The weather in each corner of the planet is determined by the climatic zone. Climatic belts are a bit, but each natural area has its own characteristics. The planet consists of two components - water and sushi having a different structure. Susha is divided into lowlands, plains, hills and mountains, and water - on the oceans, sea, lakes, rivers, bays and streams that have warm and cold flows. The intensity of the effects of sunlight differs in different ways in different areas of the Earth. For this reason, climatic belts were formed. They are divided into two groups - main and transitional, distinguished by natural conditions and occupied area.
Basic Natural Zones
In the mid-nineteenth century, scientists gave an approximate description of the main climatic belts. All of them stand out four:
- equatorial;
- tropical;
- moderate;
- polar.
The polar zone is divided into Antarctic and Arctic. The weather in two zones differs due to the asymmetry of the Earth's poles. In the northern part, a softer climate: in summer, snow cover melts, vegetation appears. In the south, snow lies almost all year round, and temperature fluctuations exceed fifty degrees.
Equatorial zones
The location of the Continental Equatorial Climate is North of South America, Central and North Africa, Indonesian Archipelago. This zone is characterized by a wet climate: more than 3000 millimeters of precipitation fall per year. The terrain, which are located in the equatorial cyclone zone are rich in swamps and lakes. The precipitates fall out in the form of heavy rainfall mostly in the summer, and not in winter. Throughout the year, the temperature practically does not fluctuate, keeping at the limits of thirty-five degrees Celsius.
It should be found out than the continental climate differs from the marine. In the dynamic minimum zone, low pressure causes a large amount of precipitation - more than 3,500 millimeters per year. Over waters often face fog and clouds. Since the air is saturated with moisture, then thick air masses are formed above the ocean. There is constantly natural turnover of water, as warm currents prevail in this zone. The temperature is held within twenty-eight degrees throughout the year.
Although the tropical zone is at a minor distance from the equator, but its characteristics differ from the features of the equatorial belt. The zone is divided into two parts - southern and north. The first part of the South of Eurasia, North of Africa and Central America. Part of South America, the Center of Australia and Africa is included in the second subzone.
The tropical belt is characterized by a dry and hot climate, a slight amount of precipitation, fogs and rains. In July, the air temperature reaches thirty-five, and in January, lowered to eighteen degrees. During the day, the temperature also fluctuates. In this zone, a large amount of deserts, as the monsoons often fly.
The wet and cool climate prevails over the waters of the tropical zone. The year falls to five hundred millimeters of precipitation, and the temperature regime varies from fifteen degrees in winter to twenty-five in the summer. Western parts of Australia, Africa and America are washed with cold waters, so the cool dry climate is dominated. On the eastern shores the weather is more warm and wet, as warm seas flow along these territories.
The main climatic belt of the Earth is moderate. In this zone there is most of the sushi and world waters - most of Eurasia and North America. In this area, the weather varies depending on the seasons of the year. The zone is divided into two types - sea and continental.
For marine moderate climate, a cool summer is characterized (not exceeding twenty-three degrees) and warm winter (not lower than seven degrees of heat). The precipitate falls out moderately, evenly during the year, often over the water you can observe the nebula.
On land, the amount of precipitation decreases, and the temperature regime is more severe. On the climate map of the world, it is possible to observe the fact that in the summer in this zone, the air temperature reaches forty degrees, and the harsh snowy winter is on average lowers up to - 30. This area is most populated.
Polar regions
The highest pressure is observed in the North (water area and the islands of the north-ice ocean) and the Southern Pole of the Planet (Antarctica). Between the two subzones there is a difference in temperature mode: in the northern pole in winter, the temperature does not fall below the fifty degrees, and in the summer it does not rise above seven, and in the south of the planet there is a temperature of about zero degrees, and in January it is lowered to seventy. Both poles have a general characteristic phenomenon - polar night and day. For several months in the summer the sun does not sit down the horizon, and in the winter there are two or three months.
Transition belts
Transition zones are located between the main belts. They have their own characteristics allocated on a general background. The warm trade winds, moderate humidity and soft weather dominate here. Scientists have discovered three classes of transitional zones in the nineteenth century, they remained unchanged so far:
- subequatorial;
- subtropical;
- subpolar.
In the territories of the subequatorial climatic belt, the weather is replaceable. In winter, due to the predominance of tropical air masses little precipitation fallsThe sky is freed from the clouds, the air becomes cold. In summer, the weather obeys equatorial cyclones: the air is hot, and the precipitation falls enough - more than 3000 millimeters per year.
Geographical position of subtropical zones - between moderate and tropical latitudes. In the summer there is a hot and sunny weather, and in winter, cold, drops a small amount of snow, but there is no permanent snow cover.
For subogenous climate characteristic high humidity and low air temperature. In the southern hemisphere in this zone, the water area is posted Antarctica, and in the north - the main part of the sushi.
Many people do not know what climatic belts are Russia. The climate of Russia is formed in the waters of the North Ocean and ends in the Caucasus. It is characterized by the pattern of changing a clearly pronounced four seasons with a dry hot summer and a snowy frosty winter. Most of the country is located in a temperate climatic belt, which is divided into four subtypes: monsoon, sharply and moderately continental, continental. And also there are arctic, subarctic and subtropical climates.
Relief area affects the placement of different climate types. How many areas? Scientists allocate 8 climatic belts, but since the Arctic and Antarctic zone is combined into the polar region, then they are numbered 7. Geographical climatic zones are studied at school, where students fill special cards. At the same time, they must paint the zones with different shades of blue, as well as fill in climate tables that should contain temperature and precipitation of different areas.
The climate in a certain and systematized change of different types of weather is manifested.Some sectors of the economy, such as agriculture and the agricultural industry, are also addicted to it. The quality of life of animals, plants, condition of water bodies and mainland soils depends on the favorable exposure of the climate. Factors are influenced by the formation and formation of climate in the world:
- latitude;
- geographical conditions;
- the amount and quality of solar energy;
- irregularity of the earth's crust;
- features of the atmosphere.
Basic climatic belts
Paying attention to the nature of the winds, geographical location, temperature conditions and dominant atmospheric masses, Select 7 main belts:- on the poles - arctic and antarctic;
- Equatorial on the longest latitude of the Earth;
- two tropical on both sides of the equator;
- two mild poles closer to the center.
Important! Throughout the year, every major climatic belt weather conditions do not experience significant drops.Now consider the climatic belts in more detail.
Antarctic and Arctic
The average monthly temperature of these latitudes is below 0. In winter, these lands do not reach the sun's rays. Twilight is observed there for a long season when the polar shine can serve as the only source of light. In the summer, the sun does not warm the surface of the earth, since the rays slide under the oblique angle and reflected ice. All year round in these belts dominates frost.However, the areas of the Arctic are considered the warmest districts of Antarctica. This is explained by the fact that the southern mainland is greater and higher, and the north-ice ocean makes a soft climate of the North Pole. The precipitation on the extreme points of the planet is a bit and falling out in the form of crumbs of ice fog or snow.Strong winds demolish frozen particles with elevations, creating blizzards and snowfall. In the activity of these belts fall:- Canada;
- Greenland;
- Alaska;
- Russia, its northern regions.
