental standards.

Regulatory documents on standardization are divided into the following varieties: - State Standards of Russia (GOST);

Industry standards (OST); - Standards of scientific and technical and engineering associations; - technical conditions (TU); - Standards of enterprises.

State standards of Russia contain mandatory and recommendations. Mandatory include:

Requirements that ensure the safety of products for the life, health and property of citizens, its compatibility and interchangeability, environmental protection, and requirements for testing methods of these indicators;

Safety and health safety requirements with reference to relevant sanitary standards and rules;

Metrological norms, rules, requirements and regulations that ensure the accuracy and accuracy of measurements;

Provisions that provide technical compatibility during the development, manufacturing, operation of products.

This is provided for by the relevant legislative acts;

These requirements are included in the Treaty for the Development, Production and Supply of Products;

The manufacturer (supplier) of products made a statement about the compliance of products to these standards.

The mandatory requirements of state standards are subject to unconditional execution by executive state authorities, by all enterprises, their associations, organizations and citizens - business entities; The activities of which are subject to the action of standards.

Sectoral standards are developed on products in the absence of state standards of Russia or if necessary, the establishment of requirements that exceed or complement the requirements of state standards. The mandatory requirements of industry standards are subject to unconditional execution by enterprises, their associations and organizations that are within the scope of the Office of the Authority that approved them.

Standards of scientific and technical and engineering associations are developed in case of the need to expand the results of fundamental research in the field of professional interests. These standards can be used on the basis of voluntary agreement.

Technical conditions and standards of enterprises contain requirements that regulate relations between the supplier (developer, manufacturer) and the consumer (customer) of products.

Seven topical tasks that have found their embodiment in the fundamental GSS standards or its original concept are distinguished.

1. Harmonization of domestic regulatory and technical documentation with international, foreign, national and regional regulatory documentation.

2. Minimization of the restrictive initiative (manufacturers and consumers) of prohibitions and regulations, orientation on the voluntary use and the ability to select documents of a species at the conclusion of contracts and contracts.

3. Development, adaptation, improvement of product certification procedures in combination with the development of documents on certification of quality systems, accreditation of test units of various levels for certification tests of products and services.

4. Accompanying the tendency of refusal to tighten the input control, output tests and acceptance, the transition to playing production control in the technological cycle.

5. Optimization of the quantitative composition and structure of technical documentation for products, processes and services, providing information and communication documents.

6. Improving the documentation development methodology.

7. Ensuring influence regulatory documents on improving the technical and economic efficiency of production.

State standardization management in Russia, including the coordination of the activities of state bodies and bodies executive power In places, the State Standard of Russia is carried out, which forms and implements state-owned policies in the field of standardization, provides state control and supervision of compliance with the mandatory requirements of state standards, participates in the work on international (regional) standardization.

The creation of a system of standards in Russia corresponding to the requirements of a market economy allows:

Significantly expand the range of customers and potential users of standards, significantly increase interest and change the motivation of their development, strengthening attention to the problem of reducing production costs;

Transform standards into a practical tool for the struggle for the consumer market;

To stimulate the use of standards in the interests of consumers to enhance competition between manufacturers for higher consumer properties of goods;

Turn standards into a product of democratic coordination of interested participants, which makes it possible to avoid dictates and ensures interest in applying and complying with the requirements of standards;

Create the necessary conditions for competitiveness and successful work on the market.

2. The role of standardization in improving production efficiency

Improving the quality of products. Unification, aggregation and standardization regulates the nomenclature of manufactured types and sizes of products. Serial and mass production are usually organized, as a rule, only such products for which dimensions, quality indicators, and often competition are standardized. Cancellation of the standard on the product means removal from production. Unify and standardize optimal parameters and indicators of the quality of nodes and machines, especially if the method of advanced standardization is used. The method of comprehensive standardization allows us to broadly apply the principle of aggregation, establish mutually linked to raw materials, materials, component products, a technological process and equipment, measuring means and other objects, when performing a given quality of the final product. With great complexity of many types modern machines and instruments and broad intersectoral cooperation Complex standardization is the only method of the most efficient provision of the required quality of products.

Improving the quality of products contributes to the implementation of the ECTA, the state management system and certification of product quality, as well as the use of unified centrally manufactured general-level parts and nodes, design standards.

The release of parts and nodes with well-specified geometric, mechanical, electrical and other functional parameters with optimal accuracy and optimal surface quality, the creation of a guaranteed reserve of operability of machinery and instruments allows for interchangeability of all the same type produced by the plant for their operational indicators. At the same time, their accuracy and durability increases by 20 - 30%, the marriage is reduced by 20 - 40%, and the complexity of fitting and adjusting work is reduced by 30 - 50%.

Inclusion in promising and annual plans for the development and revision of state and industry standards of tasks to improve technical level and quality indicators of the most important species Standardized products, the use of results of research and development work for mandatory development of standards for modifiable products accelerates the introduction of science and technology achievements and allows you to manage the quality of products across the industry and the entire national economy.

The abbreviated nomenclature of products, standardization and interchangeability of their nodes and aggregates create conditions for the development of specialization and sectoral and intersectoral cooperation of factories. Unified parts, nodes and aggregates on specialized factories are manufactured at high-performance equipment using more accurate and stable technological processes and measurement tools, which ensures increased productivity and quality of products. The principle of interchangeability creates prerequisites for the implementation of the specialization and cooperation of production on the scale of a number of CMEA member countries.

Increase production efficiency. The use of unified and standardized aggregates and machine elements contributes to the growth of labor productivity and the quality of their design. At the same time, the costs of design work are reduced. When implementing, the EFPP is introduced, thanks to the use of standard tools and equipment, costs and timelines for production preparation are reduced. Greater efficiency is achieved due to the use of parts, nodes and products manufactured on specialized factories. Currently specific gravity Specialized industries of standardized and unified aggregates and elements is about 10%. If you bring this indicator to 20%, then as a result of a decrease in the cost of manufacturing products, it is possible to save about 5 billion rubles.

Interchangeability also increases the cost-effectiveness of production, since it simplifies the assembly of products, which comes down to connecting parts into the node and nodes in the product without fit or with minimal adjustment or selection. It simplifies the operation and repair of products, since the details and nodes wear out or failed, it is easy to replace with replacement without deterioration of operational indicators, that is, the reducingness and maintainability of products increase.

The role of interchangeability in the acceleration of technical progress in the industry is very large. So, comprehensive mechanization and automation production processesThe creation of automatic lines, workshops and enterprises can be equipped only on the basis of interchangeable production, providing the release of all parts, nodes and products of the established size, forms and quality.

3. International standardization

The International Organization for Standardization is the largest and most authoritative of the above. Its main purpose is formulated in the ISO Charter: "... Promoting the development of standardization on a global scale to ensure international trade and mutual assistance, as well as to expand cooperation in the areas of intellectual, scientific, technical and economic activity."

The following facts testify about the scale of the organization's activities: over 30 thousand experts participate in technical workwhich is carried out within 187 technical committees, 576 subcommittees, 2057 working groups. Each year in different countries of the world has more than 800 meetings of the technical authorities mentioned above. ISO standards park exceeds 14 thousand units, more than 800 new and revised standards are published annually.

The main objects of standardization, the number of standards (in% of the total) characterize the range of interests of the organization.

Mechanical engineering

Non-metallic materials
Ores and metals
Information technology
Agriculture
Building
Special equipment
Health and Medicine
Fundamental standards
Environment
Packaging and transportation of goods

The remaining standards relate to health care and medicine, environmental protection, other technical fields. Questions of information technology, microprocessor equipment are objects of joint development of ISO / IEC.

In recent years, ISO pays a lot of attention to the standardization of quality assurance systems. Practical result Efforts in these areas are the development and publication of international standards. When they are developed, ISO takes into account the expectations of all interested parties - manufacturers of products (services), consumers, government circles, scientific and technical and public organizations. In the recent strategy, ISO pays special attention to trade and economic activities requiring the development of relevant solutions in the interests of the market, and the operational model that allows you to fully use the potential of information technologies and communication systems, taking into account, first of all, interests developing countries and the formation of the global market on equal conditions.

ISO standards, accumulating the advanced scientific and technical experience of many countries, are aimed at ensuring the unity of product requirements, which is the subject of international trade, including interchangeability of components, uniform tests and quality assessment of products.

Users of international standards ISO - industrial and business circles, governmental and non-governmental organizations, consumers and society as a whole.

International ISO standards do not have the status of mandatory for all participating countries. Any country of the world has the right to apply or not to apply them. Solving the issue of application international Standard ISO is mainly connected with the degree of country's participation in the international division of labor and the state of its foreign trade. In the Russian standardization system, about half of international standards ISO has found.

In Russia, such an order of introduction of international standards is adopted:

Direct application of international standard without inclusion of additional requirements;

Using the authentic text of an international standard with additional requirements reflecting the needs of the national economy.

According to its content, ISO standards are distinguished by the fact that only about 20% of them include requirements for specific products. The main mass of regulatory documents concerns safety requirements, interchangeability, technical compatibility, product test methods, as well as other general and methodological issues. Thus, the use of most ISO international standards assumes that specific technical requirements The product is established in contractual relations.

ISO and IEC jointly develop the management of ISO / IEC, which discusses various aspects of conformity assessment activities. Voluntary criteria contained in these guidelines are the result of international consensus against the best techniques and approaches. Their use promotes continuity and orderliness in assessing compliance throughout the world and thereby contributes to the development of international trade.

Thus, in practice, the principle is implemented: "A single standard, one test recognized everywhere."

Although international standards are developed on the basis of consensus and voluntary recognition of the requirements in them, in practice, consistency with them products are essentially necessary, since it is a criterion of competitiveness and admission to the international market.

International standards have become an effective means of eliminating technical barriers in international trade, since they found the status of documents defining the scientific and technical level and quality of products.

Over the past five years, the level of use of international standards has increased from 15 to 35%, and in such industries as mechanical engineering, metallurgy, transport and communication - exceeded 40%. The promising tasks of ISO ISO identified their tasks, allocation of the most relevant strategic directions of work: · Establishment of closer bonds of the organization with the market, which first of all should be reflected in the choice of priority development;

. · Reduced general and time costs as a result of improving the efficiency of the administrative apparatus, better use human resources, optimization of the workflow, the development of information technologies and telecommunications;

. · Providing effective assistance to the World Trade Organization by implementing a program-oriented processing of technical specifications for the supply of goods to ISO standards;

. · Stimulation of "self-sustaining" elements of the above program: promoting the creation of new standards for industry, the development of relations with the WTO on the terms of the provision of necessary technical assistance. In particular, it is assumed to in every way to contribute to the inclusion of requirements for products from states to international standards ISO, which should have a positive impact on the recognition of conformity assessment;

. · Care of improving the quality of national standardization activities in developing countries, where the main attention is paid to aligning standardization levels. In the future, ISO plans to expand the scope of the technical services provided. It identifies three priority features: promoting the adoption of widely used industrial standards developed beyond the ISO, as international regulatory documents; identification of priority needs for standardization relating to special areas; Improving the flexibility of planning work on the creation of standards in response to changing market conditions and states.

