Tropical latitudes or atmospheric vortex. A short vortex arising from cold atmospheric fronts. Characteristics of atmospheric vortices

The struggle of warm and cold flows seeking to level the temperature difference between the North and South, occurs with varying success. That warm masses take advantage and penetrate in the form of a warm language away to the north, sometimes to Greenland, new land and even to the land of Franz Joseph; The masses of arctic air in the form of a giant "drop" break into the south and, sweeping onto its warm air, fell into the Crimea and the Republic of Central Asia. This struggle is particularly pronounced in winter, when the temperature difference between the North and the south increases. On the synoptic maps of the Northern Hemisphere, you can always see several languages \u200b\u200bof warm and cold air, penetrating various depth to the north and south.
Arena, which is deployed by the struggle of air currents, is accounted for in the most native ...

Introduction 2.
1. The formation of atmospheric vortices. four
1.1 Atmospheric fronts. Cyclone and Anticyclone 4
1.2 Approximation and passage of cyclone 10
2. Study of atmospheric vortices at school 13
2.1 Study of atmospheric vortices in geography lessons 14
2.2 Study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena with grade 6 28
Conclusion.35
Bibliography.

Introduction

Atmospheric vortices are tropical cyclones, tornadoes, storms, squalls and hurricanes.
Tropical cyclones are vortices, low pressure in the center; They are in summer and winter. Tropical cyclones occur only in low latitudes near the equator. In terms of destruction, cyclones can be compared with earthquakes or volcanoes.
The speed of cyclones exceeds 120 m / s, while there is a powerful cloudiness, there are shrines, thunderstorms and hail. Hurricane can destroy entire villages. The amount of precipitation seems incredible in comparison with the rainy intensity with the strongest cyclones in moderate latitudes.
Tornado-developing atmospheric revealed. This is a huge vertical vortex height of several tens of meters.
People do not yet actively fight the tropical cycles with us, but it is important to prepare on time, be it on land or at sea. For this, meteorological satellites are carrying the watch around the clock, which provide great help in the forecast of ways to move tropical cyclones. They take pictures of vortices, and in photographs you can quite accurately determine the position of the cyclone center and trace its movement. Therefore, in recent times it was possible to prevent the population about the typhoon approximation, which could not be found in conventional meteorological observations.
Despite the fact that the tornado has a destructive effect at the same time it is a spectacular atmospheric phenomenon. It is concentrated on a small area and all as if in front of. On the shore can be seen, a funnel is drawn from the center of a powerful cloud, and another funnel rises from the surface of the sea. After closure, a huge, moving pillar, which rotates counterclockwise. Soloch

It is formed when the air in the lower layers is very warm, and in the upper - cold. Very intense air exchange begins, which
Accompanied by swirl, having a greater speed - several tens of meters per second. The diameter of the tornger can reach several hundred meters, and the speed of 150-200 km / h. Inside the low pressure is formed, so the tornado draws everything that meets on the way. Known, for example, "fish"
It rains when a tornado from a pond or a lake along with water pulled into himself and there is a fish there.
The storm is a strong wind, with which a lot of excitement can begin at sea. A storm can be observed when cyclone passes, a tornger.
The wind speed of the storm exceeds 20 m / s and can reach 100 m / s., And at the wind speed, more than 30 m / s starting the hurricane, and the wind amplification to the speeds of 20-30 m / s are called squalls.
If only the phenomena of atmospheric vortices are studying in the lessons of geography, then during the lessons of the Obzh, it is very important to protect methods from these phenomena, and this is very important, since knowing how to protect today's students will be able to protect against atmospheric vortices, but friends and friends too.

Fragment of work for review

19
In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Northern Ocean and Siberia, high-pressure regions are formed. From there, cold and dry air masses are directed to the territory of Russia. From Siberia, there are continental moderate masses, bringing frosty clear weather. Sea air masses in winter come from the Atlantic Ocean, which at this time is warmer than the mainland. Consequently, this air mass brings rainfall in the form of snow, possible thaw, snowfall.
III. Fastening a new material
What air masses contribute to the formation of droughts and Sukhovyev?
What air masses bring warming, snowfall, and in the summer soften the heat, bring frequently cloudy weather and precipitation?
Why in the summer in the Far East are raining?
Why in winter oriental or southeastern wind on the Eastern European Plain is often much colder than the North?
On the East European Plain there are snow more. Why then at the end of winter the thickness of the snow cover is more in Western Siberia?
Homework
Answer the question: "How do you explain the weather type today? Where did he come from, for what signs did you define it? "
Atmospheric fronts. Atmospheric vortices: cyclones and anticyclones
Objectives: to form an idea of \u200b\u200batmospheric vortices, fronts; show the connection between weather shift and processes in the atmosphere; To introduce the causes of the formation of cyclones, anticyclones.
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Equipment: Cards of Russia (physical, climatic), demonstration tables "Atmospheric fronts" and "Atmospheric vortices", cards with points.
During the classes
I. Organizational moment
II. Checking homework
1. Frontal survey
What is air masses? (Large amounts of air, differing in their properties: temperature, humidity and transparency.)
Air masses are divided into types. Name them than they differ? (Approximate answer. The Arctic is formed by the Arctic air - always cold and dry, transparent, because in the Arctic there is no dust. Above mostly, a moderate air mass is formed in moderate latitudes - the winter is cold, and in the summer is warm. Tropical air arrived in Russia The masses that are formed over the deserts of Central Asia and bring hot and dry weather with air temperature to 40 ° C.)
What is the transformation of air masses? (Approximate answer. Changing the properties of the air masses when moving over the territory of Russia. For example, sea moderate air coming from the Atlantic Ocean loses moisture, in the summer he warms up and becomes continental - warm and dry. In winter, sea moderate air loses moisture, but cools and becomes dry and cold.)
What ocean and why has a greater impact on the climate of Russia? (Approximate answer. Atlantic. First, most of Russia
21
Located in the dominant Western transfer of winds, secondly, obstacles to the penetration of Western winds with the Atlantic is actually no, since in the west of Russia - the plains. Low Ural Mountains are not an obstacle.)
2. Test
1. A general amount of radiation reaching the surface of the Earth is called:
a) solar radiation;
b) radiation balance;
c) total radiation.
2. The large indicator of the reflected radiation has:
a) sand; c) chernozem;
b) forest; d) snow.
3. In winter, move:
a) Arctic air masses;
b) moderate air masses;
c) tropical air masses;
d) Equatorial air masses.
4. Rolled the western transfer of air masses is intensified by most of Russia:
in the summer; c) in autumn.
b) in winter;
5. A large indicator of total radiation in Russia has:
a) South Siberia; c) South of the Far East.
b) North Caucasus;
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6. The difference between the total radiation and reflected radiation and thermal radiation is called:
a) absorbed by radiation;
b) radiation balance.
7. When driving to the equator, the amount of total radiation:
a) decreases; B) does not change.
b) increases;
Answers: 1 - in; 3 - g; 3 - a, b; 4 - a; 5 B; 6 - b; 7 - b.
3. Card work
- Determine what type of weather is described.
1. Dawn frost below 35 ° C, and snow is barely visible through the fog. The creak is heard a few kilometers. Smoke from the pipes upright up. The sun is red as a hot metal. Day sparkles and sun and snow. Fog already melted. The sky is blue, permeated with light, if you look up, then it seems as if summer. And on the courtyard of the sizzle, a strong frost, the air is dry, the wind is not.
Frost becomes stronger. The taiga is heard the buzz from the sounds of cracking trees. In Yakutsk, the average temperature of January -43 ° C, and from December to March, the average of 18 mm of precipitation falls. (Continental moderate.)
2. About 1915 was very rainy. Walked all the time rain with great constancy. One day two days in a row went very strong shower. He did not allow people to leave homes. Fearing that the boats will take water, pulled them away to the shore. Within one day several times
23
Tipped them and poured water. By the end of the second day, it was suddenly from above the water came the shaft and immediately flooded all the shores. (Monsonic moderate.)
III. Studying a new material
Comments. The teacher proposes to listen to the lecture, in the course of which students give the definition of terms, fill the tables, make drawings diagrams in a notebook. The teacher then checks the work with the help of consultants. Each student receives three cards with points. If within
The lesson student gave the card-score consultant, it means that he needs to still work with a teacher or consultant.
You already know that air masses of three types are moving on the territory of our country: arctic, moderate and tropical. They differ quite strongly from each other in the main indicators: temperature, humidity, pressure, etc., when rapprochement of air masses having
Various characteristics, in the zone between them, the difference in air temperature, humidity, pressure increases, the wind speed increases. Transition zones in the troposphere, in which the rapprochement of air masses with different characteristics is called fronts.
In the horizontal direction, the length of the fronts, as well as air masses, has thousands of kilometers, vertically - about 5 km, the width of the front zone at the surface of the earth is about hundreds of kilometers, at altitudes - several hundred kilometers.
The existence of atmospheric fronts is more than two days.
Fronts along with air masses move at an average of 30-50 km / h, and the speed of cold fronts often reaches 60-70 km / h (and sometimes 80-90 km / h).
24
Classification of fronts according to movement features
1. The fronts are called fronts moving towards coarse air. Behind the warm front in this region comes a warm air mass.
2. The farms are called fronts moving towards warmer air mass. During the cold front, a cold air mass arrives in this region.