Temperate zone
On the eastern lands of this belt, monsoons depart, on the rest of the territory - the wind of the Western destinations. Atmospheric precipitates directly depend on approaching the sea and the relief features where they fall out. In the Northern and Western regions, they are more abundant than in the central and southern regions. The air temperature in the cold season is usually higher than zero. Sometimes, when exposed to the Arctic air masses, it decreases to -17-20 degrees. With the influence of tropical winds - rises to +10 degrees. In summer, the average annual air temperature is 16-17 degrees and rarely exceeds the boundary of 30 degrees. The frequency of cyclones on the map of this territory dictates cloudy and rainy weather. For the year it drops to 600-1000 mm of precipitation. On the hills - 3000-5000 mm.Important! Weather conditions of Russia in the regions of Transbaikalia and Siberia are a visual example of a continental moderate climate.Even in the zone of the belt under consideration fall:
- canada lands;
- north USA and the Zone of the Great Plains;
- countries of Europe;
- south of Sweden;
- steppes of Mongolia;
- countries of the Former USSR: Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan;
- territory of the DPRK;
- northern zones of China.
Tropical belt
Differs on year-round dry and hot weather. The temperature between the seasons varies not much: the air warms up to + 30-35 degrees, in winter - +10° . But relatively daily drops, the other way around - At night, the thermometer can show 10-20 degrees less than the day. Such oscillations cause dust storms. In this climatic region there is a small amount of precipitation. Most of them falls in winter, which is only 50-150 mm per annum. It does not concern the coastal zones. There the climate is much softer: not a cold winter and a soft no dry summer. Sharp winds do not buff, and the bulk of precipitation falls in summer. In one way or another, the belt runs throughout the continents, except Antarctica. The influence of the belt of the tropics falls:- earth Peru;
- Bolivia;
- north Chile;
- Paraguay;
- the main part of Australia, a big desert;
- SOUTH AFRICA;
- south Africa;
- india;
- In Asia - the regions of Saudi Arabia, Yemen and part of Oman;
- cuba island.
Equatorial belt
The average temperature for the year is + 27-29 degrees and interseasonal differences it is insignificant.Thick vegetation, stable cloudiness and moisturized air prevent the daily temperature fluctuations and retain the temperature within 5 degrees. For the year there are approximately 1500-2000 mm of precipitation.During the year, two maximum rainy periods are distinguished, in which more dry days are settled. The zone of influence of the belt includes:- Ecuador, Colombia;
- Venezuela, Brazil;
- Tanzania, Rwanda;
- Burundi;
- Gabon, Cameroon;
- the shores of the Guinean Bay;
- Congo;
- DRC, Ghana;
- Malacca;
- islands in the south of Asia.
Intermediate climatic belts
Each base belt of the Earth alternates with an intermediate zone. They are only 6. Intermediate climatic belts:- Subanctic and subarctic closer to poles.
- Two on both sides of the equator.
- Two subtropicals between tropics and temperate belt.
- Weather subtropics in summer is similar to the climate of the tropics, the weather conditions of moderate belts dominate in winter.
- On the subequatorial summer has an influence of a warm equatorial belt, and in the winter - tropical.
Subarctic and subnutrctic belt
In these belts, as intermediate, there is a seasonal replacement of atmospheric masses. Calendar in winter, the degree of air drops to -50, in summer, the daily maximum can be + 20-25 degrees. This climate is characterized by a wide annual temperature amplitude. Most of the annual precipitation falls in the summer. On the elevation - up to 400 mm, on the plains - 200 mm. Subolar belts affect the weather of such countries:- Canada;
- Alaska;
- countries of the Far East;
- Iceland;
- earth Siberia;
- Areas of the Scandinavian Peninsula;
- Antarctic Islands;
- parts of New Zealand.
Important! Northern America lands are more susceptible to temperature fluctuations than the Northern region of Europe and Asia.
Subtropical belt
Determines the weather of subtropics Periodic change of moderate and tropical atmospheric masses. The temperature in winter reaches -10 degrees, summer the daylights of the thermometer can be shown to +45.The largest amplitude of the temperature per year on average is 40-60 degrees and is observed in the districts of Mongolia and China. On the rest of the territory of the influence of subtropics summer is hot and long, winter is soft and warm. Annual precipitates are 800-2500 mm, while their loss is uniform and systematic. In winter, cold rains are brought with characteristic cyclones, in summer - warm thunderstorms. In the fall in the northern hemisphere in the zone of subtropics, hurricanes are observed.The temperature record is recorded in the Death Valley, which is in America. In 1922, he was +57 degrees! The humid climate of subtropics is observed in such territories:- California and Florida;
- Some African regions;
- Mediterranean;
- northern India;
- northeast Argentina;
- the coast of Australia;
- southeast of Europe;
- Chile, Uruguay;
- Black Sea coast of Russia;
- north Myanmar;
- Japan and the adjacent islands;
- Eastern part of China;
- Brazil;
- Tasmania.
Subscance belt
This climatic belt is located on both hemispheres of land. In the summer, the wet equatorial winds affect it, then most of the precipitation falls. The proximity of the equator provokes plenty of precipitation: the closer to him, the themselves are rich. This fact contributes to the spill of the river in the summer, but for the winter of precipitation less and reservoirs dry. The average annual air temperature in this intermediate belt is +28 degrees. Differs between day and night are insignificant.Important! The plant world has been favorably adapted to such weather conditions, the flora and the fauna of this hospitable belt is diverse and beautiful.Subscance believes include:
- Bangladesh, Panama;
- Sri Lanka;
- Costa Rica;
- Vietnam, Cambodia;
- Thailand, Laos;
- Ecuador, Panama;
- Brazil, Bolivia;
- Colombia, Venezuela;
- India;
- Senegal, Guinea;
- Niger, Ethiopia, Sudan, Chad;
- Somalia, Madagascar, Kenya;
- Angola, Malawi, Mozambique;
- northern Oceania.
Features of climate classification in different zones
Climatic features and weather conditions in different parts of the planet differ significantly. On all latitudes, the climate is divided into continental, which is observed on land, and on the sea.
