The zone of large forests is located on the territory of Manchuria, the Far East, within Europe, the eastern part of China, North America. It also affects the southern part of South America and some sites of Central Asia.
The broad forest forests are most common where the moderately warm climate reigns, and the ratio of moisture and heat is optimal. All this provides favorable conditions during the growing season. Sheet plates in the trees growing there are wide, from here and the name of these forests has come. What other features have the specified natural zone? Wide forests are home to numerous animals, reptiles, birds and insects.
Specific traits
Features of the decide forests are that two distinct tiers can be distinguished in them. One of them is higher, the other is lower. These forests shrub, the existing herbs grow in three tiers, the formated cover is represented by lichens and mshami.
Another characteristic feature is the light mode. In such forests, two light maximums are distinguished. The first is observed in the spring when the trees are not yet covered with foliage. The second is in the fall, when the foliage is rare. In summer, the penetration of light is minimal. The program described above explains the feature of herbal cover.
Soil of large forests is rich in organ-mineral compounds. They appear as a result of the decomposition of plant ponds. The trees of deciduous forests contain ash. Especially a lot of it in the leaves - about five percent. The ash, in turn, is rich in calcium (twenty percent of the total). It also includes potassium (about two percent) and silicon (up to three percent).
Trees of broad forest
The forests of this type are characterized by the richest variety of tree species. The latter here can be counted about ten. Broad forests Taiga, for example, are not so rich in this regard. The reason is that the conditions of the harsh taiga climate do not have the growth and development of the flora. Many of the temperature of the soil and climate of the wood species simply will not survive in adverse conditions.
In the southern part of the Tula region there is a famous forest array. It gives an excellent idea of \u200b\u200bwhat can be wide forests. The soil of this area is favorable for growing trees such as mellular linden, ostrooty and field maples, ordinary casuals, Ilma, Vyazy, wild apple trees and pears. Oaks and casings are the highest, the ostolistic maples, elms and linden go behind them. The lowest - field maples, wild pears and apple trees. As a rule, the dominant position occupies oak, and the rest of the trees act as satellites.
Consider in more detail the above representatives of dendroflora.
Grass
Plants of large forests are characterized by large and wide sheet plates. For this reason, they are called the worker of the oak. Some herbs grow by single specimens, they never form impassable thickets. Others, on the contrary, form a kind of carpet covering large spaces. Such herbs are dominant. Among them, they allocate sick ordinary, Escock, hair and Zelenchuk yellow.
Most herbaceous plants existing in wide forests are perennial. They live up to several decades. As a rule, their existence is maintained due to vegetative reproduction. Seeds they breed badly. The characteristic feature of these plants is long underground and overhead shoots, rapidly growing in different directions and actively exciting new plots of land.
Overhead parts of the majority of representatives of the oak shovels die into the autumn period. It is only the roots and rhizomes in the soil. They are located singular kidneys, of which new shoots are formed in the spring.
Exception to the rule
Rare representatives of the shovel remain green and in winter, and in the summer. Such plants include the following: hoofing, Zelenchuk, Extra Pulosay.
Shrub
As for these representatives of the flora, they are very difficult to meet them in broad-sized forests. They are simply not peculiar to Dubravam, which you can not say about coniferous forests, where shrubs grow everywhere. Blueberry and lingonberry got the greatest distribution.
"Hurry" oaky ephemeroids
These plants represent for specialists studying forest flora, the greatest interest. Among them, clean the spring, omiticular anemone, hurrying of various species and goose bow. These plants are usually small in size, but they develop very quickly. Efemeroids are in a hurry to appear immediately after the snow cover. Some particularly sharp sprouts make their way even through the snow. A week later, the maximum of two, their buds are already blooming. A few weeks later, the ripening of fruits and seeds. After that, the plants lie on the ground, turn yellow, after which they are part of them, which is located above the ground, dies. Moreover, this process occurs at the very beginning of the summer period, when, as it may seem, the conditions for growth and development are as favorable as possible. The secret is simple. Efemeroids have their own rhythm of life, differing from a peculiar schedule for the development of other plants. They bloom in lush color only in the spring, and the summer for them - it's time for withering.
The most promotional period is the early spring. At this time of the year, the maximum amount of light is observed in the forest, since shrubs and trees have not yet gained their thick green cover. In addition, in this period the soil is optimally saturated with moisture. As for high summer temperatures, the ephemeroids do not need them at all. All these plants are perennial. They do not die after their above-ground part dry out. Live underground roots are represented by tubers, bulbs or rhizomes. These organs serve as container nutrients, mostly starch. That is why stems, leaves and flowers appear so early and grow so rapidly.
