Where in Africa has the greatest amount of precipitation. The climate of South Africa. Geographical location of continent

Thanks to its geographical position ( for the most part In the hot belt illumination) Africa - is the hottest mainland of the Earth.

She gets more sun heat and light than any other mainland. This is the only continent extending from the equator about the same distance to the Northern and South Hemisphere. The sun throughout the year between the tropics is high above the horizon, and twice a year at any point is in Zenith. The main features of the climate are determined primarily by the position of the main part of the mainland in tropical and equatorial breadthoh. Against the background of constantly high air temperatures, the main differences in the climate of individual areas are determined by the amount of precipitation and the duration of the rainy season.

IN tropical breadthah are huge deserts, closer to the equator - areas of summer rains, in equatorial zone Sids fall out throughout the year. Extensive spaces have acute lack of moisture. The continentality of the climate is particularly sharply pronounced in the northern part of Africa thanks to its large size and near the neighborhood of Eurasia. The Western shores of the continent in tropical latitudes are washed with cold currents - Canary and Bengelsky, cooling air lying over them so much that its lower layers up to a height of about 500 m are becoming noticeably colder than. This eliminates the possibility of developing ascending currents and precipitation. Therefore, along the Western shores in tropical latitudes are the propheanic deserts. The south-east coast, on the contrary, is washed by a warm Mozambic course, which increases instability air mass and contributes to the fallout of precipitation on the mountain slopes of Eastern and South Africa. Most of the Africa is under the influence of the transmission circulation of both hemispheres. Passat northern Hemispherecoming from sushi carry continental air with low relative humidity. South Hemisphere Passats coming from Indian Ocean, put on the eastern outskirts of the mainland mass of wet-unstable air.

In Africa, several climatic belts can be distinguished, due to the symmetrical position of the continent relative to the equator are observed in both hemispheres: Equatorial, subequatorial, tropical, subtropical.

Equatorial belt Includes part of the Congo River basin and the Northern Coast of the Guinean Bay. Equatorial climate is in constancy annual stroke All elements. Usually in the morning there is clear weather. During the day due to the strong heating of the surface, the air saturated with moisture is rushed up. Formed cumulative clouds. After noon falls out storm rainaccompanied by a strong beard and thunderstorms. In the evening, clear weather comes again. The equatorial climate belt is always evenly high average monthly air temperatures (+ 25-27 degrees) and a large number of precipitation during the year (1500-1800 mm).

Equatorial climate belt is framed by a wide band sub-screen climatewhich comes to about 15-20? The latitude of each hemisphere. Two seasons stand out here - dry winter, wet summer. IN summer time The equatorial monsoon dominates (in fact, this is the Passat of the opposite hemisphere crossed the equator and changed the direction under the action of Coriolis forces), which brings wet equatorial air with which abundant precipitation is associated. In winter, the belt is under the influence of the trade wind bringing the mass of dry tropical air. The duration of the wet period, the annual amounts of precipitation and moisturizing within the belt vary from the equator towards the tropics and in the direction from the west to the East. The hottest time happens at the beginning of the rainy season when average temperature exceeds 30 degrees. However, even in the coolest months, the temperature is not below 20 degrees.

Tropical belts correspond to the tropical latitudes of both hemispheres. At most of the Africa, the climate of these belts are deserted or semi-deserted. In the northern part there is the hottest and dry area not only Africa, but also the whole land - the sugar desert. In the summer, the surface of the Sahara is strongly heated and the Northeast Passat, bringing air with a relative humidity of 15-30%, rushes there. Dry and hot winds are accompanied by dust and sand Buryami. The sun heats the surface of the stones and sand to 70 degrees., The air temperature rises to 40 degrees. and higher. Due to the lack of clouds at night, the surface of the earth and the air is rapidly cooled. Therefore, fluctuations in daily temperatures are very high.