Nautical
Such a climate is formed above the water surface and it is characterized by constant cloudiness. The precipitation is abundant and without excessive drops. The temperature difference in the off-season is small. A tangible effect on the formation of this climate is rendered. Warm - carefully heated areas in which they occur. The fact that thick forests are growing in the south of the Scandinavian Peninsula - the merit of the north-Atlantic flow. While the territory of Greenland is covered with ice for a whole year, although it is approximately in the same latitude.Continental
Distance from the ocean is fraught with a large fluctuation of temperatures and relatively low cloud. Almost always hot summer and frosty winter. How many light and heat will receive a specific portion of the continent - depends on the latitude and degree of falling on it of sunlight. The terrain remote from water is not subject to a large amount of precipitation, and their loss is not evenly. In the summer, at such a territory, the level of precipitation is greater, in winter - less than on the coasts. Such weather conditions are typical for places remote from the oceans, and the climate there is called continental.Important! The relief also plays an important role in the establishment of climate. The farther the area goes to the mountain, the colder air with each kilometer. Mountain ridges can delay the wind and from the sea on the slopes there are more precipitation than on the leeward side. Mountains prevent the North winds that carry a cooling. It should be remembered about the dominant winds characteristic of a certain locality. They greatly affect the climate and dictate weather conditions.Everything on Earth is interconnected. Over the past centuries, climate was formed and climatic belts arose. In order to continue the balance in nature, it is necessary to carefully refer to the consumption of its resources. In the video below, the map of the climatic belts of the Earth is clearly shown, which will help to better figure out the topic.
It is quite diverse and naturally changing with the latitude, that is, zonal. Therefore, climatic belts are isolated on the planet - latitudinal bands, each of which has a relatively homogeneous climate. In total, there are 13 climatic belts in both hemispheres (north and southern) (see the Atlas Card "Climatic Belt and Areas"). Their borders are determined by two factors: the amount of solar radiation and superior air masses.
There are basic and transient climatic belts. In the main climatic belts, where during the year one of the zonal types of air masses prevails, belongs to the equatorial, tropical, moderate, arctic and antarctic belt.
Transient climatic belts are also called subporates (from the Latin "sub" - "under", that is, under the main). Zonal air masses change here for the seasons, acting from neighboring main belts. At the same time they move with the sun. So, when in the northern hemisphere, the warm season, all air masses are shifted to the north, and when the cold - on the contrary - south.
On the map of Atlas "Climatic belts and areas", find the main and transient climatic belts.
Main types of climate
Under the type of climate, they understand the constant combination of climatic indicators characteristic of a long period of time on a certain territory. These indicators are:
- the amount of solar radiation;
- the average temperature of the warm and cold months;
- annual amplitude of temperature fluctuations;
- dominant air masses;
- the average annual precipitation and their loss.
Equatorial, Antarctic and Arctic climatic belts have only one type of climate, since they are characterized by constant for a year by air masses. In tropical, moderate belts and all climatic subpocols, climatic areas are also distinguished. Each of them has its own climate type.
Equatorial climatic belt
At the equator, where the Sun is twice in the year in Zenith, there are high air temperatures during the year (+26 ° C - +28 ° C). The annual amplitude is small, is approximately 2 ° -3 ° C. Wet equatorial air masses dominate here. Daily showers cause a large annual precipitation - about 2000-3000 mm. They fall out during the year evenly.
Tropical belts
Over tropical latitudes, the Sun also happens in Zenith. (What time is there?) Dry the tropical air masses, in the belt, determines the high transparency of the atmosphere.
Therefore, the amount of solar radiation is great here, which causes very high air temperatures. The usual temperature of the warmest month +30 ° C, the coldest +15 ° - +16 ° C. Summer over the land, the temperature of the air can reach the highest value on the globe - almost +58 ° C. But in the winter surface very quickly cools, on the soil happens Frost.
Depending on the amount of precipitation in the tropical belt, sharp climatic contrasts are observed. In the West and in the inner areas of the mainland, the region of a tropical desert type of climate is formed. Downward air movements are dominated here, less than 100 mm of precipitation falls over the year.
In the east of the tropical belts of the mainland is the area of \u200b\u200ba wet tropical type of climate. Sea tropical air masses arrive with the Ocean trade winds reign here. Therefore, on the eastern coasts, especially in the mountains, several thousand millimeters of precipitation can fall out during the year.
Moderate belt
In moderate latitudes, the amount of solar radiation varies noticeably for 12 months, so pronounced seasons expressed. Here, temperate air masses are dominantly dominated.
The moderate belt is characteristic of significant climatic differences due to the nature of the underlying surface and the peculiarities of the circulation of air masses. There are several climatic areas with appropriate climate types.
The area of \u200b\u200bthe sea type of climate is formed above the oceanic expanses and on the western outskirts of the mainland. The annual amplitude of temperatures due to the effects of the ocean is to blame. The amount of precipitation is large, over 1000 mm per year. Summer is cool, winter is soft.
Region moderately continental type of climate (transition to continental) is characteristic of the territory of Ukraine. So, in Kiev the average temperature of January -6 ° C, July +19 ° C, the amount of precipitation is 660 mm per year.
The internal areas of the mainland distant from the ocean are located in the area of \u200b\u200bthe continental type of climate. It is characterized by a small amount of precipitation and a significant annual temperature fluctuation amplitude. In some areas, for example, Siberia, the difference between the maximum summer and winter temperatures is more than 100 ° (more than +40 ° C in the summer, -60 ° C in winter).
On the eastern outskirts of the mainland in a temperate belt, an area of \u200b\u200bthe monsoon type of climate has been formed. It is characterized by an annual alternation of two seasons - warm wet and cold dry. On wet, with abundant rains, the summer season has to dozens of times more precipitation than dry. For example, in the Pacific Coast in the summer sometimes dropping up to 95% of the annual amount of precipitation. The middle July temperature exceeds +20 ° C, and in the winter it falls below -20 ° C.
Arctic and Antarctic belt have similar climatic conditions. The amount of solar radiation is very large in the polar day, however, the high albedo causes a predominance in these belts of cold and dry arctic or antarctic air masses. Temperatures during the year are predominantly negative. The precipitation is less than 200 mm per year.
Climate - This is a long-term weather mode characteristic of a particular area. It is manifested in a natural change of all weather types observed in this area.
The climate has an impact on a living and non-living nature. In close dependence on the climate there are water bodies, soil, vegetation, animals. Separate sectors of the economy, primarily agriculture, are also very dependent on the climate.
The climate is formed as a result of the interaction of many factors: the amount of solar radiation coming to the earth's surface; Circulation of the atmosphere; The nature of the underlying surface. In this case, climate-forming factors themselves depend on the geographical conditions of the locality, primarily from geographic latitude.
The geographical latitude of the area determines the angle of falling the sun's rays, obtaining a certain amount of heat. However, getting heat from the Sun depends on nearby Ocean. In places located away from the oceans, the precipitation falls a bit, and the mode of their loss is distinguished by unevenness (in the warm period more than in cold), cloudiness is low, winter cold, summer is warm, the annual temperature amplitude is large. This climate is called continental, as it is typical for places located in the depths of the continents. Over the aqueous surface, the marine climate is formed, for which the smooth flow of air temperature, with small daily and annual temperature amplitudes, a large cloudiness, uniform and sufficiently large amount of atmospheric precipitation.
