Irkutsk Buryats, as in general, Mongolian peoples, consist of different tribes that have each - their own history of settlement, language dialects, folklore, differences in clothing. In such a variety, the unity of the Mongolian world is also manifested.

The Buryat population of the Irkutsk region is the northern outpost, the painting of Pax Mongolica being cut off from the rest of the Mongols of various borders, while in a deep informational and cultural vacuum, undergoing the processes of the incessant assimilation, they continue to remain an integral part of the Mongolian world.

The rest of the Mongols and Buryats, which are not Western, mainly have scarce ideas about them. How and where do modern Western Buryats live? In this matter I will try to figure out, relying on the results of the last All-Russian Census of the 2010 population.

According to the results of the census in the Irkutsk region, 77,667 Buryat lives, which is only 3.2% of the total number of residents of the region, of which they are 49,871 people in UAB, that is, a third of Buryat lives outside the autonomy.

Yes, a large amount of Buryat lives in Irkutsk and Angarsk (1/5 of the total number of Irkutsk Buryat). But in the area there is enough Buryat, unprotected by the rights of autonomy. Let's return to the district later, going through the rest of the area.

Olkhon Buryats make up a good half of the population in their area. The percentage of Buryat in the area for the Irkutsk region is very high, in this regard, much exceeds the Bochhansky and Alar district of the district, where the Russian population prevails.

So far, the number of Kachuga Buryat (899 people) is still significantly, but over decades the number of them has decreased at times and continues to decline.

Among the areas of compact settlement, Buryat outside the district follows the Irkutsk district, the "indigenous" Buryats live in with. Large holochetic, the rest are recent people from the district and scattered by the villagers near the surrounding Irkutsk.

In Anklaw, China Buryats from C. One (Angarsk District). Relatively many Buryat lives in the Ust-Utynsky district, bordering the Osinsky district of the district (Molka and Halut's village).

About, - read also on the Ard.

There are "indigenous" Buryats in Cheremkhovsky (borders with Alarsky) and Zalairinsky (borders on Nukutsky) areas. There is a Buryat diaspora in the Usolsky district.

Separately, I would like to stay on the most western from the geographical point of view of Buryats living in the Nizhneudinsky district (300 more than a person, the number can be quite impressive. Yes, yes, they exist. They live in the villages of Kuskun and Muttobuluk. Do not lose links with other Buryats, many of them live in Ulan-Ude, Irkutsk. Kuscuna hold Sur Harbans, try to maintain traditions, but even some old people no longer own their own tongue.

​

Photo Irk.Aif.ru.

The extinction of Nizhnyudinsky is very authentic, peculiar and different even from the dialect of the rest of Irkutsk Buryat. Sadly recognize that there was no Buryat left in Tulunsky, Kuytunsky, Ziman regions, where in the first half of the 1st floor. XX century There were Buryat villages. I would like to hope that Nizhnyudinsky Buryat will not comprehend their fate.

Practically did not remain in the Balagan district.

Let's return to the district. In terms of the absolute number of numbers, the Echimite-Bujalatsky region (more than 15 thousand people) is leading (more than 15 thousand people), then Ossensky (9,510 people), a significant amount of Buryat lives in the Valley of UU (7,300 people) and Bayandaevsky district (6908 people) . In the percentage of Buryats prevail in the Bayandaevsky district, the share of Buryat in nukuts, the axis and echyrite is significant.

Such is the modern demographic picture, which describes us the western subethnos of the Buryat people. In addition to dry statistical data, when writing the article, I used personal experience.

Yes, the author of the article - Irkutsk Buryat, with the national problems of indigenous natives of the Baikal, with household nationalism I am not familiar with it. I believe and know that despite active assimilation processes, Irkutsk Buryats will never disappear from the face of the Earth. Boltogo!

Variations on the theme of the wedding rite of Irkutsk Buryat performed (Buryatia):

