Permissible norms of manganese in water. Manganese in drinking water and removal methods. Maximum permissible manganese concentration for an aquatic environment

Manganese in the blood

Determination of the concentration of manganese in the blood used for the diagnosis of acute and chronic intoxication by manganese, as well as to assess the balance of this trace element in the body.

Russian synonyms

Manganese in serum.

Synonyms English

MN, MANGANESE, SERUM.

Research method

Atomic adsorption spectrometry (AAS).

Units

Μg / l (micrograms per liter).

What kind of biomaterial can be used for research?

Venous blood.

How to prepare for research?

1. Do not take food within 2-3 hours before the study, you can drink clean non-carbonated water.
2. Do not smoke within 30 minutes before the study.

General research information

Manganese is an element found in a free form of wildlife, as well as part of some organic and inorganic compounds of the human body. It is necessary for the formation of bone tissue, protein synthesis, ATP molecules and cellular metabolic regulation. In addition, the manganese acts as a cofactor of one of the types of superoxiddismutase (manganese), neutralizing free radicals, and gluchegenesis enzymes.

This trace element enters the body with food. It is present in large quantities in forest and walnuts, peanuts, spinach, beets, garlic, apricots and some other products. The daily need of an adult in manganese is 1.8-2.6 mg. Normally, only 1-3% of the manganese coming from food is absorbed in the intestine, the largest part is displayed with the feces. As in the case of other microelements, the concentration of manganese is maintained at very low, but sufficient to ensure physiological levels levels. His balance can wear acute or chronic and are diagnosed with the help of analysis on a manganese.

Food poisoning salts of manganese meets extremely rare, as it is usually only a small part is absorbed in the intestine. The overwhelming majority of poisoning cases are examples of chronic intoxication associated with inhalation of manganese dust. Workers engaged in the extraction of ore and steel production are subject to the greatest risk. The extensive surface of the lungs provides rapid absorption of manganese into the blood, from where it enters various organs. The deposition of manganese in brain tissue is accompanied by the development of the characteristic clinical syndrome, called manganese Parkinsonism. His signs include a violation of the gait, the "masca" face, dystonia and salivament. Unlike idiopathic Parkinsonism, in this form there is no tremor alone, but the postural and intentional tremor can be observed. The differential diagnosis of idiopathic and manganese parkinsonism is obligatory, since diseases have a different forecast and are treated in different ways. The peculiarity of manganese parkinsonism is in the absence of a response to treatment with dopamine preparations and in irreversibility of changes. Analysis on a manganese in the blood allows you to differentiate two of these states.

Also estimate the level of manganese in the blood may be required when examining a young patient with signs of atypical parkinsonism. Some people who use and independently manufacturing injection drugs are used as the oxidant permanganate potassium, which, together with a narcotic substance, enters blood. As a result, the concentration of manganese in such patients can be 2000-3000 mg / l (for comparison, 10-12 mg / l). The persistent increase in the level of manganese damages the neurons of the black substance of the mid-brain, which leads to characteristic symptoms. The clinical picture of manganese Parkinsonism can also be observed in patients with liver diseases - it is the main body that provides a manganese organism. When cirrhosis of the liver, the excretion of this element is difficult, as a result of which it is accumulated in the blood and tissue of the brain.

It is believed that due to some physiological features, children are more at risk of both enteral and inhalation poisoning by manganese. For example, water consumption with an increased concentration of manganese salts is greater in the development of the disease in children than adults. In addition, clinical manifestations of chronic intoxication by manganese in children also differ from the symptoms in adults. Manganese has a negative impact on the transfer of a nervous impulse in dopaminergic paths, ensuring attention, coordination and cognitive activities. Therefore, its level in the blood is advisable to measure when examining a child with a deficit syndrome and hyperactivity and in violation of the learning ability.

Inhalation of manganese vapors can also lead to the development of the so-called metallic fever. This condition is developing 3-12 hours after the inhalation of the vapor of manganese oxide and is more often observed with welders. The clinical picture of the disease resembles flu: fever, cough, sore throat, feeling of nose, shortness of breath, weakness, Malgy. The feature of the "metal fever" is that all the symptoms disappear after the cessation of contact with the metal pairs (for example, on the weekend). When studying blood in such patients, it is sometimes possible to identify an increase in the concentration of manganese. It should be noted that the symptoms of the "metal fever" are not specifically specific for acute poisoning by manganese and are also observed when inhaling the vapor of zinc oxide, copper, iron, lead and other metals. Thus, the analysis of the manganese, as well as other metals in the blood can be used in the diagnosis of professional diseases.

A manganese deficiency is accompanied by some rare congenital metabolic diseases. It is more often a shortage of patients, for a long time on parenteral nutrition. Signs of manganese deficiency: disorders of growth and mineralization of bones, metabolism of carbohydrates and fats. Measuring the concentration of manganese in the blood of such patients is necessary to assess the balance of this trace element in the body.

What is the study?

• For the diagnosis of "metal fever" at the welder.
• For the diagnosis of manganese parkinsonism in the workers of the mining industry, young people who use injection drugs, and patients with liver cirrhosis.
• To diagnose chronic intoxication by manganese in children with deficit syndrome, hyperactive children and children with violation of learning ability.
• To assess the balance of manganese in the body in a patient who is in complete parenteral nutrition.

When is the study assigned?

• With symptoms:
  • parkinsonism, especially in the workers of the mining industry, young people who use injecting drugs, and patients with liver cirrhosis (gait and balance disorders, "Mask-like face, dystonia, postural and intente tremor);
  • flu-like syndrome in welders (fever, cough, throat pain, feeling of nasal congestion, shortness of breath, weakness, myalgia);
  • local deficiency syndrome and hyperactivity in children (the impossibility of concentrating attention, easy distractions for external incentives - toys, written accessories, - the inability to perform exercises to the end, wait for its turn in games, engaging in a conversation, shouting from the place).
• When observing the patient in full parenteral nutrition.

What do the results mean?

Reference values: 0 - 2 μg / l.

