- Groups of tree breeds
- Dependence on humidity
- Influence on wood quality
The density of wood is one of the main characteristics of the cubic meter of the material, which is taken into account when calculating the structures, the choice of raw materials for the production of various products. Under the concept implies the ratio of the mass of the material to the measured volume.
What could be the density of the forest
In different tree breeds, approximately the same composition, therefore, in a dry form, the absolute share for all will be conditionally equal. Its average is 1.54 (dimensionless value). But in the wood density table for different breeds, their numbers are given. The fact is that in absolutely dry state, the absolute parameter is almost impossible. To do this, it is necessary to completely get rid of moisture in the studied sample, eliminate air emptiness. In practice, as it turned out, the parameter is difficult to fix, and it is not suitable for calculations.
To determine the density of the sawn timber, the calculation of its specific gravity is more suitable.
It affects it:
- humidity;
- porosity breeds.
The proportion of wood has the form of an average density calculation value in different states. In the sources, this indicator may differ slightly. The difference is due to a change in the level of moisture inside the trunk. In order not to confuse, we present a table with average specific gravity values \u200b\u200bat each individual humidity level of different wood breeds in increasing indicators.
Table of density wood of various humidity (kg / m 3)
Groups of tree breeds
Usually the table value of the density of the bar and other sawn timber is measured at a moisture content of 12%. Depending on the value obtained, the species of trees are divided into 3 groups:
- With a small volumetric mass (less than 540 kg / m 3). These include coniferous trees: pine, spruce, fir, cedar and some deciduous. These are all kinds of alder, poplar, linden, aspen, chestnut.
- With an average specific weight of 550-740 kg / m 3: Beech, Elm (Karagach), larch, all kinds of maple, rowan, apple tree, ash.
- With a high level of density of more than 750 kg / m 3: Birch, oak (Araksinsky, chestnut), Grab, dogwood, pistachio.
Of course, this is an incomplete list of breeds. According to the specified wood density values \u200b\u200bin the table, you can determine the type of view to the group.
Dependence on humidity
In any lumber there are water. Its quantity mainly determines the density of the timber and other raw materials: the greater the moisture in the product, the higher the weight indicator in the measured volume.
The proportion of wood in the table is given in the average values, since the amount of moisture in one volume is constantly changing - this is a relative value.
Changes occur due to:
- external weather conditions (rain, fog, snow);
- anthropogenic factor (wetting due to human activity).
Thus, absolutely dry board is practically no happening. Wood moisture is always higher than 0%. It is possible to determine this indicator using a special device - moisture meter.
Influence on wood quality
The average share is the main characteristic of raw materials during calculations, since the value concludes a averaged assessment of timber tests in different states of water saturation.
According to the laws of physics, the estimated density is directly related to the strength of the material: the higher the specific mass of the product volume, the greater the load he can withstand. This rule applies to wood.
Consider on the example:
- Oak has a large proportion and is famous for its reliability and durability. It almost absent empty pores, the whole volume is filled with strong wood fibers and moisture. Out of oak manufactures supporting structures of houses and industrial facilities. Wood with high specific weight is rigid, almost never bends.
- The cedar and birch bar differs with a small volume weight, therefore they are not used to create bearing elements of the island of structures. These breeds are suitable, rather, for finishing works, where the load on the products is minimal. Wood with a small porosity plastic, bending.
Dependence of density and thermal conductivity
This indicator is important for the selection of wood when booting firewood. Dependence Direct: The higher the density indicator, the greater the fuel chocks, the longer they will burn. Wood breeds with high weight ratio to volume are called solid fuel. They burn for a long time, give a good fever, but because of a dense structure, it is difficult to rs. The advantage of firewood and fuel from light tree breeds is their compliance with the cut and cutting, but they have a relatively small supply of energy. Length burns will be a much smaller amount of time.
- 58.50 KBConducting waste settlements from cutting trees and shrubs
Source data for calculation
According to the act of examination, preservation (demolition), transplants of green plantings and calculating the size of their replacement cost dated July 26, 2011, the 197/11 case falls into the work area of \u200b\u200bthe work and is subject to demolition:
Trees - ate (up to 20 years) - 13 pcs.