Heads of horses and cows. And if that, you can do 30 heads, and sometimes given a gift. The young man was supposed to be smart and decent, be able to fight, know a blacksmithing case, be able to make something to know some craft, to hunt well, be able to break the spine cattle, be able to weave the whip of eight straps, be able to weave the way for a horse, be able to pull the bow tent Made from the horns to be a good rider. The woman in the family enjoyed great respect, freedom and honor. She could have her opinion, argue and defend him. The disrespectful attitude towards a woman was considered a great sin. But the woman could not approach the holy places, to sit on the sanctified horses, to attend Tyollagan, although her advantages were considered the ability to ride a horse, read, write, shoot from onion, own a saber and a knife. Full, strong girl was considered beautiful, because he can raise healthy children. Before the wedding, the parents of the bride and groom carefully studied pedigree each other - so that children with bad heredity be born in the future. Slender, fragile girl could not like. For each wife, a considerable calm was paid - redemption, so only a rich man could take the third wife and only if there were no sons. Parents often agreed on the wedding, when the children were quite small, the girl almost immediately began to prepare the dowry, because he had to be collected for a long time. Most often in the girlfriend gave everything you need in the farm, even the new yurt and cattle. Of course, it was not easy. Some coral beads were worth it! After the collusion, sent woven. The bride was handed a gift - a coin on the ribbon. If she acted it, he was considered an imparted. Fathers were told to each other belt - Kushaki, after which the contract was considered unstable. After all, Buryat-Mongols had no divorce. Sometimes when collusion was still exchanged tubes, trees or knives. The wedding was playing in the summer or autumn, in full moon or new moon, be sure to consult lamas or shamans, whether the bride and the bride are suitable for each other, whether a good family will work. It was impossible to marry the father's relatives. The wedding was accompanied by a large number of rituals. It was painted almost every step, what and how to do. These rites came to the Buryats from distant antiquity and have a deep meaning. First, the bachelorette party with fun games and sad songs, a magnificent departure from the house with a whole ostrome, accompanied by a groom, worship of the bride ongroups (spirits) of the family of the groom, a generic hearth, ears of the family. Then the bride was taught with gifts, invited to visit to the relatives of the groom, fired fire in the new yurt. After that, Grand Gully was arranged. Cooked, both kinds were happy and competed. Songs, dances, games sometimes continued week. Today's weddings are very modest compared to the past. After the celebrations of the bride, she had to pass the exam for parents of the groom, that is, to show what and how she can do. After the exam examiner, wedding pigtails and twisted two braids broken. Since then, she has not had the right to walk with a uncoated head and was considered a family woman. Men-Buryats always wore one braid. In women, the hairstyle played a big role. And the bride was selected wedding hairstyles: nine pigs on the right side and eight were sworn at the temples and eight - with the left. It was the wish of Chadorodia, big offspring - to give birth to eight girls and nine boys. This hairstyle is the echo of the ancient cult of the sun and the moon. Of course, each tribe had their customs. For example, the Aginian Buryat girl always wore eight pigs. This is the number of sun. Selenginsky Buryat girls spilled five braids. It was impossible to carry the pigtails, because it could not affect the younger brothers and sisters. In some tribes, the girls were over 13 years old, part of the hair on the back of the head was shared. Then the hair was growing and gathered in two braids. In some tribes, the woman became a full member of society only after the birth of the firstborn, only then she could break their wedding braids and braid two. Coming out married, the woman of any tribe wore only two braids. The number two is a husband and wife. If the husband died, the woman cut off one braid, which was buried with her husband. Wedding clothes are not specifically sewn. Dressed festive clothes and many, many decorations of silver, gold and corals. The decorations passed from the mother to her daughter and were often ancient and expensive. Sometimes the weight of jewelry reached 4-5 kg. Many researchers of the Buryat people were surprised by such wealth and such love of Buryat women to expensive decorations.

In the daughter times, Mongols did not have written writing, therefore there were no manuscripts on history. There are only oral legends recorded in the XVIII and XIX centuries with historical scientists.

These were Vandan Yumsunov, Togolddor Toboev, Shirab-Nibito Hobituyev, Saintsak Yumov, Tsydipzhap Sakharov, Cezheb Cerenov and a number of researchers of history Buryat.

In 1992, the book of the Doctor of Historical Sciences Schirape Chimitdorzhiev "History Buryat" was published in Buryat. In this book, monuments of the Buryat literature of the XVIII - XIX centuries, written by the above-mentioned Av-torments, are collected. The community of these works is in the fact that the Barga-Bagatur, a commander, who was sown from Tibeta, is the fullness of all. It happened on the rubles, our era. At that time, the people of Badeh lived on the southern shore of Baikal, the territory of which was the northern outskirts of the Hong Empire. If you consider that Badebe was the Mongolomous People, they called Huenoud Bade. Bade - We, Hong - man. Hunna - the Word of Chinese Origin, so the Mongolian peoples began to call Liu dei "Hong" from the word "Hunna". And Hongna gradually turned into a Hong - a man or huunoud - people.

Hunna

The Chinese Le Topist written about Hunnakh, the author of the "historical notes" of Qian's Sum, who lived in the II century to our era. Chinese historian Ban GU, who died in 95 BC, continued the history of Huns. I also write the third book by Sal Yuzhnokaysky scientist official Fan Hua, who lived in the V century. These three books are the basis of the idea of \u200b\u200bHunnakh. The history of Hongov is calculated by almost 5 thousand years. Csyan's Suma writes that in 2600 BC. "Yellow Emperor" fought against Plemen Juni and Di (just Hunna). Over time, the ribs and di tribes mixed up with the Chinese. Now Juns and Di are left to the south, where, mixed with the local population, formed new tribes called Hunna. There are new languages, cultures, customs and countries.

Shanyui Moda, Shan Shanuya Fog, created the first Hong Empire, with a strong army of 300 thousand people. It existed to expect an empire 300 years. Modse united 24 kinds of Hunnu, and Stretch-las Empire from Korea (Chayan) in the West to Lake Balkhash, in the north of Baikal, in the south to the River Juanhe. After the collapse of the impe-rii, other super enems appeared, such as Cydane, Tapping, Togona, Xianby, Zhuzhan, Karashara, Khotana, etc. Western Hunna, Shan Shani, Karashara, etc., spoke on Turkic. On the Mongolian language they spoke all the rest. Initially, protonongals were Donghu. Hunna them pushed them to Huhuang Mount. They began to be called Uguani. Related tribes Donghu Xianby are considered to be the ancestors of the Mongols.