Great influence on climate and sea currents. Warm currents warm the atmosphere in areas where they proceed. For example, the warm north-atlantic flow creates favorable conditions for the growth of forests in the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula, while most of the Island of Greenland, lying around the same latitudes as the Scandinavian peninsula, but outside the zone of the influence of the warm current, all year round covered with a thick layer of ice.
A large role in climate formation belongs relief. You already know that with lifting terrain for each kilometer, the air temperature is reduced by 5-6 ° C. Therefore, on the high-mountain slopes of the Pamirs, the average annual temperature is 1 ° C, although it is slightly north of the tropic.
The location of the mountain ranges has a great influence on the climate. For example, the Caucasian Mountains are delayed wet sea winds, and on their atmosphered slopes facing the Black Sea, much more precipitation falls than on leeward. At the same time, the mountains serve an obstacle to the cold northern winds.
The dependence of the climate and from dominant winds. In the territory of the East European Plain, the Western winds coming from the Atlantic Ocean prevail during almost the entire year, so winter on this territory is relatively soft.
Areas of the Far East are under the action of monsoons. In winter, winds from the depths of the mainland are constantly blowing. They are cold and very dry, so there are little precipitation. In the summer, on the contrary, the winds bring a lot of moisture from the Pacific. In the fall, when the wind from the ocean subsides, the weather is usually solar, quiet. This is the best season of the year in this area.
Climatic characteristics are statistical conclusions from perennial rows of weather observations (in moderate latitudes, 25-50-year-old rows are used; in the tropics, their duration may be less), primarily above the following main meteorological elements: atmospheric pressure, speed and direction of wind, temperature and air humidity, cloudiness and atmospheric precipitation. The duration of solar radiation, visibility range, the temperature of the upper layers of soil and water bodies, the evaporation of water from the earth's surface into the atmosphere, height and state of snow cover, various atmospheric phenomena and ground hydroelectors (dew, ice, fog, thunderstorms, blizzards, etc.) . In the XX century The number of climatic indicators included the characteristics of the elements of the heat balance of the earth's surface, such as the total solar radiation, the radiation balance, the heat exchange magnitude between the earth's surface and the atmosphere, the cost of heat to evaporation. Comprehensive indicators are also used, i.e. the functions of several elements: various coefficients, factors, indices (for example, continentality, dryness, moisturizing), etc.
Climatic belts
Perennial averages of meteorological elements (annual, seasonal, monthly, daily, etc.), their sums, repeatability, etc. are called climatic standards: Appropriate values \u200b\u200bfor individual days, months, years, etc. are considered to be a deviation from these norms.
Cards with climate indicators are called climatic (Temperature distribution map, pressure distribution map, etc.).
Depending on the temperature conditions, the prevailing air masses and winds allocate climatic belts.
The main climatic belts are:
- equatorial;
- two tropical;
- two moderate;
- arctic and Antarctic.
Between the main belts are transitional climatic belts: subequatorial, subtropical, subarctic, subnutrctic. In transitional belts, air masses change over the seasons. They come here from neighboring belts, therefore the climate of the subequatorial belt in the summer is similar to the climate of the equatorial belt, and in the winter - with a climate of tropical; The climate of subtropical belts in the summer is similar to a climate of tropical, and in winter - with a climate of moderate belts. This is due to the seasonal movement over the globe of the beans of atmospheric pressure after the Sun: in the summer - to the north, in the winter - to the south.
Climatic belts are divided into climatic regions. For example, in the tropical belt, Africa allocate areas of a tropical dry and tropical wet climate, and in Eurasia, the subtropical belt is divided into the field of Mediterranean, continental and monsoon climate. In the mountainous areas, a high-rise explanancy is formed due to the fact that with a height temperature drops.
Variety of land climates
Climate classification gives an ordered system to characterize climate types, their zoning and mapping. We give examples of climate types prevailing in extensive territories (Table 1).
Arctic and Antarctic climatic belts
Antarctic and Arctic climate dominates in Greenland and Antarctica, where average monthly temperatures are below ° C. In the dark winter season, these regions do not receive solar radiation at all, although there are twilight and polar beams. Even in the summer, the sun rays fall on the ground surface at a low angle, which reduces the effectiveness of the warm-up. Most of the suitable solar radiation is reflected in ice. Low temperatures are dominated by both in summer and in winter in the sublime areas of the Antarctic Ice Cover. The climate of the internal areas of Antarctica is much colder than the climate of the Arctic, since the southern mainland is distinguished by large size and altitudes, and the northern architect ocean softens the climate, despite the widespread package of packing ice. In the summer during short warming drifting ice sometimes melts. The sediments on the glacial seals fall out in the form of snow or small particles of the ice fog. The internal areas receive only 50-125 mm precipitation every year, but on the coast can fall out more than 500 mm. Sometimes cyclones bring cloudiness and snow to these areas. Snowfalls are often accompanied by strong winds that carry significant snow masses, blowing it from the skate. Strong Stock Winds with snowstorms blowing with cold glacial spits, pulling out snow on the coast.
Table 1. Earth climates|
Climate type |
Clima-tic |
Medium-nai pace, ° С |
Mode and the number of atmospheric precipitation, mm |
Circulation of the atmosphere |
Territory |
|
|
Equatorial |
Equatorial |
During a year. 2000. |
In the region of low atmospheric pressure, warm and wet equatorial air masses are formed |
Equatorial areas of Africa, South America and Oceania |
||
|
Tropical monsoon |
Subaurva-Torial |
Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 2000 |
South and Southeast Asia, Western and Central Africa, North Australia |
|||
|
Tropical Dry |
Tropical |
During the year, 200 |
North Africa, Central Australia |
|||
|
Mediterranean |
Subtropical |
Advantageous in winter, 500 |
In summer - anticyclones at high atmospheric pressure; Winter - cyclonic activity |
Mediterranean, South Coast of Crimea, South Africa, Southwestern Australia, Western California |
||
|
Subtropical dry |
Subtropical |
During a year. 120. |
Dry continental air masses |
Internal parts of the mainland |
||
|
Moderate marine |
Moderate |
During a year. 1000. |
Western winds |
Western parts of Eurasia and North America |
||
|
Moderate continental |
Moderate |
During a year. 400. |
Western winds |
Internal parts of the mainland |
||
|
Moody monsoon |
Moderate |
Advantageous during the summer monsoon, 560 |
Eastern outdoor Eurasia |
|||
|
Subarctic |
Subarctic |
During the year, 200 |
Cyclones prevail |
Northern outskirts of Eurasia and North America |
||
|
Arctic (Antarctic) |
Arctic (Antark-tichetic) |
During the year, 100 |
Anticyclones prevail |
Waterlife of the Arctic Ocean and Mainland Australia |
||
Subarctic continental climate Forms in the north of the mainland (see atlas climate map). In winter, the Arctic air is dominated here, which is formed in the areas of high pressure. The Arctic air applies to the Eastern regions of Canada.
Continental subrctic climate In Asia, it is characterized by the largest air balloon amplitude (60-65 ° C). The continentality of the climate reaches the limit value here.
