This small article is devoted to changes in the language affecting the change in consciousness not only one person, but also the people as a whole. What is this change, who are they introduced and what? Let's start with a little reasoning and wonder for example, a few words, for example, learn that indifferent is ...
Relationship of language and consciousness
Scientists have long been proven that language and consciousness are interrelated. This is absolutely logical for us and does not require clarification. We communicate through the language and understand each other. Of course, we can not share the views of other people (this is another question), but the process of understanding as a realization of the position of another individual is clear to us. The language and developed itself, in order to be able to express the thought and to convey to the interlocutor, who, in turn, enjoys the same iconic and sound systems, launching instantaneous mental activities for understanding and awareness.
Conditioned changes
Consequently, if the consciousness of people is changing for any reason (the onset of the new era, the rapid development of the society or the seizure of the territory and the accession of it and the population to the celestial), then this is necessarily a reflection in the language. New borrowed words appear, they are separated from the use of obsolescents or the meaning of words is completely changing. But it works and vice versa: changes in the language are also reflected on the change in consciousness. Let's look at our example.
Indiffant - this is ...
Unfortunately, it often has to hear in our time about the manifestation, it is condemned and not welcomed. After all, such people may not help in a difficult moment, because they do not care. This is understandable, because what is the meaning of the word "indifferent"? This is considered a cold person who does not show participation and interest (to the near or situation), he is completely indifferent to everything that happens in the surrounding world. This is a description of a completely apathetic and passive personality (completely logical if it is also always in stressful conditions). For example, as you understand the expression: "An indifferent person does not admire happiness and does not disappear in misfortunes"? Remember sensations. Most likely, you remembered in the word "indifferent".
Now let's pay attention to the fact that when this word was part of our tongue from Church Slavonic, his value was completely opposite. In the XII-XIII centuries there was the following interpretation of this word. Indiffant - it is equal, a person with an equal soul. In other words, a like-minded person, the soul of which on the accumulation of experience and the passage of lessons in this life is close and equal to another soul (or souls).
In the eyelid XVIII, under the word "indifference", the inner hardness and durability, constancy and spiritual stability of a person began to be understood, and its stem. The spirit of such a person will not be harmful and anxiety, for he knows that everything that happens is credited to merit, and will cope with difficulties. Indiffant - this is the "spirit calm for everything ration." Now, it is with this meaning again, read the expression again: "An indifferent person does not admire happiness and does not disappear in unfortunate." Understanding and sensations are different, isn't it?!
In this sense of this word, I would like to be surrounded by indifferent people, and not indifferent.
There are a lot of such words. For example, "Freak". Previously, a very worthy and strong person, born in the family, was first (that is, a primorinsky). It was believed that he came to the family from the extent of the genus. From this and the word went: the soul of his u-kind was, so the freak was respectful, respectfully and very responsible. Then the meaning of the word was distorted. So happened earlier and happening these days with a huge number of words. Where does it come from, who benefits? It should be thought that if the link language and consciousness is very strong, then the one who is trying to change the language affects the change in the consciousness of a person, the people, the masses ... However, we will leave this question open. If it is really interesting, you can also turn to the literature.
In conclusion, we offer you as active users of native and foreign languages, think about the fact that you are talking about, and (at least sometimes) interested in the history of native speech with the goal of self-development and a deeper understanding of themselves.
The purpose of the article is to analyze how dramatic changes occurring in the Ukrainian society and around it affect the values \u200b\u200band persuasions of believers, in particular, on the believers of the most numerous denomination - the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate).
Although this text is not intended to replace full sociological studies, which in our situation would be very useful, it is aimed at identifying and describing the main "components" of the religious consciousness of our ordinary believers. Of course, the "elderness" of the believer is very conditional, and every believer has its own special and, hopefully personal and real relationships with God. However, the church is a community of believers having some specific properties. What values, beliefs, ideals are currently determining for this community - in modern Ukraine?
It is necessary to honestly admit that feelings, emotions determine the attitude of people to what is happening much stronger than rational, and therefore strongly affect the worldview. And the strongest feelings in our conditions are determined by the lower layers of the pyramid needs of the oil - in applying to believers it looks like this: people need comfort, security, confidence in the future. Probably, they would like to be the one who gives the right recipe: what to do how to live and escape. And it is desirable that the recipe is profitable and accessible by execution. And if there is no such thing - how are many are ready to accept the principal lack of simple answers and recipes?