Causes of raising the level of manganese in the blood:

• acute or chronic poisoning by manganese;
• cirrhosis of the liver.

Manganese prevalence is quite large, it ranks 14th among common minerals. There is its presence in many products and naturally in water, as it is perfectly soluble. And, as any element coming into food, can benefit or harm. So, cleaning water from manganese and holding it in a satisfactory norm, acquires high significance.

GOST: Manganese in drinking water

• in centralized systems - ≤ 0.1 mg / l;
• manganese in water from wells and other open sources - ≤ 0.5 mg / l.

In nature, the manganese can form up to 8 species of oxides, from MNO to MN5O8, and is part of copper and iron ore. The formation of oxides depends on the composition of the medium and external physical parameters. The most steady oxide - MnO2, it is the most encountered in the depths of the Earth, received the name pyrojit.

In view of the widespread use of the mineral in metallurgy and chemical production, special attention is paid to its content in industrial drains. The amount of manganese in wastewater should not exceed 0.01 mg / dm3.

Manganese in water: influence on the body and visual determination of its presence

As is well known from medical practice - even a poisonous substance, in small quantities, can have a beneficial effect on the body, but the excess of its norm will lead to irreparable consequences.

Useful fungan functions in the body

Depending on age, permissible daily doses differ and are:

Manganese can be obtained from both water and food. The territory of Russia does not have areas with the poor content of Mn, there is even an excess of manganese in water. The participation of the mineral in the physiological processes of living organisms is indispensable. Its main functions:

• adjustment of the glucose level, prompting to ascorbic acid synthesis;
• deterrence of diabetes mellitus;
• support for the activity of the nervous system and the brain;
• generation of cholesterol and assistance in the functioning of the pancreas;
• the formation of connective, cartilage and bone tissue;
• lipid exchange regulation and preventing the obesity of the liver;
• involvement in the division and updating of cells;
• covering cholesterol activity and preventing the growth of "plaques";
• activation of enzymes for assimilating vitamins B1, C and biotin.

It is possible to use as an antioxidant when interacting with Fe and Cu. The manganese in the body P and Ca is delayed. Eating food with a large content of carbohydrates leads to a rapid hovering of MN in the body. The amount of manganese in water, the influence can have both positive and negative. In some states, a lack of manganese is formed, the norm in water does not cover its daily need for nursing mothers and athletes.

Harm to exceed manganese in water

The danger of manganese in water for physiological functions, it reduces the digestibility of iron and competes with copper, and this anemia and drowsiness. Considerable harm is applied and CNS, expressed in reducing the performance and development of early amnesia. The heavy metal MN is capable of damaging the lungs, liver and heart in large doses, and in lactating women to stop lactation.

Health, one of the main aspirations of a person, but also the household problems created by manganese compounds, can make a lot. The visual definition of manganese in drinking water is carried out by conducting inspection of plumbing devices and dishes, long in contact with the plumbing liquid.

Most often, the mineral accompanies bivalent iron and forms insoluble compounds with it. On the plumbing, the food dishes are formed black raids, it is rapidly growing in the electrical appliances, the patency of pipes decreases. Too high levels of contamination, already visible when the water tap is set, and even felt the smell. In these cases, it is necessary to immediately make water analysis, manganese and iron should be the main parameters in it.

Water purification from iron and manganese

In plumbing or artesian water, the mineral is in the form of a bivalent positive ion (Mn2 +), well dissolved in liquids. To remove manganese from the water, it is translated into insoluble forms - three or twisted. A dense sediment is removed by grainy catalytic media or ion exchange resins.

Water filters from manganese and filtering methods

Methods used in Demanganation:

Aeration.Used in the presence of bivalent iron in water. Under the action of aeration, iron is oxidized and enters the hydroxide. The resulting connection connects a bivalent manganese and precipitates it. Solid impurities are filtered through quartz sand.

Catalytic oxidation.It is carried out by hydroxide of 4 valence manganese.

Oxidifier reagents.Ozone, sodium hypochlorite, chlorine itself and its dioxide are used here.

Ion exchange. It is performed by two types of resin: anion exchange (ON-) and cation exchange (H +).

Distillation. Based on the difference of water boiling water and impurities. Water mineralization is required after the procedure.

Depending on the results of the analysis on the volume of manganese in water, a filter is selected with a certain method of filtering. Or the water purification is carried out by a complex of filtering components, conductive a sequential decrease in liquid contamination.

Manganese - elemental subgroup of the seventh group of the fourth period of the periodic system of chemical elements D.I. Imeteleev, atomic number 25. is indicated by the symbol of Mn.

Manganese belongs to very common elements, accounted for 0.03% of the total number of terrestrial bark atoms. Among heavy metals (atomic weight, more than 40), the manganese occupies a third place in the earth's crust followed by iron and titanium.

Manganese is very interesting in biochemical terms. Exact analyzes show that it is in the organisms of all plants and animals. Its content is usually not exceeded by thousandths of interest, but sometimes significantly higher. For example, in the leaves of beets contains up to 0.03%, in the organism of red ants - up to 0.05%, and in some bacteria even up to several percent of manganese.

Manganese belongs to the number of few elements capable of exist in eight different states of oxidation. However, in biological systems, only two of these states are implemented: Mn (II) and Mn (III).

Manganese is present in natural waters in various forms, which depend on the acidity of the medium. In the underground waters, in the absence of oxygen, the manganese is usually found in the form of bivalent salts. In the surface waters, the manganese is in the form of organic complex compounds, colloids and fine suspension.

The main sources of receipt of manganese compounds include:

1. Drinking water is a source of manganese intake, since the standards for purified flow for reset to the bay is 10 times more hard to drink water regulations (the actual manganese content in drinking water tap water to 0.05 mg / dm 3).

2. Groundwater (manganese content up to 0.5 mg / dm 3): In cases of drainage in the self-e-system of housing sewage.

3. External subabonents: Enterprises with independent water supply sources (well) (manganese content up to 0.1 mg / dm 3), hosfexual water from tankers (manganese content up to 0.6 mg / dm 3).