The average temperature in January varies around the territory from -28 to -50 ° C, and in lowlands and hollows due to the caution of air its temperature below. In Oymyakone (Yakutia) recorded for the northern hemisphere Negative air temperature (-71 ° C). The air is very dry.
Summer B. subarctic belt Although the short, but rather warm. The average monthly temperature in July ranges from 12 to 18 ° C (daily maximum - 20-25 ° C). Over the summer, more than half of the annual amount of precipitation makes up in the flat territory of 200-300 mm, and on the windward slopes of elevations - up to 500 mm per year.
The climate of the subarctic belt of North America is less continentile compared to the corresponding climate of Asia. There is less cold winter and colder summer.
Moderate climatic belt
Moderate climate of Western coasts of continents It has pronounced marks of the sea climate and is characterized by the predominance of marine air masses throughout the year. It is observed on the Atlantic Coast of Europe and the Pacific Coast of North America. Cordillera are the natural border separating the coast with the sea type of climate from the incontinental districts. The European coast, except Scandinavia, is open to free access of marine moderate air.
The permanent transfer of sea air is accompanied by a large cloudiness and causes protracted spring, in contrast to inside the continental regions of Eurasia.
Winter B. moderate belt Western coasts warm. Ocean's sweeping influence is enhanced with warm sea currents that wash the western banks of the continig. The average temperature in January is positive and varies around the territory from north to south from 0 to 6 ° C. When invasion of arctic air, it can be reduced (on the Scandinavian coast up to -25 ° C, and in French - to -17 ° C). During the spread of tropical air to the north, the temperature sharply rises (for example, it often reaches 10 ° C). In winter, large positive deviations of the temperature from the medium latitudinal (20 ° C) are noted on the West Coast of Scandinavia. The temperature anomaly on the Pacific Coast of North America is less and is not more than 12 ° C.
Summer is rarely hot. The average temperature in July is 15-16 ° C.
Even during the day the air temperature rarely exceeds 30 ° C. Because of frequent cyclones, for all seasons, cloudy and rainy weather is characterized. Especially a lot of cloudy days happens on the west coast of North America, where in front of mountain systems Cordiller cyclones are forced to slow down their movement. In connection with this, the big monotony is characterized by weather in the south of Alaska, where there are no time in our understanding. There is an eternal autumn, and about the occurrence of winter or summer resemble only plants. The annual precipitation ranges from 600 to 1000 mm, and on the slopes of the mountain ranges - from 2000 to 6000 mm.
In conditions of sufficient moisture on the coasts, broad-sided forests are developed, and in excessive-coniferous conditions. The lack of summer heat reduces the top border of the forest in the mountains up to 500-700 m above sea level.
Moderate climate of eastern coasts of continents It has monsoon features and is accompanied by a seasonal change of winds: the North-Western flows prevailed in the summer - southeast. It is well expressed on the east coast of Eurasia.
In winter, a cold continental moderate air is distributed with the northwestern wind on the mainland coast, which is the cause of the low average temperature of the winter months (from -20 to -25 ° C). Clear, dry, windy weather prevailing. In the southern regions of the coast of precipitation little. The North of the Amur region, Sakhalin and Kamchatka often fall under the influence of cyclones moving over the Pacific Ocean. Therefore, in winter there is a powerful snow cover, especially in Kamchatka, where its maximum height reaches 2 m.
In summer, the south-eastern wind on the coast of Eurasia is distributed by sea temperate air. Summer is warm, with the average temperatures of July from 14 to 18 ° C. Frequent precipitation, which are due to cyclonic activities. Their annual amount is 600-1000 mm, and most of the part falls in summer. At this time of year, fogs are frequent.
Unlike Eurasia, the East Coast of North America is characterized by sea features of the climate, which are expressed in the predominance of winter precipitation and the sea type of the annual movement of air temperature: the minimum occurs in February, and the maximum in August, when the ocean is warm.
Canadian Anticyclone, in contrast to Asian, unstable. It is formed away from the coast and is often interrupted by cyclones. Winter here is soft, multiserry, raw and windy. In the snowy winters, the height of the snowdrifts reaches 2.5 m. With southern wind, it is often an idol. Therefore, some streets of individual cities in the east of Canada have iron railing for pedestrians. Summer cool and rainy. Annual precipitation - 1000 mm.
Moderate continental climate The most distinctly expressed in the Eurasian mainland, especially in the districts of Siberia, Transbaikalia, the North of Mongolia, as well as on the territory of the Great Plains in North America.
A feature of a moderate continental climate is a large annual amplitude of air temperature, which can reach 50-60 ° C. In the winter months, with a negative radiation balance, the earth's surface is injected. A particularly large cooling effect of the surface of the sushi on the surface layers of air in Asia, where a powerful Asian anticyclone is formed in winter and the weighted, windless weather prevails. Moderate continental air has a low temperature (-0 ° ...- 40 ° C) formed in the anticyclone region. In the valleys and hollows due to radiation intagnese, the air temperature may decrease to -60 ° C.
In the middle of winter, the continental air in the lower layers becomes even colder than the Arctic. This very cold air of Asian Anticyclone spreads to Western Siberia, Kazakhstan, southeastern areas of Europe.
Winter Canadian anticyclone compared to Asian anticyclone is less stable due to the smaller sizes of the North American mainland. The winter is less severe here, and their severity does not increase to the center of the mainland, as in Asia, but, on the contrary, somewhat decreases due to the frequent passage of cyclones. Continental moderate air in North America has a higher temperature than continental moderate air in Asia.
The formation of continental moderate climate has a significant impact of the geographical features of the territory of the mainland. In North America, the Cordiller Mountain Ridges are a natural border separating the coast with the sea climate from inside the mainland areas with a continental climate. In Eurasia, a moderate continental climate is formed on the huge Sushi space, from about 20 to 120 ° C. D. Unlike North America Europe is open to free penetration of sea air from the Atlantic deep into the inner areas. This contributes not only to the western transfer of air masses, prevailing in moderate latitudes, but also the plain nature of the relief, the strong slices of coast and deep penetration into the land of the Baltic and North seas. Therefore, a moderate climate of less continentality is formed over Europe compared to Asia.
In winter, the sea atlantic air moved over the cold surface of the sushi moderate europeous latitudes, long retains its physical properties, and its effects extends to the whole of Europe. In winter, as the atlantic effect is weakened, the air temperature from the west is east. In Berlin, it is in January 0 ° C, in Warsaw -3 ° C, in Moscow -11 ° C. At the same time, isotherms over Europe have a meridional orientation.
Eurasia and North America's conversation with a wide front to the Arctic basin contributes to deep penetration on the mainland of cold air masses throughout the year. The intensive meridional transfer of air masses is especially characteristic of North America, where often the Arctic and tropical air is replaced by each other.
The tropical air entering the plains of North America with southern cyclones is also slowly transformed due to the high speed of its movement, large moisture content and solid low cloudiness.