In South Africa, tropical climatic belt is common on a smaller area. Due to the smaller length from the West to the east of the precipitation, more than in sugar, especially a lot on the eastern slopes of the dragon mountains, in the east of Madagascar island, where the sediments bring south-eastern trade winds from the ocean. However, on the coast of the Atlantic Ocean, the rains almost never happen. The Cold Bengelege of the Atlantic Ocean, passing in the southwestern coast, lowers the air temperature in the coastal part of the mainland. Here rains fall less frequently than in Sugar. The only source of moisturizing here is dew, which is formed by lowering the temperature near the surface layer of air at night.

Some researchers combine all listed belts into one - equatorial-tropical. Types of climate in it are isolated by quantity wet months (Wet is considered a month in which more than 50 mm of precipitation falls). Extract extragumid (12 wet months (V.M.) of GKO more than 2500 mm), humid (10-12 V.M.), semi-humid (6-9 V.M., if 6 is a GCO more than 600 mm), semi-diaride (4-6 V.M.), Arid (0-3), extra-garden (0 V.M., Gko less than 100 mm).

Subtropical climatic belts occupy the extreme north and south of Africa. It allocates the seasonal change of air masses (in summer - tropical, winter - moderate). Roast (+ 27-28 degrees.) dry summerComparative warm winter (+ 10-12 degrees.). On the northwestern and south-western outskirts of the mainland, the Mediterranean variety of this climate is observed with a wet winter and dry summer. The subtropical climate is very favorable for human life.

(according to E.M. Zubashchenko)

Most of the mainland is located between the tropics. The lowest midday position of the sun here is about the same as in Moscow a day summer Solstice. The average air temperatures in summer almost everywhere above +20 ° C, in winter months Africa also does not suffer from cold weather - even in the most "cool" southern and northern regions The average monthly temperatures do not fall below +8 ° C.

The climates of the African continent differ primarily by the amount and regime of precipitation. The most precipitates falls in the having evidence. For example, in the Congo River Basin and on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea, 2000-3000 mm per year falls (with a maximum of 9000 mm on the mountain slopes of the mountains). But in the northern and some south-western regions, 300 mm of precipitation is the limit of the annual norm.

Since the equator crosses Africa in almost middle, then the climatic belts, with the exception of equatorial, are repeated on the territory of the mainland twice: two subequatorial, two tropical and two subtropical (north and southern tip) belt.

Equatorial climate constantly wet and hot. It is common in the Congo's Bowl and on the Gulf Coast. Average monthly temperatures are constant, +25 ... + 28 ° C. The sediments fall evenly for months throughout the year, and there are quite a lot of them - up to 2000 mm and more. Daily temperature amplitudes significantly exceed annual fluctuations.

To the north and south of the equator to 17-20 °, respectively, the northern and southern latitude prevails

musson Sub equatorial climate with seasonal change of direction of movement of air masses. In summer, heavy rains fall out, the dry hot weather is installed in winter.

IN tropical belt Dry weather dominates round yearbut in southern Africa falls several more precipitationthan in the north. Summer roast (up to +40 ° C), winter temperatures are lowered to +18 ° C. Daily amplitudes of temperatures are also more annual (daily - up to 40-50 °, annual - up to 20 °). The precipitation (50-150 mm per year) falls out episodically in the form of short-term shower. On the west coast of Africa, in the desert Namib is colder (in summer, about +20 ° C, and in the winter about +15 ° C), and the precipitates are almost absent. The air comes here from the colder temperate latitudes. In the heat heated, the saturation of moisture is reduced when driving to the equator, and precipitation is not formed. In the area of \u200b\u200bcold flows at the surface of the ocean, the air turns out to be colder than in the upper layers, and convective currents leading to the occurrence are not formed. However, a lot of moisture evaporates from the sea surface, and this is a relatively cold night clock leads to formation on the coast of dew and fog.

Hot wet tropical climate Forms on the east coast of South Africa. There, saturated moisture, air masses move from the equator towards moderate latitudes. This is favored by I. warm currentsOver which the air receives a particularly much moisture. Lifting up the slopes of high ledges of plateaus and dragon mountains, the air is cooled, clouds are formed, and precipitates fall out.