Efemeroids are widespread in broad-willed dubravas by plants. There are about ten species in total. Their flowers are painted in bright purple, blue, yellow colors. During the flowering of ephemeroids form a thick beautiful carpet.
Mossa
Wide forests of Russia are the place of gravity of various types of mosses. Unlike taiga forests, in which these plants form a thick green soil cover, the MAYs are not so widely widespread. The role of moss in wide forests is rather modest. The main reason is the fact that the leaf OPEAD of the Soap Forest is destructive effect on these plants.
Fauna
Animals of the deciduous forests of Russia are hoofs, predators, insectivores, rodents and manochable. The greatest variety is observed in the territories that are not touched by a person. So, in wide forests you can see the roe, boars, lanes, spotted and noble deer, elk. The detachment of predators is represented by foxes, wolves, cunnits, mountainous and caressing. Wide forests, the animal world of which is rich and diverse, are house for beavers, protein, ondatra and nutria. In addition, these territories are inhabited by mice, rats, crots, hedgehogs, earth raids, snakes, lizards and marsh turtles.
Birds of deciduous forests - larks, finches, foams, tits, flies, swallows, starlats. There are also crows, rhokhi, tether, dyatlah, cheeks, daws, tanks. Painting birds are represented by hawn, owls, owls, filins and lones. The swamps is a house for Kulikov, Cranes, Herkel, Cups, Ducks and Geese.
In the past, wide forests were inhabited by bison. Now they are, unfortunately, there are several dozen individuals. These animals are protected by law. They live in Belovezhskaya Pushcha (in the Republic of Belarus), in the Prioko-Terrace Reserve (Russian Federation), in some Western European countries and in Poland. Several animals were transported to the Caucasus. There they are adjacent to the bison.
The number of noble deer also underwent a change. They were much smaller due to the barbaric action of man. Mass and sprinkle of fields became destructive for these beautiful animals. Deer can reach two and a half meters long and three hundred forty kilograms. They tend to live in small herds with a number of up to ten animals. The majority in most cases is a female. Together with her lives her offspring.
Autumn Sometimes the males collect a kind of harem. Reminded the sound of the pipe, their roar is spread over three or four kilometers around. The most successful deers who won their rivals in the fights can collect around themselves to twenty females. So forms another type of deer herd. At the beginning of the summer season, deer are born of a cub. They appear on the light of eight-eleven kilograms. Before half a year, they have intensive growth. The one-year-old males are seized by horns.
Deer feed on grass, leaves and shoots of trees, mushrooms, lichens, cane, bitter wormwood. But the needle is not suitable for them. In the wildlife of deer live about fifteen years. In captivity, this figure is doubled.
Bobras - another inhabitants of the deciduous forests. The most favorable conditions for them are observed in Europe, North America, Asia. The maximum fixed weight of this animal is a thirty kilogram, and the body length is one meter. Bobrov is distinguished by a massive body and a flattened tail. The membrane between the fingers of the hind legs helps lead a water lifestyle. The color of the fur can vary from light brown to black. Lubricating its wool with a special secret, beavers are protected from wetting. When diving in the water, the ears of the sinks of this animal are folded, and the nostrils are closed. Economic consumption of air helps him be under water until fifteen minutes.
Bobras prefer to settle on the shores of lakes and old men, as well as rivers with slow flow. They are attracted by abundant coastal and water vegetation. It is a hole or a peculiar hatch, the entrance to which is under water stroke. Dams These animals are constructed if the water level is non-permanent. Thanks to these structures, the stock is regulated, which allows you to fall into the dwelling from the water. Overloading branches and even large trees is given by the bots easily. So, the aspen of five-seven centimeters in diameter is amenable to this animal in two minutes. Their favorite food is reed. In addition, they do not mind to encompass Iris, a pitcher, a kubashka. Beavers live families. The young man goes in search of a couple on the third year of life.
Wild pigs are another typical inhabitants of wide forests. They have a huge head and very strong long fig. The most powerful weapon of these animals is sharp triangular fangs that are bent up and forth. Vision in the boars is not very good, but it is compensated by excellent hearing and acute sense. Large individuals achieve weight in three hundred kilograms. The body of this animal is protected by bristle dark brown. She is very durable.
Boars are excellent runners and swimmers. These animals are under the power to overcome the water, whose width is somewhat kilometers. The basis of their diet is plants, however, we can say that the boars are omnivores. Their favorite delicacy - acory and beech nuts, they will not refuse them from frogs, mice, chicks, insects and snakes.
Representatives of reptiles
Wide forests are inhabited by hood, violets, medaleans, spindlers, green and boring lizards. Danger for a person represent only viper. Many mistakenly believe that Medickens are also poisonous, but it is not. The most numerous reptiles of broad forest are a burden.