As a result, we obtain that the concentration of total manganese at the entrance of the sewage treatment plants of housing wastewater is 0.3 - 0.4 mg / dm 3.

The content of manganese in surface water bodies is impermanently and has pronounced periodic oscillations. The maxima is observed in the winter-spring period (February-March peak), summer period (August peak) and autumn-winter period. In these periods, the maintenance of manganese in surface water bodies can in dozens times to exceed average values. Probable reasons for the February-March peak: a decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen and pH of water (with even existing ice coating), reducing the role of oxidative processes in the thickness of water. An increase in the concentration of free manganese in August contributes: Fitoplankton's die off, in particular blue-green algae, which allocate a manganese in the form of free cations of Mn (II) (about 60%) and low molecular compounds (about 30 - 35%), a decrease in the concentration of dissolved oxygen, which is spent on the oxidation of the "organic matter" of decomposing hydrobionts. It should be noted that the decomposition of higher aqueous vegetation, followed by the release of Mn (II), flows within 7-8 months. This circumstance, apparently, can also be involved in the February-March peak.

High concentrations of dissolved manganese in the autumn-winter period are due to the flow of it from the sludge water. This period is very close in the winter-spring. In the restoration conditions of the content of dissolved forms of manganese in sludge waters is 1-3 mg / dm 3.

The neurotoxicity of manganese is not fully explained. There are data that speakers manganese interaction with iron, zinc, aluminum and copper. Based on a number of papers, impairment of iron metabolism is considered a possible mechanism for damage to the nervous system. It is possible oxidizing damage.

Perhaps the long-term accumulation of manganese affects the ability to play. In animal studies, pregnancy under prolonged exposure to large doses of manganese more often ended in innate deformities in offspring.

Manganese can break the work of the liver, but experiments show that the toxicity threshold is very high. On the other hand, more than 95% of manganese is excreted from the body with bile, and any damage to the liver can slow down detoxification by increasing the concentration of manganese in the blood plasma.

These circumstances testify in favor of tightening standards for the content of salts of this heavy metal in wastewater.

Mamchenko A.V., Kiya N.N., Yakupova I.V., Chernova L.G., Chutko I.I.,

Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine, Kiev

Anthropogenic human activity and continuous extension of water consumption led to high-quality degradation of fresh water sources (1, 2). The monitoring of the environmental state of natural waters (2-14) has shown the multiple excess of the environmental optimum in the waters of most countries - the widespread presence of compounds of iron, manganese, ammonium, fluorine in the waters of France (5), RF (6-9, 12, 13), China ( 14), the accumulation of large quantities of manganese in Kremenchug and below located along the flow of the reservoirs of Ukraine (11), the excess of the environmental optimum is three times for the river basin. Pripyat (4) (Ukraine and Belarus), etc.

The deterioration in the quality of surface sources made to turn to groundwater, the composition of which is more stable, is not subject to seasonal fluctuations and the influence of surface pollution in the nearby territories and does not contain the most complex in terms of water purification - organic substances, heavy metals, bacteria, viruses.

However, in most cases, groundwater due to unsatisfactory geochemical conditions of formation (in the earth's crust, the manganese content is about 0.1%) are not substandard for drinking needs. Despite the significant cleaning effect of filtration through the soil, selected from the artesian wells, water often has an elevated iron, manganese and rigidity salts. At the same time, there is a steady trend of the growth of their concentration and exceeding the PDC for drinking water. The risk of groundwater pollution by manganese, iron and other metals comes from the development of ore deposits and operating quarries (6,8,9,15). Existing technologies only partially solve this problem (16, 17).

According to the regulatory recommendations of WHO and SanPine (18, 19), the maximum permissible concentration of manganese in drinking water is 0.1 mg / dm 3; Iron - 0.3 mg / dm 3. Requirements of many industries: food, energy, electronics - significantly rigid (18, 20).

The need for the human body in manganese provides, as a rule, its content in water and food. The daily arrival of manganese with food is an average of 3.7 (from 2.2 to 9) mg, from the air - 0.002 mg, from drinking water to 0.064 mg (21). The manganese deficiency in the human body leads to failures in the functioning of the reproductive, nervous and hearing systems and disorders of the skeleton formation (22).

The excess of the norm has a mutagenic effect on a person. Possessing pronounced cumulative properties, the manganese accumulates in the liver, kidneys, brain, thyroid and pancreas, lymph nodes. In the risk management strategy, drinking water, although it is a minor source of penetration into the manganese organism, should be considered together with other potential sources of human impact. There is a close correlation between a large manganese content in drinking water and food and neurotoxication products in young children (23-25) and metallurgists (26), a state known as "manganism" and in many respects such as Parkinson's disease (27-29), neurological manifestations In residents of industrial areas of Greece (30), mental disorders, muscle tremor in residents of Japan (31), etc.

Consequently, the use of groundwater with an increased manganese content, etc. impurities are possible only if there are effective cleaning technologies from them.

Demanganation-Demuntary Demancating Define the nature of manganese and iron compounds - mineral or organic; pH, the concentration of free carbon dioxide, dissolved oxygen, redox potential, sulphides, organic substances, rigidity, total mineralization, dissolved gases (32-35).

In the water, manganese occurs in three dispersion areas: molecular, colloid and gravimetric. Molecular dispersion (D<1 ммк) не осаждаются, проходят через все фильтры, диализируют и диффундируют. Коллоидные системы – гидрофобные золи проходят сквозь фильтры тонкой чистки, но задерживаются фильтрами сверхтонкой очистки, заметно не осаждаются, не диализируют и весьма незначительно диффундируют, видны в ультрамикроскоп. Простые дисперсии или суспензии (d>100 MMK) are deposited after some time, not capable of dialysis and diffusion, do not pass through thin paper filters. The compounds of manganese and iron from colloidal dispersions are moving into a state of suspensions due to the coagulation of micelles (33).