In addition, a fairly rapidly growing area of \u200b\u200binternational standardization is still the services where the 9000 series standards will be applied.

The governments of a number of major countries are responsible for the development and implementation of standards used for government procurement (especially defense agencies) in the private sector. In this regard, the ISO studies the possibilities of international standardization in the non-governmental sector. In the future, the importance of cooperation between ISO, IEC and which complements the activities of these organizations and contributes to the implementation of effective standardization programs in the field of information technologies and telecommunications. Consumers view this cooperation as a positive, promoting efficient work The three main organizations on international standardization and the next century.

International standards of environmental management systems ISO 14000 The emergence of ISO 14000 - a series of international standards of environmental management systems in enterprises and companies - is called one of the most significant international environmental initiatives. ISO 14000 standards system, unlike many other environmental standards, is not focused on quantitative parameters (emissions, substance concentration, etc.) and not on technology (requirement to use or not use certain technologies, the requirement to use the "available best technology" ). The main subject of ISO 14000 is the environmental management system. The typical provisions of these standards consist in the fact that certain procedures must be entered in the organization, certain documents must be prepared, the responsible area must be appointed. The main document series - ISO 14001 does not contain any "absolute" requirements for the environmental and environmental requirements, except that the organization in a special document should declare their desire to meet national standards. This nature of the standards is due, on the one hand, the fact that ISO 14000, as international standards, should not invade the scope of national standards. On the other hand, the ISO predecessor are "organizational" approaches to product quality, according to which the key to achieving quality is to build a proper organizational structure and distribution of liability for product quality. The ISO 14000 standards system also used the proven model of international standards on product quality control systems (ISO 9000) in accordance with which currently certified more than 70000 enterprises and companies around the world. The first standards from the ISO 14000 series were officially accepted, published in late 1996. It is assumed that the standards system will ensure a decrease in adverse environmental impacts on three levels:

1. Organizational - through improved environmental "behavior" of corporations.

2. National - through the creation of a significant addition to the national regulatory framework and component of state environmental policy. 3. International - through improved international trade conditions. ISO 14000 Standards System Documents included in the system can be divided into three main groups: the principles of creating and using environmental management systems (EMS);

Environmental Control and Evaluation Tools;

Product oriented standards. Environmental Management Systems The key concept of the ISO 14000 series is the concept of an environmental management system in an organization (enterprise or company). Therefore, the Central Document of the Standard is considered to be ISO 14001 - "Specifications and Guidelines for the Use of Environmental Management Systems". Unlike other documents, all its requirements are "audited" - it is assumed that the compliance or inconsistency of the specific organization can be established with high degree defities. It is the compliance with the ISO 14001 standard and is the subject of formal certification. The main requirements that makes it to the organization ISO 14001, and compliance with which the organization has a UNAB system that meets this standard, as follows:

1. The organization should develop environmental policies - a special document on the intentions and principles of the organization, which should serve as a basis for the actions of the organization and define environmental goals and tasks (see below). Environmental policy must comply with the scale, nature and environmental impacts, created activities, products and services of the company. Ecological policies, among others, should contain statements about the desire to comply with regulations, as well as to the "continuous improvement of the" environmental management system and to "prevent pollution". The document must be brought to all employees of the Organization and to be an affordable public.

2. The organization should develop and comply with the procedures for determining significant environmental impacts (we note that here and in other places the standard indicates the impacts associated not only directly to the activities of the organization, but also with its products and services). The organization should also systematically take into account all the legislative requirements associated with the environmental aspects of its activities, products and services, as well as the requirements of another nature (for example, industry codes).

3. Taking into account the significant environmental influences, legislative and other requirements, the organization should develop environmental goals and objectives. Objectives and tasks should be quantified if possible. They must be based on environmental policies ("including the awareness of the need or commitment to prevent pollution"), and are defined for each function (field of activity) and the level of the organization. With their formulation, the views of "stakeholders" should also be taken into account (under which any groups and citizens are understood, whose interests are affected by the environmental aspects of the enterprise, or concerned about these aspects).

4. To achieve his goals, the organization should develop an environmental management program. The program must determine responsible, means and timing to achieve goals and objectives.

5. The organization should define the corresponding structure of responsibility. Sufficient human, technological and financial resources should be allocated to ensure the work of this system. The responsible for the work of the environmental management system at the organization level should be appointed, the responsibility of which should be held periodically report to the EMS work guide.

6. A number of personnel training requirements must be implemented, as well as on preparing for freelance situations.

7. The organization should monitor or measure the basic parameters of the activity that can have a significant impact on the environment. Procedures must be established for a periodic verification of compliance with the current legislative and other requirements.

8. A periodic audit of the environmental management system should be carried out in order to determine whether it corresponds to the criteria established by the organization, as well as the requirements of the ISO 14001 standard, whether it has been implemented properly. Audit can be carried out both the company itself and the outside. The audit results are reported by the Company's management.

9. The management of the organization must periodically consider the work of the environmental management system in terms of its adequacy and efficiency. It is necessary to consider the issue of the necessary changes in environmental policies, purposes and other EMS elements. At the same time, the results of the audit, changed circumstances and the desire for a "continuous improvement" should be taken into account.

In general, the requirements of the standard lies the open cycle "Plan - Implementation - Check - Revision of Plan". The standard means that the environmental management system is integrated with the overall organization management system. The standard does not require that the persons responsible for the work of EMS have no other duties, or that the documents associated with environmental management have been allocated to a special document management system. Why the ISO 14000 standards are needed by enterprises ISO 14000 standards are "voluntary". They do not replace legislative requirements, and provide a system for determining how the company affects the environment and how legislation requirements are performed. The organization can use ISO 14000 standards for internal needs, for example, as an EMS model or an internal audit format of an environmental management system. It is assumed that the creation of such a system gives an organization effective toolWith the help of which it can manage the entire set of its environmental impacts and lead their activities in line with a variety of requirements. Standards can be used for external needs - to demonstrate to customers and the public compliance with the environmental management system with modern requirements. Finally, the organization can obtain formal certification from the third (independent) party. As it can be assumed by the experience of ISO 9000 standards, it is precisely the desire to obtain a formal registration, apparently, will be the driving force to implement environmental management systems corresponding to the standard. Despite the voluntary standards, according to the chairman of the ISO / TC 207 (technical commission developing ISO), Jim Dixon 10 years from 90 to 100 percent of large companies, including transnational companies, will be certified in accordance with ISO 14000, that is, will receive a certificate "third Parties "that certain aspects of their activities comply with these standards. Enterprises may want to obtain certification according to ISO 14000 first because such certification (or registration on ISO terminology) will be one of the indispensable conditions for marketing products in international markets (for example, recently, the EEC announced its intention to allow the Commonwealth countries to market ISO-certified companies). Among other reasons why the enterprise may need certification or implementation of EMS, you can call such as:

Improving the image of the company in the field of environmental requirements

(including environmental legislation);

Saving energy and resources, including those sent to environmental measures, due to more efficient management of them;

An increase in the estimated value of the main funds of the enterprise;

Desire to conquer the "green" products markets;

Improvement of the enterprise management system;

Interest in attracting highly skilled labor. According to ISO, the certification system should be created at the national level. Judging by the experience of countries such as Canada, a leading role in the process of creating a national certification infrastructure is played by national standardization agencies, such as Gosstandart, as well as chambers of commerce and industrial chambers, unions of entrepreneurs, etc. It is expected that the standard registration process will take from 12 to 18 months, approximately the same time as the introduction of an environmental management system at the enterprise. Since ISO 14000 requirements are largely intersect with ISO 9000, it is possible to lightly certify enterprises that already have ISO 9000. In the future, it is possible to "double" certification to reduce the total cost. "Certification within the framework of ISO 9000 is 70% of certification work under ISO 14000," approves one of the consulting firms.

Situation In Russia, obtaining certification in the ISO 14000 system may be necessary for Russian enterprises working or planning sales products in foreign markets. Since currently the National Certification Infrastructure is at the initial stage of development, such enterprises are incorporated to invite foreign auditors. In addition to the high cost of services provided, foreign auditors are often unfamiliar with the requirements of Russian environmental legislation. Therefore, in the near future it seems appropriate to take the following steps:

Popularization of ISO 14000, including through the publication of the Russian-speaking text of the standards;

Popularization of the basic principles of environmental audit of industrial enterprises;

Training of audit professors;

Development of the regulatory framework for environmental audit;

The introduction of a national system of environmental certification and product labeling, and as a first step - the official recognition of certain systems of environmental labeling of imported products.

4. Standardization: place and role in the system of technical regulation

The importance and need for standardization The Russian state understood in 1900, when it tried to standardize grain in the part of the trading classification, carried out work on the unification of arms, introduced the norms of design of electrical products.

Although now all the main elements of technical regulation - technical regulations, standards, conformation procedures, accreditation, monitoring and supervision - in one form or another are available in the Russian Federation, they require substantial refinement, also because they create unreasonable and redundant barriers to trade .

At the end of 2002 In Russia, the Federal Law "On Technical Regulation" was adopted, regulating relations arising from the development, acceptance, application and execution of mandatory requirements for products, processes of production, operation, storage, transportation, implementation and disposal. Federal law introduced:

The concept and principles of technical regulation;

The concept, content and application of technical regulations, the purpose of adoption and types of technical regulations, the procedure for the development, adoption, changes and cancellation of technical regulations;

Goals, standardization principles, as well as documents in the field of standardization and rules for their development;

Goals, principles and forms of confirmation of conformity;

Provisions in the field of accreditation of certification and testing laboratories;

Provisions on state control (supervision) for compliance with the requirements of technical regulations;

Responsibility, responsibilities and rights of parties when identifying violations of the requirements of technical regulations;

Provisions on the Federal Information Fund of Technical Regulations and Standards;

Provisions on financing in the field of technical regulation.

Standardization as one of the elements of technical regulation in a market economy can ensure the contribution to economic growth, exceeding the corresponding indicators from the implementation of patents and licenses. So, on research by German experts, a third of the annual economic growth of Germany for 1960-1990. (about 30 billion brands) referred to the effect of the application of standards. As a result of research conducted in a number of countries (Member States of Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation - APEC), it was revealed that the effective use of technical non-tariff regulation makes it possible to increase the share of profit on average by 0.26% of GDP, while profit from tariff regulation measures does not exceed 0.14%. Thus, the state should directly be interested in the effective application of standardization as a technician lever.

When developing technical regulations, it is necessary to use the experience of countries European Unionwhich practically ceased to include specific technical requirements in the EU Directive, but uses the principle of a new approach that suggests the directive in the directive of only significant requirements. Specific requirements and test methods are established in national standards aimed at confirming the compliance of the Directive. Standards are accepted based on the consensus of all stakeholders as part of the conciliation meeting of representatives of ministries and departments, manufacturers, self-regulatory organizations, scientific organizations - standardization committees.

Conclusion

Improving the standardization system, the application of international standards is a good prerequisite for the creation of quality systems that can significantly increase the competitiveness of domestic products.