It can be remembered that the American psychologist Maslow in the middle of the twentieth century. Outlined his vision of human needs that require satisfaction in a certain sequence. And, as a psychologist considered, the Higher, we would say - the spiritual needs of a person - can be implemented only after satisfying the most primary needs. According to the oil, after physiological needs are the need for safety (security, the need to get rid of fear and failures) and the need for belonging and love: belonging to the commonality in which you are accepted and loved. This is the second and third steps of the seven-step pyramid needs.
Although the views of the oil are not an absolute truth, any church belief will confirm with some experience: many of people coming in temples are looking primarily spiritual protection. They need a sense of involvement in some ideal community (heavenly, and for parishioners, less critical on perception - the Earth Church), it is important to be in confidence that there are accessible to the execution of funds that allow you to achieve protection and support for celestial forces.
It is necessary, however, to admit that believers are, among other things, members of society. And, according to the oil, in addition to religious needs, they need the same needs as all other members of society - the safety of ordinary livelihoods, stability, predictability and comfort of their relationship in society.
From here we have some paradox, known to religions: in a stable, old Europe, the number of parishioners is noticeably less than in Europe East, post-communist. According to personal observations, in the appearance of the parishioners of Western European - the state of well-being, security, the farther to the east - in the eyes more inset and longing. But in the temples - crowded. Perhaps the Eastern European Christians are looking for in the temples that their more Western congratulations have "default" and what do not need?
In addition to the mentioned pyramid, there are other ways to represent the religious consciousness and motives of believers. You can consider fears and reversal (phobias) - the fact that the believer turns out and what is opposed. For example (without evaluating) - you can recall the campaign against the identification numbers of the fifteen years ago. There are ideas about what you need to be very expensive, without which there is no Christian life. Different ideas about the attitude towards society and what is happening in it - from an escaphism (care from the problems of society) to, on the contrary, the conviction is that the full inclusion in the life of society is the responsibility of the believer and the condition of this religious life.
Listing these methods of perception (descriptions) of our religious consciousness, we describe and, as it seems to us, some major types, methods or scenarios of the reaction of the Orthodox Consciousness on what is happening.
A. National and mythologically religious self-determination. Very clear for all, actively living in the coordinates of the historical national and religious confrontation "we": Ruskomirovyny vs. "Bandera"; The most relevant Orthodox - against the decomposing the stream and its minions; True, real Rus-Ukraine - against the gloomy Moscow Horde. In essence, this is prechristian, neo-language worldview. Self-determination occurs due to the presence of a conscious or unconscious national feeling, cultural education, possibly - due to the orientation on elected moral or public authorities. The choice, of course, may affect the activity of many years of myth-making propaganda (for example, the propaganda of the "Russian world").
There are some differences in the "True-Russian" from the "True-Ukrainian" understanding of Orthodoxy: the first type of perception may sincerely consider that Moscow Orthodoxy is the most real Orthodoxy in the whole universe, and the rest (including Greek) - Only his weaker imprint, for, according to this view, Moscow Orthodoxy is the only decisive and mighty warrior against the enemy of the human and his follower - the Demonian West. While Paphos of the True-Ukrainian Orthodoxy is the denial and demonization of the whole Moscow, and the relationship to the West and Aosplain is very tolerant.
According to the observations of the author, among the pro-Russian supporters of this type there are both ethnic Russians and Ukrainians. There is an encouraging trend - after the active, but not successful propaganda of the "Russian world", the mountain-team of recent years, and, of course, the most recent Russian events, such believers becomes noticeably less. But it is necessary to take into account their presence.
B. The gracious canonical worldview. For this type of believers, the UPC MP National issues and the corresponding mythology is not defining. It is determined to eat faith into a source of grace, without which there is no spiritual life, and there is a spiritual death from it. It can be believed that this vera was brought up by the official position of the UEO. According to such a faith, the most important thing is to belong to the canonical church, which is a guarantee of a flow of grace from the source, while graceful is supplied exclusively through the service, the sacraments and obedience.
If for type A, the moral imperfection of church leaders and hierarchs is not important compared to their patriotic position: the main thing - in order to support the true Orthodox Fatherland (or the independence of Ukraine) and personally the leader of the Orthodox power (or patriotic Ukrainian authorities), then believers b-type They may soberly and critically refers to hierarchs, their moral appearance, but they are not yet ready to work with personal activity and the responsibility to work on changing the moral situation in the church (this applies to both the laity and priests). After all, the main thing is to receive canonical grace in canonical worship - and pretty with you ...