The presence of manganese in water is due to the solubility of the compounds formed by them. At pH 4-7.5, Mn 2+ ions dominate in water, in the case of high values \u200b\u200bof the oxidation and reduction potential - precipitate of manganese dioxide, at pH\u003e 7.5, the manganese is isolated as hydroxide or oxides of various valence (35, 36). The solubility of Mn (II) can monitor the equilibrium of manganese oxide with manganese, located in other degrees of oxidation. In a strong reducing medium, the content of manganese depends on the formation of low-soluble sulphides (37). The humus compounds determine the colloidal state (10, 11, 36) and stable, difficult oxidized organic manganese complexes.

In surface water sources, under natural conditions, photocatalytic reduction is possible with the formation of Mn 2+ ions and accelerate the oxidative reactions due to the participation of manganese in the photosynthetic processes in the reproduction of algae, which reduces its concentration in water (38).

In the underground waters, the manganese is most often found in a well-soluble form of bicarbonate (0.5-4 mg / dm 3) or hydroxide, much less often - in the form of manganese sulfate. (10, 35). May form complexes with phosphate ions and some organic ligands (11). In groundwater with a low oxygen content of Mn (II) is oxidized chemically or biologically to Mn (IV) (37). Manganese is usually found in iron-containing water. Chemically, it can be considered a relative gland, because They have the same structure of the outer electronic layer.

The variety of factors caused by the composition of natural waters and their impermanence, eliminates the possibility of developing a single universal economically justified method, applicable in all cases of life. The entire range of water treatment technologies designed today is used. Often, when choosing technology for a particular water source combines several methods, since each of them has both advantages and disadvantages.

The removal of iron and manganese is often solved within the framework of a single technology, taking into account the specifics of extracting each component (33). Bivalent Iron and Manganese ions are oxidized, respectively, to the trivalent and tetravalent state, the reaction products are separated from the liquid phase (coagulation of colloidal compounds and detention in sumps or on filters as a result of adsorption, chemisorption or catalytic oxidation phenomena) (29, 39-41). As filtering material use crushed basalt and basalt gravel (2), quartz sand, dolomite, calcium carbonate, marble, manganese oxide (IV), anthracite, polymeric materials (35).

The oxidation of soluble Mn (II) oxygen is much slower than soluble Fe (II). Mn (ii) can not be oxidized by simple airing water. Special grainy boots of catalytic action are used to accelerate the process, on which oxidation with the simultaneous separation of oxidized substances (42-46) occurs.

The unhappy oxidation of air oxygen by vacuum ejection (47) or deep aeration (29, 39), high pressure (48), artificial oxygen saturation (49, 50) of the underground water lead to removal from it CO 2, H 2 S, CH 4 , change the medium with a reductive to oxidative, increasing the redox potential to 250-500 mV and pH to 7 or more. A layer Fe (OH) s is formed, the surface of which sorbs the FE (II), Mn (II) ions and molecular oxygen. The latter oxidizes dissolved iron and manganese ions to a few iron and manganese oxyhydrates soluble under normal conditions, which are easily separated by filtration. When a manganese dioxide is added or another catalytically active substance on a sandy filter, air dissolved in water provides catalytic oxidation and precipitation of manganese (51).

When oxidizing air oxygen according to the "Vedoccas" method, developed by the Finnish company, about 10% of the total water flow, rich in oxygen, is pumped back into the aquifer of several absorbing wells located around the circumference with a radius of 5-10 m around the operational well (52, 53 ). As a result of biochemical and chemical processes, the manganese enters the insoluble form and is distinguished to the sediment in the aquifer. However, with the simplicity and economy of the method, it does not always guarantee the proper degree of water purification from manganese and creates the risk of cologitating aquifer. Obviously, this method can only be applied in the presence of a hydrogeological justification. Such was performed for groundwater bay of Concepcion and the continental shelf adjacent to it (54), and the method provided the proper depth of the water demanganation.

Chemical oxidation is carried out by chlorine and its derivatives, ozone, permanganate potassium, etc.

With the help of chlorine, iron and manganese are removed, hydrogen sulfide is deceived, discolored (optimal pH\u003e 4) (55-57), combining cleaning with disinfection (pH 8) (57). Significant flaws of gaseous chlorine are considered increased requirements for the safety of its transport and storage and potential health risks associated with the possibility of trigalomethane formation (TGM): chloroform, dichlorombromomethane, dibromhloromethane and bromoform (58). The use of sodium hypochlorite or calcium instead of molecular chlorine does not reduce, and significantly increases the likelihood of TGM (55, 59).

Known technology of water demanganation, in which a joint action of deep aeration and chlorine acting as an oxidizing agent and as a catalyst for the oxidative effect of dissolved oxygen (20).

The strongest of the well-known natural oxidants is ozone that does not form chlorine-containing trigalomethane (60, 61) and the oxidizing Mn (II) at pH 6.5-7.0 for 10-15 min (30, 62, 63).

However, ozone is an unstable chemical compound with very high chemical activity, forming by-products (aldehydes, ketones, organic acids, bromine-containing trigalomets, bromates, peroxides, bromoacetic acid). For the removal of by-products, additional filters are needed and, therefore, high initial costs of equipment and subsequent ones for installation of installations (64). Studies to determine the effectiveness of water purification of the Dnipro River from Mn (II) ozonation showed that the necessary degree of water purification from Mn was achieved only with a combination of water ozonization, followed by treatment with coagulant, upholding and filtering through a sandy filter or a two-layer or coal filter in case of contact coagulation, In this case, effectiveness did not depend on the dose of ozone and coagulant (65). Ozonation is also used in combination with UV radiation (66).

The use of potassium permanganate (67) as an oxidizing agent of potassium permanganate (67), which oxidizes Mn (II) to a little soluble manganese oxide MNO (OH) 2. Melkodissess flakes of manganese oxide MNO 2, possessing a large specific surface area (about 300 m 2 / g), effectively sorbitates part of organic compounds and intensifies the coagulation process, having a pH 5-11 charge, opposite charges of coagulant hydrolysis products - aluminum or iron hydroxides (35).

With a joint presence of manganese and iron, including colloidal forms of compounds of these metals, under conditions of low temperatures, low-tie, reduced water rigidity, the degree of cleaning increases the sequential processing of KMNO 4 and H 2 O 2 (40). As the most efficient and least costly, the method of nanofiltration using H 2 O 2 (68) is recommended.