And Khan was born three sons ...

Let's refund to the nationality of Bade Huunoud. They lived on the territory of the Tunkinsky district in the first century BC. It was the perfect place to stay nomads. At that time, the climate of Siberia was very soft and warm. Al-Pius meadows with juicy herbs allowed all year round herds graze. The valley of the tuna is protected by the chain of the mountains. From the north - unpleasant goltsy of the Sayan Mountains, from the south - the mountain range of Hamar Daban. Approximately in the second century AD. The Barga-Bagatur Daichin (commander) with his army came here. And the people of Bade Huunoud because of his khan. He had three sons. The youngest son Chorida Margean had three wives, at the first, Bargudzhin Goua, Rou-sled daughter Alan Gua. The second wife, Sharac-Dai, gave birth to five sons: Golzud, Huasai, Hubdud, Gushad, Sharaid. The third wife, on-Gatay, gave birth to six sons: Hargana, Lyudai, Bodongud, Halbin, Sagan, Batanai. Ito-go eleven sons who created eleven chorine clays of choride.

The Middle Son Barga-Baggudai had two sons. They had a childbirth of Echirites - Ubusha, Olon, Shono, etc. Total eight births and nine clans of Bujdatov - Alagui, Hurumsha, Ashabad, etc. About the third son of Barga-baggage there is no information, most likely he was childless.

The descendants of Choride and Barguda began to be called Barga or Bar-Gouzon - National Barga, in honor of the grandfather Barka-baggage. Over time, they became closely in the Tunkinsky Valley. Echirit-Bujdati went to the West Coast of the Inner Sea (Ome-Ra Baikal) and spread to Yenisei. It was very difficult time. There were permanent shocks with local tribes. At that time, Tungus, Hagasi, Dinlin (Northern Huns), Yenisei Kyrgyz, and the like were inhabited at the West Bank of Baikal. But Barga survived and the people of Barga were divided into echirit-buoys and chori-tumats. Tumat from the word "Tumed" or "Tu-Man" - more than ten thousand. The people were generally called Barga.

After a while, part of the Hori Tumats went to Barguzin lands. Located at the Mount Barhan-Uula. This land began to call-Sia Bargudzhin-Tocum, i.e. Barga Zoka is so far - the land of the people Barga. Toh in Starin called the area on which they lived. Mongols "s" letter, especially internal Mongols, pronounce as "J". The word "Barguzin" on the Mongolian "Bargudzhin". Jin - zones - the people, even in Japanese, Nihon Jean is Nichon Man - Japanese.

Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev writes that in 411, Zhuzhani conquered Sayan and Barga. So Barga at this time lived in Barguzin. On the Sayanov, the remaining part of the native Barga was about-lived. Chori-Tumats were in the future migrated to the manchuria itself, in Mongolia, in the pre-grier of Himalayas. All this time, the Great Steppe boiled by eternal wars. Some tribes or nation conquered or destroyed others. Hunn tribes made raids on Ki-Thai. China, on the contrary, I wanted to suppress the devil-deceased neighbors ...

"Bratsky people"

Before the arrival of the Russians, as described above, Buryats were called Barga. The Russians they say, that they are bargudi, or Bargudz to the Russian manner. Russians from misunderstanding us began to call "Bratsky people".

The Siberian Order in 1635 reported Moscow "... Peter Beketov with servilators went to the British land up of a Lena River to Ustu River to Braotki and Tungus-Skim people." Ataman Ivan Poyhabov wrote in 1658: "Bratzniki Prince with ulus people ... changed and from Bratotskikh spudders were offended in Mungals."

In the future, Burya - you began to call ourselves Barat - from the word "Bratzky", which was then transformed into bu-Ryat. The path that was held from Bade to Bar-gu, from Barga to Buryat more than two thousand years. During this time, it disappeared or erased from the face of the earth a few hundred birth, tribes and peoples. Scientists of the Mongols, who study Staromon-Holk writing, say that Old-Mongolian and Buryat languages \u200b\u200bare close in value and dialect. Although we are an integral part of the Mongolian world, managed to carry through the millennium and co-storing unique culture and the language of Buryat. Buryats are an ancient people, which have been sown from the people of Bade, who, in their eyes, were Hunnov.

Mongols unite many tribes and nationalities, but the Buryat language among the variety of Mongolian dialects is the only and unique only because of the letter "H". In our time, the bad, stretched relations between different groups of Buryat are preserved. Buryats are divided into eastern and western, Songolov and Hondorov, etc. This is, of course, an unhealthy phenomenon. We are not super ethnos. We are only 500 thousand people on this earth. Therefore, every person should, by his mind, to raise that the integrity of the people in unity, respect and knowledge of our culture and language. There are many famous people among us: scientists, doctors, builders, livestock rods, teachers, people of art, etc. Let's live on, multiply our human and material wealth, to maintain and protect the natural bo-gate and our holy Lake Baikal.