Close to the type B is the part of believers, which has a wider understanding of church life on commandments. There are a lot of worthy people who help elderly lonely and orphans, support Sunday schools, pilgrimage and Christian frantic communication. Probably, in general, such people are not particularly actively related to what is happening for the church fence, resemble the traditional position of believers and in Soviet, and even in the speakers. The author is not inclined to overly criticize such a worldview, it is shared by many of those who sincerely want to serve God and neighbor.
B. Believers with a sharp sense of civil liability. According to some estimates of sociologists, about 3 million people or about 10% of the adult population of the country passed through Kiev and regional Maidans for December-February. This is a huge figure (we are talking about those who, both regularly and episodically participated in the promotions, supported them morally or materially). Although there were many motifs to participate in civilian promotions (around the main, perhaps, the motive is to prove the authorities of its total wrong), most of them are a manifestation in various forms of civil liability. Despite the fact that the majority participated in shares not as believers, showing a Christian position, Christian debt, but as citizens, but the actively active stay in Maidan became already a Christian action. It is not only about sanctifying the prayer and the blessing emanating from the clergy on the stage, although they gave benefactors for subsequent actions. Self-sensitive hearing the needs of the shoulder standing to the shoulder, an active response of the needs of Maidan, the whole society and the fulfillment of it - was already a Christian action.
Recently, at a meeting in Kiev with one famous Russian Christian figure (liberal direction, in Russia, it is possible to recalculate on the fingers of the hands) the question sounded: is Christianity and politics compatible? The answer sounded like aphorism: it was Christ that was a real politician and suffered for politics. Possible interpretation of this paradoxical approval: policies (from Greek policy - city, grad.) Is anything rightassistance, readiness to divide with its community responsibility for life in truth, for moral choice.
Therefore, supporting a number of fellow, preparation and distribution of food, the arrangement of barricades, standing shoulder to the shoulder, waiting for the attack of security forces, participation in the discussion of joint actions and their adoption for implementation - all this was a Christian action on Maidan. Of course, provided that a constructive, creating goal (not against something, and for), the absence of aggression and hatred, for a new, created on the Christian foundations of the Cathedral Ukraine.
The Apostle Paul has one not easy image of the church. He encourages true love to everyone in Christ, "Of which the whole body, component and copulating through any mutually bonding connections, under action in its measure of each member, receives increment to create himself in love" (Eph. 4: 15-16) . If we consider what is happening on the Maidan in the light of these words, we will see many examples of the "creation of each other in love" through a lot of mutually bonding ties, although our actions are not, of course, perfect. However, perhaps people found Christ not only through foreign-ritual actions, but in each other. Isn't that this gospel?
Unity of the Spirit in the Union of the World.There is another amazing example in the past events, which is important to note. We are talking about the initiative of the monks, to which the priests and laity - prayer standing on ul. Grushevsky, which has reduced the opposition for a while. Although this example is an episodic, it is important to pay attention to the mood of standing and praying, which, in our opinion, is very important for Christian doing. We are talking about saving unity of the Spirit in the Union of the World (Eph. 4: 3). Praying, as far as one can judge, were free from the internal and external confrontation "we,", they experienced compassion and solidarity with ending sorrow. Very important Christian quality - the readiness of the person to the presence of the Spirit, to the possibility of a sober and independent responsible choice - such that takes into account the presence of another, accepts the other with its inactivity and learns to stay with it. With all the enthusiasm of civil unity (which, we take into account, were tested by defending our principles, and the opponents of the Maidan), the preservation of the autonomy of the individual and the inner world, which favors the world of the other (supporting the desire to live on the commandments in another) is an important creative quality of Christian.
The outstanding philosopher Merab Markdashvili (+1990), who heard the moral state of society, was concerned about the modern infantilism of public consciousness, when, due to the crisis of society, people were accustomed to looking for simple solutions and shift responsibility for suffering to another (for example, to power, integrenikov, innerians - B.O..). Russian culture, Orthodoxy as a whole, he noted with sorrow, suffer from the weakness of the personal beginning, public institutions. "We do not have a mental tradition in order to give yourself an answer in our states to clearly think: what do I feel? Why do I hate? Why suffer? And when we unclear it, we are inventing imaginary enemies. "
Ability not to perceive others, incl. And people of opposite glances as enemies and in Christian to treat those who treat you as an enemy (which, of course, does not mean the refusal of the developed way of ways to resist evil) - one of the most valuable qualities of Christian consciousness. I am glad that there are such people among us.