Bushes free-growing different breeds (up to 15 years old) -172 pcs. The agreed ACT ACTION is provided (see Appendix).
Waste from the pnenet's knocker range from the volume of the barrel ~ 16.0%
Density of raw wood - 0.72 t / m 3
Completeness coefficient:
- for branches, branches, and crowns - 0.12;
- for the trunks and waste of the panties of the panties - 0.57.
Estimated folding volumes of trees The volumes of the above-ground phyto-mass of trees (the diameters of the trunks, the height of trees, the volume of branches and branches) are accepted by terr-2001-68. Collection number 68. "Improvement. Technical part "by reference table 1.
Table 1
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Calculation of deforestation and cortex waste
Waste branches, branches from forestry (173 001 01 01 00 5)
According to the act of examination, preservation (demolition), the transplants of green plantings are subject to cutting of trees with a height of 13 to 20 years and height from 2.0 to 10 m in the amount of 13 pcs. And bushes of various breeds by age up to 15 years in the amount of -172 pcs. This type of waste includes: waste, branches, branches and crowns of trees to be demolished, without their selective collection.
1) Waste from cutting down
V \u003d V total. 'N, m 3
V \u003d 1.49 m 3 / PC. '13 pcs. \u003d 19.37 m 3
B \u003d V 'ρ' (K 1 'M 1 + K 2' M 2), t
B \u003d 19.37 m 3 '0,72 t / m 3' (0.178 '0,57+ 0.822' 0.12) \u003d 2,791 t
Where:
V (m 3) - Master of waste, trunks, branches, branches and crowns of trees to be demolished, without their selective collection;
B (t) - the mass of waste, trunks, branches, branches and crowns of trees to be demolished, without their selective collection;
N (pcs.) - The number of trees with a height of 2.0 to 10 m to be demolished;
V common. (m 3 / pcs.) - The volume of waste, trunks, branches, branches and crowns of one tree with a height of 2.0 to 10 m to be demolished;
to 1 (shares) - the proportion of trunks in the total shareholder volume of trees to be demolished;
to 2 (shares) - the proportion of branches, branches and crowns in the general shareholder volume of trees to be demolished;
m 1 (fractions of the unit.) - the coefficient of completeness for trunks and waste from the panties' knocker;
M2 (shares.) - Fullpartry coefficient for branches, branches, and crowns.
2) Waste from cutting down shrubs
V \u003d V total. 'N, m 3
V \u003d 0.15 m 3 / PC. '172 pcs. \u003d 25.8 m 3
B \u003d V 'ρ' K 2 'M 2, T
B \u003d 25.8 m 3 '0.72 t / m 3' 0.822 '0.12 \u003d 1,832 t
Where:
V (m 3) - Master of waste, branches, branches and crowns of bushes to be demolished, without their selective collection;
B (t) - the mass of waste, branches, branches and crowns of bushes to be demolished, without their selective collection;
N (pcs.) - the number of bushes to be demolished;
V common. (M 3 / PC.) - The volume of waste, branches, branches and crowns of one bush to be demolished;
ρ (t / m 3) - the density of raw wood;
to 2 (shares of units) - the proportion of branches, branches and crowns in the total shareholder volume of bushes to be demolished;
m 2 (shares) - the coefficient of completeness for the branches, branches, and crowns.
The total amount of branches, branches from footbrings will be 45.17 m 3
or 4,623 tons.
Pumping beam waste (173 001 02 01 00 5)
This type of waste includes waste from the crowd of threads to be demolished, without their selective collection.