IV. Fastening a new material
1. Work with the card
1. Direct, where arctic and polar fronts are located above the territory of Russia in the summer. (Approximate answer). The Arctic fronts in the summer are located in the northern part of the Barents Sea, over the northern part of Eastern Siberia and the Sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev and over the Chukotka Peninsula. Polar fronts: The first summer is stretched from the Black Sea coast over the Middle Russian hill to the priesthood, the second is located in the south
Eastern Siberia, the third - over the southern part of the Far East and the fourth - above the Japanese sea.)
2. Determine where the Arctic fronts are located in winter. (In winter, the Arctic fronts are shifted to the south, but the front remains over the central part of the Barents Sea and above the Okhotsk Sea and Koryak Nagoril.)
3. Determine in which direction is the shift of fronts in the winter.
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(Approximate answer). In winter, the fronts move to the south, because all the air masses, winds, the pressure belt is shifted to the south after the visible movement
Sun.
Sun on December 22 is in Zenith in the southern hemisphere over the southern tropical.)
2. Independent work
Filling tables.
Atmospheric fronts
26
Cyclones and anticyclones
Signs
Cyclone
Anticyclone
What is it?
Atmospheric vortices carrying air masses
How are shown on the maps?
Concentric isobars
Atmosphere
Pressure
Low pressure swirl in the center
High pressure in the center
Air movement
From the periphery to the center
From the center to the outskirts
Phenomena
Air cooling, condensation, cloud formation, precipitation
Warming and dried air
Dimensions
2-3 thousand km in diameter
Speed \u200b\u200bren
Coems
30-40 km / h, movable
Lovely
Directed
movement
From west to east
Place of birth
Northern Atlantic, Barents Sea, Okhotsk Sea
Winter - Siberian Anticyclone
Weather
Cloudy, with precipitation
Poorless, summer - warm, winter - frosty
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3. Work with synoptic maps (weather cards)
Thanks to the synoptic maps, you can judge the promotion of cyclones, fronts, clouds, make a forecast for the coming hours, day. Synoptic maps have their own conventional signs for which you can learn about the weather in any area. Insulats connecting points with the same atmospheric pressure (they are called fromobami), cyclones and anticyclones are shown. In the center of the concentric isobar there is a letter H (low pressure, cyclone) or in (high pressure, anticyclone). Isobaras indicate the pressure of the air in hectopascals (1000 gp \u003d 750 mm Hg. Art.). The arrows show the direction of movement of the cyclone or anticyclone.
The teacher shows how various information reflects on the weatherplace map: air pressure, atmospheric fronts, anticyclones and cyclones and their pressure, areas with precipitation, precipitation nature, speed and direction of wind, air temperature.)
- From the proposed features, choose what is characteristic of
Cyclone, Anticyclone, Atmospheric Front:
1) a high pressure atmospheric vortex in the center;
2) low pressure atmospheric vortex in the center;
3) brings cloudy weather;
4) stable, minor;
5) is established above Eastern Siberia;
6) the collision zone of warm and cold air masses;
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7) uplink air flows in the center;
8) downward air traffic in the center;
9) movement from the center to the periphery;
10) movement counterclockwise to the center;
11) It happens warm and cold.
(Cyclone - 2, 3, 1, 10; anticyclone - 1, 4, 5, 8, 9; atmospheric front - 3.6, 11.)
Homework

Bibliography

1. Theoretical foundations of geography learning techniques. Ed. A. E. Bibik and
Dr., M., "Enlightenment", 1968
2. Geography. Nature and people. 6L._Alekseev A.I. and more .2010 -192s
3. Geography. Start rate. 6th grade. Gerasimova TP, Nezlukova
N.P. (2010, 176c.)
4. Geography. 7kl. In 2h. Part 1._domogatsky, Alekseevsky_2012 -280s
5. Geography. 7kl. In 2h. Part 2._domogatsky E.M_2011 -256S.
6. Geography. 8kl._domogatsky, Alekseevsky_2012 -336c
7. Geography. 8th grade. textbook. Rakovskaya E.M.
8. Geography. 8kl. Pounding plans for the textbook of Rakovskaya and Barinov_2011
348S.
9. Geography of Russia. Household and geographic areas. Tutorial for 9.
Class. Under. ed. Alekseeva A.I. (2011, 288С.)
10. Climate change. Manual for senior teachers. Kokorin
A.O., Smirnova E.V. (2010, 52c.)

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Anticyclones. Anticyclones are called areas of high atmospheric pressure with closed isobami, with a maximum pressure in the center to 1070 MB. and the corresponding distribution of air flows. The diameter of the anticyclone can reach several thousand kilometers. Horizontal pressure gradients in anticyclones are directed from the center to the periphery, and the wind, deviating from the baric gradient in the northern hemisphere to the right, blows around the center of the anticyclone clockwise, and in the southern hemisphere, deviating to the left, directed counterclockwise.

In the central part of the Anticyclone, as a rule, the most predominantly prevailing dry weather with a weak wind.
Concept and species, 2018.
To the periphery of anticyclone there is an increase in cloudiness and amplification of wind speed. The temperature in the Western part of the Anticyclone, where the southern winds are dominant (in the northern hemisphere), usually higher than East with its northern winds. In the anticyclone, the dapeterological elements of meteorological elements, especially temperature and humidity, is sharply expressed. In the summer, with a strong convection in the anticyclone, thunderstorms sometimes arise. In exceptional cases, anticyclone may occur, fog and layered clouds.

Cyclones. The cyclone is called the area of \u200b\u200breduced pressure with closed isobami, with minimal pressure in the northern hemisphere and clockwise in the southern one.
Concept and species, 2018.

Cyclones are different in size and depth: one should be about 100 miles in diameter, another more than 2000 miles. The pressure in the center of most of the cyclones ranges from 980 to 1010 MB, but in some cases the pressure drops to 935 MB. and below.

Cyclones can move almost in any direction, but more often, they are directed to the northeast in the northern hemisphere and southeast - in South; The speed them range from 10 to 40 knots, sometimes it reaches 60 nodes. When filling (occlusion) cyclones, their speed decreases.

Tropical cyclones Are one of the most dangerous and least studied phenomena of nature. They represent from themselves small in size, with a diameter of from 20 to 600 miles, but very deep atmospheric vortices. They have high kinetic energy (low pressure and winds of hurricane and strengths forming a circulation counterclockwise in the northern and clockwise in the southern hemisphere with a slight deflection to the center). Such a cyclone as a whole (or ᴇᴦο center) has a progressive movement and is often caused by a large excitement, much more than with the most cruel storms of moderate latitudes.

The speed of the tropical cyclone varies from 70 to 240 miles per day, which is increasing with an increase in geographic latitude. The atmospheric pressure in the tropical cyclone deriferies drops to 950-970 MB, and in some cases it falls even lower, the speed of the wind, on the contrary, increases and close to the central zones of the tropical cyclone reaches its largest values \u200b\u200bequal to 40-60 m / s. And even more. However, in the centrally of a tropical cyclone zone with a diameter of 20 to 30 miles, the wind loosens to the calm.

The passage of the tropical cyclone is always accompanied by a cloudiness, very strong and prolonged rains and significant excitement. In the central zone of the tropical cyclone (''Lesh Zone'''''''''') The sky is usually clear or covered with thin highly alone clouds; The excitement here is acquiring a character strongly. representing a greater danger to the vessel. Tropical cyclones are marked in all oceans.

The main emergence and local names are the following:

· Caribbean Sea and Mexican bay. Cyclones arising here are called Antille Hurricanes

· District of Filipino Islands, South Sea Sea Tropical cyclones are called Typhoon

· The Arabian Sea and the Bengal Bay, where the tropical cyclones do not have a local name

· Indian Ocean near the shores of Australia. Here tropical cyclones are called''ville-Willi''''''''Vili

· In the Pacific Ocean at the West Coast Mexico - Cordonaso

· In the Philippines - Baguo, or Baruyo

· In south of the Indian Ocean, the east of the island of Madagascar.
Posted on Ref.rf
The local name of the tropical cyclones is'' Ancane'''''''''''''''K

Tropical cyclones are more often born in the open ocean usually between 5 and 20 ° latitude, on the boundaries of the zone of weak winds and calm and in the areas of monsoon distribution areas. At the first stage, the movement tropical cyclones move with, a low speed of 10-20 km / hour, to the west, then the speed increases to 30-40 km / h or more.

Then everything, more deviating to the right in the northern hemisphere to the left in the southern, they begin to move respectively to the north-west and south-west. Having reached the border of the Passatove zone, i.e. approximately 15-30 °, north and south and south and latitude, tropical cyclones, in case they have not yet filled it, change the direction of movement and begin to move to the northeast in the northern hemisphere And southeast in South.
Concept and species, 2018.
Some tropical cyclones, however, do not change directions, and continue to move in the northwestern or south-west direction until the mainland is reached. With the exit to moderate latitude, the cyclone is gradually filled and slows down. But when the cyclone penetration into the coolest air system (in the Polar Front area), it is transformed: it takes place, the speed increases (sometimes up to 60 km / h), the zone of storm winds is expanding, etc. and already as a vneopic vortex he can shift In fairly high latitudes. When leaving the continent, the tropical cyclone quickly weakens and fades. The most often tropical cyclones in the northern hemisphere are observed from August to September, and in the South Hemisphere in the Pacific Ocean - from January to July, in the Indian Ocean - from November to April. The exception is the northern part of the Indian Ocean, where tropical cyclones are more often observed from May to December.

Characteristics of hurricanes, storms, tornado

Hurricanes, storms, tornadoes - these are wind meteorological phenomena, refer to natural natural disastersCreate great material damage and lead to the death of people.

Wind - Air movement relative to the earth's surface resulting from uneven heat distribution and atmospheric pressure. The main indicators of the wind are the direction (from the high pressure zone into the zone of low pressure) and the speed (measured in meters per second (m / s; km / h; miles / hour).