Features relief
The zone of large forests (and mixed) in the European part of Russia forms a deprious triangle, the foundation of which is located at the western borders of the country, and the top rests in the Ural Mountains. Since the specified territory was not once covered with mainland ice in its relief in most of its own hilly. The most obvious traces of the presence of the Valdai Glacier are preserved in the northwest. There, the zone of broad-willed and mixed forests is characterized by chaotic booms of hills, steep varnishes, closed lakes and basins. The southern part of the described territory is represented by secondary moraine plains, which were formed due to the reduction of the inclined surface of the hilly sections. The relief is characterized by the presence of sand plains of different areas. Their origin is the water-glacier. They have a waviness, sometimes you can meet pronounced sand dunes.
Russian plains
This zone is located in a temperate climatic belt. The climate is relatively soft, wet. The soil of these territories is ferrically podzolic. The close arrangement of the Atlantic Ocean led to the relapse features. The river network in coniferous and large forests is well developed. The reservoirs are distinguished by a large area.
The activity of the fever process is caused by the proximity of groundwater and the humid climate. The dominant plants in herbal cover are widely sheets.
Conclusion
Wide forests located on the territory of Europe are counted for disappearing ecosystems. But another two or three centuries ago they were one of the most diverse on the planet and were located on most of Europe. So, in the sixteenth-eighteenth century, they occupied an area equal to several millions of hectares. Today they are not more than one hundred thousand hectares.
At the beginning of the twentieth century, only fragments in the past of an extensive broadband belt remain unharmed. At the dawn of the specified century, attempts to grow oaks at the dusted territories. However, it turned out to be a difficult enough: the death of young dubric groves was determined by constant droughts. At that time, studies were conducted, which was led by the famous Russian geographer of Dokuchaev. As a result, it was found that failures in the cultivation of new trees are associated with large-scale cutting of forests, as it has forever changed the hydrological regime and climate of the territory.
To date, secondary forests, as well as artificial plantings grow in areas previously occupied by broad forest forests. They prevail the trees of coniferous rocks. Unfortunately, according to experts, the dynamics and the structure of natural oak restoration are not subject to recovery.
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The zone of mixed forests is located south of the taiga, mainly in the Russian plain. This zone is the most widespread in foreign Europe, only the southern Europe Peninsulas are located outside, where vegetation is predominantly subtropical, and most of Scandinavia, mostly taiga. Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Belarus, and partly - Ukraine are in the zone of mixed forests. In Russia, the area occupied by it gradually narrows to the east. For the Urals, mixed forests only enter a narrow strip in Western Siberia; There are no them in Eastern Siberia; Mixed forests appear again in the south of the Far East.
In the field of distribution of mixed forests, the climate is softer than in the taiga: mixed forests are south. He is not so continental as in the taiga. In winter, there are severe frosts, but the forty-portus is rare.
The July temperatures with amazing constancy are held in the range of 17-19 °, the January is steadily falling from +2 to -15 °, fascinating and average annual from 10 to 1 °. From this we can conclude that the narrowing of the zone of mixed forests to the east is not connected with summer temperatures, almost unchanged, but with winter. For this type of vegetation -5 ° C turns out to be the limit.
Mixed forests, as follows from their name, consist of deciduous and coniferous trees. In addition to coniferous and deciduous trees, found in the taiga, the zone of mixed forests are characterized by broader trees - oak, linden, maple, ash and others. Spirly - not so frost-resistant, like Taiga trees, and that is why there are almost no mixed forests in Siberia. Sometimes south of mixed forests allocate an independent zone of wide forests, but it is hardly worth it, because it is found in it sites of coniferous and birch forests.
The climate of the zone of mixed forests allows you to carry out agriculture, so the forests are cut down in many places, in their place field. With regard to this zone now consumes the expressive term "forest plant landscape". Changed the appearance of the zone and industry - it is to this zone that the most industrialized territories occur; Therefore, mixed forests, in contrast to the Arctic deserts, tundra and taiga, are no longer a natural, but a natural anthropogenic zone.
The animal world of mixed forests according to the composition is similar to the animal world of taiga, but since mixed forests are much more clipped by man, he is very depleted, there are few animals left.
In the central part of European Russia within the Russian plain, mainly in the zone of mixed forests, but also goes somewhat south, there is a mid-Russian elevation. North - Valdai hill. Between them, forming the transverse ridge of the East-northeastern stretch, - Smolensko-Moscow elevation.
In mixed forests, on Valdai Hills, the flow of the Volga begins. There is also the beginning of the Dnieper, which then flows through the territory of Belarus and Ukraine and flows into the Black Sea.