V \u003d V STV.D 'K 3' N D + V STV.K 'K 3' N K, M 3
V \u003d 0.304 m 3 / PC. '0.16' 13 pcs. + 0.15 m 3 / PC. '0.16' 172 pcs. \u003d 4.76 m 3
B \u003d V 'ρ' K 1 'M 1, T
B \u003d 4.76 m 3 '0.72 t / m 3' 0.57 \u003d 1,953 t
Where:
V (m 3) - the share amount of waste from the knocker of the throat of trees to be demolished, without their selective collection;
B (t) - the mass of waste, from the knocker of the throat of trees to be demolished, without their selective collection;
N D (pcs.) - The number of trees height from 2.0 to 10 m to be demolished;
N D (pcs.) - The number of bushes to be demolished;
V STV.D (M 3 / PC.) - The volume of the trunk of one tree height from 2.0 to 10 m to be demolished demolition;
V STV.K (m 3 / pcs.) - the volume of the trunk of one bush to be demolished;
ρ (t / m 3) - the density of raw wood;
to 1 (shares of the unit) - the proportion of waste from pnenet's knocker in the overall coating volume of trees or bushes to be demolished;
to 3 (shares) - the proportion of waste from the pnenet's knocker is from the volume of the barrel to be demolished;
m 1 (Vali.) - Fullpartry coefficient for waste from the knocker.
Short description
According to the act of examination, preservation (demolition), transplants of green plantings and calculating the size of their replacement cost dated July 26, 2011, the 197/11 case falls into the work area of \u200b\u200bthe work and is subject to demolition:
-Derevia - ate (up to 20 years) - 13 pcs.
- Bushes free-growing different breeds (up to 15 years old) -172 pcs. The agreed ACT ACTION is provided (see Appendix).
Waste from the pnenet's knocker range from the volume of the barrel ~ 16.0%
Often asked - shrubs and bushes are trees? A shrub is a perennial rigid plant that reaches a height of 0.7 - 6 meters and differs from trees not only with dimensions, but also does not have wood trunk in the usual understanding of this term. If you compare bushes and trees, then from the point of view of the volume weight of this tree material, shrubs are very similar to wood branches. The practical use and use of bushes in everyday life is approximately the same as the trees branches. Very similar bushes and branches in their physical properties: bulk density, specific weight. Most often, bushes and branches of trees are treated as waste or garbage, suitable for use as a household fuel. For example: shrubs and branches are used for the heating of private houses, for which they are burned in special boilers or burned in the furnaces. Bushes are predominantly hardwood, and losing the leaves in the fall. For landscape design, beautiful decorative varieties of shrubs are used, including evergreen wood shrubs. Spanner of shrubs and bushes is used for the manufacture of oprob concrete, arbolit, wood concrete.
What is melanchie is a shrub? Not quite like that, externally, things are similar, but it is not necessary to confuse shrubs and messages. Melanchese is a small forest who has no business or industrial importance, ordinary trees breeds. Melanchese often grows on cutting, gars, cleared earlier, but abandoned areas of the forest. When clearing the terrain from the meal and cutting down of a small forest, small trees are conveniently considered on the standards as a shrub. According to its volumetric density and specific weight, a chopped meal is made by an analogue of bushes and is considered as a shrub. Small forest and small trees are not considered businesswood or timber. Melanchese is not used in the woodworking industry, joinery. Like shrubs, a melancholy is considered waste, a garbage forest, can be used in decorative purposes, for design and design. Small forest is used as domestic fuel for heating of private houses, country houses. After recycling (rod, cutting, peking), a jolly in the form of firewood is burned in the eating boilers, furnaces, fireplaces and domestic foci. Small forest flue, Molelya is used for the manufacture of opilk concrete, arbolit, and woodcutton.
The branches of trees or wood branches are the material similar in its physical properties on the bushes and Mescalese. Business or industrial values \u200b\u200bof the branch, as well as Mescalese, do not have. However, beautiful twigs can be used for diverse works, manufacturing products with their own hands, decoration of premises, design and design of rooms, arbors, interiors. The bulk weight and the density of the branches differ slightly from the bulk density and the specific weight of the shrub (mellitis). However, differences in mass 1 cube (1 cubic meter, 1 cubic meter) minor. The main use for branches is the same as woody garbage and logging waste is wood, household fuel, raw materials for processing. Droftop from branches of woods is used for the manufacture of opilk concrete, arbolit, wooden.