On the coast Mediterranean Sea and on the southwestern outskirts of Africa dominates subtropical mediterranean climate With dry hot summer and warm wet winter. On the south-east coast, on the contrary, in the summer there is wet air from the Indian Ocean, and it rains. In winter, precipitation is smaller, as the Caps of Mountains prevent the penetration of the dominant Western winds.

Determined by the position of its greater part between the tropics and is characterized by high values Total (180-200 kcal / cm2 per year). In accordance with this, most of the Africa has high and considered the hottest mainland. On the northern coast of the Guinean Gulf and in average temperatures during the year 25-26 ° C. The average summer temperatures are highest in the north, in (30-32 ° C; in the western part up to 38 ° C); In El Azizi (), the maximum temperature on Earth 58 ° C was observed. In subtropical latitudes in summer from 16 to 22 ° C. The warm and needle cape of the flow, the eastern shores of Africa south of Africa, increase and level the coastal temperatures; Canary and Bengelege cold flows reduce temperature and strengthen the dryness of the Western Coast of Africa in the tropics. In the northern hemisphere, the continentality of Africa is very large due to large sizes Sushi and intimacy. In the southern hemisphere, much falls on the windy slopes of the dragon mountains and.

The main circulation process is over - the transfer of tropical air by trade winds, subject to high pressure belts in the tropics to the equatorial hollow low. The tropical air of the trade winds is found with the equatorial in the northern and southern zones Internal convergence. In these zones, thunderstorms are often arising, bringing abundant precipitation. Directly in the thickness of equatorial air there are convective precipitations.

In Northeast Africa from 5 ° sh. Along the lowland coast of the peninsula blows the southwest monsoon, rushing in. The rains fall only in the inner mountain areas of the peninsula. In south of the equator also drops very little precipitation, since the wet winds coming from the western periphery of the South Maximum blowing mainly in parallel to the shore and give sediments only on the on-line slopes of the plateau. In its inner areas, continental tropical air from a South African maximum, which is installed in the Southern Hemisphere over South Africa in the Sugar minimum, flows into the sugar minimum. With southeast, this air penetrates into the subequatorial latitudes of South Africa, where there is no precipitation in winter. Along the west coast in the tropics blows winds from the eastern periphery of South Maxima, the trade mat inversion lies even lower than that of Western shores tropical Africa. Along the eastern outskirts of South Africa, there are precipitation on the line of the intrachetic front (on top of the dragon mountains there are heavy snowfalls).

By seasonal features , the movement of the temperature and falling out of precipitation on the coast of the Gulf of Guinea and in the cavity is constantly allocated to the wet and hot equatorial climate type (5-7 ° C. sh. up to 2-3 ° H. sh.). Here is the most wet place Africa - Debubjanja (at the foot of G., 9655 mm per year); In the rest of the districts drops at least 1500 mm. To the north and to the south, the equatorial climate is gradually moving into with summer wet and winter dry seasons. The duration of the latter increases from 2 to 10 months, and the annual amounts of precipitation decrease from 1800 mm to 300 mm. North of 20 ° C. sh. And south of 18 ° sh. The climate of Africa tropical, in the northern hemisphere, is very dry. In Sahara, the amount of precipitation decreases to 100 mm and less per year; Eastern Sahara is the most dry area of \u200b\u200bAfrica (10-20 mm of precipitation per year). Along the western coast climate Oceanic desert with high relative air. In the southern hemisphere in a tropical belt, three sectors: in the West - the ocean desert, in the center - the continental moderately arid and arid, in the east - the marine trade machine with the summer maximum of precipitation. Northern and southern areas of Africa lie in. Climate, and in its inner areas and on the coast of Libya and Oar - semi-desert and deserted. In South Africa, a typically Mediterranean climate is observed on the south-western wind-ground slopes of the capitals, monsoon subtropical with a summer high-racing, on the southeast outskirts; In the inner areas - semi-desert and deserted.