The named and described properties of the worldview believers are the author, one of the possible. I will be glad if someone is beneficial in relations with the world, with others, with the church.
The awareness of the non-dynamic and relativity of the concept of a set in the description of the world entails a completely new and alien to traditional European science an idea of \u200b\u200bintegrity - integrity as a unique property of the unity of the world, the ultimate indecomposition of the states of physical reality on many elements. It is important to emphasize that the understanding of the world required by this concept as ultimately the indivisible and indecomposable on many integer is logically inevitable and rationally comprehensible and in this sense completely opposite to various mystical and religious speculations on the concepts of unity and integrity. In fact, the integrity concept under consideration here is a natural consequence of a planacian quantum idea in physics, indisputably confirmed by a huge experimental material. It is inevitable in terms of dialectic categories 185 Multiple and united and is in a wonderful agreement with the most important facts in mathematics bases, also reverending the peculiar gnoseological relativity of the abstract concept of set in knowledge [158; 161].
At the same time, as shown, the integrity concept makes an important (and not a mystical, but quite efficiently comprehensive) an explanation of such exceptional difficulties for its significance, as the basis of a probabilistic description of the micromyr objects, the reduction of the wave function, non-lock correlation in the behavior of the Singular Quantum System Subsystems or the basis of the principle of stationarity of action. Appeal to the integrity concept makes it possible to understand the nature of implicative structures of thinking and consciousness, the limitedness of the theoretical and information approach to the problem of consciousness, expand the methodological basis for the research of macrocant phenomena, types of determinism and management in systems. It is quite concrete and rational in essence, the meaningability of the idea of \u200b\u200bintegrity and its applications is extensive and is far from being exhausted by the considered or at least mentioned in this book.
The vanity of the bourgeois methodology of science is that the rationality and extremely rich content of the integrity concept in modern natural science is not only not realized, but, on the contrary, the very idea of \u200b\u200bintegrity is actively exposed to mystical and religious interpretation and thus distorted and discredited. /.../ 186 So, in the preface to a solid, according to the volume of the collection of "Metaphors of Consciousness", F. Capra characterizes the specified tendency [244, p. IX-XII]. In the 70s of our century, the fact that the European civilization undergoes a deep cultural transformation consisting of "change paradigms" is increasingly realized. Dramatic changes in thinking, perceptions and values, determining the vision of reality, occur. The changing paradigm requires a radical revision of ideas and values \u200b\u200bdominant in Western culture for several centuries: Belief in the scientific method as a single substantiated approach to reality, opposition to consciousness and matter, a look at life in society as a competitive struggle for survival, faith in unlimited material Progress based on economic and technological growth, look at nature as a mechanical system.
The main role in the formation of the old paradigm was playing physics. She performed the standard for all other sciences. In classical physics on the basis of Cartesian philosophy and Newtonian mechanics, the mechanistic concept of the world was developed. The world was considered as a mechanism built from elementary material blocks. This concept was perceived by other sciences and is based on their theoretical constructions. However, in physics XX century. A number of conceptual revolutions occurred, which vividly showed the limitations of the mechanistic model of the world and led to the organic, environmental point of view on the world, discovering, according to F. Capra, are large analogies with the views of mystics of all times and traditions. It is committed, saying, breaking the old paradigm and goes beyond the framework of the Cartesian dichotomy of thinking and matter, which is an essential aspect of conceptual and cultural transformation. The central moment of the "shift" of the paradigm is the problem of consciousness, which entered the forefront of natural science research in connection with the methodological problems of observation and measurement in quantum theory. "A wide acceptance of this fact," said F. Capra, - will be the necessary step towards a more balanced culture. In such a culture, science will be only one of the many ways to comprehend the man of space. She is 187 (the science. - V. P.) It will be complemented by intuitive ways of poets, mystics, philosophers and many other equivalent methods "[244, p. X - xi]. Dialectic and materialistic analysis of the relationship of the problem of consciousness with quantum physics from the standpoint of the integrity concept (and without any mysticism!) Dan in work.