To designate wind movement, many words are used: hurricane, storm, storm, tornado ... To systematize them, use scale Beaufort.(Developed by English Admiral F. Beaufort in 1806) , which allows you to quite accurately appreciate the strength of the wind in points (from 0 to 12) in its action on ground items or to excitement into the sea. This scale is also convenient because it allows the signs described in it quite accurately determine the wind speed without appliances.

Beaufort scale (Table 1)

Bafort points		Wind speed, m / s (km / h)	Wind action on land
On the land	On the sea
	Calm	0,0 – 0,2 (0,00-0,72)	Calm. Smoke rises vertically	Mirror smooth sea
	Quiet breeze	0,3 –1,5 (1,08-5,40)	The direction of the wind is noticeable at the following smoke,	Ripples, foam on the ridges
	Light breeze	1,6 – 3,3 5,76-11,88)	Wind movement feels face, rustle leaves, moves vane	Short waves, ridges do not overturn and seem to be vitreous
	Weak breeze	3,4 – 5,4 (12,24-19,44)	Leaves and thin branches of trees pegs, wind waves top flags	Short well-pronounced waves. Combs, tilting, form foam, occasionally small white lambs are formed.
	Moderate breeze	5,5 –7,9 (19,8-28,44)	The wind raises dust and papers, drives thin branches of trees	Waves elongated, white whiskers are visible in many places.
	Fresh breeze	8,0 –10,7 (28,80-38,52)	Thin trunks of trees are swinging, waves appear on the water with ridges	Well developed long, but not very large waves, white lambs are visible everywhere.
	Strong breeze	10,8 – 13,8 (38,88-49,68)	Thread bunches of trees are swinging, buzzles	Large waves begin to form. White foam ridges occupy significant areas.
	Strong wind	13,9 – 17,1 (50,04-61,56)	Trees trunks are swinging, it's hard to go against the wind	Waves are prayer, the ridges are broken, foam lies with strips in the wind
	Very strong wind (storm)	17,2 – 20,7 (61,92-74,52)
	Storm (strong storm)	20,8 –24,4 (74,88-87,84)
	Strong storm (full storm)	24,5 –28,4 (88,2-102,2)
		28,5 – 32,6 (102,6-117,3)
	Hurricane	32.7 or more (117.7 or more)	Heavy items are transferred to the wind at considerable distances.	The air is filled with foam and splashes. The sea is all covered with foam stripes. Very bad visibility.

Characteristics of atmospheric vortices

Atmospheric vortices	Local name	Characteristic
Cyclone (tropical and veneropic) - vortices, in the center of which is low pressure	Typhoon (China, Japan) Bagviz (Phillipina) Willy Willie (Australia) Hurricane (Sev. America)	The diameter of the vortex 500-1000 km Height 1-12 km Diameter of the area of \u200b\u200bthe jet ("Eye of the Buri") 10-30 km Wind speed up to 120 m / s time - 9-12 days
Tornado - ascending vortex, consisting of fast rotating air mixed with moisture particles, sand, dust and other suspensions, air funnel descending from low cloud on a water surface or land	Tornado (USA, Mexico) Thromb (Zap. Europe)	Height - a few hundred meters. Diameter - a few hundred meters. The speed of movement up to 150-200 km / h The speed of rotation of the vortices in the funnel to 330 m / s
A flurry - short-term vortices arising from cold atmospheric fronts, often accompanied by a shower or hail and arising in all seasons of the year and at any time of the day.	Storm	Wind speed 50-60 m / s time to 1 hour
The hurricane is the wind of a large destructive strength and a significant duration arising mainly from July to October in the zones of rapprochement of cyclone and anticyclone. Sometimes accompanied by shoes.	Typhoon (Pacific Ocean)	Wind speed more than 29 m / s duration 9-12 days width - up to 1000 km
The storm is the wind whose speed is less than hurricane.	Storm	Duration - from several hours to several days wind speed 15-20 m / s width - up to several hundred kilometers

Hurricane

Hurricane is a rapid wind movement, with a speed of 32.7 m / s (117 km / h), although it may exceed 200 km / h (12 points on the Bafort scale) (Table 1), with a significant duration of a few days ( 9-12 days), continuously moving over the oceans, seas and continents and possessing a big destructive power. The width of the hurricane takes the width of the zone of catastrophic destruction. Often, the territory of winds of storm strength is added to this zone with relatively small destruction. Then the width of the hurricane is measured by hundreds of kilometers, reaching sometimes 1000 km. Hurricanes arise at any time of the year, but most often from July to October. In the remaining 8 months, they are rare, their ways are short.

Hurricane One of the most powerful manifestations of nature, in its consequences, compare with an earthquake. Hurricanes are accompanied by a large amount of precipitation and a decrease in air temperature. The width of the hurricane ranges from 20 to 200 kilometers. Most often, hurricanes rush over the United States, Bangladesh, Cuba, Japan, Antilles, Sakhalin, Far East.

In half cases, the wind speed with a hurricane exceeds 35 m / s, reaching up to 40-60 m / s, and sometimes up to 100 m / s. Depending on the wind speed of hurricanes are classified into three types:

- Hurricane(32 m / s or more)

- Strong hurricane (39.2 m / s or more)

- brutal hurricane (48.6 m / s or more).

The cause of such hurricane windsis the emergence, as a rule, on the collision line of the fronts of warm and cold air masses, powerful cyclones with a sharp pressure drop from the periphery to the center and with the creation of a vortex air flow moving in the lower layers (3-5 km) by spirals to the middle and up, In the northern hemisphere - counterclockwise. Each hurricane weather forecasters assign a name or four-digit number.

Cyclones, depending on the place of their occurrence and structure, divide on:

1) tropical cyclonesthey are found over warm tropical oceans, in the formation stage usually moves to the West, and after the end of the formation bend to the poles. Tropical cyclone who has achieved unusual strength called:

- Tropichmored, if It is born in the Atlantic Ocean and the seas adjacent to it. North and South America. Hurricane (Spanish Huracán, English. Hurricane) named Mayan god Wind Huracana;

- typhoon - If he originated over the Pacific Ocean. Far East, Southeast Asia;

- cyclone - in the Indian Ocean region.

Fig. Structure of tropical cyclone

The eye is the central part of the cyclone, in which the air is lowered down.

The wall of the eye is called a ring of dense thunderstorms, surrounding eyes.

The outer part of the tropical cyclone is organized in the rainbands - the strips of dense thunderstorms, which are slowly moving towards the cyclone center and merge with the wall of the eye.

One of the most common definitions of the cyclone size, which is used in various databases is the distance from the center of circulation to the most external closed isobar, this distance is called the radius of an external closed isobar.

2) Cyclones of moderate latitudescan be formed both above the land and above the water. Usually they move from west to east. A characteristic feature of such cyclones is their big "dryness". The amount of precipitation during their passage is significantly less than in the zone of tropical cyclones.

3) The European mainland affects both tropical hurricanes, nascent in the Central Atlantic and cyclones of moderate latitudes.

Fig. Hurricane Isabel 2003, photo from the ISS - can clearly see the eyes characteristic of tropical cyclones, the wall of the eye and the surrounding rainbands.

Storm (storm)

The storm (storm) is a type of hurricane, inferior to him. Hurricanes and storms differ only in wind speed. The storm is a strong, long wind, but its speed is less than under hurricane 62 - 117 km / h, (8 - 11 points on the Bafort scale). The storm can last from 2-3 hours to several days, covering the distance (width) from tens to several hundred kilometers. The storm, which walked to the sea, is called storm.

Depending on the color of the particles involved in motion, distinguish: black, red, yellow-red and white storms.

Depending on the wind speed, the storm are classified:

Bafort points	Verbal definition of wind power	Wind speed, m / s (km / h)	Wind action on land
On the land	On the sea
	Very strong wind (storm)	17,2 – 20,7 (61,92-74,52)	The wind breaks the bitch of the trees, go against the wind is very difficult	Moderately tall, long waves. At the edges of the ridges begin to take the splashes. Foam strips fall along the wind.
	Storm (strong storm)	20,8 –24,4 (74,88-87,84)	Minor damage; The wind breaks down the smoke caps and tiles	High waves. Foam is widely dense stripes falling around the wind. Combs of waves tip over and scattered into splashes.
	Strong storm (full storm)	24,5 –28,4 (88,2-102,2)	Significant destruction of buildings, trees break down with the root. There is rare on land	Very high waves with long flexing down crests. The foam swelled with the wind with large flakes in the form of thick strips. The surface of the sea is white from foam. The crash of the waves is like shocks. Visibility is bad.
	Cruel storm (hard storm)	28,5 – 32,6 (102,6-117,3)	Large destruction at a significant space. On land is very rare	Exceptionally high waves. Courts are hidden from the view. The sea is all covered with long foam flakes. The edges of the waves are blown away in a foam. Visibility is bad.

Storms are divided:

1) Vortex- There are complex vortex education, due to cyclonic activities and extending to large areas. They are:

- Snow storms (winter) Formed in winter. Such storms are called Purga, Buran, a blizzard. They are accompanied by a strong frost and blizzard, they can move huge masses of snow over long distances, which leads to heavy snowfalls, blizzards, snowy skins. Snow storms paralyzing traffic movement, violate power supply, lead to tragic consequences. The wind contributes to the cooling of the body, frostbite.

- Skvalny storms – There are suddenly, and in time it is extremely not long (a few minutes). For example, for 10 minutes, the wind speed may increase from 3 to 31 m / s.

2) streaming storms- These are local phenomena of small propagation, weaker than the vortex storms. Pass most often between the chains of the mountains connecting the valleys. Divided into:

- Stock -the air flow moves along the slope from top to bottom.

- joys - Air flow moves horizontally or upside down.

Fig. Storm (storm.) Work on the masts of a sailing vessel in a storm.