Date: 03.04.2017

Climate Africa

The climate of Africa is determined by its geographical position - most of it is located between the tropics and is characterized by high values \u200b\u200bof the total, solar radiation (180-200 kcal / cm 2 per year). Africa is considered the hottest mainland. On the northern coast of the Guinean Bay and in the coast of the Congo, the average temperatures during the year are + 25 ... + 26 ° C. The average summer temperatures are high in the north of Sudan, in sugar (+ 30 ... + 32 ° C; in the western part to + 38 ° C); In El Azizia (Libya), the temperature was watched by the highest temperature: + 58 ° C. In subtropical latitudes in summer from + 16 ... + 22 ° C. Average winter temperatures at 20 ° C. and Yu.Sh. make up + 16 ° C; In subtropics - about + 10 ° C.

At the climate of Africa, the trade winds, which make up the tropics to the equator . Wet Air masses on the territory of Africa brings from the Indian Ocean Southeast Passat, dry The weather brings from Eurasia Northeast Passat.

The climate of the coast of the mainland affects warm currents Mozambique and needle capes, the eastern shores of Africa south of the equator, increase and level the coastal temperature; Canary and Bengelege cold flows reduce temperature and strengthen the dryness of the Western Coast of Africa in the tropics. For example, under the influence of the Beglen flow, the Namib desert was formed.

Dragon and Cape Mountains delay Eastern Passat on the windward slopes, which causes redistribution ospalkov.

The main circulation process over Africa is the transfer of tropical air by trade winds that are from high pressure belts (from tropics) to the equatorial part with low atmospheric pressure.

Over Northwest Africa Installed high pressure - Saglors of the Azor maximum, from which the sea tropical air reaches, quickly warms up and does not form precipitation on the Mediterranean coast and in sugar, where the sugar minimum is formed.

Along the western coast Winds blowing from the eastern part of the Azores maximum. The main source of poor moisturizing is hidden moisturizing with fogs and dears.

In Northeast Africa from 5 ° Yu.Sh. Along the lowland coast of the Somalia Peninsula blows the southwest monsoon, which is directed to India. The rains fall only in the inner mountain areas of the peninsula. IN East Africa, south of the equator, also drops very little precipitation.

IN Sugarian The minimum flows the continental tropical air from the South African maximum, which is installed in winter in the southern hemisphere over South Africa in tropical latitudes. Above sugar pressure rises (sugar maximum), dry; along Atlantic coast Circulation is kept unfavorable for precipitation.

To Eastern The slopes of the Etbey Ridge and Ethiopian Highlands Poor Cells from the Red Sea bring northeastern winds, leaving the Arabian Peninsula.

In East Africa, south of 5 ° Yu.Sh., the sediments fall predominantly on the eastern slopes of the plateau, as well as in its Western highlands, where monsoon streams from Indian and Atlantic oceans.

In South Africa Passats from the Indian Ocean bring abundant precipitation on the eastern slopes of Madagascar and dragon mountains up to subtropical latitudes.

Africa is located in seven climatic belts: Equatorial (wet and hot season During the year), two subequatorial (warm all year round, two seasons - summer rainy and winter arid), two tropical (continental, marine), two subtropicals (wet warm winter, dry sultry summer).

Along the western outskirts of South Africa from 6 ° Yu.Sh. Until the subtropics there is an anticyclonal circulation of the eastern outskirts of a southeatlantic maximum, especially stable in tropical latitudes, where exceptional dryness is preserved.

For seasonal features of circulation, temperature and precipitation on the coast of the Guinea Bay and in the Congo Congo, allocate constantly wet and hot Equatorial climate type (from 5-7 ° S.Sh. up to 2-3 ° Yu.Sh.). Here is the most wet place of Africa - Debubjanja (at the foot of the Cameroon Mountain, 9655 mm of precipitation per year); In other areas, at least 1500 mm falls.

In the north and south, the equatorial climate is gradually moving into a subequatorial(Equatorial monsoon) with summer wet and winter dry seasons. The duration of the latter increases from 2 to 10 months, and the annual amounts of precipitation decrease from 1800 mm to 300 mm. North of 20 ° S.Sh. and south of 18 ° Yu.Sh. The climate of Africa tropical, in the northern hemisphere desert, very dry.