Although international recommendations on standardization are not mandatory for all states, but the compliance of the products of international standards standards determines its cost and competitiveness in the international market. The application of international quality standards opens extensive opportunities for the release of Russian enterprises to the international market.

Standardization is a key factor in supporting a number of public policy areas, such as competition, innovation, elimination of trade barriers, expansion of trade, protection of consumer interests, environmental protection and many other destinations.

Standardization combined with legislation contributes to more efficient technical regulation at the state level.

International standardization allows you to save time and funds necessary for the development of national standards. Thus, the development of international standardization predetermines the development of world trade.

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International standardization is a combination of international organizations on standardization and products of their activities - standards, recommendations, technical reports and other scientific and technical products. Strictly speaking, there are three such organizations: the International Organization for Standardization - ISO (ISO), the International Electrotechnical Commission - IEC (IEC), International Soyuz Telecommunications - ITU (ITU). They are united not only by the common area of \u200b\u200bactivity, but also a practically general production site in Geneva. The names of the organizations themselves laid the differences in their influence. If Iso is developing standards for all sectors of the economy and field of activity, the IEC specializes in electrical engineering and electronics, ITU - oversees telecommunications and telecommunications.

The spheres of interests of these organizations often intersect. In such cases, joint bodies for coordinating work, the creation of general documents are formed.

(INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, ISO.) - the largest and most authoritative of the above.

The International Organization for Standardization was established in 1946 by twenty-five national standardization organizations. In fact, her work began with 1947. The USSR was one of the founders of the organization, a permanent member of the governing bodies, twice the representative of the State Standard was elected chairman of the organization. Russia has become a member of ISO as a successor of the unpaved state. Ukraine entered the ISO Council on September 17, 2004. On September 23, 2005, Russia entered the ISO Council.

When creating an organization and choosing its name, the need to make the name abbreviation sound the same in all languages. For this, it was decided to use the Greek word ισος - equal, which is why in all languages \u200b\u200bof the world the International Organization for Standardization has a brief name ISO (ISO).

The field of activity of ISO concerns standardization in all areas, except for electrical engineering and electronics related to the competence of the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC, IEC). Some types of work are carried out by joint efforts of these organizations. In addition to standardization, ISO is engaged in certification problems.

ISO determines its tasks as follows: promoting the development of standardization and related activities in the world in order to ensure international exchange of goods and services, as well as the development of cooperation in intellectual, scientific and technical and economic fields.

To date, ISO includes 157 countries with their national standardization organizations. Just 80 members of the Member Committees. In addition to members of Member Committees, ISO membership may have the status of corresponding members in which the standardization organizations are developing states. Category Member Subscriber introduced for developing countries. Member Committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO Technical Committee, vote on draft standards, to be elected to the ISO Council and be presented at meetings of the General Assembly. Correspondent members (25) do not actively work in ISO, but have the right to receive information on the standards being developed. Members of the subscribers pay preferential contributions, have the opportunity to be aware of international standardization.

Organizational in ISO includes guidelines and working bodies. Management bodies: General Assembly (Supreme Organ), Council, Technical Governing Bureau. Working bodies - technical committees (TC), subcommittees, technical advisory groups (TCG).

General Assembly - This is a meeting of officials and delegates appointed by members of the members. Each Member Committee has the right to submit no more than three delegates, but they may be accompanied by observers. Correspondent members and subscriber members participate as observers.

Council Manages the work of ISO in breaks between the sessions of the General Assembly. The Council has the right, without concing the General Assembly, send questions to the Committees to consult or entrust the committees to the members of their decision. At meetings of the Council, the decision is made by the majority of votes present at the meeting of the Council members of the Council. In the period between meetings and, if necessary, the Council may make decisions by correspondence.

The Council of ISO is subject to the Committees:

CASCO - Compliance assessment committee;

Devko - Committee to assist developing countries;

Copolco - Committee for the Protection of Consumer Interests.

Users of international standards ISO - industrial and business circles, governmental and non-governmental organizations, consumers and society as a whole.

In the Strategy of recent years, ISO pays special attention to trade and economic activities that requires the development of relevant decisions in the interests of the market, and the operational model, which allows to fully use the potential of information technology and communication systems, taking into account, first of all, the interests of developing countries and formation Global market on equal conditions.

Nowadays, it is necessary to test complex products for its compliance with the requirements of technical regulations from the point of view of its safety, threats to health or the environment prior to the receipt of products for implementation. For many years, ISO has developed thousands of standards, for compliance with products, as well as standard test methods, allowing to carry out the test results in what international trade needs.

Thus, in practice, the principle is implemented: "A single standard, one test recognized everywhere."

ISO conducts active work on creating terminological dictionaries. The activities of almost every technical committee (TC) ISO begins with the creation of a terminological dictionary that is constantly improving and complemented. Recently, within the framework of the joint voting procedure, ISO and Saint are developing terminological dictionaries in four languages \u200b\u200b(English, French, German and Russian). In some cases, the Spanish version is also being prepared in the process of working on the standard.

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC; English International Electrotechnical CommissionIEC) - The International Organization for Standardization in the field of electrical, electronic and related technologies - was established in 1906 and is one of the oldest international non-governmental organizations. IEC is developing international standards in the field of electrical industry, electronic engineering, nuclear instrument making, laser technology, communications, aircraft and cosmic equipment, shipbuilding and navigation, atomic energy, computer science, acoustics, medical equipment. Special attention in recent years is given to the development of international standards in the field of security, reliability and electromagnetic compatibility Equipment used, as well as its environmental safety.

And although international standards are developed on the basis of consensus and voluntary recognition of the requirements laid in them, in practice, the compliance of it products, in essence, necessarily, as it is the criterion of competitiveness and admission to the international market.

Membership in the International Electrotechnical Commission is open only for recognized organizations of national standards. As part of the IEC - 56 countries (51 as full and 5-associated members). Within its framework there are 186 technical committees and specialized committees, about 700 working groups.

According to IEC, about 4.5 thousand standards, technical reports and recommendations have been developed. IEC standards have numbers in the range of 60,000 - 79 999, and their names have a type of type IEC 60411 Graphic Symbols. The numbers of the old standards of IEC were transformed in 1997 by adding a number 60,000, for example, a standard IEC 27. Received a room IEC 60027..

Wide development has recently received certification. In 1982, the IEC electronic component certification system began to work (SS EK). In 1985, the IEC formed a system for testing electrical equipment for compliance with safety standards (MexE).

International Telecommunication Union (eng. International Telecommunication Union, ITU) - International organization defining standards (more precisely, on ITU terminology - recommendations, English. Recommendations) In the field of telecommunications and radio. This is probably the oldest of the current international organizations, it was founded in Paris on May 17, 1865, called the International Telegraph Union (FR. UNION INTERNATIONALE DU TÉLÉGRAPHE). In 1934, ITU received his the current name, and in 1947 became specialized agency United Nations.

Currently, ITU includes 191 countries (as of September 2008). ITU standards are not binding, but are widely supported, as they facilitate the interaction between communication networks and allow providers to provide services around the world.

The governing body is a Plenipotentiary Conference, which convenes every four years and elects the ITU Council as part of 46 members who conduct their meetings annually. Representatives of all ITU member states at the Telecommunications Standardization Conference (English. World Telecommunication Standardization Conference,WTSC. ) Determine the main activities of each sector (see ITU structures), form new working groups and approve the work plan for the next four years.

Mainly ITU is engaged in the distribution of radio frequencies, the organization of international telephone and radio communications, standardization of telecommunications equipment. The purpose of the Union is to ensure and expand international cooperation In the regional use of all types of communication, the improvement of technical means, their effective operation. Now ITU is officially a specialized UN agencies and has headquartered in Geneva (Switzerland) right next to the UN building. In December 1992, it was determined new StructureThis is presented below:

· ITU-T (ITU-T) - Telecommunication Standardization Sector. Is the successor to the ICCTT (CCITT).

· ITU-R (ITU-R) - Radiocommunication Sector. In the past - the ICCR (CCIR).

· ITU-D (ITU-D) - Telecommunication Development Sector.

All sectors have research commissions. Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is most associated with fiber optic networks. The sector is formed by the organizations of five classes:

· Class A: National Ministry and Office Offices;

· Class B: large private corporations engaged in communication;

· Class C: scientific organizations and enterprises producing communication equipment;

· Class D: International organizations, including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO);

· Class E: organizations from other areas, but interested in the activities of the sector.

Over the past five years, the level of use of international standards has grown from 15 to 35%, and in such industries as mechanical engineering, metallurgy, transport, communication - exceeded 40%.

From regional organizations are also generally accepted:

ASEAN -Association of countries (8 countries) South-East Asia (1994); - ABC - Regional System of America-Britain-Canada (1952); - Insta - International Organization for Standardization (1953); - CEN - European Standardization Committee (1961); - SENERAL - European Committee of Standardization of Electrotechnical Standards (1971) ; ETSI - European Telecommunications Standardization Institute; - COOMET - Regional Organization of Central countries and of Eastern Europe (Former countries CWEA members, as well as Germany); - EASC - Eurasian International Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification; - PASC - Congress on Standardization of the Pacific Countries; - RDC - Regional System of Turkey-Iran-Pakistan (1961); - NopmapMe - European Organization for Standardization of Middle and Small Business; - Copant - Pan American (15 countries) Commission on Standardization (1961); - ARSO - African Standardization Organization; - ASMO - Arab Organization for Standardization and Meteorology.

New tasks that have made before European standardization in connection with the transition to a single market, the fulfillment of the directives of new and global approaches, have determined the need to improve the interaction of SEN, SENERAK and ETSI, based on the desire to improve the efficiency of the process of standardization and designed to facilitate the manufacturers this transition.

In 1991, a cooperation agreement was signed between IEC and Senelek, the name of the Dresden Agreement, and in 1996 - an agreement on parallel voting between Sen and ISO, called the Viennese Agreement.

Saint, Senelek and ETSI consider the issue of publication of a joint catalog and a bulletin of European standardization. European community countries in recent years almost all national standards Taken on the basis of European.