Volga is the largest river of European Russia and all of Europe. She flows into the Caspian Sea. The length of the river is more than three and a half thousand kilometers (it is considered 3531 km, but here, as for other rivers, a small measurement error is possible). The total drop in the river is about 240 m.
From the source, approximately to Kazan Volga flows in the total latitudinal directions - from the west to the East, and then turns to the south and flows in the meridional direction.
Large tributaries of the Volga - Oka (right) and Kama (left). Oka originates on the Central Russian hill, Kama - on one of the elevations of the Pre-Urals. At the failure of Oka in the Volga is the city of Nizhny Novgorod, a slightly higher than the kama kaman.
The Volga is bombarded by the dams of many hydroelectric power plants and is now a cascade of reservoirs, between which there is no or almost no sections of the unchanged channel. There are no reservoirs below the dam of the Volga HPP to them. XXII CPSU Congress (Volgograd). A large number of reservoirs makes the Volga regime regulated, that is, water costs are made more uniform; However, in separate places there are large spring floods, which we hear on radio and television almost every spring.
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Wide and mixed forests make up a much smaller percentage of Russia's forest zone than coniferous taiga. In Siberia, they are missing at all. Wide and mixed forest arrays are characteristic of the European part and the Far Eastern region of the Russian Federation. They form deciduous and coniferous species of trees. They have not only the mixed composition of the trunks, but also differ in the diversity of the animal world, resistant to negative environmental impacts, the mosaic of the structure.
Types and Liaorns of Mixed Forests
There are coniferous-fine and mixed-wide forests. The first grows mainly in the continental districts. Mixed forests have a good noticeable longline (change in the composition of the flora, depending on the height). The topmost tier is high ate, pines, oaks. Birch, cock, elm, limes, wild pears and apple trees, more young Dubnyak and others grow slightly lower. Next there are lower trees: Rowan, Kalina, etc. The next tier form shrubs: Kalina, wood, hawthorn, rose hips, raspberries and many others. Next goes half-workers. Herbs, lichens and moss grow at the bottom.
Intermediate and indigenous forms of coniferous-petroleum forest
An interesting feature is that mixed-alcoholic arrays are considered only an intermediate stage of the formation of a coniferous forest. However, they are indigenous: arrays from stone birch (Kamchatka), birch slices in forest-steppes, aspen shrubs and wetlands (south of the European part of the Russian Federation). Forests of finely type very light. This contributes to the brown growth of herbal cover and its variety. Broadcard, on the contrary, refers to sustainable natural formations. It is widespread in the transition band between taiga and broad-sized types. They grow on the plains and on the lowest mountain belt with moderate and wet climatic conditions.
Coniferous-decide forests grow in warmer regions of a moderate belt. They are distinguished by variety and wealth of herbal cover. Grow intermittent stripes from the European part of the Russian Federation to the Far East. Their landscapes are favorable for people. South of Taiga is a zone of mixed forests. They are distributed over the entire area of \u200b\u200bEastern European Plain, as well as in the Urals (up to the Amur region). The solid zone is not formed.
The approximate border of the European section of wide and mixed forests in the north runs 57 ° C. sh. Above it almost completely disappears oak (one of the key trees). South almost comes into contact with the northern border of the forest-steppe, where spruce completely disappears. This zone is a portion in the form of a triangle, the two vertices of which are located in Russia (Ekaterinburg, St. Petersburg), and the third - in Ukraine (Kiev). That is, with the removal from the main zone to the north, broad-sized, as well as mixed forests gradually leave with waterproof spaces. They prefer the richer valleys protected from ice winds with exit to the surface of carbonate rocks. For them, forests of broadly and mixed type with small arrays gradually reach the taiga.
Eastern European Plain mainly has a low-mounted and flat relief, just sometimes encouraging. Here are the origins, pools and watersheds of the largest Russian rivers: Dnipro, Volga, Western Dvina. On their floodplains, meadows are interspersed with forests and arable land. In some regions, lowlands, due to the close location of groundwater, as well as limited flow, in places are extremely marshy. There are also sections with sandy soils, on which thumps grow. Berry shrubs and herbs grow on swamps and cuttings. This locality is the most suitable for coniferous-deciduous forests.
Influence of man
Wide, as well as mixed forests are long exposed to various impacts from people. Therefore, many arrays have changed strongly: the root vegetation is either completely destroyed, or partially or completely replaced by secondary rocks. Now the remains of the forests of the broad-sized type, which survived under a tight anthropogenic press, have a different structure of the changes in the flora. Some species, losing their place in indigenous communities, grow in anthropogenically disturbed habitats or occupied intrazonal positions.