In Sahara, the amount of precipitation decreases to 100 mm per year and less; Eastern Sahara - the most dry area of \u200b\u200bAfrica(10-20 mm precipitation per year).

Along the west coast climate Oceanic desert with high relative air humidity. In the southern hemisphere in the tropical belt three sectors :

• in the West - Ocean Desert,
• in the center - continental moderately arid and arid,
• in the east - the marine trade machine with the summer maximum of precipitation.

The outskirts of Africa lie in subtropical climatic belts.In the north of Africa Mediterranean climate: on the atlas on the windward slopes - typical,in its inner areas and on the coast of Libya and South Africa- semi-desert and deserted.In South Africa, a typical Mediterranean climate; observed on the south-western windy slopes of the capitals; subtropical monsoon with summer high precipitation -on the southeastern outskirts; semi-desert and deserted -in domestic regions.

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Africa. Physico-geographical position. History of research and development

The widest part of Africa is located in the center of the hot illumination belt. All the mainland is clustered the sun all year, gets great amount The energy of our shine. The climate of Africa is determined by the geographical position, air circulation, the influence of oceans, the nature of the underlying surface. By combining these basic factors on the mainland, climatic belts (main and transitional) are distinguished: subtropical, tropical, subequatorial and equatorial. In this order they replace in the northern hemisphere from north to south.

Overall characteristics of the climate of Africa

The equator crosses the continent about the center. North - a larger part of the mainland - extends to the Mediterranean Sea in the north and the Arabian Peninsula of Eurasia in the northeast. South of the equator lies a narrow part of Africa, resembling a triangle form. The territory from the equator to the northern tropic gets about 200 kcal / cm2 per year. Average for total solar radiation The mainland is 160 kcal / cm2 per year.

The climate of Africa is diverse, heat and moisture are distributed unevenly, especially in the desert regions. Maximum amount The precipitation is obtained by the southwestern foot of the Cameroon volcano - up to 10,000 mm / year. Africa exceeds other continents on temperature indicators, is the hottest of them. The greatest amount of solar heat falls on an array of sushi located between the Northern and South Tropics.

The climate description of Africa will spend on the position of the territories of the continent relative to the equator. This is the main climate-forming factor on which heating depends ground surface, and from her - air. Important role It belongs to other conditions: circulation of the atmosphere, the nature of the relief, the peculiarities of the underlying surface, the situation relative to other continents, the oceans. Basic I. transition types Climate Africa:

• Equatorial.
• Sub-screen (wet in the south, arid - in the north).
• Tropical desert.
• Subtropical Mediterranean.

Equatorial climate of Africa

In the center of the mainland near the parallel 0 ° is formed hot and humid climate. Equatorial belt covers a territory from 6 ° C. sh. up to 5 ° sh. In the Congo pool in the East, the Gulf Coast comes to 8 ° C. sh. The conditions of this region are determined by the equatorial air masses - hot and wet; Rain go throughout the year. The air in January, July heats up an average of up to +25 ° C, falls out 2000-3000 mm of precipitation per year. Moisturizing coefficient reaches 1.5-2 (excessive).

Evergreen forests

Equatorial climate of Africa creates favorable conditions For heat and moisture-loving plants. The Equatorial region of Africa is covered with dense evergreen forests - hyiley. Animals and people are difficult to be under the canopy of the forest, where it is gloomy and stuffy, the air is saturated with the smells of the proper oat and aroma of orchids.

Harrow small-populated natural zone in last years It is intensively mastered. Forest cutting is made for the sake of obtaining valuable woodexport going. Red Tree, Abashi (African Maple) and other breeds are mined.

Sub-screen climatic belt

It occupies the extensive spaces of the mainland from 20 ° sh. up to 17 ° C. sh. In the areas of the subequatorial climate, there are more than 1/3 of the territory of Africa. In eastern transitional belief not interrupted equatorial in southern Hemisphere - Does not reach the Atlantic Ocean.

