Grad. - Phenomenon is infrequent, but each of us came across him. Judging by the statistics, approximately one of the 800 thunderstorms is accompanied by the loss of hail, the size of which is from walnut, and each five-thousandth thunderstorm brings a hail with a tennis ball. Grad most often falls in warm weather, accompanied by lightning, thunder and shower.
The history of the formation of hail is reflected in its structure. Large Gradina, cut in half, is like a bulb: it consists of several layers of ice. Sometimes gradins resemble a puff pie, where ice and snow alternate. And this is your explanation - according to such layers it is possible to calculate how many times a piece of ice made a journey from the rain clouds into the supercourse layers of the atmosphere.
How is Grad formed?
Grad begins on a not yet above 5 kilometers, where in summer the temperature does not rise more than 15 ° C.
The reason for the appearance of the hail is the rain droplets, which, passing through the layers of cold air rise, and then lowered, frozen more and turning into solid ice balls. Sometimes they are rotating up to-down long, covering an increasing layer of ice and snow and increasing the grades. During such a process, the top-down jumps is becoming new layers of ice, while they do not grow up a sufficient number of layers that introduced its mass to quite large importance to cope with the strength of ascending air flows. That is why two-kilogram gradins fall on the ground.
Cloud, which carries degrees, can be recognized during its approach. She, as a rule, "sits riding" on black and wide thunderstorm cloud. Usually a holiday cloud has the appearance of a high cliff with several sharp vertices. If you look at it through a portable telescope or very powerful binoculars, then you can observe how strong vertical streams are pulsed. For a long time, scientists are looking for a method for preventing geilds: they sent rockets with a special filling with a special stuffing clouds, fired into the clouds from the guns and fired them from the aircraft. But, despite this, every time a hail was hushed into Earth, turning agricultural plantings in heaps of the burver, and sometimes even crumpled animals and people.
One of the largest rules of the 20th century was recorded on May 11, 1929 in India. Many grads weighed near a kilogram and reached 13 centimeters in diameter. Such a hail is a real disaster for people, animals and plants - after all, falling from a high height, large grain develops a grand rate. Grad walked no more than 15 minutes. Gradiii is also quickly ended, as it began. The whole injured area was like a military battle field.
The largest officially registered Gradda was discovered in the city of Aurora, after the past hail on June 22, 2003 in the South-Central Nebraska. Its diameter is 17.8 cm.
And on May 30, 1879, during the tornger in the US state of Kansas, the grades were observed up to 38 cm in diameter. After their fall in the ground, pits were formed, the size of 17 * 20 centimeters.
Such a hail is a big rarity, but it still sometimes happens.
Grad is a type of precipitation. It is an ice particles of various shapes (both round and wrong), the size of which is usually from a pair of millimeters to several centimeters. Gradins consist of several layers of transparent and translucent ice, which alternate with each other. It cannot be said that this phenomenon is frequent. So, if you believe the statistics, hail falls in about one of 800 thunderstorms.
The layer of precipitation is usually no more than a few centimeters, but it directly depends on the duration of the drop - it ranges from the pair of minutes to one hour. It should be noted that the hail is usually falling in the warm season - the grades are formed in a supercooled cloud as a result of freezing some drops. But large grades appear only in cases where strong air flows are present in the cloud, which can hold them from falling to the ground.
This is a natural phenomenon, though beautiful, however, can deliver a lot of problems. First of all, we are talking about agriculture - gradins simply destroy crops. And if they are large, they suffer from people, cars, at home ...
It is worth noting that sometimes a foreign object can be found in the gradine. So, in one of the US cities during precipitation on the ground fell a huge iceland, inside which was ... a small turtle!
It is difficult to say what kind of degrees should be considered the largest in the world. So, according to informal information, in the early 80s of the last century in the Chinese province of Guangdong, gradins fell out, the weight of which reached as much as 7 kilograms! They say that several people died then, and several tens of thousands of houses were destroyed both in part and completely.
In 1929, there was a hail in India, the diameter of which reached 13 centimeters, and the weight is more than one kg. He became a real disaster for people living in the terrain, because he not only eager houses of locals, but also destroyed all sowing. It was about 15 minutes and ended also quickly, as it began.
A major hail was also seen in Nebraska in 2003 (the largest graddes weighed more than 1.5 kg), in Bangladesh (about 1 kg), Kansas in the 1970s (500-700 g).
Interesting facts about Grad
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Do you know that:
- annually as a result of Gradobiimi, up to 1% of the vegetation of the entire globe suffers, and the damage caused by a hail of the economy of different countries, in the amount of about 1 billion dollars;
- gradins can take various forms: spherical, cone-shaped, in the form of an apple, ellipse, etc.;
- Milk-white grades may contain different kind of "surprises" in the form of pollen plants, bacteria, insects and even frogs and small fish. Microscopic objects fall into the cloud generated by the cloud as a result of upstream air flows (in graded cumulus-rain clouds, they can be very strong) in the terrain on which the cloud developed. Heavy objects fall into a hazard cloud due to powerful mesoscale vortices - tornadoes, tornadows. Ascending and descending flows in such powerful heap-rain (as a rule, super-cell) clouds are so strong that the object comparable by mass with a frog or fish does not fall out of the cloud back to the ground, but, obeying the air flow, moves in the cloud up - down; Included in contact with supercooled drops and becomes the core of condensation, turning into a full gradone ...