Standardization in Ukraine. Basic provisions

The legislation of Ukraine in the field of standardization consists of the Law of Ukraine "Pro Standardizatsiya" and other regulatory and legal acts regulating relations and establishing legal and organizational foundations in this area, in particular

DSTU 1.0: 2003 National Signal Standardizatsiya. Basic lane;

DSTU 1.1: 2001 National Distribution Standardiza. Standardizaya Tu Sumyzhnіiii Dіlnosti. Thermini is the most important to understand;

DSTU 1.2: 2003 National Signal Standardizatsiya. Rules of the company's company's national regulatory regulations;

DSTU 1.3: 2004 National Distribution Standardiza. Forwards, Vikaldannya, Decorated, Tauchena, Posning Technical Mind;

DSTU 1.4-93 DECEMBER STANDARDZATION SYSTEM. Standard Pіdpromyism. Basic lane;

DSTU 1.5: 2003 National Distribution Standardizatsiya. Rules of wakebies, Victandine, decorated by the vimogues to the ZMTSTU of the regulatory documents;

DSTU 1.6: 2004 National Distribution Standardizatsia. Rules of reference regulations Documentіv;

DSTU 1.7: 2001 National Distribution Standardiza. Rules І Methods Priynyattya, that Poshuvannya M_International, the regional standards;

DSTU 1.11: 2004 National Distribution Standardiza. The rules of the Conduction of the Extra Document Document Document project;

DSTU 1.12: 2004 National Signal Standardizatsiy. Rules of the Vedenny of the Regulations of the Document Document;

Standardization - Activities in establishing provisions for universal and reusable use regarding the solution of existing or possible problems and aimed at achieving the optimal degree of streamlining in these conditions. In particular, this activity is manifested in the development processes, publications and application of standards. Significant benefits from standardization are to increase the degree of product compliance, processes and their intended services, eliminate barriers to trade and promoting scientific and technical cooperation. Standardization may be international, regional or national. International Standardization - Standardization, participation in which is available to the relevant authorities of all countries. Regional standardization - Standardization, participation in which is available to the relevant authorities of countries of only one geographical, political or economic region. National Standardization - Standardization conducted at the level of one particular country. Objective, basic principles and standardization tasks The purpose of standardization in Ukraine Is providing rational use Natural resources, compliance of standardization objects to their functional purpose, informing consumers about product quality, processes and services, support for the development and international competitiveness of products and trade in goods and services. Standardization objects (Objects that need to be standardized) are products, processes and services, in particular materials, components, equipment, systems, compatibility, rules, procedures, functions, methods, methods, or activities. Western standardization objects: a) organizational and methodological and general objects , in particular: 1) the organization of work on standardization; 2) terminological systems of different branches of knowledge and activities; 3) classification and encoding of information; 4) Test methods (analysis), systems and quality assurance methods, quality control and quality management; 5) metrological support (protection of citizens and the national economy from the consequences of unreliable measurement results); 6) Systems physical quantities and units of measurements; 7) Standard reference data on physical constants and properties of substances and materials; 8) technical and other general use documentation; 9) the size of the rows and typical designs of products of generality-building use; 10) conventions, in particular, graphic, and their systems, dimensional geometric systems (tolerances, landing, surface geometry, etc.); 11) information technology, in particular software and technical means General Purpose Information Systems; b) Products intended for use in different types of economic activities, products for public procurement and widespread consumption; c) systems and economic facilities that are important and their components, in particular transport, communications, power system, use Natural Resources, etc.; d) Requirements for the protection of consumer rights, labor protection, ergonomics, technical aesthetics, environmental protection; e) Building materials, processes, model parts and homes, systems of functional support of houses, complex building structures and methods control in construction; e) defense, mobilization readiness and state security. Standardization can be limited to certain characteristics of any object, for example, relative to the shoes, the size and criteria of strength can be standardized separately. Activity covering interrelated standardization objects is called standardization sphere . The sphere of standardization can be considered, for example, mechanical engineering, agriculture, transport, values \u200b\u200band units. standardization subjects Apply standardization bodies. Standardization authority - The body whose activity in the field of standardization is the generally accepted and the main function of which is to develop, approval or adopting standards available to a wide range of consumers. Standardization authority recognized at the national level and having the right of national membership in the relevant international and regional standardization organizations is called national Standardization Authority Organization for standardization is regional and international. Regional Organization for Standardization - Standardization authority recognized at the regional level and membership in which is an accessible to the relevant national authority of each country within one geographic, political or economic region. International Organization for Standardization - the standardization body recognized internationally and membership in which is available to the relevant national authority of each country. Standardization subjects (Standardization authorities) The legislation of Ukraine established: 1) the Central Committee of the Executive Committee in the field of standardization (State Committee of Ukraine on Technical Regulation and Consumer Policy); 2) Standardization Council; 3) Technical Committees of Standardization; 4) Other Standardization Subjects. and the functions of standardization subjects are established by the legislation, provisions and statutory documents of these subjects. The state policy in the field of standardization is based on such principles : 1) Ensuring the participation of physical and legal systems in the development of standards and opportunities to freely choose the types of standards for the manufacture or delivery of products, unless otherwise provided by law; 2) openness and transparency of procedures for the development and adoption of standards, taking into account the interests of all stakeholders, improving the competitiveness of products domestic producers; 3) availability of standards and information about them for consumers; 4) compliance with legislation; 5) adaptation to modern achievements of science and technology, taking into account the state of the national economy; 6) prioritization of direct implementation in Ukraine of international and regional standards; 7) compliance international and European regulations and standardization procedures; 8) participation in international (regional) standardization; 9) adoption and use by the standardization authorities on the territory of Ukraine of the Code of Charitable Practices for the Development, Adoption and Application of Standards, respectively with The head of the World Trade Organization "On Technical Barriers in Trade", which is an addition to the Marrakesh Agreement "On the Foundation of the World Trade Organization" of 1994 Main goals Standardization are to provide: 1) Safety of products, processes and services for the life, health and property of citizens, animals, plants and environmental protection; 2) Protection and preservation of property and products, in particular during their transportation and savings; 3) product quality , processes and services, according to the level of development of science, technology, technology and needs of people; 4) the realization of consumer rights; 5) compliance of standardization objects to its intended; 6) technical and information compatibility and interchangeability; 7) convergence and reproducibility of control results; 8) optimal requirements for socially important products, processes and services; 9) preservation of all types of resources, improvement of technical and economic indicators of production; 10) implementation newest technologies, renewing production and increase its productivity; 11) the safety of economic facilities, complex technical systems, taking into account the permissible risk of natural and man-made catastrophes and other emergencies; 12) the development of international and regional cooperation; 13) eliminating technical barriers to trade. Organization of work on standardization Standardization work performed by certain legislation of standardization subjects belong to their main work. Customers work on standardization for funds State budget Ukraine is the central executive authorities, which the legislation is responsible for technical regulation in certain areas of activity. Management and coordination of activities in the field of standardization. In order for the standards to be consistent from most users to actively, but voluntarily coordinate the activities in the field of standardization at the international and regional levels and between them, as well as in each country. Responsibility for coordination at the international level should take on every international organization Standardization. Responsibility for coordination at the regional level should take on each regional organization for standardization. Responsibility for coordination at the national level should take on the national standardization authority. The coordination between the activities in the field of standardization at the regional level and international activities should take on the relevant authorities. In particular, regional standardization authorities should do everything to prevent duplication or overlapping the work of relevant international standardization bodies. The formation of standardization activities between regional standardization organizations and national standardization authorities not belonging to this region, It is necessary to organize under the responsibility of these bodies and with consultations of the International Organization for Standardization, in which they are together are members. Consider and coordinate activities in the field of standardization of Ukraine Central executive bodies within their competence and in fixed areas of activity. The center of the executive authority in the field of Standardization within its authority performs the following functions: 1) ensures the implementation of state policies in the field of standardization; 2) takes measures to harmonize the standards developed with relevant international or regional standards; 3) participates in the development and coordination of technical regulations and other regulatory acts on standardization issues; 4) establishes rules for the development, approval, adoption, revision, changes and termination of national standards, their designations, classification by type and other features, coding and registration; 5) Imagine measures regarding the fulfillment of obligations due to participation in international or regional organizations on standardization; 6) cooperates in standardization with the relevant bodies of other countries; 7) forms a program of work on standardization and coordinates their implementation; 8) makes decisions regarding the creation and termination of technical activities standardization committees determines their powers and procedure for creation; 9) organizes the creation and maintenance of the National Fund of Regulatory Documents and National Center International Information Network ISONET WTO (International Information Network of the World Trade Organization); 10) organizes the provision of information services on standardization issues. Standardization listeners, guidelines (sub-sectors), are developing, accepted, change and cancel the standards of organizations. Transferred subjects of standardization are required to provide users with information On the relevant existing NDs, changes and amendments to them, standardization work programs. Information should be accessible, and it must be provided on the same basis by the national and foreign user. The work on standardization regarding information that has limited access is carried out according to the law of Ukraine "On State Secret". Council of Standardization operates in the field of standardization in the framework of the authority established by the current legislation and the relevant position. The main function of the Council is the study, analysis and development of proposals for improving activities in the field of standardization relative to: 1) the creation of technical committees of standardization and study of the areas of their activities; 2) adoption of an international, regional or other standard as a national standard; 3) conducting examinations of technical projects Regulations and other regulatory documents on technical regulation; 4) standardization work programs. Creating technical standardization committees The nomenclature and sphere of their activities are harmonized with the nomenclature and areas of activity of international and regional organizations on standardization and the needs of the national economy. Technical committees form, given the principle of representing all stakeholders. For work in technical committees of standardization, at voluntary principles of authorized representatives of the executive bodies, local governments, business entities and their associations, scientific and technical and engineering partnerships or unions, partnerships or unions of consumers, public organizations, advanced scientists and specialists. The technical committees are entrusted with the functions of development, consideration and harmonization of international (regional) and national ND. For the harmonization of standardization, the standardization body must be actively involved in the framework of its ability to take an active part with the relevant international standardization organizations in the preparation of international standards for any questions. The participation of national authorities in the process of standardization internationally organizes the relevant national standardization authority - a member of the relevant international standardization organization. National members should do everything necessary for their participation to display the ratio of national interests on issues related to international activities in the field of standardization. It is necessary that at the regional level participation in the standardization process on the principles of consensus displays the balance of national and regional interests in regional standardization work. . For countries that do not belong to the region, the ability to carry out significant resulting deposits should provide national standardization authorities in conjunction with international standardization organizations, members of which they are. Relationship in standardization at the national level should organize national standardization authorities in accordance with the relevant procedural rules on the principles of consensus that should be highlighted to represent the interests of such categories of the population as manufacturers, buyers, consumers, etc. Opportunities for significant integrative contributions from other countries should create national standardization bodies of these countries in conjunction with international and regional standardization organizations in which both parties take part. Regulations Regulatory document (ND) is called a document establishing rules, general principles or characteristics of various types of activities or its results. Under the expression "Document" understands any carrier with information recorded on it either on its surface.

Nd, operating in Ukraine. The following NDs operate in Ukraine:

1) Interstate standards, installation documents, recommendations. These are the regulatory documents (first of all, the state standards of the former USSR) operating in the CIS countries who signed the Convention on the mutual recognition of these standards;

2) state standards of Ukraine;

3) Republican standards of the former USSR, approved until August 01, 1991, are equated (before their cancellation) to state standards of Ukraine;

4) state classifiers;

5) installation documents of the statestandard of Ukraine;

6) industry standards (OST) and technical conditions (TU) of the former USSR approved until 01/01/1992, if they do not contradict the current legislation of Ukraine;

7) industry standards of Ukraine;

8) the technical conditions registered by the territorial bodies of the state of statestandart of Ukraine - the centers of standardization, metrology and certification;

9) Regulatory documents of ministries and departments of Ukraine.