In winter, the consequence of intense meridional circulation of air masses is the so-called "racing" of temperatures, their large cross-day amplitude, especially in areas where cyclones are frequent: in the north of Europe and Western Siberia, the great plains of North America.
In the cold period, snow cover is falling out in the form of snow, the snow cover is formed, which protects the soil from deep freezing and creates moisture supply in the spring. The height of the snow cover depends on the duration of its location and the number of drop-down precipitation. In Europe, the steady snow cover on the flat territory is formed east of Warsaw, its maximum height reaches 90 cm in the northeastern regions of Europe and Western Siberia. In the center of the Russian Plain, the height of the snow cover is 30-35 cm, and in Transbaikalier - less than 20 cm. On the plains of Mongolia, in the center of the anticyclonic region, snow cover is formed only in some years. Lack of snow along with a low winter air temperature determines the presence of many years of permissal, which is no longer observed anywhere on the globe under these latimes.
In North America on the great plains, snow cover is insignificant. To the east of the plains in the front-end processes, the tropical air begins to take part, it aggravates the frontal processes, which causes abundant snowfall. In the Montreal area, snow cover is held up to four months, and its height reaches 90 cm.
Summer in the continental regions of Eurasia is warm. The average temperature of July is 18-22 ° C. In the arid areas of the south-east of Europe and Central Asia, the average air temperature in July reaches 24-28 ° C.
In North America, continental air is somewhat colder than in Asia and Europe. This is due to the smaller length of the mainland by latitude, the large slication of its northern part of the bays and fjords, the abundance of large lakes and more intensely intensive in the internal areas of Eurasia by the development of cyclonic activities.
In a moderate belt, the annual precipitation on the flat territory of the mainland changes from 300 to 800 mm, on the alps of the alps, the Alps drops over 2,000 mm. Most of the precipitation falls in summer, which is primarily due to the increase in air moisture content. Eurasia has a decrease in precipitation in the territory from the west to the East. In addition, the amount of precipitation decreases from the north to the south due to a decrease in the repeatability of cyclones and an increase in air dryness in this direction. In North America, the decrease in precipitation on the territory is noted, on the contrary, towards the West. What do you think why?
Most of the sushi in the area of \u200b\u200bthe continental temperate climate is occupied by mountain systems. These are the Alps, Carpathians, Altai, Sayan, Cordillera, Rocky Mountains, etc. In the mountainous areas, climatic conditions differ significantly from the climate of the plains. In summer, the air temperature in the mountains quickly drops with a height. In winter, at the invasion of cold air masses, the air temperature on the plains is often lower than in the mountains.
Great influence on precipitation. The precipitation increases on the winding slopes and at some distance in front of them, and on the leeward - weaken. For example, differences in the annual precipitation between the Western and Eastern slopes of the Ural mountains are 300 mm. In the mountains with a height of precipitation increase to a certain critical level. In the Alps, the level of the largest amount of precipitation falls at a height of about 2000 m, in the Caucasus - 2500 m.
Subtropical climatic belt
Continental subtropical climate Determined by the seasonal change of moderate and tropical air. The average temperature of the coldest month in Central Asia places below zero, in the north-east of China -5 ...- 10 ° C. The average temperature of the warmest month is in the range of 25-30 ° C, while the daytime maxima may exceed 40-45 ° C.
The most strongly continentality of the climate in the air temperature mode is manifested in the southern regions of Mongolia and in the north of China, where in the winter season there is a center of Asian Anticyclone. Here, the annual amplitude of the air temperature is 35-40 ° C.
Sharply continental climate In a subtropical belt for high-mountainous areas of the Pamir and Tibet, the height of which is 3.5-4 km. The climate of the Pamirs and Tibet is characterized by a cold winter, cool summer and a small amount of precipitation.
In North America, a continental arid subtropical climate is formed in closed plateau and in the intermoreflakes located between the coast and rocky ridges. Summer roast and dry, especially in the south, where the average July temperature is above 30 ° C. The absolute maximum temperature can reach 50 ° C and higher. The temperature of +56.7 ° C was registered in the death valley!
Wet subtropical climates It is characteristic of the eastern coasts of the continents to the north and south of the tropics. The main areas of distribution - southeast of the United States, some southeastern areas of Europe, North India and Myanmar, East China and South Japan, Northeast Argentina, Uruguay and South Brazil, Natal Province coast in South Africa and the east coast of Australia. Summer in wet subtropics prolonged and roast, with the same temperatures as in the tropics. The average temperature of the warmest month exceeds +27 ° C, and the maximum +38 ° C. Winters are soft, with average monthly temperatures above 0 ° C, but random freezers have a destructive effect on plantation of vegetable and citrus. In wet subtropics, the average annual amounts of precipitation range from 750 to 2000 mm, the distribution of precipitation for the seasons is quite uniform. In winter, rain and rare snowfall are brought mainly by cyclones. In summer, the sediments fall mainly in the form of thunderstorms associated with powerful incidents of warm and wet ocean air, characteristic of the monsoon circulation of East Asia. Hurricanes (or typhoons) are manifested at the end of summer and in the fall, especially in the northern hemisphere.
Subtropical climate With a dry summer, typical for Western coasts of continents north and south of the tropics. In Southern Europe and North Africa, such climatic conditions are characteristic of the coasts of the Mediterranean, which served as a reason to call this climate also mediterranean. A similar climate in Southern California, the central regions of Chile, in the South Africa and in a number of districts in the south of Australia. In all these areas, hot summer and mild winters. As in wet subtropics, frost occasionally occasionally. In the inner areas in the summer, temperatures are significantly higher than on the coasts, and often the same as in tropical deserts. In general, clear weather prevails. In the summer on the coasts under which the ocean flows are passing, there are often fogs. For example, in San Francisco Summer is cool, foggy, and the warmer month is September. Maximum precipitation is associated with the passage of cyclones in winter, when the prevailing air flows are mixed towards the equator. The effect of anticyclones and descending air flows over the oceans determine the dryness of the summer season. The average annual precipitation in the conditions of the subtropical climate ranges from 380 to 900 mm and reaches maximum values \u200b\u200bon the coasts and slopes of the mountains. In the summer, precipitation is usually lacking for normal growth trees, and therefore there is a specific type of evergreen shrub vegetation, known as McWis, Chaparal, Mal and Maccia and Finbosh.
Equatorial climatic belt
Equatorial type of climate It is distributed in the Equatorial latitudes in the Amazon basins in South America and the Congo in Africa, on Malacca and on the Islands of Southeast Asia. Usually the average annual temperature is about +26 ° C. Due to the high midday standing of the sun over the horizon and the same duration of the day throughout the year, seasonal temperature fluctuations are small. Wet air, cloudiness and thick vegetation intercoms interfere with night-cooled and maintain maximum daily temperatures below +37 ° C, lower than in higher latitudes. The average annual rainfall in wet tropics ranges from 1500 to 3000 mm and they are divided into seasons usually uniformly. The precipitates are mainly associated with the intrachetic convergence zone, which is located a bit north of the equator. Seasonal shifts of this zone to the north and south in some areas lead to the formation of two precipitation maxima during the year, separated by more dry periods. Daily thousands of thunderstorms rolled over wet tropics. In the intervals between them the sun shines in full force.