Catalyzing effect on the Demanganation process with the use of H2O2 are salted salts (69). It is known for the Fenton process (70), where H 2 O 2 is an oxidizing agent, Fe 2+ catalyst and a modified fentone process (66), additionally using UV radiation.

The oxidative destruction of groundwater contaminants is practiced directly in the wells where the reagents-oxidizers and transportation of reaction products and excess reagents with groundwater flow (71) are being discarded.

Biological methods (35, 72, 73) were widely used in water purification. On the grain of the filter loading through which water is filtered (36, 74), the manganese consuming type bacteria is evisted Bacteria Manganicus., MetalloNeum Personatum, Caulococeus manganifer, Leptothrix Lopholea, Leptothrix Echinata (35, 75, 76) pedomicrobium Manganicum (77), cyanobacteria ( Cyanobacteria.) (78, 79). As a result of assimilation from the water of manganese, a porous mass is formed, containing a large amount of manganese oxide serving the oxidation catalyst Mn (II) (75). Depending on the iron, manganese and presence of other ions, various types of filters are used (35, 80), incl. Two-stage (74), slow (81), etc.

As a medium for immobilization of bacteria, in addition to minerals, synthetic fibers are used, water insoluble in water, resistant to the action of microorganisms and having the most developed surface to consolidate natural biocenoses (82). As a bioadzorbent, the marine plant is used in the initial or chemically modified form with a large absorption capacity (83); Biocenosis of the biological treatment of alcohol production and dairy plants (84).

The effectiveness of the methods of biological removal of iron and manganese is significantly lower than reagent processing of groundwater (73, 85).

Satisfactory results on the removal of manganese gives coagulation salts of iron or aluminum, although the use of aluminum inevitably leads to water pollution by residual aluminum, which replaces calcium (29) in the bones.

Iron chloride in combination with hydrogen peroxide, followed by ultrafiltration, effectively removes iron and manganese from waters with elevated content of organic carbon (86, 87). Pre-treatment by oxidizing agents (chlorine dioxide and potassium permanganate) improves the purification quality and reduces the dose of coagulant (88).

The use of titanium coagulant (has a higher focusing rate) reduces the size of the sediment and the dose of the introduced reagent, therefore, reduce the level of secondary pollution by residual titanium.

Aluminum flocculant coagulant, operates in the pH range \u003d 5.5-10 and removes the ions of transition and heavy metals, tying them into insoluble silicates (89). Electro-generation allows not only the compounds of iron and manganese, but also silicon in the form of silicic acid (90). The effectiveness of manganese purification increases as the duration of the process increases, which is explained by the presence of an autocataotic reaction with MNO 2 and an increase in the concentration of organic components subjected to preliminary coagulation (91).

As a method for removing soluble manganese and iron from water, water treatment with polyphosphates (92) is considered.

As the last stage of demogenation in water treatment lines, ultrafiltration and nanofiltration are used (93-95). The membranes allow you to delay fine and colloidal impurities, macromolecules, algae, single-cell microorganisms of cysts, bacteria and viruses above 0.1 μm. With the proper use of the devices, you can make lightening and disinfection of water without the use of chemicals.

Mn with a concentration from 0.4 to 5.7 mg / l (96) is almost completely removed. On the membranes of hollow fibers with a pore size of 0.1 μm at pH\u003e 9.7,\u003e 93% Mn (97) is removed. To restore the initial productivity of the membrane several times a year, it is necessary to conduct chemical flushing of membrane devices with special acid and alkaline reagents to remove accumulated pollution. In addition, such filters cannot be supplied with a relatively high content of suspended substances. Anionactive surfactant when adding micelles to the water, the size of which is much higher than the pore size of the membrane. Metal ions form complexes with these micelles and are delayed when filtered by more than 99%.

The use of chelate membranes and membranes of polysulfone, polyethersulfone, polyvinyl denfluoride, cellulose, regenerated cellulose, etc. allows other pollutants (98, 99) in addition to metal ions (98, 99), are effectively removed. The membranes obtained from synthetic (polyamides, polyesters, aromatic polyamides, polyacrylate), biological (proteins, calogen) of materials and activated coal in their actions are similar to reverse osmotic membranes (large anions delay, CA, MG cations, heavy metal ions, large organic compounds) and At the same time, there are greater permeability for small sodium ions, potassium, chlorine and fluorine. Membranes based on nanofibers have a greater performance (100). In order to extract heavy metal ions from surface and groundwater, a fundamentally new method of forming a filter element made on the basis of mining basalt rocks (101) was developed.

The method of ion exchange is advisable to apply with simultaneous deep softening of water and exempt it from manganese and iron (102). The process is carried out by filtering through the cationic loading of sodium or hydrogen-cationing during the softening of water. Anionic ochelotors allow minor amounts of iron associated with organic compounds that are not removed on catalytic load filters (103).

In a number of countries, including the United States (104, 105), received the distribution method of removing manganese with the help of manganese cation. The manganese cationis was prepared from any cationite in sodium form by a consistent pass through it a solution of manganese chloride and permanganate potassium. The processes occurring can be represented by the following reactions:

2NA [Cat] + MnCl 2 -\u003e

Mn [Cat] 2 + 2NACL

Mn [Cat] + ME + + KMNO 4 -\u003e

2ME [Cat] + 2mno 2,

where ME +. - Kation Na +. or K +..

Potassium permanganate oxidizes manganese with the formation of manganese oxides, which are deposited as a film on the surface of cationia grains. Regenerate (restore) film on cation with potassium permanganate solution. The flow rate of potassium permanganate on the regeneration of manganese cation is 0.6 g per 1 g of remote manganese (106). The manganese content of this method is reduced to 0.1 mg / dm 3. The method of removing manganese with the help of manganese cation in domestic practice has not found applications due to its high cost.

Analysis of the state of the issue of the demogenation of surface and groundwater during the preparation of drinking water indicates a geneant development and prospects of sorption methods (107-109). These are well-managed processes, allowing to remove pollution of extremely broad nature (regardless of their chemical stability) to almost any residual concentration and not leading to secondary pollution ..