ND, developed in Ukraine. In accordance with the levels of standardization subjects in Ukraine, national NDs and ND organizations are distinguished by national levels. The national level is developed on the objects of standardization of state-acting and adopted on the principles of consensus (the overall consent of all interested parties). ND national level on products, processes and services for which the requirements of technical regulations and legislation are established, and to be determined in such a way that they can be used to confirm the compliance of these products, processes and services. International and regional documents in the field of standardization are adopted on Priority principles and mainly through ND national levels. Adopted by installed manner International and regional documents are constitutive of the current National Fund of Regulatory Documents. Supports public organizations (scientific, scientific and technical and engineering partnerships and unions), if there is a need to expand the results of a fundamental and applied research or practical experience gained in certain sectors of the science or spheres of professional Interests. At the level of business entities and their associations are developing on products, processes and services used for their own needs. These standards are allowed to be used for products, processes and services intended for independent supplies if there are positions that regulate the relationship between the manufacturer and the consumer are established, and with the consent of the latter .ind other subjects of standardization develop on products, processes or services, if there are no national standards Or there is a need to establish requirements that exceed either complementary requirements of national standards. Recommended the consistency of ND of all levels on the same or the same or related objects of standardization, taking into account the priority of the provisions of the national level documents. The ownership of ND places and regulates the current legislation. ND editions must contain lodgeal and understandable provisions regarding the ownership of documents and the necessary details for the appeal of interested persons regarding the settlement of property rights. In all ND, except national, the code should be specified according to the "Unified State Register of Enterprises and Organizations of Ukraine" of the legal entity, which belongs to the right to the relevant document. state SupervisionIf ND relates to the sphere of their activities, in accordance with the current technical regulations, current legislation and provisions about these bodies. ND, related to the safety of the life or health of people, must be coordinated with the Ministry of Health Protection of Ukraine. For the compliance of ND current technical regulations and current legislation, and the developers of ND, organizations and institutions that conducted their expertise are responsible for their scientific and technical level Standardization subjects, approved and adopted by ND.In, depending on the object of standardization, the provisions that contain a document and the procedures for entering into force distinguish such ND: 1) Standards; 2) Codes of the established practice (ruling, rules, arrears of rules); 3) Technical Conditions; 4) Regulations. Standard - created on the basis of a consensus and adopted by the recognized authority a regulatory document establishes for general and reusable usage, installation instructions or characteristics of various activities or its results aimed at achieving the optimal degree of streamlining in a specific area and accessible to a wide range of consumers. Standards should be based on the generalized achievements of science, technology and practical experience and be aimed at improving public benefits. Depending on the status Standards are divided by: 1) International - standards adopted by the International Organization for Standardization; 2) Regional - Standards adopted by the Regional Organization for Standardization; 3) National - standards adopted by the National Standardization Authority; 4) departmental - standards adopted by the standardization authority of a certain department The following status standards are recognized technical rules. Standards can be taken at other levels, such as the central executive authorities, industries, business entities, and their associations. Standard, the application of which is mandatory under the action of a basic law or an indispensable reference in the Regulations, called mandatory standard.Depending on the specifics of the standardization object The following types of standards are installed: 1) fundamental standard - Standard having a wide sphere of distribution or containing general provisions for a specific area. The fundamental standard can be used directly as standard or serve as the basis for other standards. The fundamental standards include organizational-methodical, general and terminological - standards that apply to terms and corresponding to them definition; 2) standard on methods (Methods) Tests (measurements, analysis, control) - Standard establishing test methods, for example, the use of statistical methods and test procedures; 3) standard for products - Standard establishes the requirements to which the product should satisfy (product group) to ensure its appointment. In addition to the conformity requirements, the product standard may contain directly or through the link such elements as the terms and definitions of concepts, sampling, testing, packaging and label and sometimes technical requirements. The standard for products can be complete or incomplete depending on whether it sets all or only a part of the necessary requirements. The latter include, for example, standards for dimensions, for materials, for technical support; 4) standard on the process - Standard establishing the requirements that the process must meet in order to ensure its appropriation; 5) standard for Service - Standard establishes the requirements to which the service should meet to ensure their appointment. Standards for services are developing in areas such as laundry, hotel farm, transport, auto service, television, insurance, banking, trade; 6) standard for compatibility products, services or systems in their sharing - standard establishing requirements for compatibility of products or systems in places of their combination; 7) standard of General Technical Requirements - A standard containing a list of characteristics, whose values \u200b\u200bor other data are installed for the product, process or service in each case separately. In some standards, the data specified by the supplier is mainly provided in the consumer.

Standards for the same object approved by various standardization authorities providing interchangeability of products, processes and services or a general unambiguous understanding of test results or information that is submitted in accordance with these standards are called harmonized or equivalent standards . As part of this definition, harmonized standards may have differences in the presentation and even in the sense, for example, in explanatory notes, instructions on the performance of the requirements of the standard and the benefits of certain alternatives and varieties. Depending on this, harmonized standards may be unified . the same in content, but not the same in the form of the presentation, or identical . The same content and form of the presentation. Standards can be international harmonized . harmonized with international standard, and regularly harmonized . harmonized with regional standard. By the number of standardization bodies involved in harmonization, the standard may be bilateral harmonized . harmonized between two standardization bodies, or multilateral harmonized . harmonized more than two standardization bodies.

Standard coordinated with another standard so that the products, processes, services, tests and information specified in the first standard have met the requirements of the second standard, and not the opposite, is called one-way agreed standard . Standard, unilaterally agreed with another standard, is not harmonized with it.

Standards for the same products, processes or services approved by various standardization authorities in which similar requirements are based on the same characteristics and are evaluated by the same methods and which can be unambiguously compare differences in the requirements, are called comparable standards . Comparable standards are not harmonized.

Trial standard , that is, the standard adopted by the temporary standardization body and brought to a wide range of users to accumulate required experience In the process of its application, which can be used as a base of the standard, are developed in the following cases: 1) in areas where standardization objects are quickly changed; 2) if necessary, to accumulate experience in the use of the product or standard in order to test the position of the standard or justify the choice from the possible proposed alternatives Certain provisions; 3) if necessary on the basis of projects of international and regional standards located at the final stages of development. Trial standards may have a smaller level of consensus, in particular it can be achieved at the level of the standardization technical committee or even at the level of its level working Group. As trial standards, new documents of the International Standardization Organization can be applied: PAS - publicly available technical conditions; TS - technical conditions; ITA - industry technical conditions. Conducting the application of standards to ensure the needs of the Defense of Ukraine defines the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine according to the functions assigned to it, considering Defense. Clipped applications and development of standards to ensure the needs of state security and mobilization readiness determine the central executive authorities in accordance with the functions assigned to them. In the case where the development of the standard project cannot be completed as a standard, it is issued as technical report . The technical report is not a regulatory document. Code of steady practices - a document containing practical rules or design procedures, manufacturing, installation, maintenance, operation of equipment, structures or products. The established practice code can be a standard, part of the standard or a separate document. The desired practice. The equipment is developed for equipment, designs, technical systems, products of the same or similar purpose, but differing in constructive performance or principle of action, and for which aspects of design, manufacturing or Installations (installation), operation or disposal are determining for their safe operation (residential, industrial buildings and structures, boilers, pressure vessels, compressor equipment, etc.). The Codecs of the established practice also note the rules and methods for solving problems for the organization and coordination of work on standardization and metrology, as well as the implementation of certain requirements of technical regulations or standards, etc. and the established practices include decisions (reasons, rules). Decision (Code of Rules, Rules) - ND, recommending practical techniques or methods of design, manufacturing, installation, operation or disposal of equipment, designs or products. The ruling may be a standard, part of the standard or other document independent. Technical conditions (TU) - ND, which establishes the technical requirements that the product must match the product, process or service. In case, if necessary, you need to specify the technique (s), on which it is possible to determine whether these requirements are met. This can be a standard or part of the standard. This establishes the requirements for products intended for independent supplies, to the implementation of processes or the provision of services to the customer and regulate the relationship between the manufacturer and the consumer. TU sets the requirements for quality, execution, size, raw materials, components, security, covering the requirements for a trade proprietary sign, terminology, conditional designation, test methods (measurements, control, analysis), packaging, labeling and label, service, as well It is determined if necessary, methods for assessing compliance with the required required requirements. Standards, the codes of established practice and that act in accordance with the levels of standardization subjects established by law. National standards, established practices and government classifiers are applied on a voluntary basis, unless otherwise established by law. Regulations - adopted by the ND authority, providing for the obligation of legal provisions. Technical Regulations - Regulations containing technical requirements either directly or through references to the standard, the ruling or their content. The technical regulation can be supplemented by a technical decree determining the methods of compliance with the requirements of the regulations, that is, an exhaustive position. Designations of regulatory documents The designation of ND consists of an index, number and year of adoption. For the ND ND of the national level, such indices are installed:

DSTU is a national standard. Separate index - DSTU B - have state standards in the field of construction ("Budіvnytva") and building materials approved Ministry of Construction, architecture and housing and communal services of Ukraine. Harmonized standards have double, and sometimes triple indexes. For example, DSTU ISO - government standards through which the standards of the International Standardization Organization (ISO) are introduced. The standard number corresponds to the number of the International Standard. According to the same principle, state standards are marked with direct introduction of standards of the International Electrical Commission (IEC) or standards adopted by these organizations (with an ISO / IEC index). If the designation of the State Standard contains the GOST index of the GOST or GOST ... ISO ..., then such a state standard of Ukraine adopted by the Interstate Council as an international and used by the States parties to the Agreement, which adopted this standard as a national standard;

DSTU-P - trial standards; DSTU-N - NASTANOV, RULES, STRID RULES, Code of Starting Practices, Shaud is not standard; DK - holding clasifer; DSTU-ZT - TECHNICHNIKY ZVIT.DLD ND other levels such indexes are installed: SO - the standard of the Organization; TU U - TECHNIKHNI CLEAN, SHO is not standard; Stu - Standard of the Scientific, Scientific-Technical ABO ABC Comrade Chi Spіliki. The ND, used in Ukraine, have such indices:

GOST - Interstate standards, as well as the current standards of the former USSR (the standards of the Russian Federation have the GOST PR index);

PCT URSR - Republican standards of the former USSR;

Gusta - industry (Galulizevі) Standards of Ukraine;

KND - guidelines ("Kerіvnі") regulatory documents;

The designations of state standards of Ukraine are given with the DSTU index, and the designation of republican standards - without an index.

Letter E denote standards for products for the indoor and foreign market, and the letter E is for export.

Examplesdesignations of regulatory documents:

DSTU 3230-95 Quality management and quality assurance. Terms and Definitions.

DSTU ISO 9001-95 quality system. Quality assurance model in the design, production, installation and maintenance process.

DSTU 2458-94 (GOST 2144-93) Transmission of worm cylindrical. Main settings.

GOST 25346-82 Unified system of tolerances and landings. General provisions, rows of tolerances and major deviations.

1107-88 Metal curlers. Technical conditions.

473-83 E utensils kitchen from the heat-resistant glass. Technical conditions.

DK 003-95 Professional classifier.

P 50-025-94 Ukrsepro certification system. Organization of work on conducting inspection and testing laboratories (centers) in order to accredit them.

KND 50-029-94 Certification of technological processes manufacturing products. Basic provisions.