- More than others, the districts of Northern India suffer from a major city, where one of the four grades reaching the Earth is superior to 2.5 cm. With the approach of summer monsoon, the danger of a large degrees in this country increases sharply. But perhaps the most destructive hail was observed in India in 1888, when 250 people were killed by major gradines.
- In the US, the largest hail was registered on September 3, 1970 in the town of Coffeeville (Kansas). The size of individual gradines was then more than 14 cm, while their weight reached almost a kilogram. But this is not a world record!
- kilogram gradines were those that fell out on April 14, 1986 in Bangladesh, but the most passioned ice boulders fell out during a hail in Khuderabad (India) in 1939. Then their weight reached 3.4 kg. But the largest degrees, judging by the destruction, fell in 1902 in China.
- As it is known, Gradda in the context resembles a bulb, i.e. Consists of rings. In order to find out how many times, Gradin passed up / down inside the heap-rain cloud, it is necessary to simply calculate the number of such rings.
- Grad rarely drops over 15 minutes. The average duration of the city is about 6 minutes.
- The speed of falling large gradines can reach 160 km / h.
How to behave during a major hail?
If you are in the car, then hold on from the glasses, it is desirable to turn back to them with your back (face to the center of the cabin) and cover your eyes with your hands or clothes. If you turned out to be small children, they need to be closed with their body and also cover their eyes either by clothing or hand. It is best to lie on the floor (if the interior dimensions allow).
- If you move by car, stop moving. However, it is pre-examined (if visibility allows), is there any coverage area (bridges, overpass, garages, indoor parking). If there is no suitable shelter nearby, make sure that you are not in the middle of the roadway, and, if possible, squeeze closer to its edge. However, it should be borne in mind that the exit to the side of the road (especially in the nisin) is dangerous, because It can be blurred with intensive precipitation and possible flooding. Also do not enter the clusters of the gradin, because Your car can also lose controllability. In no case do not leave the car during hail! Remember that the average duration of the hail is about 6 minutes, and it is very rare it lasts longer than 15 minutes.
- If the hail found you in the room, then keep the ones as far as possible from the windows and do not leave the house. Do not use electrical appliances, because Grad is usually accompanied by storm.
- If the hail found you on the street, then try to choose the shelter. Otherwise, protect your head from gradin blows. Do not go into lowers, which in minutes can be filled with water and turn into a rapid flow, or in places with the greatest accumulation of grades, where their layer is clearly thicker than around.
- Do not try to find shelter under the trees, because The risk of not only the lightning in them, but also the fact that large grades can break the branches of trees, which can apply additional damage to you.
If you or someone near suffered from the effects of large grades. Be sure to contact the rescue service, while specifying the size of the grades.
Grad in different countries
According to the testimony of meteorological obstacles, the biggest hail, from once fallen out on Earth, was in April 1981 in Guangdong Province, China. There were gradins weighing 7 kilograms. Typically, hail is small, the diameter is about 4.5 centimeters. As a result of the natural elements of 5 people, 5 people were killed and about 10,500 buildings were destroyed.
In addition, here are some more information about the major city, found in different sources:
Near a kilogram of weighed and grades who fell in Khuderabad (India) in 1939. The weight of individual gradin reached 3.4 kilograms!
Large degrees dropped in Kofieville, Kansas, September 3, 1970. The diameter of the gradin was more than 14.2 centimeters, and the length of the circumference of Oklo 44.45 centimeters. Gradin weight was up to 755 grams.
During the tornger in Kansas, USA on May 30, 1879, grades were observed up to 38 cm in diameter. After their fall, the pits were formed in the ground, the size of 17 to 20 centimeters.
Facts about hay
Although this is not the limit. If they are based on the consequences of hail, on the destruction left by him, the largest Grad in the world fell in 1902 in China.
Frequently, the land falls, within which something is concluded. This is because inside the cloud that has breeding hail, ascending-downlinks are very strong. The object, located inside, does not fall back to the ground, and moves inside the cloud Up-down, contacts with supercooled drops and becomes the center of condensation, turning into a major degrees. So, for example, in Bovin (USA) in 1894, Gradina fell inside which the turtle was concluded, 20 centimeters long.
Elena Puddaeva, samogo.net
Grad is a very serious natural disaster, every year appreciative damage to agriculture. Grad, it is actually slices of ice falling from the sky. Not so rarely, the size of the ice is reached the sizes of the egg and even apple.
Vintage grain, vineyards, fruit gardens may be in 15 minutes. To die because of the "bombing" from the air a large hail. According to the high-altitude geophysical institute, only one gilding on August 19, 2015 caused damage to the economy of the North Caucasus about 6 billion rubles.