An equally important aspect of the new paradigm is the organic insidency of mystical thinking into the philosophical foundations of theories of modern science. If within the paradigm of the classical European science mystical, transpersonal experience was recorded as schizophrenic, now the situation has changed, and mysticism "deserves serious consideration even within the scientific community" [244, p. Xi]. And then we are talking about the development of a conceptual system for the consideration of trans-proproacual reality.
A number of bourgeois scientists - J. Wheeler, D. Bom, E. Wigner, F. Capra et al. Interpret space and time described by relativistic quantum theory, in the spirit of idealistic methodology with relevant ideological generalizations. So, J. Wheeler, considering the various signatures of the perfect spherical model of the Universe as a function of time, it comes to the conclusion that the old word "observer" must be replaced by the word "participant": "In some strange sense, the quantum principle tells us that we are dealing with the participatory Universe "[242, p. thirty ]. The Wheeler model of the "participating universe" comes from the old idea of \u200b\u200bthe subjective idealism of Berkeley: exist - it means to be perceived. Within the framework of the so-called "self-associated cosmogony" it is concluded that "the observer-partner" gives "the world the opportunity to become valid by making the meaning of this world" [242, p. 31]. From this point of view, the universe is compared with a self-excited contour generating consciousness. The author believes that it is consciousness actualizes, attaches the value of the most universe. J. Wheeler comes here from the quantum mechanics that have become traditional in the standard statement of the subject of the subject (in particular - in a certain nature of the PSI function reduction). But in fact, from the standpoint of integrity concept, there is a possibility of quite objective (without any appeal to the observer) presentation of the main facts of quantum mechanics (including the reduction of Psi-function). Thus, the world may exist (obeying quantum principles!) And without the "observer-partner"; Wheeler "participating universe" from this point of view does not withstand criticism.
In turn, D. BOM formulated the so-called "Golokinetic" paradigm: the basis of its cosmological theory lies multivalued, similar to Buddhist, holographic 188 Logic [244, p. 124-137], which can be understood when contacting n. -Hell hyperspace. The specificity of this infinite, non-realty, incommensurable space is that two entities can jointly take the same place at the same time. The main idea of \u200b\u200bBomomskaya cosmology: reality alone It is an indestructible, indivisible integrity, which is the aspects of matter and consciousness. According to D. Bom, there is an "external order", which manifests itself in various states of "energy" - from very coarse, dense and stable matter, perceived by our senses in the space-time region, to the sophisticated, sensually perceived, - and "Inner (spiritual. - V. P.)order, ", similar to hidden order in the holograms, to which we move spiritually, and inside the" hungering "we conclude ultimately to the highest consciousness. This spiritual entity "lies out of the tongue, and we can best grab it through the metaphor" [244, p. 124]. The concept of the Golokinetic Universe D. Boma organically includes the requirement that the subject of knowledge should integrate itself inside the equation.
The holocosmous paradigm is in a certain attitude towards the holographic hypothesis K. Pribrama, according to which "all thinking includes, in addition to manipulations, signs and symbols, topographic components" [107, p. 406]. This relationship can be defined as the attitude of the macrocosm to the microcosm. Here, the observer and the observed constitute the fundamental unity.
According to F. Care, "... There is a fundamental harmony between the spirit of eastern wisdom and Western science" [185, p. 875]. Under the eastern wisdom is a series of sophisticated theologies, spiritual exercises and philosophical systems (Hinduism, Buddhism, Taoism, Zen). He sees harmony in the identity of the following three concepts that exist both in East wisdom and in European science.
All the eastern schools of thinking proceed from the fact that knowledge about the world is given directly, directly in the act of intuition, outside the logic framework, and therefore it cannot be adequately expressed by the usual language. Similarly, in European science, atomic and subatomic levels of reality cannot be described by the classical (Aristotelian) logic and ordinary language.
Eastern look is an organic, holistic: the phenomenal world is the manifestation of one, therefore the desire to share the perceived world on individual belongings is an illusion. Quantum mechanics testifies to the inapplicability of the concept of "individual thing" in the field of the micromyr. 189
Eastern wisdom does not distinguish between living and inanimate nature - the whole space is alive, i.e. dynamic; This idea is relevant to modern physics. Therefore, quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity make us see the world in a way close to the eastern one. This proximity is enhanced by constructing the relativistic theory of "subnuclear world" [185, p. 879].