Tornado (Tornado)

Tornado (in English-speaking tornado terminology from the Sp. tornar "Vertete, twist") is an atmospheric vortex in the form of a dark sleeve with a vertical curved axis and a funnel-shaped expansion in the upper and lower parts. The air rotates at a speed of 50-300 km / hour counterclockwise and rises up the helix. Inside the stream, speed can reach 200 km / h. Inside the post reduced pressure (vacuum), which causes suction, lifting up of everything occurring on the way (land, sand, water, sometimes very heavy objects). The height of the sleeve can reach 800 - 1500 meters, the diameter is from several tens above the water to hundreds of meters above the land. The length of the movement path ranges from several hundred meters to tens of kilometers (40 - 60 km.). Tornado applies, following the terrain relief, the speed of moving a tornger of 50 - 60 km / h.

The tornado occurs in a thunderstorm cloud (in the upper part it has a funnelized expansion, merging with clouds) saturated with charged ions and then spreads in the form of a dark sleeve or trunk towards the surface of the sushi or the sea. When the tornado goes to the surface of the earth or water, the lower part of it also becomes an extended, similar to the overturned funnel. Solorals occur both over the aquatic surface and above the land, much more often than hurricanes, usually in the warm sector of the cyclone, more often before the cold front. Its formation is associated with particularly strong instability of the natural distribution at the height of atmospheric air temperatures (atmosphere stratification). It is often accompanied by a thunderstorm, rain, hail, harsh wind gain.

Solorals are observed in all areas of the globe. Most often, they arise in Australia, Northeast Africa are most common in America (USA), in the warm sector of the cyclone in front of the Cold Front. Tornado moves in the same direction as cyclone. In the year they happen more than 900, and most of them are born and brings the greatest damage to the "Tornado Valley".

Tornado Valley extends from West Texas to Dakota 100 miles from north to south and 60 miles from east to west. Warm wet air, coming from the north of the Gulf of Mexico, occurs with dry, cold wind moving from the south from Canada. The huge clusters of thunderstorm clouds begin to form. The air sharply rises up inside the clouds, it cools and goes down. These streams face and rotate relative to each other. There is a thunderstorm cyclone, in which the tornado is originated.

Classification of Soloza

Biche-like - This is the most common type of tornado. The funnel looks smooth, thin, can be quite winding. The length of the funnel significantly exceeds its radius. Weak tensions and dodge-watering funnels are usually bichery-like nurses.

Blurry - Look like shaggy, rotating, reaching the clouds. Sometimes the diameter of such a tornger even surpasses its height. All large diameters funnels (more than 0.5 km) are vague. Usually it is very powerful vortices, often composite. They make tremendous damage due to large sizes and very high wind speed.

Compound - Composite Tornado in Dallas 1957 may consist of two or more individual thrombus around the main central tornger. Such a tornado can be almost any power, however, most often these are very powerful tornadoes. They cause significant damage in extensive territories. More often formed on water. These funnels are a bit connected with each other, but there are exceptions.

Fire - These are ordinary tornadoes, generated by a cloud formed as a result of a strong fire or volcanic eruption. It was such a tornado, for the first time, they were artificially created by a person (J. Dessen's experiences (Dessens, 1962) in Sahara, who continued in 1960-1962). "Blind" the languages \u200b\u200bof flames that are drawn up to the maternal cloud, forming a fiery firm. Can handle fire for tens of kilometers. There are bichemes. Could not be blurry (the fire is not under pressure as in Bico-like tornado).

Water- These are the tornadoes that were formed above the surface of the oceans, seas, in the rare case of lakes. They "absorb" waves and water, forming, in some cases, waterways that are pulled out to the maternal cloud forming aqueous tornado. There are bichemes. As well as fiery, cannot be blurry (water is not under pressure, like bichepodic tornadoes).

Earthman - These tornadoes are very rare, are formed during the devastating cataclysms or landslides, sometimes earthquakes above 7 points on the Richter scale, very high pressure drops, air is strongly resolved. The bicheld tornado is located "carrots" (thick part) to the ground, inside a dense funnel, a thin strip of the earth inside, "the second shell" from the earthenware (if the landslide). In the case of earthquakes raises stones, which is very dangerous.

Snow - These are snow tornadoes during a strong blizzard.

Fig. Tornado and cavitation cord for radial-axial turbine and distribution of speed and pressure in the cross sections of these vortex formations.

Tropical cyclones are vortices, in the center of which is low pressure; They are formed in summer and autumn over the warm surface of the ocean.
Usually tropical cyclones occur only in low latitudes near the equator, between 5 and 20 ° of the northern and southern hemispheres.
Hence the vortex with a diameter of about 500-1000 km and a height of 10-12 km begins its run.

Tropical cyclones are widespread on Earth, and in different parts of the world they are called differently: in China and Japan - Typhoon, in the Philippines - Bagviz, in Australia - Willie Willie, near the coast of North America - Hurricanes.
By destructive strength, tropical cyclones can compete with earthquakes or volcanic eruptions.
In one hour, one such vortex with a diameter of 700 km highlights energy equal to 36 hydrogen bombs. In the center of the cyclone, there is often the so-called storm eye - a small area of \u200b\u200bthe lull with a diameter of 10-30 km.
Here are the most severe weather, a small wind speed, high air temperature and very low pressure, and around, rotating clockwise, the winds of hurricane power are blowing. Their speed may exceed 120 m / s, while there is a powerful cloudiness, accompanied by strong gear, thunderstorms and hail.

For example, Kakhiye of the trouble did Hurricane Flora, swept over in October 1963 over the islands of Tobago, Haiti and Cuba. Wind speed reached 70-20 m / s. Tobago began a flood. In Haiti, the hurricane destroyed whole villages, 5 thousand people were killed and 100 thousand were left without bed. The amount of precipitation accompanying tropical cyclones seems incredible in comparison with rain intensity with the strongest cyclones of moderate latitudes. So, when passing one hurricane through Puerto Rico in 6 hours, 26 billion tons of water fell.
If it is divided by this amount per unit area, precipitation will be significantly larger than they are dropped over a year, for example, in batumi (on average 2700 mm).

Tornado is one of the most destructive atmospheric phenomena - a huge vertical vortex height of several tens of meters.

Of course, people cannot be actively fighting for tropical cyclones yet, but it is important to prepare for hurricane in time, be it on land or at sea. For this purpose, meteorological satellites are carried out over the vast expanses of the World Ocean, providing great help in the forecast of ways to move tropical cyclones.
They take pictures of these vortices even at the time of their origin, and in photograph you can quite accurately determine the position of the cyclone center, trace its movement. Therefore, in recent years, it was possible to prevent the population of extensive areas of the Earth about the approximation of typhoons, which could not be found in conventional meteorological observations.
Tornado, observed in the Bay of Tampa Bay in Florida in 1964

Tornado is one of the most destructive and at the same time spectacular atmospheric phenomena.
This is a huge vortex with a vertical axis of a few hundred meters long.
In contrast to the tropical cyclone, it is concentrated on a small area: all as it were.

On the Black Sea coast, you can see how from the central part of the powerful cumulating cloud, the lower base of which takes the form of a tilted funnel, a giant dark trunk is drawn up, and another funnel rises from the surface of the sea.
If they encounter, a huge, quickly moving pillar, rotating counterclockwise, is formed.

Tornadoes are formed with an unstable atmosphere, when the air in its lower layers is very warm, and in the upper - cold.
At the same time, a very intense air exchange occurs, accompanied by a vortex of huge speed - several tens of meters per second.
The diameter of the tornger can reach several hundred meters, and it is moving sometimes even at a speed of 150-200 km / h.
Inside the vortex, very low pressure is formed, so the tornado draws everything that meets on the way: it can carry water, soil, stones, parts of buildings to a large distance, etc.
Known, for example, "fish" rains, when a tornado from a pond or a lake, along with water, retractped into himself and the fish there.

The ship thrown by the waves as shore.

Tornado on land in the United States and Mexico called Tornado, in Western Europe - Trombus. Tornado in North America is quite frequent - here they are on average over 250 per year. Tornado is the strongest of tornadoes observed on the globe, with wind speed up to 220 m / s.

Tornado at sea. The diameter of the tornger can reach several hundred meters and move at a speed of 150-200 km / h.

The most terrible tornado in March 1925 across the states of Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky and Tennessee, where 689 people died. In the temperate latitudes of our country, the tornadoes are every few years. Exceptionally strong tornado with wind speed of 80 m / s swept through the city of Rostov of the Yaroslavl region in August 1953, the Tornado passed through the city in 8 minutes; Leaving a strip of destruction width of 500 m.
He dropped two cars with a weight of 16 t from the railway tracks.

Signs of weather worsening.

Curl clouds in the form of hooks move from the West or South-West.

The wind does not subscribe to the evening, but increases.

The moon is focused on a small wedge (halo).

After the emergence of rapidly moving perisal clouds, the sky is covered transparent (as a veil) of the layer of peristo-layered clouds. They are visible in the form of circles near the sun or the moon.

On the sky at the same time visible clouds of all tiers: cumulus, "lames", wavy and cake.

If the developed cumulus cloud goes into the thunderstorm and in the upper part it is formed "anvil", then there should be a hail.

In the morning, cumulus clouds appear, which grow and by noon take the shape of high towers or mountains.

Smoke goes a book or stele on the ground.

Anticipate the education and path of movement of the tornado on land is difficult: it moves at a huge speed and is very short-lived. However, the network of supervisory points reports to the weather bureau about the emergence of a tornado and its location. There these data is analyzed and convey the appropriate warnings.

Shkwali. There was a blow to the thunder, the solid black and gray shaft of the clouds was even closer - and that's how everything was mixed. The hurricane wind broke and pulled the trees with the root, drove the roofs from houses. It fell a squall.