Climate
The climate of mixed forests is quite soft. It is characterized by relatively warm winter (on average from 0 to -16 °) and a long summer (16-24 ° C) compared with the taiga zone. The average annual precipitation is 500-1000 mm. It everywhere exceeds evaporation, which is a feature of a pronounced washing water regime. Mixed forests have such a characteristic feature as a high level of development of herbal cover. Their biomass averages 2-3 thousand c / ha. The flow rate also exceeds the taiga biomass, however, due to the higher activity of microorganisms, the destruction of organic substances is much faster. Therefore, mixed forests have a smaller thickness and a greater level of decomposition of the litter than taiga conifer.
Soils of mixed forests
The soil of mixed forests differ in variety. Pokrov has a rather dead structure. On the territory of the East European Plain, the most common type is a dend-podzolic primer. It is a southern species of classic podzolic soils and is formed only if there are soil-forming rocks of a subline type. Derne-podzolic soil has the same structure of the profile and a similar structure. It differs from a podzolic smallest massiveness of the litter (up to 5 cm), as well as the more significant power of all horizons. And these are not the only differences. Derne-podzolic soils have a more pronounced humus horizon A1, which is under the litter. Its appearance differs from a similar layer of podzolic soils. The upper part contains the root of herbal cover and forms a turin. The horizon can be painted in various shades of gray and has a loose structure. The power of the layer is 5-20 cm, the proportion of humus is up to 4%. The upper part of the primer data profile has a sour reaction. As it is deepened, it becomes even smaller.
Soils of mixed-decide forests
Gray forest soils of mixed-wide forests are formed in intra-engineity regions. In Russia, they are common from the European part to Transbaikalia. In such soil, precipitation penetrates a greater depth. However, soil water horizons are often very deep. Therefore, the soil missing to their level is characteristic only in highly moistened areas.
The soils of mixed forests are better suited for agriculture than taiga substrates. In the southern regions of the European part of the Russian Federation, Pashnya is up to 45% of the area. Closer to the north and taiga, the share of arable land gradually decreases. Agriculture in these regions is difficult due to severe leaching, wetlands and roasting of soils. For good yields, many fertilizers are required.
General characteristics of fauna and flora
Plants and animal mixed forest are very diverse. According to the species wealth of flora and fauna, they are comparable only with tropical jungle and are home to many predators and herbivores. Here in high trees, proteins and other living creatures are harmful, the nests of the bird are doing on the crowns, the roots draw the races of hares and foxes, and beavers live near the rivers. The species manifold of the mixed zone is very large. Here you feel comfortable both inhabitants of the taiga and large forests and the inhabitants of the forest-steppes. Some are awake all year round, while others fall into the hibernation. Plants and have a symbiotic connection. Many herbivores feed on various berries, which in mixed forests are a lot.
Mixed-fine forest arrays are about 90% consisting of breeds of coniferous and fine-type trees. Wide varieties are not so much. Together with coniferous trees, aspen, birch, alder, willow, poplar grow in them. Bereznyakov in the composition of the arrays of this type the most. As a rule, they are secondary - that is, they grow in forest fires, on cuttings and bits, old unused pies. In open habitats, such forests are well renewed and in the first years the expansion of their area contributes
Coniferous-wide forests preferably consist of firings, linden, pines, oaks, elm, Ilmov, maples, and in the southwestern regions of the Russian Federation - Buka, ash and Grab. The same trees, but local species, grow in the Far Eastern region together with grapes, and Lianami. In many ways, the composition and structure of the stands of the forests of a coniferous-wide type depends on climatic conditions, relief and soil and hydrological regime of a particular region. Oak, spruce, maple, fir and other breeds predominate in the North Caucasus. But the most diverse in the composition are the Far Eastern forests of coniferous-wide-type. They are formed by a cedar pine, a Belokoroy Fir, Ayanskaya fir, a few manchurian ash, Mongolian oak, the Amur Lime and the aforementioned local vegetation species.
Species diversity of the animal world
Moose, bison, boars, roots and spotted deers are inhabited from large herbal animals in mixed forests (type is delivered and adapted). Forest proteins, cunits, mountainous, beavers, chips, otters, mice, badgers, minks, black ferrets are present from rodents. Mixed forests are replete with a large number of bird species. Next, many of them are listed, but not all: Ivolga, rapid, Chizh, Drozd-Rubbinnik, Hawk-aunt, Ryabchik, Bullfinch, Solovy, Cuckoo, Udod, Gray Crane, Schegol, Woodpecker, Tewer, Finch. More or less large predators are represented by wolves, lysy and foxes. Mixed forests are also a house for Zaitsev (Rusakov and Belyakov), lizards, heels, snakes, frogs and brown bears.