Excerpt from a book

In the daughter times, Mongols did not have written writing, therefore there were no manuscripts on history. There are only oral legends recorded in the XVIII and XIX centuries with historical scientists.

These were Vandan Yumsunov, Togolddor Toboev, Shirab-Nibito Hobituyev, Saintsak Yumov, Tsydipzhap Sakharov, Cezheb Cerenov and a number of researchers of history Buryat.

In 1992, the book of the Doctor of Historical Sciences Schirape Chimitdorzhiev "History Buryat" was published in Buryat. In this book, monuments of the Buryat literature of the XVIII - XIX centuries, written by the above-mentioned Av-torments, are collected. The community of these works is in the fact that the Barga-Bagatur, a commander, who was sown from Tibeta, is the fullness of all. It happened on the rubles, our era. At that time, the people of Badeh lived on the southern shore of Baikal, the territory of which was the northern outskirts of the Hong Empire. If you consider that Badebe was the Mongolomous People, they called Huenoud Bade. Bade - We, Hong - man. Hunna - the Word of Chinese Origin, so the Mongolian peoples began to call Liu dei "Hong" from the word "Hunna". And Hongna gradually turned into a Hong - a man or huunoud - people.

Hunna

The Chinese Le Topist written about Hunnakh, the author of the "historical notes" of Qian's Sum, who lived in the II century to our era. Chinese historian Ban GU, who died in 95 BC, continued the history of Huns. I also write the third book by Sal Yuzhnokaysky scientist official Fan Hua, who lived in the V century. These three books are the basis of the idea of \u200b\u200bHunnakh. The history of Hongov is calculated by almost 5 thousand years. Csyan's Suma writes that in 2600 BC. "Yellow Emperor" fought against Plemen Juni and Di (just Hunna). Over time, the ribs and di tribes mixed up with the Chinese. Now Juns and Di are left to the south, where, mixed with the local population, formed new tribes called Hunna. There are new languages, cultures, customs and countries.

Shanyui Moda, Shan Shanuya Fog, created the first Hong Empire, with a strong army of 300 thousand people. It existed to expect an empire 300 years. Modse united 24 kinds of Hunnu, and Stretch-las Empire from Korea (Chayan) in the West to Lake Balkhash, in the north of Baikal, in the south to the River Juanhe. After the collapse of the impe-rii, other super enems appeared, such as Cydane, Tapping, Togona, Xianby, Zhuzhan, Karashara, Khotana, etc. Western Hunna, Shan Shani, Karashara, etc., spoke on Turkic. On the Mongolian language they spoke all the rest. Initially, protonongals were Donghu. Hunna them pushed them to Huhuang Mount. They began to be called Uguani. Related tribes Donghu Xianby are considered to be the ancestors of the Mongols.

And Khan was born three sons ...

Let's refund to the nationality of Bade Huunoud. They lived on the territory of the Tunkinsky district in the first century BC. It was the perfect place to stay nomads. At that time, the climate of Siberia was very soft and warm. Al-Pius meadows with juicy herbs allowed all year round herds graze. The valley of the tuna is protected by the chain of the mountains. From the north - unpleasant goltsy of the Sayan Mountains, from the south - the mountain range of Hamar Daban. Approximately in the second century AD. The Barga-Bagatur Daichin (commander) with his army came here. And the people of Bade Huunoud because of his khan. He had three sons. The youngest son Chorida Margean had three wives, at the first, Bargudzhin Goua, Rou-sled daughter Alan Gua. The second wife, Sharac-Dai, gave birth to five sons: Golzud, Huasai, Hubdud, Gushad, Sharaid. The third wife, on-Gatay, gave birth to six sons: Hargana, Lyudai, Bodongud, Halbin, Sagan, Batanai. Ito-go eleven sons who created eleven chorine clays of choride.

The Middle Son Barga-Baggudai had two sons. They had a childbirth of Echirites - Ubusha, Olon, Shono, etc. Total eight births and nine clans of Bujdatov - Alagui, Hurumsha, Ashabad, etc. About the third son of Barga-baggage there is no information, most likely he was childless.

The descendants of Choride and Barguda began to be called Barga or Bar-Gouzon - National Barga, in honor of the grandfather Barka-baggage. Over time, they became closely in the Tunkinsky Valley. Echirit-Bujdati went to the West Coast of the Inner Sea (Ome-Ra Baikal) and spread to Yenisei. It was very difficult time. There were permanent shocks with local tribes. At that time, Tungus, Hagasi, Dinlin (Northern Huns), Yenisei Kyrgyz, and the like were inhabited at the West Bank of Baikal. But Barga survived and the people of Barga were divided into echirit-buoys and chori-tumats. Tumat from the word "Tumed" or "Tu-Man" - more than ten thousand. The people were generally called Barga.