In some cases, the volumetric weight of the vine is calculated in such a way that the volumetric density of the shrub and the kolysty is taken for the vine density. Visually, if we judge only the thickness (diameter) of the trunk of the vine, then it really reminds us of a shrub or minor (especially the old perennial vine). In fact, the share of the vine is less than that of the branches, since the vine consists not only from the wood material, but also includes a large number of pores with air. Therefore, the volume weight of the vine is less than that of bushes, meal, branches, branches, shrubs and small forests. In contrast to Meltsya, the grape vine is extremely rarely considered as fuel, as it has no high caloriness. Usually, grape vines is used as a diverse material and raw materials for the production of wicker furniture, Lozomebelli. In addition, grape vine is processed on the feed.
A convenient option for determining the bulk weight of the shrub, branches, melts, bitch, trimming bits and other similar small wood materials can be an example with a twig. The brushwood in its physical properties is very similar to shrubs and mess, however, it is possible to specify a bulk mass in the event of a collection and harvesting of dry twigs and raw twigs. By the way, the twig is household fuel. Vigorost, Prucunion, small raw forest, and on the root, shrub, especially the Shelyuga, Lucky, Ratchnik. To disturb the brushwort on the woven. Wreaty brushwood, oreshkinnik, Osiennik, Dubnyachka. Brushwood - dry branches and sweetheart, lying in the forest. Brushwood - Dry branches and sticks scattered by Bursel in the forest. Brushwood - fallen branches of trees used as fuel and for construction. Branches of twigs brittle, they do not need to chop. The bridge is good and quickly lit, it is comfortable for fast food and heating a home furnace. Brushwood - Sushnyak, Driednik, Sushi, barking from the tree, dry branches, branches, crunch, cheeky.
Discussing the bulk weight and density of branches, bushes, small forest, twig, grape vines, shrubs and mines, we forgot to touch the coniferous trees. The condensed branches of coniferous trees have its own name - it is a boottle. Napnik is called conifer - this is a common name. But in some cases, clarifications are necessary. Then there is a pine facility, a spruce husk, fir napkin, larch yard, etc. The volumetric weight and density of the fabric is higher than that of the materials discussed above, since the husknik is always associated with a large number of needles (coniferous needles).
Table 4. Volumetric weight of shrub and melancholy (mass of cubic meter, cubic meter mass, mass 1 liter and weight of 1 bucket). Small forest, branches - bulk density and volumetric material. Branches, grape vine, coniferous husk, twig, dry and brushwood raw, drying, needles, wood bark.
Varies widely even for one tree of wood. The values \u200b\u200bof the density value (specific weight) of wood are generalized numbers. The practical value of the magnitude of the density of wood is different from the displayed averaged table value and this is not an error.
Table of density (specific gravity) wood
depending on the tree of wood
| "Handbook on the masses of aviation materials" ed. "Mechanical Engineering" Moscow 1975 | Kolominova M.V., Methodical instructions for students of the specialty 250401 "Forest-engineering case", Ukhta USTU 2010 | |||
| Breed of wood | Density woods, (kg / m 3) |
Limit density woods, (kg / m 3) |
Density woods, (kg / m 3) |
Limit density woods, (kg / m 3) |
| Ebenova (black) |
1260 | 1260 | --- | --- |
| Bacheutovoe (iron) |
1250 | 1170-1390 | 1300 | --- |
| Oak | 810 | 690-1030 | 655 | 570-690 |
| The Red tree | 800 | 560-1060 | --- | --- |
| Ash | 750 | 520-950 | 650 | 560-680 |
| Rowan (Tree) | 730 | 690-890 | --- | --- |
| Apple tree | 720 | 660-840 | --- | --- |
| Beech | 680 | 620-820 | 650 | 560-680 |
| Acacia | 670 | 580-850 | 770 | 650-800 |
| Elm | 660 | 560-820 | 620 | 535-650 |
| Hornbeam | --- | --- | 760 | 740-795 |
| Larch | 635 | 540-665 | 635 | 540-665 |