The squall occurs mainly in front of cold atmospheric fronts or near the centers of small moving cyclones when the cold air intake is warm. Cold air on the invasion displaces warm, forcing it to quickly rise, and the greater the temperature difference between the occurring cold and warm air (and it can exceed 10-15 °), the greater the power of the squall. Wind speed with a squall reaches 50-60 m / s, and it can last to one hour; He is often accompanied by a shower or hail. After a squall, there is a noticeable cooling. The squall may arise in all seasons of the year and at any time of the day, but more often in the summer, when the earth's surface is stronger.

Shkwali is a formidable phenomenon of nature, especially because of the surroundings of their appearance. We present the description of one squall. On March 24, 1878, in England, the Frigate "Eurydik" arriving from the long-range sailing was met. "Evridik" has already appeared on the horizon. Before the shore remained some 2-3 km. Suddenly, a terrifying squall with snow flew. The sea was covered with huge shafts. The phenomenon lasted just two minutes. When the squall ended, there were no traces from the frigate. He was overturned and sank. Wind more than 29 m / s called hurricane.

Hurricane winds are most often observed in the zone of rapprochement of cyclone and anticyclone, i.e. in areas with a sharp pressure drop. Such winds are most characteristic of coastal areas where marine and continental air masses are found, or in the mountains. But they are on the plains. In early January 1969, the cold anticyclone from the north of Western Siberia quickly moved to the south of the European territory of the USSR, where he met with a cyclone, the center of which was located above the Black Sea, and very large pressure differences arose in the zone of anticyclone and cyclone: \u200b\u200bup to 15 MB on 100 km. Cold wind raised at a speed of 40-45 m / s. On the night of 2 to January 3, the hurricane hit Western Georgia. He destroyed residential buildings in Kutaisi, Tkibuli, Samtredia, pulled the trees with the root, ripped wires. Trains stopped, stopped the work of transport, in some places there were fires. The huge waves of the twelve-ball storm hit the coast near Sukhumi, the hulls of the resort of Pitsunda resort were damaged. In the Rostov region, the Krasnodar and Stavropol Territories, hurricane winds raised into the air along with the snow mass. The wind drove the roofs from the houses, destroyed the top layer of the soil, fused the crops of wintering. Snow storms brought roads. Overlooking the Azov Sea, the hurricane drove water from the eastern shores of the sea to the Western. From the cities of Primorsko-Akhtarsk and Azov, the sea retreated 500 m, and in Genichensk, located on the opposite shore, the streets flooded. Hurricane broke into the south of Ukraine. The wharfs, cranes and beach facilities were damaged on the winning of Crimea. These are the consequences of only one hurricane.

Thunderies often accompany volcanic eruptions.

Hurricane winds are frequent on the coasts of the Arctic and Far Eastern seas, especially in winter and in the fall during the passage of cyclones. In our country, Pestraza Dresva station - on the West Bank of Shelikhova Bay - the wind in 21 m / s and more are observed at sixty-to-year. This station is located at the entrance to the narrow valley. Finding into it, a weak oriental wind from the bay due to the narrowing of the flow is enhanced to hurricane.

When snow drops with a strong wind, snowstorming or bursts arise. The blizzard is called the transfer of snow by the wind. The latter is often accompanied by the vortex movements of snowflakes. The formation of blizzards depends not so much from the strength of the wind, as from the fact that the snow is a bulk and lightweight material that easily rises by the wind from the ground. From here, blizzards occur at different wind speeds, sometimes starting with 4-6 m / s. The snowstorms enter the road snow, the runways of the airfields, outreach huge drifts.

Introduction

1. The formation of atmospheric vortices

1.1 Atmospheric fronts. Cyclone and anticyclone

2. Study of atmospheric vortices at school

2.1 Study of atmospheric vortices in geography lessons

2.2 Studying the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena with grade 6

Conclusion.

Bibliography.

Introduction

Atmospheric vortices - tropical cyclones, tornadoes,storm Shkwals and hurricanes.

Tropical cyclones - these are vortices, low pressure in the center; They are in summer and winter.T. ropic cyclones occur only in low latitudes near the equator. In terms of destruction, cyclones can be compared with earthquakes or volcanoami.

The speed of cyclones exceeds 120 m / s, while there is a powerful cloudiness, there are shrines, thunderstorms and hail. Hurricane can destroy entire villages. The amount of precipitation seems incredible in comparison with the rainy intensity with the strongest cyclones in moderate latitudes.

Tornado - Developed atmospheric reverass. This is a huge vertical vortex height of several tens of meters.

People can not actively fight tropical cyclones, but it is important to prepare on time, be it on land or at sea. For this, meteorological satellites are carrying the watch around the clock, which provide great help in the forecast of ways to move tropical cyclones. They take pictures of vortices, and in photographs you can quite accurately determine the position of the cyclone center and trace its movement. Therefore, in recent times it was possible to prevent the population about the typhoon approximation, which could not be found in conventional meteorological observations.

Despite the fact that the tornado has a destructive effect at the same time it is a spectacular atmospheric phenomenon. It is concentrated on a small area and all as if in front of. On the shore can be seen, a funnel is drawn from the center of a powerful cloud, and another funnel rises from the surface of the sea. After closure, a huge, moving pillar, which rotates counterclockwise. Soloch

it is formed when the air in the lower layers is very warm, and in the upper - cold. Very intense air exchange begins, which

accompanied by swirl, having a greater speed - several tens of meters per second. The diameter of the tornger can reach several hundred meters, and the speed of 150-200 km / h. Inside the low pressure is formed, so the tornado draws everything that meets on the way. Known, for example, "fish"

it rains when a tornado from a pond or a lake along with water pulled into himself and there is a fish there.

Storm- It is a strong wind, with the help of which a lot of excitement can begin at sea. A storm can be observed when cyclone passes, a tornger.

Wind wind speed exceeds 20 m / s and can reach 100 m / s., And with wind speeds, more than 30 m / s start hurricane, and wind amplification to speeds 20-30 m / s are called shkvalai..

If only the phenomena of atmospheric vortices are studying in the lessons of geography, then during the lessons of the Obzh, it is very important to protect methods from these phenomena, and this is very important, since knowing how to protect today's students will be able to protect against atmospheric vortices, but friends and friends too.

1. The formation of atmospheric vortices.

Arena, on which the struggle of air currents is deployed, and it is necessary for the most populated parts of the globe - moderate latitudes. These latitudes and experience the weather popsicles.

The most hectic areas in our atmosphere are the borders of the air masses. They often arise huge vortices that bring us continuous changes to the weather. We will get acquainted with them more.

1.1Atmospheric fronts. Cyclone and anticyclone

What is the cause of constant movement of air masses? How are the pressure belt in Eurasia distributed? What air masses in winter are closer in their properties: marine and continental air of moderate latitudes (MOVOL and CVUSH) or continental air of moderate latitudes (CVUSH) and continental arctic air (KAV)? Why?

Huge air masses move over the ground and carry water vapor. Some move from sushi, others from the sea. Some - from warm areas in the cold, others - from cold to warm. Some carry a lot of water, others are not enough. Often streams meet, faced.

In the strip, separating various air masses in its properties, there are peculiar transition zones - Atmospheric fronts. The width of these areas usually reaches several tens of kilometers. Here, on the contact of various air masses, with their interaction, there is a fairly rapid change in temperature, humidity, pressure and other characteristics of the air masses. The passage of the front through any terrain is accompanied by cloudiness, precipitation, changing the air masses and the associated weather types. In cases where the air masses are in contact with their properties (in winter Av and Cvush - above Eastern Siberia), the atmospheric front does not occur and there is no significant change in weather.

Over the territory of Russia, arctic and polar atmospheric fronts are often located. The Arctic Front separates the Arctic air from the air of moderate latitudes. In the area of \u200b\u200bthe separation of the air masses of moderate latitudes and tropical air, a polar front is formed.

The position of atmospheric fronts is changing over the season of the year.

Figure(Fig. 1 ) can be determined wherearctic and polar fronts are located in the summer.

(Fig. 1)

Along the atmospheric front occurs with a coolest air with a colder. Depending on which air goes into the territory, displacing it on it, the fronts are divided into warm and cold.

Warm front It is formed when warm air moves towards the cold, pushing it.

At the same time, warm air, as lighter, rises above the cold smoothly, as the stairs (Fig. 2).

(Fig. 2)

When lifting, it is gradually cooled, the water pairs contained in it are collected in drops (condensed), the sky is tightened with clouds, and precipitates fall. The warm front brings warming and protracted drizzling rains.

Cold front It is formed when moving the cold spirit in the direction of warm. Cold air is heavy, so he gristed under warm, sharply, with one wave, raises it and pushes up (see Fig. 3).

(Fig. 3)

There is a rapid cooling of warm air. Thunderstorm clouds are going over the ground. Storm sediments fall out, often accompanied by thunderstorms. Often, strong winds arise, squalls. When the cold front passes, the clarification quickly and comes cooling. Figure 3, you can see in what sequence to replace each other types of clouds during the passage of warm and cold dams.With atmospheric fronts, the development of cyclones, which bring the main mass of precipitation, cloudy and rainy weather to the territory of Russia are connected.

Cyclones and anticyclones.

Cyclones and anticyclones are large atmospheric vortices carrying air masses. On the maps, they are isolated by closed concentric isobami (equal pressure lines).

Cyclones - These are vortices with low pressure in the center. The pressure increases to the outskirts, therefore, the air moves in the center towards the center, slightly deviating the clockwise. In the central part, the air rises and spreads to the outskirts .