Sorbents must have a developed or specific surface of natural or artificial origin (10). The sorption process is carried out by the method of adhesive volumetric filtering through the load in bulk vertical filters, while the important place is given to filters with a grainy loading (2).

According to modern theoretical ideas, the loading capacity has a maximum surface of the contact of particles with water and the smallest hydrodynamic power of the separation, as well as the greatest intergreasing and unlocked porosity. In addition, it should have increased resistance to mechanical wear in acidic, alkaline and neutral media (110-113).

Industrial microporous adsorbents usually have pores with efficient radii<1,5¸1,6 нм и с позиций современной технологии они могут быть названы ультрананопористыми. Именно такие адсорбенты обеспечивают высокую энергию и селективность адсорбции (114).

Historically, the use of sorbents is associated with microporous carbon materials - active coals. Until recently, the best sorbent for cleaning and fingering drinking water was activated coal (AU), including the best - American granulated activated coconut coal (GAU). Coal purifies water from a wide class of impurities - many organic contaminants, residual chlorine, many forms of organic carbon, heavy metal ions (115-118). However, its sorbing ability and resource is small. It is an expensive material, malstutable in aggressive media, bacteria well multiply in it, requires regeneration (107, 108, 119). To purify water from cations Mn 2+, the surface of activated carbon is impregnated with potassium permanganate (120, 121).

To purify drinking water, a sulfuehoagol or its oxidized form (122), a crushed anthracite of the "Puratalat" brand (coal is the highest degree of carbon, containing 95% carbon) and its modifications, oxidized in different ways (116, 123).

The study of adsorption Cu 2+, Ni 2+, CO 2+, Zn 2+ and Mn 2+ from aqueous solutions on coals obtained from different precursors and oxidized in different ways, and on carboxyl resin showed that the selectivity of materials does not depend on the method and The degree of oxidation, type of precursor and adsorbent, pore structure (124).

The latest achievement of science and technology are filters with a carbon mixture of high reactivity - USR (94, 125). They are well purified by water from insoluble impurities and microorganisms, absorb oil products and ether solutions to levels below the MPC (multiplicity of purification of more than 1000), many cations (copper, iron, vanadium, manganese), organic and inorganic anions (sulfides, fluorides, nitrates ), reduce the concentration of suspended particles by more than 100 times. The nanostructures contained in the USR are graphenes (arranged in the form of hexagons carbon atoms), nanotubes, nanocolts, nanofractals. Partially broken covalent bonds form a huge number of unsaturated intelligent carbon ties around the perimeter of carbon hexogonals. Unsaturated intelligent carbon ties (free radicals) when contacting a very wide group of substances (all impurities insoluble and soluble in water) hold them in the mass, passing water molecules. The USRR holds the impurities as due to free radicals on the molecular and atomic levels, without entering into chemical reactions and purely mechanically.

UsvR is a representative of nanomaterials to which nanofolokna ALO (OH) and non-fibrous phases of other oxides and hydroxides, effective sorbents for removal of Ni 2+, Fe 2+, Mn 2+, Zn 2+ and anions AS 3+, AS 5+ , CR 6+ (94). However, well-purifying water from undisputed impurities is practically not removed soluble.

A new and promising sorption material suitable for water purification, although little studied is the natural mineral shungite (126-130). Shungitis - Precambrian rocks saturated with carbon (shungite) substance in non-crystalline state. Differ in the composition of the mineral base (aluminosilicate, silicon, carbonate) and the number of shungite substances. According to the second, the sign is divided into small-carbon (up to 5% C), medium carbon (5-25% C) and high carbon (25-80% C). They are an unusual natural composite in structure - the uniform distribution of highly dispersed crystalline silicate particles with a size of about 1 μm in an amorphous carbon matrix.

The shungites are burned at a temperature of 1100 ° C are used as aggregates of filter cassettes of coastal watering wells. Light granular and lump materials are promising on the basis of shungitis (under the condition of their insignificant water absorption, 10-13%) obtained by calcining at 500-550 ° C for 2-3 hours, as a result of which closed-cellular challenges are formed.

The sorption properties in relation to heavy metals and heavy oil fractions are the scenters and their heat treatment products (131). Shale - rocks with parallel (layered) location of minerals. The mineral part - calcite prevails, dolomite, hydroslides, montmorillonite, kaolinitis, field spasps, quartz, pyrite, etc. The organic part (kerogen) is 10-30% of the mass of the breed and only in the shale of the highest quality reaches 50-70% . Presented by biocoa and geochemically transformed substance of the simplest algae, which preserved (talomoalgin) or losing (colloalgin) cell structure. In the form of impurities there are changed residues of higher plants (show-windows, fusenite, lipoidin).

Recently, non-harmonic sorbents of natural and artificial origin are increasingly used to clean the water from heavy metals compounds - mineral aluminosilicates (various clays, citches, zeolites, silica, etc.). The use of such sorbents is due to their selectivity, a fairly high sorption capacity, cation exchange properties of some of them, relatively low cost and availability (as a local material) (107, 108, 132-135). They are characterized by a developed structure with micropores of various sizes depending on the type of mineral. They have a developed specific surface area, high absorption capacity, resistant to environmental impacts, ability to accelerate the reaction during the reaction and can serve as excellent carriers for fixing on the surface of various compounds during their modification (136, 137).

The mechanism of sorption of pollution on these materials is sufficiently complicated, includes van der-Waals interactions of hydrocarbon chains with a developed surface of silicate microcrystals and the Coulomb interaction of charged and polarized sorbate molecules with positively charged areas of the sorbent surface containing ions H + and A1 3+. Under certain conditions, clay materials are effectively sorbed by almost all studied viruses: arboviruses, mixing, enteroviruses, plant viruses, bacteriophages and actinophages.

Thus, the layers (microporous rocks folded by amorphous silica with an admixture of the clay substance, skeletal parts of organisms, mineral risen quartz, field spa, etc.) in the sorption capacity of more than 1.5 times superior to "black sand" (138).