Gusta 3-04-90-95. Suspended conveyors. Conditional equipment equipment.

PCT 1976-86. The basalt super-thin fiber in the designation of ND of public organizations registered in the Ministry of Justice of Ukraine, as an index, it is recommended to apply the abbreviated name of the relevant organization. Indexes of other documents in the field of standardization, as well as documents of other standardization subjects, are prescribed to the subjects that have taken these documents. For the designations of document projects apply The index of the relevant document, combined with the reduction of the word "project" - "Pr", which is placed in front of the index, for example, the draft national standard has the designation of the PRTSU, the draft State Classifier - PRC. The established ND indexes cannot be used to designate other documents or in abbreviations. and the designation of the year for national NDs are carried out according to DSTU 1.5, state classifiers - according to DSTU 1.10, technical conditions - according to DSTU 1.3. When an international or regional standard is a national standard, it is denoted About GOST 1.7. In the designation of the ND of other standardization subjects, it is recommended after the ND index indicate the codes of state classifiers: 1) the group according to DC 009 - the first three figures of the code designation of the type of economic activity; 2) through the defis - the code of the standardization subject to the ownership of the document belongs According to EGRPOU. Other components of ND settings are established according to GOST 1.3 Subjects that approved these NDs. In the designation of the document acting in Ukraine in the field of standardization, the designation of a document of an international or regional organization was used, and also if the name of the relevant document was translated, then such a designation does not change (do not translate) .

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International standardization is standardization, participation in which is open to the relevant authorities of all countries. Under standardization means activities aimed at achieving streamlining in a certain area by establishing provisions for universal and multiple applications for actually existing and potential tasks. This activity is manifested in the development, publishing and application of standards.

· International standard is a standard adopted by the International Organization. The standard is called a document that establishes the characteristics of products, operation, storage, transportation, implementation and disposal, work, or the provision of services. The standard may also contain requirements for terminology, symbolism, packaging, labeling or labels and rules for their application. In practice, international standards often imply regional standards and standards developed by scientific and technical societies and accepted as the norms of various countries of the world.

Appointment and objectives of international standardization

The main purpose of international standards is the creation at the international level of a unified methodological basis for developing new and improving existing quality systems and their certification. Scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization is aimed at harmonizing the national standardization system with international, regional and progressive national standardization systems. In the development of international standardization, both industrialized countries and developing countries, creating their own national economy, are interested in the development of industrialized countries.

Objectives of international standardization:

1. Rapid the quality level of products manufactured in different countries;
2. Ensuring interchangeability of elements of complex products;
3. Promoting international trade;
4. Promoting the mutual exchange of scientific and technical information and accelerating scientific and technological progress.

The main tasks of standardization are:

1. Establishment of requirements for the technical level and quality of products, raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and components, as well as norms, requirements and methods in the field of design and production of products, allowing to accelerate the introduction of progressive methods for producing high quality products and eliminate the irrational variety of species, brands and sizes;
2. Development of unification and aggregation of industrial products as the most important condition for the specialization of production; comprehensive mechanization and automation of production processes, increasing the level of interchangeability, efficiency of operation and repair of products;
3. Ensuring the unity and reliability of measurements in the country, the creation and improvement of state benchmarks of units of physical quantities, also methods and means of measuring the highest accuracy;
4. Development of unified documentation systems, classification systems and encoding technical and economic information;
5. The adoption of uniform terms and designations in the most important areas of science, technology, sectors of the economy;
6. Formation of a system of labor safety standards, standards systems in the field of nature conservation and improving the use of natural resources;
7. Creation favorable conditions For foreign trade, cultural and scientific and technical connections.

The UNECE determined the following main priorities and tasks for standardization:

· Health and security;
· Environmental improvement;
· Promoting scientific and technical cooperation;
· Elimination of technical barriers in international trade, which are a consequence of negarmonized regulatory documents.

The UNECE list indicates 15 sectors (regards) for which standardization is necessary

1. Atomic energy, radiation safety and radiation protection.
2. Construction equipment and elements.
3. Electronic and electronic equipment and parts.
4. Environmental protection.
5. Fire protection and protection against theft.
6. Machinery.
7. Health.
8. Tractors, cars for rural and forestry.
9. Transport equipment.
10. Processing information.
11. Energy.
12. Materials.
13. Other products and equipment.
14. Metrology.
15. Provision and quality assessment.

The procedure for applying international standards

General rules

International standards do not have the status of mandatory participating countries. Any country of the world has the right to apply or not to apply them. The decision to apply the international standard ISO is mainly connected, mainly with the degree of participation of the country in the international division of labor and its state of foreign trade.

Management ISO / IEC 21: 2004 provides for the direct and indirect application of an international standard.

1. Direct application is the application of an international standard, regardless of its adoption in any other regulatory document.
2. Indirect application - the application of an international standard through another regulatory document in which this standard has been adopted.

ISO / IEC 21 manual sets the classification system for adopted and adapted international standards

· Identical (IDT): identical for technical content and structure, but may contain minimal editorial changes.
· Changed (MOD): The adopted standards contain technical deviations that are clearly identified and explained.
· Not equivalent (NEQ): Regional or national standard is not equivalent to international standards. Changes are clearly not identified, and a clear compliance is established.

International Standardization Organizations

International Organization of Standardization (ISO)

The international organization ISO began to operate on February 23, 1947 as a voluntary, non-governmental organization. It was established on the basis of the agreements achieved at the meeting in London in 1946. The agreements between representatives of 25 industrialized countries on the establishment of an organization with authority to coordinate at the international level developing various industrial standards and implement them to make them as international standards.

INTERNATIONAL. ELECTROTECHNICAL COMMISSION (International Electrotechnical Commission)

The IEC organization (IEC), formed in 1906, is a voluntary non-governmental organization. Its activities are mainly related to the standardization of the physical characteristics of electrical and electronic equipment. IEC focuses on issues such as electrical inspection, testing, disposal, safety of electrical and electronic equipment. IEC members are national organizations (committees) of technology standardization in relevant industries representing the interests of their countries in international standardization.

The language of the original standards IEC is English.

INTERNATIONAL. Telecommunication Union (International Telecommunication Union)

ITU is an international intergovernmental organization in the field of telecommunication standardization. The organization unites more than 500 governmental and non-governmental organizations. It consists of telephone, telecommunication and postal ministries, departments and agencies of different countries, as well as equipment suppliers to provide telecommunication services. The main task of the ITU is to coordinate the development of harmonized rules and recommendations intended for the construction and use of global televisions and their services. In 1947, ITU received the status of a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN).

International organizations involved in standardization work

FOOD AND AGRICULTURAL ORGANIZATION OF UN (FAO)

The UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was founded in 1945 as the UN Intergovernmental Specialized Organization.

European UN Economic Commission (UNECE)

UN Economic Commission (UNECE) - an economic and social Council UN (ECOSOC), created in 1947

World Health Organization (WHO)

The World Health Organization (WHO) was established in 1948 on the initiative of the Economic and Social Council of the UN and is a specialized UN agencies. The goal of WHO, which is determined by its charter, is the achievement of all nations possible by the highest level of health (health is interpreted as a totality of full physical, mental and social well-being). WHO members consist of more than 180 states, including Russia. WHO has advisory status in ISO and takes part in the work of more than 40 technical committees.

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)

The International Agency for Atomic Energy (IAEA) is an intergovernmental organization established under the auspices of the UN for the development of cooperation in the field of peaceful use of atomic energy. Working since 1957, headquarters - in Vienna; 146 members, including Russia. Official languages \u200b\u200bof the IAEA - English, Russian, French, Spanish, Chinese; Workers - English, Russian, French, Spanish.

World Trade Organization (WTO)

World Trade Organization (WTO) was formed in 1995 on the basis of the General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GHTT)

International Organization of consumer unions (Pug)

The International Organization of Consumer Unions (POPS) is of great work related to providing product quality and, first of all, widespread consumer goods. Created in 1960 - members of the Pug are over 160 consumer associations from different countries.

International Bureau of measures and scales (MBMV)

International Bureau of Measures and Scales (FR. Bureau International Des Poids et Mesures, BIPM) is a permanent international organization established in accordance with the metric Convention signed in 1875. The main objective of the Bureau is to ensure the existence of a unified measurement system in all participating countries in this Convention. As of January 2014, 55 countries were members and 39 countries by associate members of MBMV.

International Organization of legislative metrology (brakes)

The International Organization of Legislative Metrology (Moldova) is an intergovernmental international organization, which has its own purpose, the international coordination of the activities of state metrological services or other national institutions aimed at ensuring comparability, the correctness and accuracy of measurement results in the countries of the Molds. The organization was established in 1955 on the basis of the Convention ratified by the legislative bodies of the participating countries.

International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)

The International Organization of Civil Aviation, or ICAO, is a specialized agency of the United Nations, whose authority provides for ensuring the safe, effective and streamlined development of international civil aviation. ICAO is developing the following types of standards and other provisions:

· Standards and recommended practices called SARPs (if available both);
· Rules air Navigation Service (PANS);
· Additional regional rules (SUPPS);
· Various kind of guidance material.

International Advisory Committee for Space Data Systems Standardization (CCSDS)

The International Consultative Committee for the Standardization of Space Data Systems was formed in 1982 by the largest space agencies of the world, serves as a forum for discussing common problems in the field of development and operation of space information systems. Currently, it consists of 11 members of the agencies, 28 observer agencies, and over 140 industrial partners.

Standardizable objects:

· Radio frequency bands, functions and structure of the Line-Borf line;
· Parameters of receiving and transmitting devices;
· Standard blocks of formatted data;
· Command radio procedures;
· Processing and compression of data;
· Interfaces and data exchange protocols of various levels;
· Decision logic, etc.

International cooperation in the standardization of GOST R 1.0-92 (1997)

9.1 Gosstandart of Russia in accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization" is entitled to submit to the Russian Federation in international and regional organizations engaged in standardization activities.
9.2 The main tasks of international cooperation in the field of standardization are:
- · Harmonization of the State Standardization System of the Russian Federation with international, regional, progressive national standardization systems of other countries;
- · Improving the Fund for Domestic Regulatory Documents on Standardization on the basis of the application of international, regional and national standards of other countries and the maximum use of achievements of scientific and technological progress;
- · Harmonization of standards with international, regional standards and national standards of other countries;
- · Improving the quality of domestic products and its competitiveness in the global market;
- · Development of international and regional standards based on domestic standards for new competitive types of products and technologies, including those created as a result of bilateral and multilateral cooperation;
- · Regulatory provision of trade and economic and technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with other countries and participation of the Russian Federation in the international division of labor;
- · Ensuring the protection of the interests of the Russian Federation in the development of international and regional standards;
- · Ensuring the unity of measurements with other countries.
9.3 International standardization cooperation is carried out through international and regional standardization organizations, as well as on a bilateral and multilateral basis with the relevant organizations of other countries on the basis of agreements, agreements and protocols on cooperation, obligations arising from the participation of the Russian Federation in the activities of international and regional organizations. By standardization.
9.4 International Cooperation of the Russian Federation on the International Standardization Organizations includes direct participation in these organizations, first of all, in the development of international and regional standards, UNECE and other international organizations, as well as ensuring their use in national economy and -Question relations with partner countries.