After a while, part of the Hori Tumats went to Barguzin lands. Located at the Mount Barhan-Uula. This land began to call-Sia Bargudzhin-Tocum, i.e. Barga Zoka is so far - the land of the people Barga. Toh in Starin called the area on which they lived. Mongols "s" letter, especially internal Mongols, pronounce as "J". The word "Barguzin" on the Mongolian "Bargudzhin". Jin - zones - the people, even in Japanese, Nihon Jean is Nichon Man - Japanese.

Lev Nikolaevich Gumilev writes that in 411, Zhuzhani conquered Sayan and Barga. So Barga at this time lived in Barguzin. On the Sayanov, the remaining part of the native Barga was about-lived. Chori-Tumats were in the future migrated to the manchuria itself, in Mongolia, in the pre-grier of Himalayas. All this time, the Great Steppe boiled by eternal wars. Some tribes or nation conquered or destroyed others. Hunn tribes made raids on Ki-Thai. China, on the contrary, I wanted to suppress the devil-deceased neighbors ...

"Bratsky people"

Before the arrival of the Russians, as described above, Buryats were called Barga. The Russians they say, that they are bargudi, or Bargudz to the Russian manner. Russians from misunderstanding us began to call "Bratsky people".

The Siberian Order in 1635 reported Moscow "... Peter Beketov with servilators went to the British land up of a Lena River to Ustu River to Braotki and Tungus-Skim people." Ataman Ivan Poyhabov wrote in 1658: "Bratzniki Prince with ulus people ... changed and from Bratotskikh spudders were offended in Mungals."

In the future, Burya - you began to call ourselves Barat - from the word "Bratzky", which was then transformed into bu-Ryat. The path that was held from Bade to Bar-gu, from Barga to Buryat more than two thousand years. During this time, it disappeared or erased from the face of the earth a few hundred birth, tribes and peoples. Scientists of the Mongols, who study Staromon-Holk writing, say that Old-Mongolian and Buryat languages \u200b\u200bare close in value and dialect. Although we are an integral part of the Mongolian world, managed to carry through the millennium and co-storing unique culture and the language of Buryat. Buryats are an ancient people, which have been sown from the people of Bade, who, in their eyes, were Hunnov.

Mongols unite many tribes and nationalities, but the Buryat language among the variety of Mongolian dialects is the only and unique only because of the letter "H". In our time, the bad, stretched relations between different groups of Buryat are preserved. Buryats are divided into eastern and western, Songolov and Hondorov, etc. This is, of course, an unhealthy phenomenon. We are not super ethnos. We are only 500 thousand people on this earth. Therefore, every person should, by his mind, to raise that the integrity of the people in unity, respect and knowledge of our culture and language. There are many famous people among us: scientists, doctors, builders, livestock rods, teachers, people of art, etc. Let's live on, multiply our human and material wealth, to maintain and protect the natural bo-gate and our holy Lake Baikal.

Excerpt from a book

Buryats, or Buryad - the most northern Mongolian people, the indigenous people of Siberia, whose closest relatives, according to the latest genetic studies, are Koreans. Buryats are distinguished by their ancient traditions, religion and culture.

History

The people were formed and mastered in the area of \u200b\u200bLake Baikal, where ethnic Buryatia is located today. Previously, the territory was called Bargudzhin-Tocum. The ancestors of this people, Kurykans and Bayrica began to master the lands on both sides of Baikal, starting from the 6th century. The first were taken by the pre-corner, the second settled the Earth east of Baikal. Gradually, starting from the 10th century, these ethnic community began to interact more closely with each other and for the period of creating the Mongolian Empire formed a single ethnic group called Barguta. At the end of the 13th century, due to the civilian wars, Bargutam had to leave their lands and go to Western Mongolia, in the 15th century they switched to South Mongolia and became part of the UNHIEBO Mongol Timet. Burga-Buryats returned to his homeland only in the 14th century, after part of the eastern Mongols moved to the west to the lands of Oratov. Later, Halhi and Orata began to attack them, as a result, part of Barga-Buryat was influenced by Khalha Khanov, the part was part of the Oratov. During this period, the conquest of Buryat land by the Russian state began.

Buryats are divided into ethnic groups:

• sartula
• noses
• transbaikal Buryats ("Black Mungals" or "Brotherly Yasashny Tour Tabuna")
• shosholeki
• corynts and Baturini
• sharanuy
• tabandi
• sagenuta
• kORCHINS
• ikinati
• honodory.
• bujalats
• gotols
• ashibagata
• echirites
• kurcuts
• khatagins
• tERTE
• alagia.
• sharai.
• shurtosa
• atagans

All of them inhabited the territories of ethnic Buryatia in the 17th century. In the late 17th and early 18th century, from other regions of internal Asia, the Songola ethnic group moved to them.