When lifting the air is cooled, moisture condensation occurs, clouds occur, and precipitates fall. Cyclones reach 2-3 thousand km in diameter and usually move at a speed of 30-40 km / b. So as in moderate latitudes dominates the western transfer of air masses, cyclones move through the territory of Russia from the west toeast. At the same time, air from more southern areas is drawn into the eastern and southern parts of the cyclone, that is, usually warmer, and in the north and western parts - colder air from the north. Due to the rapid change of air masses during the passage of the cyclone, the weather changes dramatically.

Anticyclone It has the highest pressure in the center of the vortex. Hence the air spreads to the outskirts, slightly deviating clockwise. The weather is weather (poorly or dry - in a warm period, clear, frosty - in the cold) is maintained throughout the entire time of anticyclone's stay, as air masses spread from the center of anticyclone have the same properties. Due to the outflow of air in the surface part, the air from the upper layers of the troposphere constantly flows into the center of the anticyclone. Running, this air warms up and removes from saturation state. The weather in Anticyclone is clear, cloudless, with big daily

temperature oscillations. Maintenance Ways of passage of cyclones are associated with atmospheric mi. fronts. In winter, they develop over the Barents, Kara and

Okhotsky seas. To regions intensive Winter cyclones belong Northwest Russian plains, where the Atlantic is spirit Interact with Continen talny temperate air short and arctic.

Summer cyclones most tensene develop on far East and in western regions Russian Plains. Some strengthening cyclonic activity sTI Observed in the north of Siberia, anticyclone weather is most typical and in winter and in summer for the south of the Russian Plain. Sustainable anticyclones are characteristic of winter for Eastern Siberia.

Synoptic maps, weather forecast. Synoptic car you contain Weather information large territory. Composed eat they are for a certain period based weather observations carried out Network meteorologists chesky stations. On synoptic sky Maps showed pressure air atmospheric fronts region High and low pressure and direction of their movement, areas with precipitation and pattern of precipitation, speed and direction of wind, air temperature. Currently, space snapshots are all wider for the preparation of synoptic cards. They are clearly visible zones of clouds, allowing to judge the situation of cyclones and atmospheric fronts. Synoptic maps - the basis for weather prediction. For this purpose, maps are usually compiled by several deadlines, and establish changes in the front position, the displacement of cyclones and anticyclones, determine the most likely direction of their development in the near future. According to these data, they make a map of weather forecast that is a synoptic map for the coming period (for the next observation period, for a day, two). Small-scale cards give a forecast for the Big District. Especially important is the weather forecast for aviation. In a specific location, the forecast can be clarified based on the use of local weather signs.

1.2 Approximation and passage of cyclone

The first signs of the cyclone approximation appear in the sky. Even on the day before, during the sunrise and sunset, the sky is painted in a bright red-orange color. Gradually, as cyclone approaches, it becomes copper-red, acquires a metallic shade. An ominous dark band appears on the horizon. Wind freezes. A striking silence comes in silent air. It remains for about a day until it gets

the first mad busting of the wind. Sea birds are hastily gather in flocks and fly away from the sea. Over the sea, they will inevitably die. A sharp cries, flying from place to place, expresses his anxiety feathery world. Beasts are clogged into holes.

But from all the harbors of the storm in the most reliable is a barometer. Already in 24 hours, and sometimes 48 hours before the start of the storm, the air pressure begins to fall.

The faster the barometer "falls", the sooner the storm will be the stronger. The barometer ceases to fall only when it is close to the center of the cyclone. Now the barometer begins to fluctuate without any order, then riving, then falling until the center of the cyclone is passing.

Red or black blinds of torn clouds rushing across the sky. A huge black cloud comes with terrible speed; She closes all the sky. Essightly fly sharp, like a blow, gust of the commercial wind. Rattle, not ceasing, thunder; Dazzling lightning permeate the occurring darkness. In the screenshot and noise of the hurricane hurricane there is no possibility to hear each other. When the Hurricane Center passes, the noise begins to resemble the artillery salts.

Of course, the tropical hurricane destroys not everything on their path; He meets a lot of irresistible obstacles. But how many destruction brings with me such a cyclone. All fragile, light buildings of southern countries are sometimes destroyed before the foundation and are carried away by the wind. Water rivers, persecuted by the wind, reversed. Separate trees come out with the root and flicker on the ground for distant distances. Tuchi carry the branches and leaves of trees in the air. Century forests bent as reed. Even the grass is often sweeping hurricane from the earth like litter. Most of all, tropical cyclone is rampant on sea coasts. Here the storm rushes, without meeting big obstacles.

moving from warm areas into cooler, cyclones gradually expand and weaken.

Separate tropical hurricanes sometimes enter very far. So, the coast of Europe is sometimes reached, though, highly weakened tropical cyclones of West Indies.

How are people fighting with such formidable phenomena of the elements?

Stop the hurricane, send it on another way, the person is still unable. But to warn about the bora, report it to the courts in the sea and the population on land - this task in our time is successfully implementing a meteorological service. Such a service daily makes special weather maps for which

successfully predicted, where, when and what strength is expected in the coming days of the storm. Having received such a warning on the radio, sea vessels or do not leave the port, or hurry to hide in the nearest reliable port, or try to go away from the hurricane.

Anticyclone We already know that when the front line between two air currents begged, a warm language is squeezed into the cold mass, and thus the cyclone is born. But the front line can be fed and toward warm air. In this case, a whirlwind occurs with completely different properties than cyclone. It is called anticyclone. This is no longer a hollow, but an air mountain.

The pressure in the center of such a vortex is higher than at the edges, and the air spreads from the center to the outskirts of the vortex. It is lowered by air from higher layers. Running, it shrinks, heats up, and cloudy in it gradually dissipates. Therefore, the weather in Anticyclone is usually clouded and dry; On the plains it is hot summer and cold in winter. Only on the outskirts of the anticyclone can occur fogs and low layered clouds. Since the anticyclone does not have such a big difference in pressures, as in the cyclone, then the winds are much weaker here. They move clockwise (Fig. 4).

fig.4.

As the vortex develops, the upper layers are heated. This is especially noticeable when the cold language is cut off and the whirlwind stops, "feeding" cold or when the anticyclone is stood in one place. Then the weather in it becomes more stable.

In general, anticyclones are more calm vortices than cyclones. They are moving slower, about 500 kilometers per day; They often stop and stand in one area, and then they continue their way. Their sizes are huge. Anticyclone is often, especially in winter, covers the whole of Europe and part of Asia. But small, mobile and short-lived anticyclones may occur in separate series of cyclones.

These vortex come to us usually from the North-West, less often from the West. On the weather cards, anticyclonov centers are indicated by the letter in (Fig. 4).

On our map we can find an anticyclone and see how they are located around his center of Isobara.

These are atmospheric vortices. Every day they pass over our country. They can be found on any weather map.

2. Study of atmospheric vortices at school

In the school program about atmospheric vortices and air masses are studied in geography lessons.

In the lessons study Cirkulyatsi Yu air masses in summer and winter, t.ranceformationyu air mass, and whenresearch atmosphericvortex Learncyclones and anticyclones, classification of fronts according to the features of movement, etc.

2.1 Study of atmospheric vortices in geography lessons

Sample lesson plan on the topic<< Air masses and their types. Circulation of air masses \u003e\u003e and<< Atmospheric fronts. Atmospheric vortices: cyclones and anticyclones \u003e\u003e.

Air masses and their types. Air Circulation Mass

Purpose: Familiarize with various types of air masses, areas of their formation, types of weather defined by them.

Equipment: Climatic maps of Russia and the world, satin, stencils with contours of Russia.

(Work with contour cards.)

1. Determine the types of air masses that dominate the territory of our country.

2. Resect the basic properties of air masses (temperature, humidity, direction of movement).

3. Install the areas of air masses and possible effect on the climate.

(The results of work can be listed in the table.)

WHO

ground mass

District of formation

Basic properties

Areas of action

Manifest transformation

Influence on climate

Tempera

tour

humidity

Comments

1. Pupils on the transformation of air masses should be paid when promoting one or another territory.

2. When checking the work of students, it is necessary to emphasize that, depending on the geographical latitude, arctic, moderate or tropical air masses are formed, and depending on the underlying surface they can be continental or marine.

Large masses of troposphere, characterized by their properties (temperature, humidity, transparency), are called air masses.

Three types of air masses are moved over Russia: arctic (AVM), moderate (UMM), tropical (TVM).

AVM Forms over the Arctic Ocean (Cold, Dry).

Umm form in moderate latitudes. Over the land - Continental (CVUSH): Dry, warm summer and cold in winter. Over the ocean - marine (mkvush): wet.

Moderate air masses dominate our country, since Russia is located mostly in moderate latitudes.

- How does the properties of the air masses depend on the underlying surface? (Air masses formed above sea surface - marine, wet, over suits - continental, dry.)

- Do air masses move? (Yes.)

Give evidence of their movement. (Changeweather.)

- What makes them move? (Difference in pressure.)

- Are districts with different pressure are the same throughout the year? (Not.)

Consider the movement of the air masses throughout the year.

If the movement of the masses depends on the pressure difference, it means that this scheme should first depict areas with a high and bottom of the CM pressure. In summer, high-pressure areas are located above the oceans of the quiet and northern ice.

Summer

- What air masses are formed in these areas?(IN Northern Arctic - Continental Arctic Air Mass (KAV).)

- What weather do they bring? (They bring cold and clear weather.)

If this air mass passes above the mainland, then it is heated and transformed into continental moderate air mass (KVUSH). Which is already characterized by KAV properties (warm and dry). Then the KVUSH turns into a KTV (hot and dry, bringing sukhov and drought).