In the Middle Ages to prevent the formation of large grades, people beat in the bells and shot from the guns, trying to shed out the sinister cloud to shed on the ground, before the grades in it achieved large sizes. Now we use modern and support reliable ways to introduce into the thunderstorm cloud - they launch anti-shots pyrotechnic shells and rockets.
So what is a hail, how is it formed, and from which the size of the gradin depend? In summer, the air above the surface of the Earth is heavily heated, an upward flow is formed, which can be so strong, which is capable of carrying steam to height from 2.5 km, where the temperature is much lower than zero, as a result of which water drops are hypocheated, and if rising even higher (on Height 5 km), begin to form icy gradins. In the future, gradins can grow to significant due to the freezing of the droplets colliding with them, as well as the death of grades among themselves.
It is important to note that large grades may appear only if there are strong-rising streams in the clouds that can hold them from falling on the ground. At the speed of the ascending flow in the cloud of less than 40 km / h, the long time of the grad can be held in the cloud will not be - and they are quite quickly falling down, not the time to grow, and if they fall from relatively small height, they can wrap, as a result Livni. The thicker cloud, the greater the likelihood that the grads will grow to large sizes and large pieces of ice will fall on the ground.
The clouds from which degrees are characterized by dark gray, ash color and white, as if overhanging, tops. Each cloud consists of several clouds chosen on each other: the bottom is usually at a small height above the ground, the upper at an altitude of 5, 6 and even more than thousands of meters above the ground surface. Sometimes the lower cloud is drawn in the form of a funnel, as it is typical of the phenomenon. Grad is usually accompanied by a thunderstorm and sometimes in thunderstorm and tornadoes) with a strong uplink air. Such phenomena like a tornado, tornadoes and hail are closely related to each other and with cyclonic activities. Graded vortices are sometimes unusually strong.
Most often, hail falls in moderate latitudes. And above the water expanses, it occurs much less often (overgrowing the rising air flows are more often than above the sea).
Grad falling in mountainous areas, the largest and most dangerous. This can be explained by the fact that in hot weather the relief of the surface of the Earth in the mountains is unevenly heated, there are very powerful ascending streams, raising particles of water vapor to a height of up to 10 km, where the air temperature is below -40 ° C. A major hail flying from this height can reach 160 km / h speed and lead to crop death, serious destruction of buildings, transport, to the death of people and animals.
There are a lot of catastrophic cases of loss of large hail. So, on April 14, 1986, kilogram gradins fell in Bangladesh in Gopalgandezha. 92 people died due to hail. Even more sweaty pieces of ice bombed Indian Hiderabad in 1939. They weighed at least 3.4 kilograms. If you judge the destruction, the largest degrees passed in China in 1902.
And now some facts about Grad and measures to combat it in our country.
In Russia, the most susceptible to natural disasters, in particular, the loss of strong hail of the North Caucasus and South. On average, in the North Caucasus for the entire summer season, degrees damage in the territories of about 300-400 thousand hectares, of which completely yields are destroyed on an area of \u200b\u200b142 thousand hectares.
In recent decades in connection with global warming climate The frequency and intensity of natural phenomena increase in Russia by 6-7% per year, respectively, the losses from natural disasters. Every year more than 500 emergencies are recorded in the country, in their number and drought, tornadoes.
In 2016, Grad inflicted the first tangible blow to the North Caucasus in May-June. According to the State Ministry of Emergency Situations, as a result of the element in the Stavropol, the damage caused more than 900 private households, 70.1 thousand hectares of crops were damaged, of which 17.8 thousand hectares were destroyed. In North Ossetia, a hail of a chicken egg, which took place on June 5, destroyed 369.8 hectares of potatoes crops, corn on grain, barley, the amount of damage is estimated at 27 million rubles.
One of the methods of protection against large degrees is to install over vegetables landings, grape plantations of protective grids, but the grids do not always withstand the domestic on a very large and rapid hail.
More than fifty years ago, 10 paramilitary services were created in the USSR, including three in the North Caucasus - Krasnodar, North Caucasian and later Stavropol service, which protect the territory of 2.65 million hectares in North Caucasian and South Federal Districts. According to experts, the protection area needs to be expanded. RUB 497 million RUB from 497 million RUB over 2012; and their content every year - about 150 million rubles. However, according to scientists, gradual protection will give an economic effect of about 1.7 billion rubles.
Antihame rockets spray the reagent in the areas of the new growth of holidays and cereal clouds, which leads to the acceleration of sedimentation and loss of rain precipitation instead of the hail. At the end of the 1950s, the first anti-charter "Elbrus-2" was tested, shot from the anti-aircraft gun KS-19. Since then, projectiles and installations were improved. The latest development of 2014 is a small-sized counter-chart complex "AS-Elia" as part of the "AU" rocket and 36-hard automated missile installation "Elya-2" with remote wireless control.
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