From the second half 17 at the beginning of the 20th century, ethno-terminational groups of Buryat existed, which were also divided depending on the place of residence.

burguta (Buryats) of the Qing Empire:

• old Barguts or Chipchin
• new Barguts

transbaikal Buryats living in the Trans-Baikal region:

• horinsky
• barguzinsky
• aginsky
• selenginsky

irkutsk Buryats living in the Irkutsk region:

• zakamensky
• alar
• okinsky
• balagan or Unginsky
• kudinsky
• idinsky
• olkhonsky
• vosselnsky
• nizhneudinsky
• kurinsky
• tunkinsky

Where live

Today, Buryats inhabit the earth, where their ancestors were invoking: the Republic of Buryatia, the Transbaikalsky region of Russia, the Irkutsk region and the Hoolun-Buyr district, located in the autonomous region of the inner Mongolia of the People's Republic of China. In countries where Buryats live, they are considered separate independent nationality or one of the ethnic groups of Mongols. On the territory of Mongolia, Buryats and Barguts are divided into different ethnic groups.

Number

The total population of Buryat is about 690,000 people. Of these, about 164,000 live in the territory of the PRC, 48,000 - in Mongolia and about 461 389 - in the Russian Federation.

Name

Until today, the origin of the ethnonym "Buryad" is controversial and not fully found out. For the first time, he is mentioned in the "secret legend of Mongols" 1240, the second time this term was mentioned only at the end of the 19th century. There are several versions of ethnonym etymology:

1. from the expression of Buru Halyadg (looking to the side, third-party).
2. from the word bar (tiger);
3. from the word Burich (shy);
4. from the word storms (thickets);
5. from Etnonym Kurykan (Kurican);
6. from the word bu (ancient and old) and the words of Outrov (forest peoples). In general, these two words are translated as indigenous (ancient) forest peoples.
7. from the word of the Khakassian origin, Pyryat, which dates back to the term storms (wolf) or Buri-Ata (Wolf Father). Many ancient Buryat peoples worshiped the wolf and thought it was an animal with their progenitor. The sound "b" in the Khakass language is pronounced as "P". Under this name about the ancestors, Buryat, who lived east of Khakasov, learned Russian Cossacks. Later, the word "Pyryat" was transformed into the word "brother". The mongolo-language population living in Russia began to call brothers, Bratsky Mungals and fraternal people. Gradually, the name was accepted by Hori-Buryats, Bukladov, Hondogira and Ehirithi as a general self-sustavance "Buryad".

Religion

On the religion of Buryats, the influence of the Mongolian tribes and the period of Russian statehood was reflected. Initially, like many Mongolian tribes, Buryats confessed shamanism. This complex of beliefs is also called pantheism and Tengrianism, and Mongols, in turn, called Hara Shashin, which translates black faith.

At the end of the 16th century, Buddhism began to spread in Buryatia, and from the 18th century, Christianity began to actively develop. Today, all these three religions exist on the territory of living.

Shamanism

Buryats were always especially related to nature, which was reflected in their ancient faith - shamanisme. They worshiped the sky, considered him the Supreme Divine and called the eternal blue sky (Huha Munha Tangri). At nature and its strength - water, fire, air and the sun they considered animated. Rituals were performed outdoors in certain objects. It was believed that so it is possible to achieve unity between man and air, water and fire. Ritual holidays in shamanisama are called taolennyThey were spent near Lake Baikal, in places that were especially revered. Buryats affected spirits through sacrifice and compliance with special traditions and rules.

The shamans were a special caste, several characteristics were combined in them: patients, healers and manipulating psychologists' consciousness. Only a man with shaman roots could become Shaman. Their rites were very impressive, sometimes a large number of people were going to look at them, up to several thousand. When Christianity and Buddhism began to spread in Buryatia, Shamanism began to be impaired. But this ancient faith deeply lay down the formation of the Buryat people and cannot be completely destroyed. To this day, many traditions of shamanism have been preserved, and spiritual monuments and sacred places are an important part of the cultural heritage of Buryat.

Buddhism

Buryats living on the eastern shore, began to confess Buddhism under the influence of the Mongols living in the neighborhood. In the 17th century, one of the forms of Buddhism appeared in Buryatia - Lamaism. Buryats brought the attributes of the ancient faith of shamanism to Lamaism: spiritualization of nature and natural forces, reverence of brazers. Gradually, the culture of Mongolia and Tibet came to Buryatia. Representatives of this faith were brought to the territory of Transbaikalia, which were called Lama, Buddhist monasteries, schools were opened, applied art developed and books were produced. In 1741, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna signed a decree, which recognized Lamiam with one of the official religions in the territory of the Russian Empire. The state of 150 lamas was officially approved from paying taxes. Dacans have become in Buryatia the center of development of Tibetan medicine, philosophy and literature. After the revolution of 1917, all this ceased to exist, the datsans were destroyed and closed, Lam was repressed. The revival of Buddhism began again only in the late 1990s, and today Buryatia is the center of Buddhism in Russia.