Considering the role of the subject of knowledge in the study of the microworld, F. Capra concludes that as we penetrate into the submicroscopic world, we "... We will come to consideration of the world as a system of indivisible, interacting components with a person as an integral part of this system" [186, from. eleven ]. These considerations of F. Capra tries to reinforce the idea of \u200b\u200bthe need to include mystical thinking into a cloth scientific creativity.
So, the Wheeler model of the "participating universe", Bomovskaya Golodynamic cosmology, the Caprovsk interpretation of the microworld lead to theses of the impossibility of the inability to distinguish between the inner and external, subject and object, about their fundamental unity with the leading role of consciousness, which is outside the empirical space - time and covers All universe. These views arose on the basis of direct appeal to the esoteric, religious and mystical tradition in the philosophical teachings of the East and the West. The neuro-organographic concept of K. Pribrama, Gollyosmic Paradigm D. Boma is interpreted as the modern equivalent of Brahman Vedants and Upanishad, Purusha and Prakriti Sankhya Yoga, Dharma Buddhism, Tao Daoism, Single Plato and Dam, Spinoza Nature [244, p. 35].
Such a holistic approach to the world, manifested in the underlining of the inseparable communication of "waves", "particles", "quanta" and "observer", "consciousness" in the dominance of spiritual phenomena, inevitably leads to approval that "physics becomes a branch of psychology" [244, from. 426]. Here we are not talking about traditional, but about existential-phenomenological psychology, emanating from the principle of holistic unity of the individual and the world. In this psychology, called relativistic quantum psychology, the object of study is the corpuscular-wave nature of the human individual. Supporters of this direction in psychology believe that through the consciousness of the individual there is a flow of associations, thoughts, images and symbols, the flow of "universal waves" of thinking, inseparable from the universe, like matter and energy. It follows that through meditation developed by the practice of yoga, the individual is able to achieve the state of consciousness of the "one-immense" consciousness - the transcendent state of pure consciousness. Not by chance in terms of scientific creativity 190 F. Capra and his like-minded people recommend physicists and other naturalists to master religious and mystical experience, recorded in the traditions of the East and West and allowing the subject of creativity to leave the stream of time and intuitively perceive the integrity of being. Only in this case, the identification of a naturalist consciousness with certain principles of the universe, which represents as summum Verum (the sum of truths) in metaphysics, summum Pulchrum (beauty amount) in art and summum bonum (good) in noble action. The collective symbol of all this is Brahman, Logos or God [223, p. 107].
Before us in a mystified, perverted form, a very real picture of scientific creativity is presented, the object of which is the real dialectic integrity, /... 196 Which, as shown in the previous sections, obviously removes religious-mystical and subjectivist speculations on the difficulties of modern natural science.
Any language is a developing, not dead, forever frozen phenomenon. According to N. V. Gogol,
"The extraordinary our language is still mystery ... He is simplified and can, alive, as life, enriched every minute."
If we read the chronicles or even the works of writers who have done a hundred years ago, we cannot help but notice that then wrote, and therefore they said, not as we say and write now. So. For example, a word before in Russian meant kindly, in the XX century. The meaning of this word has changed, now it means Be sure to. It is difficult for us to understand the phrase XIX W.:
"He treated her necessarily",
- If we do not know the old value of this word. The same happens with other phenomena inherent in the language.
Historical changes in language
Historical changes are subject to all levels of the language - from phonetics before building a sentence.
Alphabet changes
Modern Russian alphabet goes back to Cyrillic (an ancient Slavic alphabet). Inscription letters, their names, the composition in Cyrillic differs from modern. The first reform of the Russian letter was carried out by Peter 1. Some letters were excluded from the alphabet, the letters of letters were rounded and simplified. In 1918, such a letter of the Russian alphabet was canceled, as *****, she did not designate any special sound, so all the words where it was necessary to write this letter, it was necessary to memorize.
Changes at the level of phonetics
These are changes in sound pronunciation. For example, in modern Russian there are letters b, Kommersant, which now do not indicate sounds.
Until xi - the beginning of the HS century, these letters in Russian denoted sounds: / b / was close to / e / / k / - k / o /. Then these sounds disappeared.