Transformation of air mass - This is a change in the properties of the air masses of the troposphere when moving into other latitude and to another underlying surface (for example, from the sea to land or from sushi to the sea). The air mass is heated or cooled, it increases or decreases the content of water vapor and dust, the nature of the cloudiness is changed, etc. under conditions of cardinal change of air properties

its masses belong to another geographical type. For example, the masses of cold arctic air, penetrating in the summer to the south of Russia, are strongly heated, they are drained and dyed, acquiring the properties of continental tropical air, often causing drought.

From the Pacific Ocean comes the sea moderate mass (muv), it, like the air mass from the Atlantic Ocean, brings in summer relatively cool weather and precipitation.

Winter

(In this scheme, students also celebrate areas with high pressure (where there are areas with low temperature).)

In the area of \u200b\u200bthe Northern Ocean and Siberia, high-pressure regions are formed. From there, cold and dry air masses are directed to the territory of Russia. From Siberia, there are continental moderate masses, bringing frosty clear weather. Sea air masses in winter come from the Atlantic Ocean, which at this time is warmer than the mainland. Consequently, this air mass brings rainfall in the form of snow, possible thaw, snowfall.

Answer the question: "How do you explain the weather type today? Where did he come from, for what signs did you define it? "

Atmospheric fronts. Atmospheric vortices: cyclones and anticyclones

Objectives: form an idea of \u200b\u200batmospheric vortices, fronts; show the connection between weather shift and processes in the atmosphere; To introduce the causes of the formation of cyclones, anticyclones.

Equipment: Cards of Russia (physical, climatic), demonstration tables "Atmospheric fronts" and "Atmospheric vortices", cards with points.

1. Frontal survey

- What is air masses? (Large air volumes that differ in their properties: temperature, humidity and transparency.)

- Air masses are divided into types. Name them than they differ? ( Approximate answer. Arctic air is formed above the Arctic - always cold and dry, transparent, since there is no dust in the Arctic. Over most part of Russia in moderate latitudes, a moderate air mass is formed - winter cold, and warm in summer. In the summer, tropical air masses come to Russia, which are formed over the deserts of Central Asia and bring hot and dry weather with air temperature to 40 ° C.)

- What is the transformation of air masses? ( Approximate answer. Changes in the properties of air masses when moving over the territory of Russia. For example, sea moderate air coming from the Atlantic Ocean loses moisture, in the summer he warms and becomes continental - warm and dry. In winter, sea temperate air loses moisture, but cools and becomes dry and cold.)

- What ocean and why has a greater impact on the climate of Russia? ( Approximate answer. Atlantic. First, most of Russia

located in the dominant Western transfer of winds, secondly, obstacles to the penetration of Western winds with the Atlantic is actually no, since in the west of Russia - the plains. Low Ural Mountains are not an obstacle.)

2. Test

1. A general amount of radiation reaching the surface of the Earth is called:

a) solar radiation;

b) radiation balance;

c) total radiation.

2. The large indicator of the reflected radiation has:

a) sand; c) chernozem;

b) forest; d) snow.

3. In winter, move:

a) Arctic air masses;

b) moderate air masses;

c) tropical air masses;

d) Equatorial air masses.

4. Rolled the western transfer of air masses is intensified by most of Russia:

in the summer; c) in autumn.

b) in winter;

5. A large indicator of total radiation in Russia has:

a) South Siberia; c) South of the Far East.

b) North Caucasus;

6. The difference between the total radiation and reflected radiation and thermal radiation is called:

a) absorbed by radiation;

b) radiation balance.

7. When driving to the equator, the amount of total radiation:

a) decreases; B) does not change.

b) increases;

Answers: 1 - in; 3 - g; 3 - a, b; 4 - a; 5 B; 6 - b; 7 - b.

3. Work on cards and

Determine what type of weather is described.

1. Dawn frost below 35 ° C, and snow is barely visible through the fog. The creak is heard a few kilometers. Smoke from the pipes upright up. The sun is red as a hot metal. Day sparkles and sun and snow. Fog already melted. The sky is blue, permeated with light, if you look up, then it seems as if summer. And on the courtyard of the sizzle, a strong frost, the air is dry, the wind is not.

Frost becomes stronger. The taiga is heard the buzz from the sounds of cracking trees. In Yakutsk, the average temperature of January -43 ° C, and from December to March, the average of 18 mm of precipitation falls. (Continental moderate.)

2. About 1915 was very rainy. Walked all the time rain with great constancy. One day two days in a row went very strong shower. He did not allow people to leave homes. Fearing that the boats will take water, pulled them away to the shore. Within one day several times

tipped them and poured water. By the end of the second day, it was suddenly from above the water came the shaft and immediately flooded all the shores. (Monsonic moderate.)

III. Studying a new material

Comments. The teacher proposes to listen to the lecture, in the course of which students give the definition of terms, fill the tables, make drawings diagrams in a notebook. The teacher then checks the work with the help of consultants. Each student receives three cards with points. If within

the lesson student gave the card-score consultant, it means that he needs to still work with a teacher or consultant.

You already know that air masses of three types are moving on the territory of our country: arctic, moderate and tropical. They differ quite strongly from each other in the main indicators: temperature, humidity, pressure, etc., when rapprochement of air masses having

various characteristics, in the zone between them, the difference in air temperature, humidity, pressure increases, the wind speed increases. Transition zones in a troposphere, in which the rapprochement of air masses with various characteristics is called fronts.

In the horizontal direction, the length of the fronts, as well as air masses, has thousands of kilometers, vertically - about 5 km, the width of the front zone at the surface of the earth is about hundreds of kilometers, at altitudes - several hundred kilometers.

The existence of atmospheric fronts is more than two days.

Fronts along with air masses move at an average of 30-50 km / h, and the speed of cold fronts often reaches 60-70 km / h (and sometimes 80-90 km / h).

Classification of fronts according to movement features

1. The fronts are called fronts moving towards coarse air. Behind the warm front in this region comes a warm air mass.

2. The farms are called fronts moving towards warmer air mass. During the cold front, a cold air mass arrives in this region.

IV. Fastening a new material

1. Work with the card

1. Direct, where arctic and polar fronts are located above the territory of Russia in the summer. (Approximate answer). The Arctic fronts in the summer are located in the northern part of the Barents Sea, over the northern part of Eastern Siberia and the Sea of \u200b\u200bLaptev and over the Chukotka Peninsula. Polar fronts: The first summer is stretched from the Black Sea coast over the Middle Russian hill to the priesthood, the second is located in the south

Eastern Siberia, the third - over the southern part of the Far East and the fourth - above the Japanese sea.)

2 . Determine where the Arctic fronts are located in winter. (In winter, the Arctic fronts are shifted to the south, but remainsfront over the central part of the Barents Sea and above the Okhotsk Sea and Koryak Nagorem.)

3. Determine in which direction is the shift of fronts in the winter.

(Approximate answer). In winter, the fronts move to the south, because all the air masses, winds, the pressure belt is shifted to the south after the visible movement

Sun.

2. Independent work

Filling tables.

Cold front

1. Warm air is coming to the cold.

2. Warm light air rises up.

3. Starting rains.

4. Slow warming

1. Cold air comes on warm.

2. Pulls up light warm air.

3. Shni, thunderstorms.

4. Fast cooling, clear weather

Atmospheric fronts

Cyclones and anticyclones

Signs	Cyclone	Anticyclone
What is it?	Atmospheric vortices carrying air masses
How are shown on the maps?	Concentric isobars
Atmosphere pressure	Low pressure swirl in the center	High pressure in the center
Air movement	From the periphery to the center	From the center to the outskirts
Phenomena	Air cooling, condensation, cloud formation, precipitation	Warming and dried air
Dimensions	2-3 thousand km in diameter
Speed \u200b\u200bren coems	30-40 km / h, movable	Lovely
Directed movement	From west to east	Lovely
Place of birth	Northern Atlantic, Barents Sea, Okhotsk Sea	Winter - Siberian Anticyclone
Weather	Cloudy, with precipitation	Poorless, summer - warm, winter - frosty

3. Work with synoptic maps (weather cards)

Thanks to the synoptic maps, you can judge the promotion of cyclones, fronts, clouds, make a forecast for the coming hours, day. Synoptic maps have their own conventional signs for which you can learn about the weather in any area. Insulats connecting points with the same atmospheric pressure (they are called fromobami), cyclones and anticyclones are shown. In the center of the concentric isobar there is a letter H (low pressure, cyclone) or IN (High pressure, anticyclone). Isobaras indicate the pressure of the air in hectopascals (1000 gp \u003d 750 mm Hg. Art.). The arrows show the direction of movement of the cyclone or anticyclone.

The teacher shows how various information reflects on the weatherplace map: air pressure, atmospheric fronts, anticyclones and cyclones and their pressure, areas with precipitation, precipitation nature, speed and direction of wind, air temperature.)

From the proposed features, choose what is characteristic of

cyclone, Anticyclone, Atmospheric Front:

1) high pressure atmospheric vortex in the center;

2) low pressure atmospheric vortex in the center;

3) brings cloudy weather;

4) stable, minor;

5) installed above Eastern Siberia;

6) the collision zone of warm and cold air masses;

7) ascending air flows in the center;

8) downward air traffic in the center;

9) movement from the center to the periphery;

10) counterclockwise movement to the center;

11) it can be warm and cold.

(Cyclone - 2, 3, 1, 10; anticyclone - 1, 4, 5, 8, 9; atmospheric front - 3.6, 11.)

Homework

2.2 Studying the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena with grade 6

The study of the atmosphere and atmospheric phenomena at school begins with a sixth grade in geography lessons.