Christianity

In 1721, the Irkutsk Diocese was created in Buryatia, with which the development of Christianity in the republic began. Western Buryat has become common for holidays such as Easter, Ilyin Day, Christmas. Christianity in Buryatia greatly prevented the commitment of the population to shamanism and Buddhism. The Russian authorities decided to influence the worldview of Buryat through Orthodoxy, the construction of monasteries began, the authorities also used such a method as delivered taxes subject to the adoption of the Orthodox faith. Marriages between Russian and Buryats began to be encouraged, and at the beginning of the 20th century, 10% were from the total population were metis. All the efforts of the authorities were not gone and at the end of the 20th century there were already 85,000 Orthodox Buryat, but with the beginning of the 1917 revolution, the Christian mission was eliminated. Churches, especially the most active, were exiled to camp or shot. After World War II, some Orthodox churches were revived, but the Orthodox Church was officially recognized in Buryatia only in 1994.

Language

As a result of the era of globalization in 2002, Buryat language was listed in the Red Book as an extinction. Unlike other Mongolian languages, Buryat has a number of phonetic features and is divided into groups:

• westoburyat
• easternoburyat
• starobargutsky
• novobargutsky

and dialect groups:

• alaro Tunic, widespread to the west of Lake Baikal and is divided into several dialects: Ungin, Alarsky, Transmanny and Tunkino-Okinsky;
• nizhneudinskaya, this dialect is distributed in the Western territories of living Buryat;
• horinskaya, spread east of Lake Baikal, says most of the Buryat living in Mongolia, and the group of Buryat in China. It is divided into dialects: Severginsky, Aginsky, Tugnisky and Horine;
• sELEGINSKAYA, spread in southern Buryatia and is divided into dialects: Sartulsky, Hamnigan and Songolsky;
• the Echirit-Bujalak group prevails in the Ust-Orda district and territories of the Baikal. Dialects: Barguzinsky, Bochhansky, Echit-Bujalats, Baikal-Kutinsky and Olkhonsky.

Buryats used Staromongol writing until the mid-1930s. In 1905, Lama Agwan Dorzhiev was developed writing under the name Vagindra. It is worth noting that Buryats are the only indigenous people of Siberia, who owns literary monuments and founded their own historical written sources. They got the name Buryat chronicles and were written mainly in the 19th century. Buddhist mentors and clergymen after themselves left a rich spiritual heritage, their works, translations in Buddhist philosophy, tantric practices, history and Tibetan medicine. In many Dacahn, Buryatia were typography, in which books were printed as xylographic way.

Housing

The traditional housing of Buryat is the yurt, which many Mongolian peoples call GER. This people had portable yurts made from felt, and yurts from wood, which were built in one place.

Wooden dwellings were made of logs or cutters, were 6 or 8 coal, without windows. In the roof there was a hole of large sizes, intended for lighting and exiting smoke. The roof of the dwelling was installed on 4 pillars, which are called Tengi, labeled large pieces of coniferous bark in the inside down. Toppers superimposed smooth pieces of turf.

The door to the yurt has always been installed on the south side. Inside the room was divided into two halves: the right was the male, left female. On the right side of the yurt belonging to the man, onions, arrows, saber, rifle, giving and saddle on the wall. On the left side were kitchen accessories. In the middle of the housing is the center, along the walls stood benches. On the left side stood chests and a guest table. On the entrance was a regiment with ongrones and scorans - Buddhist sculptures. Before the housing, the Buryats installed a cowance (SERGE), which was made in the form of a pillar with an ornament.

Portable yurts have a slight weight, they are easy to collect and disassemble, thanks to the design. It was very important for nomadic Buryat, which moved from place to place in search of pastures. In winter, the focus was divorced for the heating of housing, in the summer it was used as a refrigerator. The lattice coax of the portable yurt was covered with felt, impregnated for disinfection with a mixture of salt, tobacco or sour milk. Buryats were sitting around the hearth on Steghan Felt.

In the 19th century, the rich Buryats began to build horses who borrowed from Russian immigrants. But in such breaths, all the decoration of the elements of the National Residents of Buryat was maintained.

Food

In the kitchen, Buryat is always an important place occupied products of animal and animal-plant origin. The acid milk (Kurunga) was harvested by an approximation and dried pressed curl mass. Drinking green tea with milk, in which the salt, fat or oil was added, prepared alcoholic drink from the distillation of Kuruny.

In Buryat cuisine, fish, grass, spices and strawberries and cherry berries occupies a significant place. Very popular dish of national cuisine - Smoked Baikal Omul. The symbol of Buryat cuisine is a bud, which Russians call poses.

Character

By the nature of Buryats are distinguished by secrecy, usually they are peaceful and meek, but vengeful and evil, if they are offended. Compassionate towards relatives and never refuse to poor people. Despite the rudeness, external, love, justice and honesty towards the neighbor in Buryat is very developed.