Bilateral or multilateral cooperation on standardization includes work on the harmonization of domestic standards with national standards of partner countries, joint development of standards, conducting joint research, exchange of experience and information, mutual consultations, training, etc.

9.5 Organization and work on international cooperation on standardization is carried out in the manner prescribed by the State Standard of Russia, taking into account the methodological documents adopted by ISO, IEC, GATT, the Interstate Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification, as well as other international and regional organizations dealing with standardization issues , as well as documents operating in the country and defining the procedure for holding work on bilateral scientific and technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with partner countries.
9.6 In accordance with the Law of the Russian Federation "On Standardization", if the international treaty of the Russian Federation has established other rules than those contained in the legislation of the Russian Federation on standardization, the rules of the International Treaty applies.

International Standard - Standard adopted by the International Organization. The standard is called a document that establishes the characteristics of products, operation, storage, transportation, implementation and disposal, work, or the provision of services. The standard may also contain requirements for terminology, symbolism, packaging, labeling or labels and rules for their application. In practice, international standards often imply regional standards and standards developed by scientific and technical societies and accepted as the norms of various countries of the world.

Regional standardization is standardization, participation in which is open to the relevant authorities of the countries of only one geographical or economic region of the world. Regional Standard - Standard adopted by the Regional Organization for Standardization.

Standard Scientific and Technical, Engineering Society is a standard adopted by scientific and technical, engineering society or other public association.

The main purpose of international standards is the creation at the international level of a unified methodological basis for developing new and improving the current quality systems and their certification. Scientific and technical cooperation in the field of standardization is aimed at harmonizing the national standardization system with international, regional and progressive national standardization systems. In the development of international standardization, both industrialized countries and developing countries, creating their own national economy, are interested in the development of industrialized countries.

Objectives of international standardization:

- rapprochement of the quality level of products manufactured in various countries;

- ensuring the interchangeability of elements of complex products;

- promoting international trade;

- promoting the mutual exchange of scientific and technical information and accelerating scientific and technological progress.

The main tasks of standardization are:

establishing requirements for the technical level and quality of products, raw materials, materials, semi-finished products and components, as well as norms, requirements and methods in the field of design and production of products, allowing to accelerate the introduction of progressive methods for producing high quality products and eliminate the irrational variety of species, grades and sizes ;

development of unification and aggregation of industrial products as the most important conditions for the specialization of production; comprehensive mechanization and automation of production processes, increasing the level of interchangeability, efficiency of operation and repair of products;

ensuring the unity and reliability of measurements in the country, the creation and improvement of state standards of units of physical quantities, also methods and means of measuring the highest accuracy;

development of unified documentation systems, classification systems and encoding technical and economic information;

the adoption of uniform terms and designations in the most important areas of science, technology, sectors of the economy;

formation of a system of standards of labor safety, systems of standards in the field of nature conservation and improving the use of natural resources;

creating favorable conditions for foreign trade, cultural and scientific and technical connections.

The UNECE determined the following main priorities and tasks for standardization:

- health care and security;

- Environmental improvement;

- promoting scientific and technical cooperation;

- elimination of technical barriers in international trade, which are a consequence of negarmonized regulatory documents.

The UNECE list indicates 15 sectors (regions) for which standardization is necessary: \u200b\u200bnuclear power, radiation safety and radiation protection; Construction equipment and elements; Electronic equipment and electronic equipment and parts; Environmental protection; Fire protection and protection against thefts; Car equipment; Health care; Tractors, cars for rural and forestry; Transport equipment; Data processing; Energy; Materials; Other products and equipment; Metrology; Provision and quality assessment

International standards do not have the status of mandatory participating countries. Any country of the world has the right to apply or not to apply them. The decision to apply the international standard ISO is mainly due to the degree of country's participation in the international division of labor and the state of its foreign trade.

Harmonization of the standard is to bring its content in line with another standard to ensure interchangeability of products (services), mutual understanding of test results and information contained in standards. In the same extent, harmonization can be attributed to technical regulations.

Management ISO / IEC 21: 2004 provides for the direct and indirect application of an international standard.

Direct application is the application of an international standard, regardless of its adoption in any other regulatory document.

Indirect application is the application of an international standard through another regulatory document in which this standard has been adopted.

ISO / IEC 21 Guide Sets the classification system for adopted and adapted international standards:

- Identical (IDT): Identical technical content and structure, but may contain minimal editorial changes;

- Changed (MOD): Adopted standards contain technical deviations that are clearly identified and explained;

- non-equivalent (NEQ): Regional or national standard is not equivalent to international standards. Changes are clearly not identified, and a clear compliance is established.

The Russian Federation of Russia allows the following options for the application of international and regional standards:

- adoption of the authentic text of the international (regional) standard as a state Russian regulatory document (GOST R) without any additions and changes (cover method). Denotes such a standard as it is made for the domestic standard;

- adoption of the authentic text of the international (regional) standard, but with additions reflecting the features of Russian requirements for the standardization object.

With the designation of such a regulatory document, the number of relevant international (regional) is added to the domestic standard cipher.

International, regional standards, UNECE documents and other international, regional organizations and national standards of other countries can be applied as standards of industries, standards of enterprises and standards of scientific and technical, engineering societies and other public associations to their adoption as state standards of the Russian Federation.

Other options are possible: the use (borrowing) of certain provisions (norms) of the International Standard and the introduction of them to the Russian regulatory document. It is quite acceptable by the rules of the GSS RF, but in such cases the International (Regional) standard is considered only as a source of information taken into account when creating a domestic standard. The latter is not considered a form of adoption of an international (regional) standard. Similar interpretation is applicable to GOST P, which contains a reference to an international (regional) standard.

Depending on the regulatory document, in relation to which the standard is harmonized, the levels of harmonization differ. Standards, harmonized at the international level - harmonized with international standard. Standards, harmonized at the regional level - harmonized with the regional standard. Harmonization is often conducted within bilateral or multilateral agreements. Standards, harmonized on a multilateral basis - harmonized with three or more standardization bodies.

Standards, harmonized on a bilateral basis - harmonized by two standardization bodies.

It should be borne in mind that harmonized standards are not similar to one-sided agreed and comparable standards.

The agreed standard (one-sidedly agreed standard) is a regulatory document agreed with another standard in such a way that the products, processes, services, tests and information submitted in accordance with the first standard have met the requirements of the second, but not vice versa.

Comparable standards are regulatory documents for the same products (processes, services) approved by various standardization bodies. They contain various requirements, but relating to the same characteristics (properties) of the standardization object, which are evaluated using the same methods. This allows you to compare differences in the requirements. Unilaterally agreed, incomparable standards are not harmonized (equivalent), since they do not provide interchangeability of products (services), etc.

Harmonization of standards is essential for the expansion of mutually beneficial exchange of goods (services), conclusions of certification, development and deepening agreements and joint solutions to scientific and technical problems, improving and ensuring product quality, optimize the costs of material and energy resources, improving the effectiveness of safety measures Labor and environmental protection.

Harmonization of standards contributes to the participation of countries in the work of organizations developing international standards. The international cooperation of Russia on the line of these organizations has various forms: participation in the creation of international and regional standards, rules, recommendations; bilateral and multilateral cooperation (for the harmonization of domestic standards with national standards of partner countries, exchange of experience, mutual consulting and learning in the field of standardization); Ensuring the application of international, regional standards in the legal relations and in the national economy.

The factors that affect the degree of harmonization of national standards are the level of orientation of the country's economy to foreign trade, the capacity of the domestic market. In this regard, for example, in the countries of Northern Europe, a significant part of the National Standards Fund amounted to international (regional) regulatory documents adopted by the "Cover Method" or used by direct use, and national standards in a significant amount of harmonized with international.

In Western European states, harmoniously with international 70-80% of national standards. In Russia, accepted by various methods of up to 20% of ISO standards and about 60% of IEC standards.

In other countries, there are features of the standardization system and have their own national standardization authorities. For example, in the US, this work is headed by the American National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST). The US standards are developing organizations accredited by NIST. Among them: American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), American Society for Quality Control (ASQC), American Mechanical Engineers Society (ASME), Association of Test Laboratory Insurance Companies, Society of Engineers Engineers (SAE), Institute of Electrical Engineering Engineers and Electronics (IEEE) and a number of others. In the UK, the standardization organization is the British Institute of Standards (BSI). In Germany, this is the German Institute of Standards (DIN). The decision of the Presidium of DIN was created by the German Society for Product Marking (DQWK), which is engaged in organizing, management and supervision of product certification systems for compliance with the requirements of DIN standards and in the necessary cases of international standards. Information support is the information center of the Technical Rules (DITR). Currently develops DIN cooperation with Russian organizations. In France, the standardization organization is the French Association for Standardization (AFNOR); In Japan, the Japanese Committee of Industrial Standards (JISC); Sweden - Swedish standardization commission (SJS).

Each country has its own features of standardization and exist. different points vision for international and regional standardization. Development procedure

The National Organization for the Standardization of Japan - the Japanese Committee of Industrial Standards (JISC) has developed a strategy for standardization activities in the country, which includes the main provisions of standardization. Among which the widespread use of voluntary standards in legislatively regulated areas, such as environmental protection and protection. Using standardization is considered as a competition tool. Currently, there is a new type of standardization documents - New Deliverable. The concept of New Deliverables covers a number of national, regional (European) and international standardization documents. These standards are merged general sign - With their cres, there were no complete agreement between the parties, which underlies the classical standards. Refusal to take into account the opinions of all stakeholders, in some cases much faster leads to the fulfillment of market requirements.

2. The concept of quality level assessment. Characteristics of quality level assessment methods

Quality is one of the fundamental characteristics of the product, which has a decisive impact on the creation of consumer preferences and the formation of competitiveness. The quality of goods is a set of properties, characteristics that determine their suitability to satisfy certain needs Population in accordance with its appointment. The following types of regulatory documentation are operating in the Russian Federation; Interstate Standards of the Russian Federation (GOST R), industry standards (OST), enterprise standards (STP), regional standard. The regulatory documents establishes the requirements for properties and indicators that determine the quality. Property is an objective feature of products (or product), manifested in its creation, evaluation, storage and consumption (operation). Product properties can be simple and complex. A simple property is characterized by one feature, for example, acidity, fatness of milk, etc. Complex property - a comprehensive feature that appears in aggregate. An example of a complex property can serve the nutritional value of food, including a whole complex of properties - energy, biological and physiological value, as well as digestibility. Quality indicator is a quantitative and qualitative expression of product properties (or product). Quality indicators are physical or non-physical quantities. Physical quantities (length, mass, density) can be measured quantitatively and efficiently. The name of the indicator serves as a qualitative characteristic of the product (for example, a mass fraction of sugar in juice). The value of the indicator is the result of a quantitative and high-quality measurement (size and dimension) for example, 12% sugar juice. Single indicators are indicators designed to express the simple properties of goods. These include color, form, integrity, acidity. Comprehensive indicators are indicators designed to express the complex properties of goods. Basic indicators are indicators adopted as a basis for the comparative characteristic of the indicative quality (for example, to assess the quality of tea - we take certain indicators, take GOST and compare these indicators, then we make conclusions and conclusions). Defining indicators are indicators that are crucial in assessing the quality of goods. These include organoleptic indicators (appearance, color, taste, odor, physico-chemical (mass fraction of fat, ethyl alcohol). The level of quality of goods is a relative characteristic determined by comparison valid values Indicators with the basic value of the same indicators. As basic indicators, regulated values \u200b\u200bof standards or other regulatory documents are adopted, as well as standard samples, standards. Technical quality level - relative comparative characteristics Technical perfection of goods based on the comparison of valid values \u200b\u200bof indicators characterizing technical excellence with their base indicator reflecting the advanced scientific and technical achievements of this area. Thus, the quality of goods is a set of properties and their indicators that determine the satisfaction of a variety of needs in accordance with the appointment of specific goods.