Characteristics of the climate of Africa in the continent's subexvatorial field:

1. Temperature conditions and moisturizing are determined by the alternate effect of tropical and equatorial air masses. As a result, seasons are formed - wet and dry.
2. In summer, the hot and wet air of equatorial latitudes dominate, the dry tropical air mass comes in winter, it becomes a little cooler.
3. The duration of the season without precipitation ranges from 2 to 10 months. Mid annual temperature AIR - Over +20 ° C, precipitation will fall about 1000 mm / year (in the southern belt).
4. The duration of the wet period and the average annual precipitation decreases to the outskirts subscance belt.
5. IN northern regions Rain drops less, the hot breath of the desert is felt. The hottest period of the year falls at the beginning of the rainy season, when the average monthly temperature exceeds the +30 ° C mark.
6. For cool months of the wet period, the temperature is characterized by about +20 ° C and higher.

Savannah

Besides geographic location and atmospheric circulation, the characteristics of the climate of Africa are determined characteristic feature Relief continent. The edge of the continent is raised; compared with internal regions They are located above above sea level.

Mountain chains and arrays in the north, east and southeast limit the influence of the Indian and Atlantic Oceans on the climate of the Zone Savannan, stretching within the subequatorial belt. Features of the flora and fauna in this part of the continent are determined by alternating the wet and dry season, lack of moisture to form full-fledged forests, full-flower beds.

Tropical belt

Features of the climate of Africa in the area of \u200b\u200bthe North and South Tropics - the domination of hot and dry air masses. Areas with a arid tropical climate, a significant daily amplitude of temperatures extend in the north and south of the mainland to 30 parallels. The considerable territory of the continent is experiencing an arid tropical climate. In this belt, the highest average monthly indicators: + 35 ... 40 ° C.

The Array of North Africa receives a lot of solar radiation and extremely little moisture. The air temperature is rarely lowered below 20 ° C. On the mountain peaks in the tropics is snow, the foot spread deserted and semi-desert areas. The most extensive lifeless areas: in the north - sugar, in the south - Namib.

Desert and semi-deserts

In Sahara there are areas where they were fixed temperature minima and maxima (-3 and +58 ° C). The temperature in the afternoon on the hot sand and stones reaches + 60 ... 70 ° C, at night can drop to +10 ° C. Daily temperature fluctuations reaches 50 ° C.

The precipitation in the deserts of Africa falls from 0 to 100 mm / year, which is extremely small. The rains sometimes do not reach the surface of the Earth - dry in the air. Moisturizing meager, Kuvle. \u003d 0.1-0.3. The life of the population of the desert is concentrated in oases - locations underground water. Developed agriculture, cattle breeding, tourist service.

Subtropics of Africa

Extreme south and narrow strip northern coast Are busy areas subtropical climate. This is a transitional belt, the features of which are determined by the properties of the air masses of moderate and tropical latitudes. For subtropical climate is characteristic of dry and rainy season, Significant moisture flow, which contributes to the development of agriculture. Maximum number Raines of Northwest and Southwestern regions african continent It falls for the winter months, in the south-east, the rainy season is summer.

Subtropics of Africa and other areas of the mainland attract numerous tourists. On the coast of the Mediterranean and Red Seas, the Indian and Atlantic Oceans are world famous resorts. The main direction of the development of tourism and types of rest in North Africa - Beach, sightseeing. In Savannah - Safari, Jeeping. Less visited areas - impassable wet forests And unnecessary desert areas.

What climate in Africa is currently in the past? The answer to this question lies in the rivers of dry rivers (Wadi), the ruins of the once flourishing cities brought by the sands of the Sahara. The aridization of the climate of Africa, the deserts occur in the north and in the south. The striking contrast to this phenomenon serve floods when rivers come out from the shores and pour coastal territories. Scientists suggest that catastrophic natural processes There may be associated with intense cutting of wood plantings, the ubiquitous construction of cities, roads, the development of agriculture and cattle breeding.