Appearance

The skin color is brown and bronze, the face is flat and wide, the nose is flat and small. The eyes are small, there are space, mostly black, mouth big, beard rare, hair on black head. Growth is medium or small, the physique is strong.

clothing

Each Buryat family has its own national clothing, which is distinguished by a great variety, especially in women. Zabaikalki Bikaiti DEGEL's national clothing is a view of a caftana, sewn from the selected sheepskin. Upstairs on the chest, the published triangular shape clipping. Founded and sleeves, narrowed by the brush. Fur for the input used different, sometimes very valuable. In the waist, the caftan was tightened by the belt. A knife and accessories for smoking were hung on it: a tobacco brushes, a light and ganza - a small copper tube with a short allowance. Three stripes of different colors were stacked in the breast part of Degal: the bottom is yellow-red, in the middle of black and at the top of a variety of: green, white, blue. The initial option was yellow-red, black and white embroidery.

In the bad weather from above, Degal was put on Sabu, this kind of coinles with a large fur collar. In the cold, especially if the Buryats walked on the road, they put on a wide daha bathrobe, which was sewed to the wool out of the selected skins.

In summer, Degal was sometimes replaced by Kaftan from the cloth of the same cut. Often in Transbaikalia in the summer wearing bathrobes, which sewed at the poor Buryat from paper matter, rich from silk.

Buryat pants wore long and narrow, sewn out of rough skin, shirt sewed from blue fabric. In winter, a coat of foals were worn as shoes as shoes, in the spring and autumn they put on boots with a pointed up to the toe, which are called Gutals. In the summer, shoes were knitted from horse her hair, with leather soles.

As a headdress of a woman and men wearing a circular shape caps with small fields and a red brush at the top. The color and details of the Upora have their meaning and symbolism. Pointed top of the caps is a symbol of well-being and prosperity, silver screwed Danze with a red coral on the top of the caps symbolizes the sun, which illuminates the entire universe with its rays. Brushes denote the rays of the sun. Waving on the top of the heads of the hall means an invincible spirit and a happy fate, the SOMPI nodule symbolizes the fortress and strength. Buryats are very loved blue, for them it is a symbol of the eternal and blue sky.

Women's clothing from male was distinguished by embroidery and decorations. Female degal circle is twisted with a cloth blue, at the top in the back area, it is decorated with embroidery in the form of a square. Degal sequins from copper and silver buttons and coins are seen. Women's bathrobes consist of a short sweater sewn to the skirt.

As a hairstyle, the girls wear pigtails, they braid them in an amount of from 10 to 20 and decorated with plenty of coins. On the neck, women wear gold or silver coins, corals, in the ears - earrings of huge sizes that are supported by a cord overhead. Behind the ears put the pendants of the Polt. The hands are copper or silver bugs - bracelets in the form of a hoop.

Men belonging to the spiritual title triggered their hair on the front of the head, rear wore a pigtail, in which horse hair often woven.

A life

Buryats were divided into nomadic and settled. The economy was based on cattle breeding, they usually kept 5 species of animals: rams, cows, camels, goats and horses. Engaged in traditional fisheries - fishing and hunting.

Buryats were engaged in processing wool, skins and animal tendons. From the skins seized bedding, shortware and clothing. Falls made from wool, materials for clothes, hats and shoes, mattresses. The tendons were made by a thread material, which was used in the manufacture of ropes and onions. From the bones produced toys and decorations, used in the manufacture of arrows and onions.

The meat was used to prepare food, processed it by waste-free technology, made delicacies and sausages. Animal spleen was used by women when sewing clothes as a sticky material. Milk made various products.

Culture

Folklore Buryat consists of several directions:

• legends
• uligera
• shamanic calls
• sayings
• fairy tales
• puzzles
• legends
• proverbs
• cult hymns

Musical creativity is represented by various genres, some of them:

• epic legends
• dance songs (especially popular dance-dance Ohor)
• lyrical rituals

Buryats sing various songs of lyrical, domestic, ritual, rolling, dance and dance character. Improvisation songs are called Buryat Duunoud. The bulky base relates to an angeliton pentatonic.

Traditions

The only public holiday in the Republic of Buryatia, when the entire population is officially resting, this is the first day of the new year on the lunar calendar - the holiday of the White Month called Sagalgangan.

Celebrate in Buryatia and other holidays in accordance with religious and national traditions:

• Altargana
• Surkharba
• Jerdy Games
• Day of an ancient city
• Ulan-Ude Day
• Baikal Day
• Gun New Year
• Zura Khural

By tradition, Buryats invite close neighbors to fresh, when the ram, bull or horse cut. If a neighbor could not come, the owner sent him pieces of meat. The days of the swinging are also considered solemn. On this occasion, Buryats were prepared for milk wine, cut the rams and sat down a walk.

Children occupy an important place in life Buryat. Always revered largeness. Parents who have many children enjoy great reverence and respect. If there were no children in the family, it was considered a punishment over, to remain without offspring, means stopping the genus. If Buryat died childlessly, they said that he was flooded. Families in which children often hurt and died, appealed to shamans and asked them to become a godfather.

From the small years, children taught the knowledge of the customs, the native land, the traditions of grandfathers and fathers, tried to instill labor skills. The boys taught shooting out onions and ride the riding, girls were taught to take care of the kids, wear water, to dry fire, mive belts and sheepskin. From an early age, children became shepherds, learned to worry cold, slept under the open sky, went hunting and days were at the flock.