To the question what is a tornado? Posted by the author Vrown The best answer is Tornado (tornado, thrombus) is a strong rotating air whirl with horizontal dimensions less than 50 km and a height of less than 10 km, with a relatively stable wind speed, which can reach the values \u200b\u200bof more than 33 m / s, which is pulled from a heap-rain cloud to the surface of water or land. Inside the funnel, the air rises up, a vacuum is created. When the funk-like grinding cloud reaches the land, its width is 50-500 m. The tornado swears above the surface at a speed of 30-60 km / h and about 30 km loses its destructive power. True, there are cases when the tornado kept the survivability for 500 km. It is estimated that the energy of the usual tummy with a radius of 1 km and average speed 70 m / s is comparable to the energy of the reference atomic bombs, similar to those exploded to the United States during trinity tests in New Mexico on July 16, 1945.
Answer from User deleted[active]
Smerch.
Answer from In and x p[guru]
Hello!
Tornado belong to the phenomenon of "Whirlwind in the atmosphere" ( scientific name Rotor).
There are atmospheric vortices, and a completely different scale from micro to meso and macroscale.
Micro-scale vortices are turbulence that transfers the properties in the air (dust, smells, smoke ...) Small-scale turbulence to see it difficult, except for the behavior of small dust in the air beam.
Small vortices in the form of rotating wolfes can be seen when the wind gains rotating small whirlwinds (to a meter in diameter), which are twisted dust and snow in bullets. They do not imagine any danger.
Small-scale vortices (thickness up to a few hundred meters and a height to a kilometer) with a vertical axis are tornado (called America Tornado) representing an extreme danger due to high speeds of rotation and discharge in the center that cause severe destruction and death of people (the results of the tornado us And the case is shown on TV). I attach a photo from a typical tickle helicopter.
The following type of vortex is a mesoscale - a hurricane (in Asia it is called Typhoon) is a small, but very powerful cyclone - area low pressure) - Photo from the satellite of this type of cyclones, see my avatar. He also causes great destruction and death of people, because it is observed in it. big speeds wind. The diameter of such a vortex is hundreds of kilometers.
And of course, the biggest whirlwind in the atmosphere is the usual cyclone of average latitudes in accordance with the action of the law of deflecting the force of rotation of the Earth, whirlwinds northern Hemisphere With reduced pressure in the center rotate counterclockwise, and in South - clockwise. There are other vortices - with increased pressure center (anticyclones), but they are connected with calm sunny weather with weak winds, dangers do not imagine and rotate in reverse side Compared with vortices having reduced pressure in the center of the vortex. All you are good and happy new year to you! And about. Santa Claus on answers.
Answer from Drizzle[guru]
Tornado (tornado, thrombus) is a strong rotating air whirl with horizontal dimensions less than 50 km and a height of less than 10 km, with a relatively stable wind speed, which can reach the values \u200b\u200bof more than 33 m / s, which is pulled from a heap-rain cloud to the surface of water or land.
Answer from N.[master]
Tornadoes are air mixed very quickly, faster wind.
Answer from Julie Julie.[master]
The mechanism for the formation of tornado is completely not studied so far. We indicate only some generalThe most characteristic of typical tornadoes.
Togrels in their development are three main stages. At the initial stage thunderstorm cloud An initial funnel hanging over the Earth appear. Cold layers of air, which directly under the cloud rushes down to shift warm, which, in turn rise up. (Such an unstable system is usually formed when connecting two atmospheric fronts - warm and cold). The potential energy of this system is moving into kinetic energy rotary air movement. The speed of this movement increases, and it acquires his classic look.
Rotational speed grows over time, while in the center of the tornado, the air begins to intensively climb up. So the second stage of the Tornger's existence proceeds is the stage of the formed vortex of maximum power. Tornado is completely drawn up and moves in different directions.
The final stage is the destruction of the vortex. Tornado's capacity weakens, the funnel narrows and breaks away from the earth's surface, gradually rising into the maternal cloud
The struggle of warm and cold flows seeking to equalize the temperature difference between the North and the South, occurs with varying success. That warm masses take advantage and penetrate in the form of a warm language away to the north, sometimes to Greenland, new land and even to the land of Franz Joseph; then the masses of the arctic air in the form of a giant "drop" are breaking to the south and, sweeping onto its warm air, fell into the Crimea and the Republic Central Asia. This struggle is particularly pronounced in winter, when the temperature difference between the North and the south increases. On the synoptic maps of the northern hemisphere, you can always see several languages \u200b\u200bof warm and cold air, penetrating various depths to the north and south (find them on our map).
Arena, on which the struggle of air currents is deployed, is accounted for in the most populated parts globe - Moderate latitudes. These latitudes and experience the weather popsicles.
The most hectic areas in our atmosphere are the borders of the air masses. They often arise huge vortices that bring us continuous changes to the weather. We will get acquainted with them more.