Activated aluminosilicate adsorbent "Mlintest" has proven well established when cleaning real underground water with a content (mg / dm 3): Fe 2+ - 8.1; Mn 2+ - 7.9; H 2 S - 3.8 (135). The sorption capacity of the composite humino-aluminum sorbent reaches 2.6 mmol / g of FE 3+ and Mn 2+, 1.9 to 3+ SG (139).

In the technology of water purification, montmorillonite clay minerals (140), as well as silica (141), were used.

Sorbs metal ions and dyes of various nature chemically modified by the neutral chitosanferrricy-anid complex vermiculite - mineral from the group of hydrosluts having a layered structure (142).

Natural zeolites have unique adsorption, ion exchange and catalytic properties. Zeolites are aqueous aluminosilicates of calcium frame structure containing voids occupied by ions and water molecules that have significant freedom of movement, which leads to ion exchange and reversible dehydration. The voids and channels in the zeolite structure can be up to 50% of the total mineral volume, which causes their value as sorbents. The shape and size of the inlet channels of channels formed by rings from oxygen atoms determine the values \u200b\u200bof ions and molecules that can penetrate the cavity of the zeolite structure. Hence their second name - molecular sieves.

The primary construction units of zeolites are silicic acid (SiO 4) and aluminocisologenic (ALO 4) tetrahedra, interconnected by oxygen bridges. In tetrahedra centers, silicon and aluminum atoms are placed. Aluminum atom carries one negative charge (it is in sP 3. Tetrahedral hybridization), which is usually compensated by a positive charge of alkaline or alkaline earth metal cations. There are more than 30 types of natural zeolites (143).

Natural zeolites are used in powders and filtering materials for water purification from surfactants, aromatic and carcinogenic organic compounds, dyes, pesticides, colloid and bacterial contaminants. Zeolites are capable of performing the functions of a selective filter to extract cesium, arms and strontium from water (144). Zeolite-clinoptilolite of the brand (Na 2 K 2 1OAI 2 O 3 10SIO 2) of the Tovuz field (Azerbaijan) was successfully used to clean the groundwater from iron and manganese, having previously subjected to its exposure to the electrical discharge of the barrier type (145). Zeolites can be used with additives and diethylaminoethyl cellulose in industrial and household filters (146). The MANGANESE Greensand (green sand) filter material is widely known, which was pre-treated with a manganese chloride solution, which serves as a source of oxygen, oxidizing the ions of bivalent manganese and iron to triumphant and precipitated (103).

The high mechanical strength of natural zeolites makes it possible to exclude the adsorbent granulation operation, which makes its cost several times less than the cost of synthetic zeolites. The sorption capacity of zeolites increases with an increase in water temperature (147).

In relation to manganese and iron ions, natural and modified minerals are with sorption and catalytic properties - Brusit, Rhodotrozit, Xilomelan (148).

Brusit - mineral, magnesium hydroxide with sometimes those present by isomorphic impurities Fe (ferrobrusitis) or Mn (manganobrusite). The crystal structure of Brusit typically layered. On-ions form a density hexagonal packaging, in which each layer consists of two flat sheets, parallel planes (0001). Octahedral voids between the hydroxyl ions are filled with ions of me, thus, the gear coordination (connected with three ions it is one sheet and with three ions of another sheet). Proved the technological advantage of the adsorption properties of natural brusit Mg (OH) 2 in front of zeolites, as an active sorbent for promising technologies for the purification of natural and sewage (149). Thermal modification of the natural mineral at 400-600 0 С causes surface structural changes occurring in the dehydration of the sorbent, which increase the sorption activity of Brusit in relation to manganese ions in the presence of bivalent iron (150). Ultrasonic processing intensifies the kinetics of sorption of metals on Brusite. The desorption of metals and the regeneration of the sorbent is effectively carried out by treatment with solutions of hydrochloric acid and ammonia (151).

Filtering through grain loads with catalytic properties is currently considered the most promising method for cleaning water from manganese. The bivalent manganese ions contained in the original water are oxidized by dissolved air oxygen in the presence of a catalyst, turn into insoluble manganese compounds and separated by a layer of loading.

Catalysts most often serve as the highest manganese oxides, applied in one way or another on the grain matrix of filters (152-158). On the matrix of natural origin (quartz sand, dolomite, ceramzite, aluminosilicate, natural and artificial zeolites or other materials) are applied by the film of manganese or iron oxides, or the specified oxides are introduced into the structure. On the grains of such downloads there is oxidation with simultaneous detention of oxidized substances.

The oxygen contained in water turns out to be sufficient for the oxidation of minor amounts of iron when the water is passed through the catalytic load of type BIRM, GREENSAND, etc. The resulting hydroxide remains on the load layer. In the absence of oxygen in water, the oxidation of iron occurs due to the restoration of iron oxides and manganese from the surface of the particles.

The manganese is removed at high concentrations and independently of the form in which it is located both from the well and from the tap water. At the same time, suspended particles and natural organic matter (159) are removed from the water. The effectiveness of the catalyst falls as a result of a washed with oxide particles. If simultaneously with manganese in water and iron is also present, the pH level should not exceed 8.5. Some granular downloads do not need to restore properties, it is necessary for some. So BIRM is little subject to physical abrasion and remains effective in a wide range of source water temperatures (29). Oxidized substances are removed by reverse flushing.

The catalytic properties of the oxidation process of soluble manganese to manganese oxide has the loading of the manganese ore of carbonate type, thermally modified at 400-6000c for at least 30 minutes. Loading does not require chemical regeneration, which simplifies and reduces the cost of process (160).

Catalytic properties also have manganese ores of oxide types and inorganic ion exchangers based on thermally modified manganese oxides (III, IV) (161-163). The filter material containing two components is known: natural mineral (ore) with at least 80% of manganese dioxide and limestone, the surface of which is impregnated with manganese oxide (164).