Back in the middle of the XX century. The pronunciation of Leningraders and Muscovites differed (mean literary pronunciation). So, for example, Leningraders are the first sound in the word pike pronounced as [Sch], and Muscovites - as [w ']. Now the pronunciation is smoothed, there are no such differences.
Changes in vocabulary
The dictionary vocabulary is also changing. It has already been said that the meaning of the word may change.
- from the reserves of dialects (so in the Russian literary language entered the dialect word taiga),
- from the professional language, jargon (for example, the word came from the poor two-handed who had ever denoted by the beggar, who collected alms with both hands).
Changes and enriched Russian and in terms of word formation. So, if it comes out in the language, generates many new words formed with the help of suffixes and consoles characteristic of Russian-word formation. For example: 
computer is a computer, computer, computerization.
At the beginning of the twentieth century it was difficult to imagine that in Russian the unclear nouns or adjectives will appear. However, such unlock nouns like
cinema, Blinds, Show, Beige, Khaki
perfectly exist in modern language, speaking of his inexhaustible opportunities.
Changes and Russian syntax
Language, living, as life, lives his life to which each of us is involved. Therefore, we should not only improve it, but also carefully treat the legacy that we have.
Our brief cheat sheet-presentation is "Russian as a changing phenomenon"
Interesting:
What changes do you say the fact that the word cloud was once sorted with the words of a drain, envelop? These are changes in the language: sometime the word cloud shaped on the morphemes, now, having lost contact with single words, it began to consist of the root of the cloud and end.
The word umbrella was borrowed from the Dutch language, the word umbrella formed from it. Why did it happen?
The word umbrella rose into one row with the words bridge, leaf, pencil, i.e. With words where suffix -ik-indicated the diminutive value of the subject. The word umbrella began to denote a big subject, and the word umbrella is a small item.
Did you like it? Do not hide your joy from the world - share the task 1 Establish punctuation marks, make the SPP schemes, determine the types of pressing offers. 1) in the exhaust where they were letlost was alo and stuffy bread and laid cabbage.
2) Fedka saw how with the uncontrolled force on them from the darkness flew the high nose of the steamer without noticing them heading into the middle of the vessel.
3) Gerasimov so looked at his subcorter that he regretted the question.
4) The night was dark because the clouds covered the sky and did not let the lights of the stars.
5) As soon as the regiment left the lake went cold rain.
6) We could have been made to see how the bunches of Ryabina and hawthorn were treated under the sun.
7) Glenik Turn the chin glanced in the sky where from time to time slipped from the clouds from the clouds almost the right disk of the moon.
8) At that moment when Ivan came into the courtyard just a pause came.
9) The old steam was pulled ashore and firmly fuckedly tied to the ancient powerful hotels so that it was not carried out the irrepressible spring spill.
10) Bringing the chin in the snow I painfully thought what to do.
Task 2 Put the punctuation marks, make a SPP scheme with several apparent, determine the types of appropriate proposals and the type of submission.
Only now I saw the Frol that completely dawned that the blue foot of the clutch was swinging over the blue fog stripes that the stones on the shore became sisovat from the morning dew. Example of the scheme [verb.], (Like ...)
Urgently, please write, someone is very necessary !!! 1.Dine the necessary punctuation marks: the girl looked around the dog ran fasterly imagestranger. 2. Allow the approval: between parts of the non-union complex predict. put ______ if the second sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first. 3.Rust punctuation marks. Write down re-offered., Making questions in the form of a direct speech: 1. On the leg crossed the legs on the floor and Donimal Lobanova is an unthinkable question whether whales can be extended so that they drag behind them to the barges to what length you can grow nails why write new books? 2. So everything went enough Gdadko until she asked her final question What magazines I usually read? 3. The circle is so quiet so sunny and pleased that I even forget to set the dad an urgent question if the Earth is spinning why we do not fall out with it in those minutes when we turn out on her head down? And by the way, why do flies go down your head on the ceiling and do not fall?
Arguing punctuation signsa) When Yellow and Pink Spring Candles flourished on chestnuts, Spring reached.
b) When the roll was passed along the trenches and when the fighters for tea, the conversation was called the platoon commander called to the headquarters.
c) sunrise anointed yellow clouds on the horizon
and soon it became light, although the sun did not seem. (Y. Nagibin)
d) We arrived at the geodesist station in the evening and immediately went on the tower although very tired on the road.
2. Mount the missing punctuation signs. Indicate a complicated offer with writing and supervisory bond
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