Mushrooms and berries
Berries are represented by blueberries, raspberries, lingonberries, cranberries, blackberry, cherry, strawberry, bounds, elderberry, rowan, viburnum, rosehip, hawthorn. In the forests of this type there are a lot of edible mushrooms: boosts, white, valui, chanterelles, cheesegings, woven, freight, butter, wrestrs, various rogues, boletus, mossics, rims and others. One of the most dangerous poisonous macromycetes are agricultural and pale toes.
Shrub
Mixed forests of Russia are abundant by shrubs. Undermad tier is unusually developed. For oak arrays, the presence of flakes, eavestets, honeysuckle forest, and in the northern zone - crazy brittle. On the edges and in the Radiali grows rose hips. Liano-shaped plants are found in the forests of coniferous-broad-width type: the fence is fenced, hopsted, hopping sweet-bitter.
Grass
A large species diversity, as well as a complex vertical structure, have grass of mixed forests (especially coniferous-wide-type). The most typical and widely represented category is mesophilic nonoral plants. Among them are representatives of the oak shovels. These are plants that have a sheet plate has a significant width. These include: Pressure Perennial, Snage Ordinary, Medication Unclear, Lily of the Mayan, Oskol, Zelesty, Zelechuk Yellow, Starbed Lanzetovoid, Society (Black and Spring), Violet Amazing. The cereals are represented by cryptic oatmeal, giant oatmeal, forest forest, a cordless doggy, boring, and some others. Flat leaves of these plant data are a variant of adaptation to the specific phytosredness of coniferous-deciduous forests.
In addition to the above perennial species in these arrays there are also herbs of an ephemeeroid group. They carry their growing seasoning period for spring time when the maximum lighting. After the snow comes out, it is ephemeroids that form a beautifully blooming carpet from yellow anemone and goose bows, purple haggles and lilac-bluish prolescas. These plants pass a life cycle for a couple of weeks, and when the leaves of trees bloom, their above-ground part die out over time. The unfavorable period they are experiencing under the layer of soil in the form of tubers, bulbs and rhizomes.
Mixed forests and glitstic forests of the world, location, features of the animal world, a little statistics will consider today.
Mixed forest forests, general characteristics
For mixed forests, as it follows from the name, it is characterized by mixing deciduous and coniferous wood. They are distributed in most countries with a temperate or continental climate. The percentage of the total part of the flattering of the whole world is approximately one fifth.
These forests are located approximately on the border between taiga and wide forests. Such forest arrays exist in North America, Canada, Eurasia, in Kamchatka, in the Far East.
The vegetation world of mixed forests is represented by small, pine-fine and coniferous-wide rocks. The variety of climate is based on the variety of plants. Most often in such territories there are the following plants: fir, beech, linden, spruce, oak, elm.
The places of their growing, as a rule, are characterized by a specific climate: a cold winter and relatively warm summer. For July (the hottest month), the temperature of about 18 - 20 degrees is characteristic. In winter, in the European part there is order -12, and for Asian -28 degrees.
The number of atmospheric precipitation moderate, not more than 600 - 700 millimeters. The humidity coefficient is not too large, since the amount of precipitation drops is approximately equal to the number of evaporated moisture. The degree of boat of this type of forests is significantly lower than in the Taiga territory.
Forest soil or turf-podzolic. They contain a relative large amount of humus. Such lands can provide a rather significant crop even without additional fertilizer.
The animal world of funny forests is not too diverse and quite strongly resemble such in the Taiga territory. Most often, the following types are found here: Elk, sable, brown bear.
Funny forests are traditionally "famous" forest fires. Every year, the impressive area of \u200b\u200bforest land disappears in the world. The situation is exacerbated by the ever-increasing deforestation rates, whose wood has long been aimed through its characteristics.
One hectare of a funny forest is selected about 7.25 tons of oxygen, and absorbs 9.35 tons of carbon dioxide.
Mixed forests of Russia
In the Russian Federation, funny forests are found in the Far East and in Kamchatka. The precipitation here is brought exclusively to monscons from the Pacific Ocean and therefore the forests have a little southern look. They meet a significant amount of plant rocks.
In addition, such forests are characterized by the so-called multi-party, there is a significant amount of Lian, on the trunks of the trees a lot of moss. Among the plant world should be noted the pronounced predominance of the following types: Birch, aspen, Pine, with a slight admixture of fir and cedar.
Soils are exceptionally forest with good fertility. The animal world does not differ in great variety and fully corresponds to the previously described description of the funny forests.