Go to the north - come to the south,
And from the south you again swim north.
After all, our round ball - you know, my friend,
And since now the morning is somewhere and evening.
And the sun, our light, one on all,
But, and on all it, alas - not enough:
Here at the equator - heat all year round,
Well, on the pole - snow, frost and wind ...
"Our Home - Earth" Zarkovsky V.G.
Going to a long journey, everyone is interested in which climate in those edges and what will weather be to not guess with the wardrobe. After all, flying on an airplane from Moscow for 2-3 hours, you can get into another climatic belt. Fly from winter, get into spring or roast and wet tropical summer. And three hours of flight strictly north at any time of the year will lead to the Arctic climate.
Why climate depends on
If you go to the beach to sunbathe and accidentally fall asleep, then one side of the body will become dark, and the second will remain white. So with heating soil. From her heat, evaporated with moisture and reflecting into the atmosphere, heats its lower layers.
The main parameter affecting the climate in this area, is the power and duration of sunlight and the heat entered on Earth.
Also on climatic conditions affect:
- the height of the terrain above sea level (the higher, the colder);
- the speed and directions of dominant winds (the northern - cold, southern - warm);
- distances from the sea and the ocean (the closer to them, the stronger the influence of marine trends and winds).
What is a climatic belt
Geography analytically determined the characteristic dependence of weather patterns in certain territories over a long period of time. The result of these studies was the division of the entire surface of the globe according to certain lines on climatic belts and zones.
How to determine
Independently dealing with the definition of the belt in modern times there is no need. There are a large number of reference and informational literature and maps with a description and application of them generally accepted worldwide, belts and zones. It is enough to determine the geographical location of this item on the map and compare with a climate map of the world or given region.
Climate-forming factors
If there are many natural weather indicators (air temperature, humidity, atmospheric pressure, direction and speed of wind, precipitation and other) there are three main factors that determine the climate at any point of the globe. At the same time there are patterns of presence of a certain weather when combined these factors in one place.
If you go high in the mountains (above 4000 meters), then there will be snow and ice. And it does not depend on the mainland and the intensity there solar radiation. The same phenomena are observed on the poles. At the equator, on the contrary, always wet and hot. Although continentality and zonality also have their influence on the climate.
The main factors include:
Solar radiation
This factor does not accidentally lead the list. After all, at the beginning of the creation of the planetary system, the sun was the first source of external energy to the Earth. And everything that emerged and happened in the future, closely and inextricably linked with its activities. It, being the main source of the flow of light and heat to the Earth, gives it a different amount of energy - depending on geographic latitude. At the same time, the cyclic pattern of its receipt on one or another section of the planet is preserved. This is due to the permanent angle of inclination of the earth's axis to the plane of the orbit of its rotation around the Sun. This is the main factor in the presence of different seasons of the year, climatic zones, poles and equator.
Interesting Facts:
- Areas with a maximum amount of solar radiation features a hot and dry climate. With a sufficient amount of moisture in them there is a rich flora and fauna and there is an opportunity to grow 2-3 crops per year.
- An important natural factor in the safe delivery of solar energy to the surface of the planet is the presence of an ozone layer in the atmosphere.
- A distinctive feature of some areas of land is many days a year, when there is no sun in the sky. Most less than once, it appears on the Archipelago North Earth (Sea Laptev) - 10-15 days a year.
- The maximum number of sunny days at the Dead Sea is 320-330 days per year.
Circulation of the atmosphere
The movement of the air masses is at the atmosphere of our planet constantly. This phenomenon is as natural as the light of the Sun and the presence of oxygen in the air. At the same time seeming at first glance by chaotic wind subordinate to the laws of nature and physics and have certain patterns in their directions and strength.
Aerial masses move Along the earth's surface (interchangeal air exchange) and are actively rising into the troposphere (warm), from there - omit (cold). They also carry moisture in the form of clouds and clouds, which makes it possible to fall out: rain, snow or hail. The speed of air can vary from 0.5-30 meters per second at the surface to more 40 meters per second in the upper layers of the troposphere.
In various territories there are waist, seasonal, latitudinal, daily and other permanent movements of air masses.
Interesting Facts:
- The strongest winds (abnormal) can develop much more speed. In places of their possible occurrence, there are no land communications and residential buildings. After all, their speed is comparable to the most powerful hurricane - about 60 meters per second (more than 200 km / h). In Russia, such a place is Cape Tiagonos in the Magadan region.
- In 1904, a unique natural phenomenon for the European part of Russia was recorded in Moscow. It was a fairly strong tornado, who hurt in its surroundings: Lublino, Karacharovo, Sokolniki.
- In the desert with the sandstairs, the wind is able to change the terrain landscape beyond recognition.
- The same property of the wind and its "architecture" is celebrated in the snow deserts of Antarctica. Therefore, its first researchers put large vertical vertices (tags) on the spot left until the time of the hunger of the provisions warehouses. Often, it saved them life: the snow storms fell asleep the wanted warehouse, but the ends of the veins were sticking out on the surface.
- In Russia, the speed of the air massif is officially determined, after which it can be called "wind". This is 60 centimeters per second. It is written in a serious document on certification and metrology corresponding to GOST.
Relief
It plays a large role in weather conditions on a certain territory and climate education in significant areas of the Earth. No wonder mountain arrays are often the boundaries of climatic zones.
A good example of the impact of the relief on the weather conditions and actions of a person:
Tourists, being in nature, seek to put a tent behind the hill (from a leeward side). It is necessary to reduce the effect of wind on the quality of their rest, and creates the safety of the bonfire.
The relief factor is still interesting in that it has the ability to qualitatively change the effect of the first first.
For example:
- The region is a little west of the Ural Mountains.
- The influence of the Atlantic Ocean (from the West) has a direct, but reduced influence (it is expressed in warm Western and south-west winds with high humidity).
- Therefore, here the climate is not so wet as in Western regions.
- Due to the effect of the continent (from the East) the weather has a moderately continental shade.
- Summer is a roast, with a normal amount of precipitation. Winter moderately frosty, with medium humidity.
A typical population of population is observed in the mountainous areas: the villages are built with the southern, southeastern or south-west side of mountain arrays. This is due to the presence of solar illumination on these sides of the mountains.
Interesting Facts:
- The relief is the characteristic of the outer surface of the planet (lithosphere). With apparent its stability, it is in constant change. This is due to the movement of tectonic plates under the mainland and oceans. This speed compared to the wind is "Super Turtle" - from 0.5-2 cm to 14-16 cm per year. Somewhere it is a little more, somewhere less.
- The movement of the earth's surface occurs not only in the horizontal plane, but also in the vertical. Some land sushi rise above sea level, others are lowered.