From the sixth grade students, studying the geography section<< Атмосфера – воздушная оболочка земли>\u003e They begin to explore the composition and structure of the atmosphere, in particular the fact that the force of attraction of the Earth holds around himself this air shell and does not allow it to differ in space, also students begin to understand that clean air is the most important condition for human life. They begin to distinguish the composition of the air, they receive knowledge of oxygen and teach that as far as it is important for a person in its pure form. Get knowledge about the layers of the atmosphere, and how important it is for the globe, from which protects us.

Continuing the study of this section, the schoolchildren understand the fact that the surface of the earth is warmer than at the height and this is due to the fact that the sun's rays, passing through the atmosphere, almost do not heat it, only the surface of the earth is heated, and if there were no atmosphere, That surface of the Earth

it would be quick to give the heat obtained from the Sun, given this phenomenon, children represent that our land protects its air shell, in particular air, delays a part of the heat leaves from the surface of the Earth and is heated itself. And if you rise higher, then there the layer of the atmosphere becomes thinner and, therefore, it cannot delay more heat.

Already having an idea of \u200b\u200bthe atmosphere, children continue to study and learn that there is such a concept as the average daily temperature, and it is found according to a very simple method - measure the temperature during the day for a certain period of time, then the average arithmetic value is found from the collected indicators.

Now schoolchildren, moving to the next section of the section, begin to study the morning and evening cold, and this is so, because, during the day, the sun rises to the maximum height, and at this moment the maximum heating of the earth's surface occurs at that moment. And in consequence, the difference between air temperatures, during the day may vary, in particular over the oceans and seas 1-2 degrees, and above the steppes and deserts can reach up to 20 degrees. It takes into account the angle of falling sun rays, terrain, vegetation and weather.

Continuing to consider this paragraph, schoolchildren teach that why in the tropics is warmer than on the pole, and this is, because the farther from the equator, the lower the sun over the horizon, and hence the angle of falling the sunlight on the ground is smaller and less solar energy Available on the unit of the earth's surface.

Turning to the next paragraph, students begin to study pressure and wind, consider such issues as atmospheric pressure, from which the air pressure depends, why the wind blows and what it happens.

Air - has a mass, according to the subordinates of the scholars, the air will press the surface of the earth with a force of 1.03 kg / cm 2. Atmospheric pressure is measured using a barometer, and a unit of measurement of millimeters of a mercury pillar.

Normal, the pressure is 760 mm Hg. Art., Consequently, if the pressure is above the norm, is called elevated, and if lower is low.

There is an interesting pattern, the atmospheric pressure is in equilibrium with pressure inside the human body, so we do not experience inconvenience, despite the fact that such an air gives us.

Now we consider what the air pressure depends, and so, with an increase in the height of the area, the pressure decreases, and this is because less than the air pressure post on the ground, the air density is reduced, therefore, the higher the surface, the harder breathe.

Warm air is lighter than cold, its density is less, the pressure on the surface is weak, and when heated, the warm masses rise upwards, and the reverse process occurs if the air is cooled.

By analyzing the above, it follows that atmospheric pressure is closely related to the air temperature and the height of the area.

Now let's turn to the next question, and find out why the wind blows?

In the middle of the day, sand or stone is late in the sun, and the water is still pretty cool - it is slower than heats up. And in the evening or at night, there may be the opposite: the sand is cold, and the water is still warm. This is because the dry and water is heated and cooled in different ways.

During the day, the sun rays heat the coastal land. At this time: land, buildings on it, and from them and air are heated faster than water, warm air over the land rises upwards, the pressure above the drying is reduced, the air above the water does not have time to warm up, its pressure is still higher than above the land, air from the region Higher pressure over water seeks to take place above the land and starts to move, leveling pressure - from the sea to land wind.

At night, the surface of the earth begins to cool. Susha and air over it are cooled faster, and the pressure over land becomes higher than above the water. Water cools slower, and the air over it remains warm. It rises up, and pressure over the sea is reduced. The wind begins to blow with

sushi at sea. Such a wind, changing the direction twice a day, is called a breeze (translated from French - light wind).

Now the disciples already know that The wind occurs due to the difference in atmospheric pressure on different parts of the earth's surface.

And after that, schoolchildren can already explore the next question. What happens? The wind has two main characteristics: speed and direction. The direction of the wind is determined by the side of the horizon, from where it blows, and the wind speed is the number of meters passing by air per second (m / s).

For each area, it is important to know which winds blow more often, which less often. It is necessary for designers of buildings, pilots and even doctors. Therefore, experts build a drawing, which is called the Rose of Winds. Initially, the wind of the wind was called a sign in the form of a star, the rays of which indicated on the horizon side - 4 main and 8 intermediate. The top ray always pointed to the north. The wind rose was present on the ancient maps and a compass dial. She pointed out the direction of sailors and travelers.

Turning to the next paragraph. Pupils begin to explore moisture in the atmosphere.

Water is present in all earth shells, including in the atmosphere. She gets there evaporating With the water and solid surface of the Earth and even from the surface of the plants. Along with nitrogen, oxygen and other gases in the air always contains water vapor - water in a gaseous state. Like other gases, he is invisible. When cooled air, the water pairs contained in it turns into a droplet - condensed. Multiple water particles condensed from water vapor can be observed as clouds high in the sky or in the form of a fog low above the ground surface.

At negative temperatures, the droplets freeze - turn into snowflakes or ice floes. Now consideraka air is wet, and what is dry?The amount of water vapor, which may be contained in the air depends on its temperature. For example, 1m 3 of cold air at a temperature of about -10 ° C may contain a maximum of 2.5 m of water vapor. However, 1 m 3 equatorial air at a temperature of +30 ° C can accommodate up to 30g water vapor. Than above air temperature, the more water vapormay be contained.

Relative humidity Shows the ratio of the amount of moisture in the air, to the amount that it can contain at a given temperature.

How are clouds formed and why it rains?

What will happen if the air is saturated cool? Part it will turn into liquid water, because cooler air is able to accommodate less water vapor. On a hot summer day, you can watch how the sky appears on the cloudless in the morning, and then more and more large clouds. This sunlight is increasingly heated by the earth, and air heats up from it. The heated air rises, cooled, and the water vapor located in it goes into a liquid state. Initially, these are very small droplets of water (the size of hundredths of the millimeter). Such drops do not fall on the ground, but "float" in the air. So form clouds.As the drops are becoming more and more, they can increase and, finally, spill on the ground with rain or fall in the form of snow or hail.

"Magnificent" clouds formed when lifting the air up as a result of the surface heating, called head. Storm rain comes from powerful kuchevo-Rainy clouds. Clouds There are other species - low

layered, Higher and "light" pirish. From layered rain clouds, covered precipitation falls.

Cloud - Important weather characteristic. This is the proportion of the clouds occupied by the clouds. The cloudiness depends on how much light and heat will not reach the surface of the earth, how much precipitation falls. Cloudy at night prevents lowering the air temperature, and during the day the heating of the earth weakens.

Now consider the question - what are the sediments? We know that precipitation falls out of the clouds. Sids are liquid (rain, moro), solid (snow, hail) and mixed - sleet (snow with rain). An important characteristic of precipitation is their intensity, i.e. the amount of precipitation treated for a certain period of time, in millimeters. The amount of precipitation falling onto the earth's surface is determined using a sedimentary. By the nature of the fallout, storm, chained and drizzling precipitations are distinguished. Storm The sediments are intense, short, fall out of cumulating rain clouds. Registered The precipitates falling out of the seed-rain clouds are moderately intense, durable in time. Frostingthe precipitate falls out of layered clouds. They are petty-free, as if weighing in the air.

Having studied the foregoing schoolchildren cross to the consideration of the issue - What are air masses? In nature, almost always "everything is associated with everything", so weather elements are not randomly, but in relationships with each other. Their sustainable combinations characterize different types air mass. The properties of the air masses, firstly, depend on geographic latitude, and secondly, on the nature of the surface of the Earth. The higher the latitude, the less heat, the lower the air temperature.

And at the end of schoolchildren find out thatclimate - many years of weather characteristic of one or another.

Mainclimate factors: geographical latitude, the proximity of the seas and oceans, the direction of the dominant winds, relief and height above sea level, sea currents.

The random study by schoolchildren of climate phenomena continues at the level of the mainland separately, they are considering separately what phenomena on exactly what the mainland occur, and having studied in the continents, in high schools continue to be considered separately taken countries

Conclusion

The atmosphere is an air sheath surrounding the earth and rotating with it. The atmosphere protects life on the planet. It retains sunny heat and protects the Earth from overheating, harmful radiation, meteorites. The weather is formed in it.

The air of the atmosphere consists of a mixture of gases, it always presents water vapor. The main gases in the air - nitrogen and oxygen. The main characteristics of the atmosphere are air temperature, atmospheric pressure, air humidity, wind, clouds, precipitation. The air shell is connected with other shells of the Earth primarily through the global cycle of water. The bulk of the air of the atmosphere is concentrated in its lower layer - the troposphere.

The solar heat goes on the spherical surface of the Earth unenochnakovo, so different climates are formed on different latitudes.

Bibliography

1. Theoretical foundations of geography learning techniques. Ed. A. E. Bibik and

Dr., M., "Enlightenment", 1968

2. Geography. Nature and people. 6L._Alekseev A.I. and more .2010 -192s

3. Geography. Start rate. 6th grade. Gerasimova TP, Nezlukova

N.P. (2010, 176c.)

4. Geography. 7kl. In 2h. Part 1._domogatsky, Alekseevsky_2012 -280s

5. Geography. 7kl. In 2h. Part 2._domogatsky E.M_2011 -256S.

6. Geography. 8kl._domogatsky, Alekseevsky_2012 -336cChanging of the climate. Manual for senior teachers. Kokorin

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