Cyclone
Imagine the front dividing the cold and warm masses (Fig. 15, but).When air masses move with various speed Or when one aerial mass moves along the front in one direction, and the other in the opposite, the front line can be fed, and air waves are formed on it (Fig. 15, b). At the same time, cold air is stronger and stronger turns to the south, leaks under the "language" of warm air and displaces part of it up. - The warm tongue penetrates further to the north and "flips" the cold mass lying in front of him. The air layers are gradually swirling. From the central part of the vortex, the air with force is thrown to its outskirts. Therefore, the top of a warm tongue drops greatly, and in the atmosphere, as it were for the brand. Such whirlpool S. reduced pressure In the center and is called cyclone ("cyclone" means - circular).
Since the air flows to places with a lower pressure, then in the cyclone he would have to strive from the edge of the vortex right to the center. But here we must remind the reader that due to the rotation of the Earth around its axis of the path of all those moving in the northern hemisphere bodies rejected to the right. Therefore, for example, the right banks of rivers are stronger, the right rails on two-way railways Faster wear out. And the wind in the cyclone also deviates to the right; The result is a vortex with the direction of winds counterclockwise.
In order to understand how the Rotation of the Earth acts on air flow, imagine a plot of the earth's surface on the globe (Fig. 16). Wind direction at point BUT showing the arrow. Wind at point BUT southwestern. After some time, the Earth turns, and the point BUT will go to the point B.The airflow will be rejected to the right, and the angle will change; The wind will become the West-South West. Still after a while B. will move already to the point IN,and the wind will become Western, i.e. it will turn even more to the right.
If in the cyclone region to carry out lines of equal pressures, then - there is an isobara, it turns out that they surround the center of the cyclone (Fig. 15, in).So the cyclone looks like in the first day of his life. What happens to him next?
The cyclone language is stretched further to the north, sharpened and becomes an already large warm sector (Fig. 17). It is usually located in the southern part of the cyclone, because warm currents Most often come from the south and southwest. On both sides the sector is surrounded by cold air. See how warm and cold flows in the cyclone are walking, and you will make sure that there are two fronts for you. The right limit of the warm sector is a warm cyclone front with a wide strip of precipitation, and the left is cold; A strip of precipitation of a narrow. The cyclone always moves in the direction shown by the arrow (in parallel with the coolers of the warm sector).
Let us turn back to our weather map and find the cyclone in Finland. The center of it is indicated by the letter H (low pressure). On the right - a warm front; Marine polar air flows on continental, snowing. Left - Cold Front: Sea Arctic Air, Overseas Sector, breaks into a warm south-west flow; Narrow strip of blizzards. This is a well-developed cyclone.
Let's try now to "predict" further fate cyclone. It is not hard. After all, we have already said that the cold front moves faster than warm. So, over time, the wave of warm air will be even cooler, the cyclone sector will gradually constantly, and, finally, both fronts will come together, occlusion will occur. This is death for cyclone. Before the occlusion, the cyclone could "eat" with a warm air mass. The temperature difference between the cold streams and the warm sector was maintained. Cyclone lived and developed. But after both fronts closed, the cyclone nutrition is cut off. Warm air goes up, and the cyclone begins to fade. The precipitates weaken, the clouds are gradually scattered, the wind subsides, the pressure is aligned, and a small jammer remains from the formidable cyclone. Such a dying cyclone is on our map, behind the Volga.
Sizes of cyclones are different. Sometimes it is a vortex with a diameter just a few hundred kilometers. But it happens that the vortex captures the region to 4-5 thousand kilometers in the diameter - a whole mainland! Most different air masses can be flown to centers of huge cyclonic vortices: warm and wet, cold and dry. Therefore, the sky over the cyclone most often cloudy, and the wind is strong, sometimes storm.
On the border between the air masses, several waves may form. Therefore, cyclones are usually developing uniform, but four and more series. While the first already fades, in the latter it only begins to pull a warm language. Cyclone lives 5-6 days, and during this time he can pass a huge space. During the day, cyclone runs on average about 800 kilometers, and sometimes up to 2000 kilometers.
Cyclones come to us most often from the West. This is due to the overall movement of air masses from the west to the east. Strong cyclones on our territory are very rare. Strong rain or snow, sharp impetuous wind - here is the usual picture of our cyclone. But in the tropics sometimes there are cyclones of extraordinary power, with cruel shines and storm winds. These are hurricanes and typhoon.
We already know that when the front line between two air currents begged, a warm language is squeezed into the cold mass, and thus the cyclone is born. But the front line can be fed and toward warm air. In this case, a whirlwind occurs with completely different properties than cyclone. It is called anticyclone. This is no longer a hollow, but an air mountain.
The pressure in the center of such a vortex is higher than at the edges, and the air spreads from the center to the outskirts of the vortex. It is lowered by air from higher layers. Running, it shrinks, heats up, and cloudy in it gradually dissipates. Therefore, the weather in Anticyclone is usually clouded and dry; On the plains, she hot summer and cold winter. Only on the outskirts of the anticyclone can occur fogs and low layered clouds. Since there is no such in the anticyclone large difference In pressures, both in the cyclone, then the winds are much weaker here. They move clockwise (Fig. 18).