| Maple | 650 | 530-810 | 655 | 570-690 |
| Birch | 650 | 510-770 | 620 | 520-640 |
| Pear | 650 | 610-730 | 670 | 585-710 |
| Chestnut | 650 | 600-720 | --- | --- |
| Cedar | 570 | 560-580 | 405 | 360-435 |
| Pine | 520 | 310-760 | 480 | 415-505 |
| Linden | 510 | 440-800 | 470 | 410-495 |
| Alder | 500 | 470-580 | 495 | 430-525 |
| Aspen | 470 | 460-550 | 465 | 400-495 |
| Willow | 490 | 460-590 | 425 | 380-455 |
| Spruce | 450 | 370-750 | 420 | 365-445 |
| Verba | 450 | 420-500 | --- | --- |
| Frynaya walnut | 430 | 420-450 | --- | --- |
| Walnut walnut | --- | --- | 560 | 490-590 |
| Fir | 410 | 350-600 | 350 | 310-375 |
| Bamboo | 400 | 395-405 | --- | --- |
| Poplar | 400 | 390-590 | 425 | 375-455 |
- The table indicates the density of wood at a moisture content of 12%.
- Table indicators are taken from "Director for the masses of aviation materials" ed. "Mechanical Engineering" Moscow 1975
- Advised on 03/31/2014, according to the method:
Kolominova M.V., Physical properties of wood: Methodical instructions for students of the specialty 250401 "Forest engineering", Ukhta: USTU, 2010
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It is generally accepted to indicate the amount of density (specific gravity) of wood depending on the tree of wood. The average value of the proportion obtained by generalizing the results of multiple practical measurements is taken for the indicator. In fact, there are two wood density tables taken from absolutely different sources. A small difference in indicators clearly indicates the changeability of the density (specific weight) of wood. Analyzing the density values \u200b\u200bof the wood from the above table, it is worth paying attention to the differences in the anviation reference indicators from the university technique. For objectivity, the magnitude of the wood density from both documents is given. With the right choice by the reader of the priority of the importance of the primary source.
Special wonder causes a table value of density larch - 540-665 kg / m 3. Some Internet sources indicate the density of larch equal to 1450 kg / m 3. To whom to believe - it is not clear that once again proves the uncertainty and the unknownness of the raised theme. Larch is a sufficiently heavy material, but not so much so that the stone is sinking in the water.
Influence of humidity on the proportion of wood
The proportion of alloy wood
It is noteworthy that with an increase in wood moisture, the dependence of the value of the specific weight of this material from the tree is decreased. The proportion of alloy wood (humidity 75-85%) is almost independent of the tree of wood and is equal, approximately 920-970 kg / m 3. This phenomenon is explained simply enough. The voids and pores in the wood are filled with water, the density (specific weight) of which is much higher than the density of the outstanding air. For its magnitude, the density of water is approaching the density whose share is practically independent of the tree breed. Thus, the proportion of slicing of the wood in the water is less dependent on its breed than in the case of dry samples. In this place, it is not superfluous to remember that for wood there is a division of classical physical concepts. (cm. )
Wood density groups
Conditionally, all the breeds of trees are divided into three groups
(on the density of its wood, with a moisture content of 12%):
- Multi-density breed (up to 540 kg / m3) - spruce, pine, fir, cedar, juniper, poplar, linden, will, ozina, alder black and white, chestnut sowing, white, gray and manchursky, velvet amursky;
- Middle density breed (550-740 kg / m3) - larch, tees, birch hound, fluffy, black and yellow, beech oriental and european, elm, pear, oak summer, oriental, marsh, mongolian, ilm, karagach, male, album, walnut walnut , plane, rowan, persimmon, apple tree, ash ordinary and manchursky;
- High density breed (750 kg / m3 and above) - Acacia White and Sand, Birch Iron, Globiya Caspian, Hickory White, Grab, Oak Cachetalistics and Araksinsky, Iron Tree, Sugit, Pistachio, Hmelegrab.