- The longest mountain is not on the surface of the earth, but under water. This is the mid-Atlantic ridge, and its length is 40 thousand km. It is located in the "deprants" of the Atlantic Ocean. Iceland is the only part of it, which is located above sea level.
- In Europe, agriculture in the mountains comes to a height of 2000 meters. In Ethiopia - up to 3900 (growing of breadcrumbs).
Characteristic
A belt, like any physico-geographical phenomenon of nature, have a number of special properties and characteristics. They reflect the main features characteristic of each belt and describe its individual features.
Arctic and Antarctic
These belts are the most cold and arranged in the Pole area, in the Polar Areas of Earth. It is characterized by a scant flora and fauna, the presence of strong winds.
Arctic
Its continental climate is characteristic of Greenland, Canadian Arctic Archipelago. He is the most stern, almost all year hold negative temperatures. For the Arctic Oceanic Climate is characterized by a cold summer (up to + 2 ° C) and moderate precipitation (up to 400 mm).
Antarctic
The most southern geographical belt of the Earth. Includes Antarctica and some Islands of Antarctic. In winter, the polar night lasts for several months. Most of the mainland is hidden under the glacial cover. Near the coast, there are large areas of naked rocks from several tens to several hundred square kilometers - Antarctic oasis. Also are also naked fragments of mountain arrays and individual rocks that break through the glacial cover - nunataki.
In Antarctica there is no indigenous population, but there are permanent scientific stations.
Moderate
He is the longest among all climatic belts of the Earth. Moderate air masses dominate throughout the year.
Within the belt stand out 4 Climatic regions:
- wet marine;
- moderately continental;
- continental;
- and monsoon climate.
In this area, a very rich animal world. There is an opportunity to meet a wide variety of animals. Thanks to the green forests of a moderate belt, there are a large number of birds and herbivores there, which are perfect for well, multiply and lead active livelihoods. Rivers and lakes are rich in freshwater species of fish.
The plant world is also rich and diverse: from moss and lichens in the polar desert and tundra to oak, spruce, elm, larchs, birch trees and other trees and shrubs in the taiga and diverse forests.
Subtropical
It is formed under the influence of the tropical air masses in summer and temperate in winter.
In the subtropical belt stand out 4 Climatic regions:
- mediterranean climate type;
- monsoon;
- arid;
- climate with uniform moisture .
The ocean is quite salted, warm, there is little oxygen and plankton in it. In subtropics you can find relict plants that have arisen in the middle chalk period.
Equatorial
His name speaks for itself - it is located in Equatorial latitudes. The surface of the belt is located on the territory having the closest distance to the Sun and the smallest reflection angle of solar radiation. The precipitation mode in the equatorial belt: Daily rains and shower with the permanent sun and warmth. Here are quite favorable conditions for residence of people and agriculture. Twice a year you can collect a rich harvest.
The combination of natural factors created unique conditions for the existence of various forms of life. This was reflected in the diversity of local flora and fauna.
Precipitation
Their intensity depends on several factors.
The main ones are:
- distance to the sea or ocean;
- the presence in the region of large reservoirs (natural and artificial).
The further the ocean is and there are no large water formations (lakes, rivers and swamps), the smaller the amount of precipitation is characterized in this area and the unstable regime of their loss is characteristic. The desert areas are the least secured moisture. There are places where precipitation can fall out once a few years.
Also significant influence on their frequency are provided:
- sea currents;
- relief features;
- rose of winds of terrain.
What is the most comfortable belt
Under this "pleasant" concept implies a place with such a climate, where most people will feel good, performing ordinary, daily activities. Of course, there are such northern and southern peoples who like extreme living conditions. They are so adapted to their climate that moving for them even in average latitudes is unacceptable.
For the average resident of the Earth, moderate and subtropical climatic belts are considered to be the most comfortable and subtropical climatic belts when the heat balance is most of the year.
Experimentally identifies factors that form a positive or negative relationship of climate and human.
Russia belts
Three large belts are located in the country: moderate (the largest), arctic and subarctic. A small part of the Black Sea coast occupies a subtropical belt.
Moderate
He found a place among the coldest and hottest belts of the globe. This feature has influenced its name. Comparatives with their neighbors, it has a sufficiently soft winter and moderately warm summer. The level of precipitation allows you to have a normal moistened soil on which a large number of plants are growing. The fauna of the moderate belt is diverse and has thousands of species of all sorts of living organisms and individuals of mammals.
Arctic
Under it, the air masses from the Arctic dominate all year round. In winter, under the conditions of the polar night, the surface almost does not receive solar heat, and the average air temperatures are about -30 ° C. In the summer it does not rise above +10 ° С. In winter, precipitation falls less than in summer. The poverty of vegetation is expressed in the presence of one type of landscape - tundra.
Subarctic
It is characterized by a climate close to the Arctic, but experiencing a number of existing external influences. From the ocean environment, it became more saturated with moisture, and from the continent experiencing the influence of warm air masses. It is objectively explained by its approach to more southern latitudes.
Subtropical
His climate has very limited distribution in our country. Thanks to him, Russia's inhabitants have the opportunity to relax in favorable climatic conditions all year round. From spring by autumn - resort and beach season, winter - spa resort. By virtue of a special structure of the soil (it is weakly kept moisture) the vegetation of the coast is considered rare. In forest arrays, plants with spines and lianas are actively growing, which makes them difficult.
Mountains and ridges in the Russian Federation create a mountain climate, where air purity is the best, absolute humidity, increased solar radiation and reduced pressure.
All together, the four climatic belts of our country have created a unique nature with beautiful and unique landscapes.
Test
It is required to answer the question by specifying the correct option of the answer out of the 3 proposed:
1. You went on a journey by plane crash from Moscow to Rome. From there to Dakar (Africa, Senegal) on another plane. There on a transatlantic liner across the Atlantic was made to Montreal (North America, Canada).
Which belts do you visit?
a) moderate, subarctic, tropical
b) moderate, subtropical, tropical
c) moderate, tropical, subequatorial
2. Oceans are influenced on the climate of the Far East:
a) quiet and Arctic
b) Northern Arctic and Atlantic
c) Northern Arctic and Indian
3. Part of which continent in the southern hemisphere gets into a temperate belt?
a) Africa
b) South America
c) Australia
4. Natural and weather conditions What climate is most comfortable for people's stay?
a) subtropical
b) Arctic
c) moderate
5. In the forest of which climatic zone you can see spruce, cedar, poplar and birch?
a) subtropics
b) moderate continental
c) monsoon
6. In what climate it is preferable to live people prone to pulmonary diseases?
a) tropical
b) moderately continental
c) subtropical
7. In what zone the average temperature in winter is about -30 ° C?
a) moderate
b) subarctic
c) Arctic
Right answers:
| Question | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
| Answer | b. | but | b. | in | b. | in | in |
Video
Cognitive information on the topic "Climatic belts and the region of Russia". Read in our article.
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