Loading from crushed pyrolyzit and administration under pressure of the air allow us to jointly remove Mn 2+ and NH 4 + (165). The process is effective due to oxygen penetration into all zones along the filter reactor profile. Increased sorption characteristics (exchange capacity) and improved performance properties (helicability, mechanical strength) have inorganic sorbents based on mixtures of manganese oxides (III, IV) and TITAN (III, IV) (166).

The catalyst for oxidation of manganese and / or iron to low-soluble oxides is Ppislélin (167). It provides guaranteed quality of water purification within MPC, simplifies and reduces the process due to the exclusion of the objective operation and more economical filter loading mode.

Domestic catalytic falling materials MZhF and DAMF are manufactured based on natural dolomite material containing calcium and magnesium carbonates. They are a solid buffer system, corrective pH of water and supporting a weakly alkaline reaction that is optimal for the deferrization process.

Dolomite is usually a dual carbonate mineral with an ideal CAMG formula (CO 3) 2. It is believed that it is formed by the substitution of calcium carbonate (calcite), as a result of which pores are formed and persisted, since Saco 3 has a smaller molar volume (168). The prospects for the use of dolomite as a filter loading is reported in (168-171). Dolomite, heated at 700-800 ° C under the conditions of the "boiling layer" intensifies the extraction of metals from the water (172-174). Dolomite-based sorbent under air atmosphere at 500-900 0 s for 1-3 hours and treated with a solution with a bivalent manganese ion content (Mn 2+ ~ 0.01-0.2 mol / dm 3), has a high sorption Capacity and effectively purifies water from manganese and iron to values \u200b\u200bmuch lower than permissible sanitary standards (175).

As a sorbent, the carbonate breed of the TB-Baserian field, processed in order to increase the sorption capacity of magnesium salts (176).

As studies have been shown at present at the Institute of Colloid Chemistry and Water Chemistry of the National Academy of Sciences of Ukraine (177), the sorbent catalyst obtained from the oxide-carbonate manganese ore of Nikopolskoye (Dnepropetrovsk region, Ukraine) by its heat treatment at a temperature of 450 -800 0 s, followed by modifying solution of potassium permanganate with a concentration of 0.2-0.5 wt.%. Large-scale tests of the synthesized sorbent in the process of the demogenation of groundwater on the current wells of Chernyshevsky water intake of Mukachevo (Mn 1.77-1.83 mg / dm 3) and in p. Rusanov Kiev region (Mn 0.82-0.88 mg / dm 3) showed its high sorption capacity and the possibility of complete extraction of manganese from the water.

There are reports of the prospects for the use of highly dispersed sorbents with magnetic properties (178,179). With a non-recent magneto-sorption method, the water is mixed with a finely excrucified paramagnetic material forming complexes with metal ions. Subsequent treatment with a high-grade magnetic field or filtering through a thin steel wire layer with some level of magnetization, removes formed complexes. The pH shift method: the pH of the purified water in front of the cleaning steps is locally changing, and the contamination is departed on various sorption levels of purification, which are regenerated by reverse change of the pH of the medium.

For all the numerous messages about the diverse methods of the demogenation of natural waters, they are based on the oxidation of bivalent manganese ions to a tetravalent state and separation of reaction products from the liquid phase, mainly on filtering loads as a result of adsorption, chemisorption or catalytic oxidation. As recent studies have shown, the most promising filtering material for removing manganese compounds from purified water is natural minerals, thermally or chemically modified inorganic compounds. Given the need-increasing need for the use of groundwater, attracting cheap domestic raw materials for these purposes, (for example, oxide-carbonate ore of the Nikopolskoye deposit, Transcarpathian Kleoptilolite, etc.) is of interest both due to their effectiveness and from an economic point of view.

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When using water from the well, the appearance of dark grains is sometimes marked. Naturally, the question arises whether it can harm health, and what to do in this situation.

What if black or gray grains appeared in the water?

The appearance of noticeable grains in water, unusual smell and color change is a signal of hazardous impurities. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to reduce the amount of water used to a minimum and analyze. You can make it in a private laboratory or sanitary station. Depending on the type of analysis, the result will have to wait 3-7 days.

Black and gray grains in water most often flagel about exceeding the permissible level of manganese in it. In drinking water, this indicator should not exceed 0.1 mg / l. In underground sources, this metal is accompanied by the gland and the properties are similar to it.

How does the manganese affect the human body

For human health, the concentration of manganese is harmful. In addition to the black and gray grain, the indicator of the increased manganese content is a weak yellow shade of water and an unpleasant taste. Moreover, the latter is also noticeable in tea or coffee, and not only untreated water. The main negative effect of water with an increased calcium content is on the nervous system. According to scientific research, children who constantly used the manganese at elevated doses, there is a decrease in intellectual abilities.

Also, the harmful effects of manganese turns out to other organs. For example, this element is processed and accumulated by the liver, which affects its operation. Manganese penetrates bones, intestines, kidneys, brain. If you do not prevent the manganese into the organism in high doses, this will ultimately lead to poisoning. The main symptoms are:

• Decay of forces and apathy;
• Dizziness and headaches;
• Decline in appetite;
• Constant mood change;
• Pain and spin cramps.

Also, the heating system and water pipes are also subject to negative. A raid is formed on their surface, which makes it difficult to pass the flow of water. Over time, the flare begins to flap. They appear in water in the form of grams.

What to do if the concentration of manganese in water is increased

Because of the harmful effects of manganese on human health to water treatment, it is important to approach responsibly. The appropriate equipment is selected based on the results of the analysis. The principle of their action is based on the oxidation of manganese. Due to this, it falls into a precipitate, which is then removed by mechanical ways.

Clean water from manganese, filters and prices Perm

Name	Power M3 / h	Guarantee	Selection	Price	Price per share -30%
Softener WS 0844.	0,6	5 years	Is free	28 670	22 054
WS 1044 softener	1,1	5 years	Is free	35 411	27 239
WS 1054 softener	1,5	5 years	Is free	39 536	30 412
WS 12 softener	1,8	5 years	Is free	46 128	35 483
WS 13 softener	2,1	5 years	Is free	51 222	39 401
WS 14 softener	2,8	5 years	Is free	67 822	52 171