As the vortex develops, the upper layers are heated. This is especially noticeable when the cold language is cut off and the vortex ceases to "eat" cold or when the anticyclone is stood in one place. Then the weather in it becomes more stable.
In general, anticyclones are more calm vortices than cyclones. They are moving slower, about 500 kilometers per day; They often stop and stand in one area, and then they continue their way. Their sizes are huge. Anticyclone is often, especially in winter, covers the whole of Europe and part of Asia. But small, mobile and short-lived anticyclones may occur in separate series of cyclones.
These vortex come to us usually from the North-West, less often from the West. On the weather cards, anticyclone centers are indicated by the letter B (high pressure).
Find the anticyclone on our map and see how they are located around his center of Isobara.
These are atmospheric vortices. Every day they pass over our country. They can be found on any weather map.
Now everything is familiar to you on our map, and we can go to the second basic issue of our book - the foreseen of the weather.
1. Select the right answers. Over the territory of Russia dominate: a) Arctic air masses; b) air moderate breadth; c) Equatorial air masses.
2. Give the definition atmospheric front. What are the atmospheric fronts?
Atmospheric front - transition zone In the troposphere between adjacent air masses with different physical properties (primarily temperature). Fronts can be warm, cold and occlusion (mixed).
3. Select the right answers. Warm atmospheric front brings: a) shower, thunderstorms; b) protracted rains; c) temporary warming; d) rapid cooling; D) Clear weather.
Answer: B, c.
4. What is cyclone? What is anticyclone? What do they have in common?
Cyclone - atmospheric vortex Huge (from hundreds to several thousand kilometers) diameter with reduced air pressure in the center. Weather in Cyclone: \u200b\u200btemperature change (winter - warming, summer - cooling), increase in humidity, precipitation, pressure is low, weather cloudy, wind enhancement. Anticyclone - an area of \u200b\u200bhigh atmospheric pressure in the center and lowered per periphery. Weather in Anticyclone: \u200b\u200bThe wind is weak, the weather is clear and dry, temperature change (in winter - cooling, in the summer - warming). Cyclones and anticyclones are large atmospheric vortices carrying air masses. On the maps, they are isolated by closed concentric isobami (equal pressure lines).
5. Install the match. 1. Cyclone. A. Large atmospheric vortex with high pressure in the center. 2. Anticyclone. B. Overcast. V. Poorly, warm weather In the summer, frosty - in winter. Major atmospheric vortex with low pressure in the center.
Answer: 1 - A, B; 2 - b, g.
6. What is the weather - cycloneal or anticyclonal - leads to more air pollution? Why?
Pollution atmospheric air More will be during the anticyclone, because It prevails high atmosphere pressurewhere air has a downward movement. Thus, emissions from sources of pollution will be lowered down and forming could, while in cyclone strong wind and ascending air currents will raise up and carry out emissions of enterprises.
7. What is the weather - cycloneal or anticyclonal - installed above the territory of your social Point in period? Why do you think so?
It has now been established anticyclonic weather, this is evidenced by a sharp decrease in temperature (14.11.) To -5, lack of wind and clear, cloudless weather.
8. Watch what the weather is installed in your area during the passage of warm and cold fronts. How often does the weather change? What is it connected with?
The weather in the region is often changing, especially in a warm period of time. This is due to the constant passage of atmospheric fronts, which arise due to geographic location region; Southern Urals be in the zone of influence of Western Atlantic cyclones that can reach Ural Mountains, Northern Arctic Air Mass and Eastern Siberian Anticyclones. When passing the warm front, cigarette clouds are formed. Gradually, they turn into a solid white veil - in the peristo-layered clouds. In the upper layers of the atmosphere, warm air is already moving. Pressure drops. The closer to us the line of the atmospheric front, the more dense the clouds are. The sun shines dim spot. Then the clouds are becoming lower, the sun is hidden at all. The wind increases and changes its direction clockwise (for example, first was the eastern, then southeast and even south-west). Approximately 300-400 km to the front of the clouds are condensed. Starts small rain or snow. When the warm front passed, the rain or snow stopped, the clouds are dissipated, warming occurs - a warmer air mass occurs. When the cold front passes, the warm air retreats, and the cold is dissipated after it. His arrival always causes cooling. But when moving, not all air layers have the same speed. Most bottom layer As a result of friction about ground surface A little delayed, and higher layers are pulled forward. Thus, the cold air fell on the warm in the form of a shaft. Warm air Quickly displaces upwards, and powerful jets of cumulus and cumulating rain clouds are created. The clouds of the cold front are livne, thunderstorms, accompanied by a strong impaired wind. They can achieve very big heightBut in the horizontal direction extend only 20-30 km. And since the cold front is usually moving quickly, the turbulent weather continues not long - from 15-20 minutes to 2-3 hours. As a result of the interaction of cold air with a warm underlying surface, separate cumulus clouds are formed with lumens. Then the clarification comes.
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