Wild forests of the world, general characteristics
This type of deciduous forests, formed mainly by trees with wide sheet plates. These areas are located in areas with temperate climates and weakened continentality, which corresponds to the part of North America, in the Crimea, in the Caucasus, in the Far East, in Japan, New Zealand, in Chile, and so on. About 30 percent of all forests of the world is represented by this particular type.
Located large forests between tropical (from the southern direction) and blended (from the northern). Temperature conditions are moderate. At the coldest month, there are about -8 degrees. In summer, the average temperature holds at 25 degrees. Moderate humidity. The precipitation falls from 400 to 800 millimeters.
By a variety of vegetable breeds, broad forest forests are among the richest on the globe. In this area there are the following types of plants: oak, beech, elm, ram, ash, klyon, linden.
Trees are characterized by a powerful spreading crown and cracked ivy, as well as massive trunks. In the forests there are a variety of small shrubs. The animal world of broad forest is very similar to the taiga. Here are the following types: Beloham deer, bears, wolves, in addition, foxes, raccoons, minks. In the Red Book of Russia, bison and Ussuri tigers are listed.
Soils in these forests are gray, podzolic, dark gray or brown forests. Sometimes blacklooms can occur, but this is a very rare phenomenon for such places. Soil fertility is significant, which allows you not to worry about making mineral fertilizers.
The zone of large forests is largely clipped by a person. Strictly speaking, brown vegetation in such places is present only in those areas that are unsuitable for agriculture or other activities.
Due to the relatively high humidity, forest fires in wide forests are less common than mixed. The deforestation rates do not exceed those in relation to mixed forests.
One hectare of deciduous forests can allocate about 13 tone of oxygen into the atmosphere and absorb about 17 tons of carbon dioxide.
Wide forests of Russia
There are no special differences between the largest forests of Russia from similar territories of the rest of the world. Everywhere there are the same types of plants and animals. Some differences exist in the degree of influence of human activity. As a rule, in the territory of the countries of the former USSR, anthropogenic factors are less noticeable than say in North America or Japan.
05.05.2016 16:24
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Mixed forests differ from other types that various species of trees can be found on their territory. For example, not only deciduous, but coniferous forests grow here. While the broad-sized forest arrays consist mainly of certain breeds.
Climatic conditions in these areas are moderate temperatures and quite acceptable to grow different trees.
Features of mixed forests of Russia
This is the richest natural resources of a forest array found only in several countries. For our state, the development and cultivation of rocks growing in such forests is an important component of the prosperous development of the entire country industry.
Mixed forests are considered as follows and belong to this type only when a mixture of two types of woody breeds: deciduous and conifers are about 5% of the total volume of the forest massif.
In the territories of our country, where mixed forests grow, mostly warm enough and there are no prolonged precipitation. Summer here is not distinguished by anomalous heat and sharp differences in temperature modes. While in winter there will be no strong snowfalls or natural disasters associated with sharp decreases of temperature.
For mixed forests is characteristic:
- temperate climate,
- the presence of the optimal coefficient of moisture,
- growing a wide variety of trees within one forest massif.
It's closer to the south of the natural zone where mixed forests grow, arrays are located in which broad-sized tree breeds are prevailing. After all, most of the north is taiga. The climatic conditions of these territories allow us to grow here only the most "hardy" rocks of the trees.
The soil of mixed forests is distinguished by special fertility. The constant updating of nature contributes to their feeding and cleaning of the Earth from the substances unnecessary to it. For example, the update needs the soil, which has already been processed by a person. In order for the forest array again to expand its volumes will take several years.
If we consider mixed forests from the point of view of the history of their appearance, then in the past they were present at large territories. However, due to the activities of a person and the development of cities infrastructure, forests have significantly reduced their volumes.
Despite the fact that our country has tremendous advantages in terms of forest industry, every year of the territory of mixed forests and other varieties of these natural resources is significantly reduced.
This leads to natural cataclysms, because only the durable root system of trees can restrain strong winds and prevent floods. Mixed forests are a whole complex of all sorts of natural elements and resources combined in one area.
Only these arrays create a special natural zone represented by coniferous-decide forests. There are only a few places in the world, the climate of which allows you to collect on one territory such a variety of trees. At the same time, so that they can peacefully coexist each other, in fact in one climatic zone.
But the development of wood on these lands is allowed only after receiving the relevant documents approved primarily by the state. Such natural zones on which forest arrays grow are considered the property of the state. Such laws were taken to:
- reduce unauthorized cutting of trees,
- allow mixed forests to freely expand their territories,
- to take care of improving the environmental situation in Russia due to an increase in the volume of forest arrays.
The territory of coniferous forests has recently decreased significantly. But the situation saves coniferous-petty forests. They allow these natural zones to restore their natural potential faster. This is due to growth on the site of already cut down trees, the so-called young forests.