Wood density and its calf
The density (specific weight) of wood is the main indicator of its heating energy value -. Dependence here is direct. The higher the density of the structure of the wood in the tree of the tree, the more containing a fuel wood substance in it and, the greater the trees are obtained.
How much will weigh 1 cubic branches of trees, weight 1 m3 branches. The number of kilograms in 1 cubic meter of branches and shrubs, the number of tons in 1 cubic meter, kg in 1 m3. The volumetric density of the branches of trees for translation into tons and the proportion of the branches of trees and bushes.What do we want to find out today to find out? How much is 1 cubic branches weigh, weight 1 m3 trees branches? There are no problems, you can find out the number of kilograms or the number of tons at once, the mass (the mass of one cubic meter, the weight of one cube of the branches of trees and bushes, the mass of one cubic meter, the weight of 1 m3 of twigs, rods, rose, twigs) are listed in Table 1. If It is interesting, you can run through the eyes of a small text below, read some explanations. How is the amount of substance, material, liquid or gas required us? Except when it is possible to calculate the calculation of the desired quantity to count the goods, products, elements in pieces (soduchny counting), it is easiest to determine the desired amount based on the volume and weight (mass). In everyday life, the most familiar unit of measurement of volume for us is 1 liter. However, the number of liters suitable for household calculations is not always an applicable method for determining the amount for economic activities. In addition, liters in our country have not become a generally accepted "manufacturing" and trading unit of measurement of volume. One cubic meter or in abbreviated version is one cube, turned out to be quite convenient and popular for practical use by a unit of volume. Almost all substances, liquids, materials and even gases we used to measured in cubic meters. It is really convenient. After all, their cost, prices, rates, costs of consumption, tariffs, supply contracts are almost always tied to cubic meters (cubes), much less often to liters. No less important for practical activity is knowledge not only volume, but also weight (mass) of the substance occupying this volume: in this case, we are talking about how much 1 cubic meter weighs (1 cubic meter, 1 cubic meter, 1 m3). Knowledge of mass and volume, give us a pretty complete picture of the amount. Visitors to the site, asking how many weighs 1 cube branches and shrubs, often indicate specific units of mass in which they would like to know the answer to the question. As we noticed, most often want to know the weight of 1 cube (1 cubic meter, 1 cubic meter, 1 m3) in kilograms (kg) or in tons (TN). In fact, you need kg / m3 or tn / m3. These are closely related units defining quantity. In principle, it is possible to rather simple independent transition of weight (mass) of tons per kilogram and back: from kilograms per ton. However, as practice has shown, for most site visitors, it would be a more convenient option. immediately find out how many kilograms weighs 1 cube (1 m3) branches or how many tons weighs 1 cube (1 m3) trees branches, without recalculating a kilogram in tons or back - the number of tons per kilogram per meter cubic (one cubic meter, one cube, one m3). Therefore, in Table 1, we indicated how many weighs 1 cube branches of trees and bushes (1 cubic meter, 1 meter cubic) in kilograms (kg) and in tons (TN). Choose that table of the table that you need yourself. By the way, when we ask how many weighs 1 cube (1 m3), we mean the number of kilograms or the number of tons. However, from a physical point of view, we are interested in density or specific weight. The mass of the volume unit or the amount of substance placed in a unit of volume is a bulk density or proportion. In this case the bulk density of branches and shrubs and the proportion of the branches of trees. The bulk or bulk density of the branches of trees and bushes and the specific weight in physics is taken not to measure in kg / m3 or in TN / m3, but in grams per cubic centimeter: GR / cm3. Therefore, in Table 1, the proportion of branches and shrubs and bulk density of branches (synonyms) are indicated in grams per cubic centimeter (GR / cm3)
Table 1. How much weighs 1 cubic branches of trees, weight 1 m3 branches. The bulk density of branches and shrubs and the proportion of GR / cm3. How many kilograms in Cuba branches, tons in 1 cubic meter of branches, kg in 1 cubic meter, TN in 1 m3.
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