According to GOST 1555467-79 Evaluation of product quality level
- This is a set of operations, including the choice of the range of quality indicators of the estimated products, determining the values \u200b\u200bof these indicators and comparison them with the basic.

Quality assessment is a wider concept than quality control. When conducting quality assessment, more quality indicators take into account.

Assessment of quality level is a combination of operations, including the choice of the range of quality indicators of the estimated products, determining the values \u200b\u200bof these indicators and comparison them with the basic. Quality level is the relative characteristic of product quality based on comparing the values \u200b\u200bof the quality indicators of the estimated product with the basic values \u200b\u200bof the corresponding indicators. Assessed quality level has a wider sense than quality assessment and quality control. Assessment of the quality level is carried out in solving the issue of production on production, the choice of better goods for implementation, analysis of the dynamics of quality level, planning indicators of the quality of goods, etc.

The choice of the range of consumer properties and quality indicators depends on the purpose of the goods and is a prerequisite for assessing the quality of goods. This choice is carried out with regard to following factors: appointments and nature of product use; Estimates of the existing product need and the current consumer demand on her; Consumer characteristics and the establishment of product requirements; The composition and structure of characterized by consumer properties of products.

The formation of the nomenclature of product quality indicators is carried out on the basis of the analysis of their consumer properties. The structure of consumer properties and quality indicators is specified depending on the purpose of individual groups of goods and the functions performed.

When choosing a nomenclature of quality indicators use a typical range of quality indicators from which single quality indicators are chosen that are most important to assess the quality of a particular product. The nomenclature of quality indicators must correspond to the nomenclature of its consumer properties.

When forming a nomenclature to a specific product, individual quality indicators provided for in group nomenclature may not be considered or regarded additionally.

Depending on the quality assessment tasks in the nomenclature of quality indicators, except consumer, indicators of standardization and unification, patent and legal and economic indicators may be included. The number of quality indicators included in the nomenclature must be optimal. The infinite expansion of the number of quality indicators in the nomenclature can lead to inclusion in the list of related indicators. A large number of quality indicators with low weights can "close" large indicators, distorting the results of the assessment. However, if the list is too short, then may be missed the most important indicatorscharacterizing quality.

In some cases, you can take advantage of the finished developments of the product quality indicators that are regulated in special standards. If necessary, the nomenclature of quality indicators can be selected using expert methods based on survey experts.

Methods for evaluating quality indicators are divided depending on how to compare quality indicators and source of information or funds used.

Depending on the method of comparing quality indicators, differential, integrated and mixed methods for assessing quality levels are distinguished.

The differential method involves a comparison of single indicators of the quality of the estimated products with single base indicators established for this type of product.

Such a comparison is convenient to produce, calculating the relative performance indicators of products. If they are greater than 1, then the products correspond to a base pattern. If at least one of the relative quality indicators is less than 1, then the conclusion may be made that the products do not correspond to the base pattern.

With a differential method for assessing quality level, it is believed that all indicators are equally significant in the overall assessment of product quality. It is simply and convenient, but not always justified, especially when solving the issue of product brave for a small indicator, which does not affect the functioning of products during operation, for example, the tissue density is not enough for one thread, a slight decrease (compared to the norm) mass of the material and T ., Moreover, the main performance indicators (strength, abrasion resistance, failure, etc.) significantly exceed the requirements of the norms. This disadvantage is absent in the comprehensive method of assessing the quality, which is based on the use of one generalized indicator that combines the indicators selected to assess product quality. Indicators are translated into dimensionless, they determine their significance - the welfare coefficients in the overall quality assessment - and calculate generalized indicators:

middle arithmetic

(1)

where Q ji.
- a dimensionless quality indicator;

j I.
- factor of the quality of quality indicator,

Σ j I.
= 1;

n. - the number of quality indicators;

middle geometric

(2)

middle harmonic

(3)

The advantage of a comprehensive assessment is to account for the significance of individual properties and obtaining one final assessment. However, it does not give a complete presentation of the individual properties of products and does not exclude the possibility of compensation for the lack of one indicator with excess to others. Therefore, comprehensive estimates are usually not recommended for product quality control. These estimates should complement, and not replace individual performance indicators. Therefore, it is preferable to use the combined quality assessment method.

The mixed method is based on the simultaneous use of single and integrated product quality indicators. It is used when the totality of indicators is high and one complex indicator does not fully characterize all the features of products. For example, a mixed quality level assessment method is used in determining a variety separate species Tissues and piece textile products, and on most of the physico-mechanical indicators, a differential assessment is carried out, and according to the disadvantages of the appearance, discontinuous load, mass, width and density - a complex assessment in conditional points.

Depending on the source of information or used funds, the following methods of assessment of quality indicators are applied: measuring, calculated, registration, organoleptic, expert, sociological and mixed.

3. Make a conclusion about the metrological rules store

A. The bakery packaged waffles in packages of 1 kg. When checking the inspector of selected samples of packets with the waffles of the average deviation of them from the mass of normal amounts, it turned out to be 40 g.

International standardization is a combination of international organizations on standardization and products of their activities - standards, recommendations, technical reports and other scientific and technical products. Strictly speaking, such organizations are three: International Organization for Standardization - ISO (ISO), International Electrotechnical Commission - IEC (IEC), International Telecommunication Union - ITU (ITU). They are united not only by the common area of \u200b\u200bactivity, but also a practically general production site in Geneva. The names of the organizations themselves laid the differences in their influence. If Iso is developing standards for all sectors of the economy and field of activity, the IEC specializes in electrical engineering and electronics, ITU - oversees telecommunications and telecommunications.

The spheres of interests of these organizations often intersect. In such cases, joint bodies for coordinating work, the creation of general documents are formed.

(INTERNATIONAL ORGANIZATION FOR STANDARDIZATION, ISO.) - the largest and most authoritative of the above.

To date, ISO includes 157 countries with their national standardization organizations. Just 80 members of the Member Committees. In addition to members of Member Committees, ISO membership may have the status of correspondent members who are organizations on the standardization of developing states. Category Member Subscriber introduced for developing countries. Member Committees have the right to participate in the work of any ISO Technical Committee, vote on draft standards, to be elected to the ISO Council and be presented at meetings of the General Assembly. Correspondent members (25) do not actively work in ISO, but have the right to receive information on the standards being developed. Members of the subscribers pay preferential contributions, have the opportunity to be aware of international standardization.

The Council of ISO is subject to the Committees:

CASCO - Compliance assessment committee;

Devko - Committee to assist developing countries;

Copolco - Committee for the Protection of Consumer Interests.

Users of international standards ISO - industrial and business circles, governmental and non-governmental organizations, consumers and society as a whole.

Thus, in practice, the principle is implemented: "A single standard, one test recognized everywhere."

International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC; English International Electrotechnical CommissionIEC) - The International Organization for Standardization in the field of electrical, electronic and related technologies - was established in 1906 and is one of the oldest international non-governmental organizations. IEC is developing international standards in the field of electrical industry, electronic engineering, nuclear instrument making, laser technology, communications, aircraft and cosmic equipment, shipbuilding and navigation, atomic energy, computer science, acoustics, medical equipment. Particular attention in recent years is paid to the development of international standards in the field of safety, reliability and electromagnetic compatibility of the equipment used, as well as its safety for the environment.

International Telecommunication Union (eng. International Telecommunication Union, ITU) - International organization defining standards (more precisely, on ITU terminology - recommendations, English. Recommendations) In the field of telecommunications and radio. This is probably the oldest of the current international organizations, it was founded in Paris on May 17, 1865, called the International Telegraph Union (FR. UNION INTERNATIONALE DU TÉLÉGRAPHE). In 1934, ITU received his current name, and in 1947 he became a specialized agency of the United Nations.

Mainly ITU is engaged in the distribution of radio frequencies, the organization of international telephone and radio communications, standardization of telecommunications equipment. The goal of the Union is to ensure and expanding international cooperation in the regional use of all types of communication, the improvement of technical means, their effective operation. Now ITU is officially a specialized UN agencies and has headquartered in Geneva (Switzerland) right next to the UN building. In December 1992, its new structure was identified, which is presented below:

· ITU-T (ITU-T) - Telecommunication Standardization Sector. Is the successor to the ICCTT (CCITT).

· ITU-R (ITU-R) - Radiocommunication Sector. In the past - the ICCR (CCIR).

· ITU-D (ITU-D) - Telecommunication Development Sector.

All sectors have research commissions. Telecommunication Standardization Sector (ITU-T) is most associated with fiber optic networks. The sector is formed by the organizations of five classes:

· Class A: National Ministry and Office Offices;

· Class B: large private corporations engaged in communication;

· Class C: scientific organizations and enterprises producing communication equipment;

· Class D: International organizations, including the International Organization for Standardization (ISO);

· Class E: organizations from other areas, but interested in the activities of the sector.

Over the past five years, the level of use of international standards has grown from 15 to 35%, and in such industries as mechanical engineering, metallurgy, transport, communication - exceeded 40%.

From regional organizations are also generally accepted:

ASEAN -Association of countries (8 countries) of Southeast Asia (1994); - ABC - Regional System of America-Britain-Canada (1952); - Insta - International Organization for Standardization (1953); - CEN - European Standardization Committee (1961) ; - Senelek - European Committee of Standardization of Electrical Standards (1971); ETSI - European Institute for Standardization in Telecommunications; - COOMET - Regional Organization of Countries of Central and Eastern Europe (former Countries Members of the CMEA, as well as Germany); - EASC - Eurasian International Council for Standardization, Metrology and Certification; - PASC - Congress on Standardization of the Pacific Basin Countries; - RDC - Regional System Turkey-Iran-Pakistan (1961); - Nopmapme - European Organization for Standardization of Middle and Small Business; - Copant - Pan American (15 Countries) Commission on Standardization (1961); - ARSO - African Organization for Standardization; - ASMO - Arab Organization for Standardization and Meteorology.

Saint, Senelek and ETSI consider the issue of publication of a joint catalog and a bulletin of European standardization. The countries of the European Community in recent years have almost all national standards are made on the basis of European.