They reduce the stages of transition damaged by cutting the forest to the full restoration of the forest massif. In fact, on the spot of pine and spruce rocks, which are the most popular natural resources in the forest industry, grow birch and pine trees.
Mixed forests of Europe, as well as forest arrays in our country, are practically in the same natural zone. Therefore, the main rocks forming forests belonging to this species are: spruce and oak. Rarely in our time you can meet an array, where among all the tree breeds most distinguishes the ash or male.
After a person began to master these lands, most breeds simply disappeared from these places. For their full recovery, the years and organization of work on disembarking the desired number of seedlings, which will become the basis for the future forest.
The nature is unique, because it is capable of creating so diverse forest arrays. They differ among themselves not only by the form of leaves, but also a whole complex of all sorts of characteristics. Mixed forests cannot form with the help of human effort and correctly planted trees.
Artificially create a similar ecosystem that operates at the expense of its own resources and is practically impossible to be completely autonomous. Therefore, a person does not have anything else, how to keep wealth existing in our country.
Create forests artificially, you can only with one goal - further cutting down and the preparation of the already processed natural material. Sometimes trees are planted for water purification in nearby rivers or in order to create an additional natural "filter" for air purification.
Similar, synthetically created forests are well defined, and it is possible to restore their potential using new seedlings. Thus, nature has time to fill the volume of forest resources, which has already been developed in the forest massif.
Mixed forests are very difficult to grow in artificial conditions. That is, if you just raise a few trees on the territory you need for subsequent cutting of the territory, only some breeds will be able to grow fully.
After all, in fact, the mixed forest is a unique and existing system of several years of years. created by nature, taking into account:
- climate of our country
- endurance of trees who constantly grew on the same territory
- the existence of a certain forest massif that protects young trees from strong winds and other climatic influences.
In addition, it will be waiting for new seedlings again, there is no point. Technologies that provide them with landing are used partially. For example, new, young trees or seedlings are planted on the already produced territory. At the same time, the rocks of these trees should already grow in this mixed forest.
Wide forests of Russia
Despite the fact that these forests are found in our country more often than mixed, the volumes of their arrays are significantly reduced. To the broadstream forest can be attributed only if there are several types of trees with deciduous and wide sheet plates in it. For comparison in mixed forests, except hardwood coniferous trees grow, with needles on the site of sheets. In fact, these needles replace the leaf trees.
For the formation of forest data, a moderate climate type is needed and good humidity. Sharp changes in the temperature mode and harsh winters wide forests are sometimes able to transfer. However, for its full-fledged development, they need a more "calm" climate.
That is, to pass one cycle of your life, the kidneys grow first on the tree, then leaves appear, flowers and only then fruit. The leaves fall on the autumn period of the year, allowing the tree to prepare for the winter period. Surprisingly, the leaves become a fertilizer and an additional insulation for the winter for the same breeds on which they once grew. When winter comes, all processes in trees are suspended, they fall into a state like that.
If we consider mixed forests, then coniferous breeds show greater activity in winter, as they are able to transfer even the most severe climatic conditions. Therefore, in mixed forests, various types of trees are combined.
The widest types of forests are present mainly in the south of Chile, America and a number of other countries whose climatic zones are similar in their weather conditions and temperature regime.
Soil here are rich in useful minerals and fertilizers. Often there are black soils and podzolic soils. But sometimes there are gray, brown forest and others, most characteristic of deciduous trees of varieties.
The leaves as mentioned above are an additional and practically universal nutrient for trees. They contain all the substances necessary for these breeds, allowing to accelerate their growth or slow down if the climatic conditions have changed.
Winter in wide forests is quite mild, sharp shifts in the climatic picture of the natural zone is not observed. If we compare them with mixed, the climate of which changes depending on the natural zone, then the deciduous species of trees love moderate in the climatic plan of winter and warm summer. Only in the summer periods of the year, the tree can restore its strength after the winter sleep and fully grow.
Due to such a moderate climate and the absence of strong humidity, the level of wetlastin is reduced. Therefore, here you practically won't meet the marshes. But they take place in those natural zones, the climate of which is closer to mixed forests and areas of the taiga, where the moisture is significantly higher.
The most common forests are the main trees in which they are: Lipa, Grab or Oak. But you can also meet Kleon.
Our country is rich in various types of forests, while in America only a few trees breeds grow. In the past, this country was proud of oak-chestnut forests. They practically disappeared from our planet and are present in minor clusters of trees.
Russia in this regard has more opportunities to create the formation of different forest arrays. It all depends on:
- nature
- human activity
- the rate of development of infrastructure of cities, which is the main cause of the deforestation of the majority of forests in Russia.
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