The complexes of the "beech" family of the family in the seventies were recognized as one of the most effective means of anti-heart defense. Today, the army of the Russian army consists of several modifications of such military equipment. The article contains information on the tactical and technical characteristics and the device of the anti-aircraft missile complex "Beech-M2".
History of creation
On January 13, 1972, the Council of Ministers of the USSR adopted a resolution on the start of design work on the creation of new promising anti-aircraft systems "Beech". In front of the Soviet gunsmiths, a task was set - to create a new military complex for replacing the already used 2K12 "Cube". In 1979, after successful tests, this SPC (Grau -9K37 index) was adopted by the Soviet Army. Immediately began design work on its modernization. The result of such activities was the creation in 1982 a new military complex - "Buk-M1". In contrast to the baseline, it possessed an enlarged zone of lesion. In addition, the upgraded complex could recognize three classes of objectives: aircraft, helicopters and ballistic missiles. This military system has become the first SPC supplied for foreign customers. Several units of this technique received Finland. The Soviet Army entered the SPC in 1983. From 1993 to 1996, intensive refinement was conducted on the project 9k37. Designers created the transitional modification of "Buk-M1-2".
Work on raising and the height of defeat targets did not cease. It was planned to create a system that would have improved characteristics. As a result of the modernization, a new military complex was designed, known as "Buk-M2" (the photo of the installation is presented in the article). In the US, this SPC is classified as "Grizzly-17".
Acquaintance with the system
"Beech-M2" is a self-propelled high and multifunctional anti-aircraft missile complex, designed for an average lesion distance. APC was designed under the guidance of the famous designer of the Research Institute of Instrument Engineering E. Pigina. Unlike the previous modification, a new universal rocket 9M317 was developed for the "Buk-M2" anti-aircraft missile complex.
Purpose of military installation
The task of the SPK-M2 is as follows:
- Protect ground objects and troops from enemy blows from the air, including the winged rockets.
- Apply the air targets on small and medium heights (from 30 to 18 thousand meters).
Design, characteristics
For the "Buk-M2", it was developed, according to military experts, the most terrible weapon of the SPK - Rocket 9M317. It is designed for a distance of defeat to 50 thousand meters. Length - 5.5m. The mass of the rocket is 715 kg. Motion speed - 1230 m / s. The scope of the wings is 86 cm. During an explosion of an anti-aircraft-controlled rocket, objects are defeated within a radius of 17 m. 9m317 is completed with an inertial-corrected control system for which a new semi-active Doppler radar GSN 9E420 was created. The equipment is equipped with a rod combat part, weighing 70 kg and a two-mode engine of RDTT.
Judging by the reviews of military experts, the rocket at the end of the complete assembly is ensured by a high level of reliability. Its operational period for at least ten years. During this time, checking missiles is not performed.
Storage and transportation of the installation to the place of its combat use is made in special fiberglass containers. 9M317 Effective at any time of the year. Rocket is not susceptible to atmospheric precipitation, humidity and temperature.
What goals are the 9M317 missiles?
Complexes "Beech-M2," Complete 9M317, hit the following aviation objects of the enemy:
- Modern and promising maneuvering aircraft. The likelihood of lesion: 95%.
- Helicopters that provide fire support. The probability of destroying hanging helicopters: up to 40%.
- Hanging, tactical ballistic, winged and aviation rockets. Optimal height: 20 km. The probability of destroying tactical missiles is 70%, and the winged: 80%.
- Aviation bombs An anti-aircraft controlled rocket destroys at an altitude of up to 20 km.
- Superwater and terrestrial radiocontrase enemy targets.
Expand the combat capabilities of 9M317 designers managed by creating a new mode of operation for it. If necessary, destroy any surface or terrestrial targets in missiles is shutdown by remote explosives.
About combat installations 9A317
In addition to anti-aircraft controlled missiles, "Buk-M2" is equipped with self-propelled and towed firing installations. For self-propelled (SOU) 9A317, crawler chassis GM-569 are provided. These settings are used to detect, identify, auto repair and target type recognition. In addition, the flight task is manifested using SEO, the radio-corrective commands are transmitted to the rocket and the result of firing is estimated. 9A317 may attack the object both as part of SPC and autonomously.
Sou is a phased antenna lattice with electronic scanning rays. The target detection range is 20 km. The fire installation is capable of detecting up to 10 objects and the shooting simultaneously 4 of them. For sow, an optical-electronic system and CCD-matrix television channels have been developed. The installation is reliably protected from radio frequency interference and works around the clock, which has positively affected the "survivability" of the SPC. Sow 35 tons. Completed with four rockets. The crew consists of 4 people.
About pumping installation 9A316
ROM "BUK-M2" is used as a transporting machine and a launcher. 9A316 provides pre-assessment and launch of anti-aircraft managed missiles.
This ROM is installed on the tracked chassis GM-577. For towed, wheel semi-trailers with tractors are provided. Starting supports are equipped with four rockets. In the same amount of Zur have transport supports. Charged ROM for 13 minutes. Weighs installation 38 tons. Combat calculation 4 people.
About management tools
The anti-aircraft missile complex is equipped:
- Command Paragraph 9C510. It is transported using a caterpillar chassis or a wheel semi-trailer using tractors. The reaction time takes no more than 2 s. Weigh up to 30 tons. The crew is 6 people.
- Radar station (RLS) 9C36, which detects the goals and guidance of missiles in a wooded area. The station is completed with an antenna that rises to a height of up to 22 meters. The antenna is a phased grid that provides electronic scanning. The station is installed on tracked chassis or on wheeled semi-trailers with tractors. RLS reveals a target to 120 km. The station is able to simultaneously detect up to 10 goals, highlighting four priority from them. On the tracked chassis, the station weighs up to 36 tons, on wheeled - 30 tons. In the crew four people.
- Radar station 9c18m1-3, which performs the detection of the target. It is a phased waveguide and slotted grille. There is a station in several stages. Initially, the airspace is scanned with a ray in the vertical plane. Then the data obtained with the help of telecode lines are transmitted to the command post. Detection range is 160 km. Review lasts for 6 seconds. Especially for automatic protection against an active interference for the station, instantaneous pulse restructuring and blocking range intervals are provided. Weighs station up to 30 tons. To translate it from a combat position in a hiking and on the contrary, five minutes are enough. The crew provides for the presence of three people.
Characteristics "Beech-M2"
- Weigh combat machine 35.5 tons.
- Engine power is 710 liters. from.
- The speed of the cross-country movement is 45 km / h.
- Time for the deployment of "Beech-M2" up to five minutes.
- Shooting is carried out at speed - 4 seconds.
- Time to the reaction - up to 10 seconds.
- The crew is three people.
- Fire from the complexes "Buk-M2" is conducted under the control of operators and autonomously.
- SPK is able to simultaneously fire 24 opponent aviation facility.
- Anti-aircraft missile setting Attaching targets amazes at a speed of 1100 m / s, removed - 400 m / s.
- The complex has an operational resource up to 20 years.
Production
Thanks to its high indicators, this SPC was immediately approved by the expert commission and was adopted by the Soviet Army. However, as a result of the collapse of the Soviet Union and the beginning of a severe economic situation in the country, the mass production of complexes was suspended. Press the air defense of the Russian Federation data from SPC was launched only in 2008. In service with the Russian army today there are 300 units "Building". Military polygons "Alkino" and "Kapustin Yar" became the place of their deployment. Production of anti-aircraft missile systems "Buk-M2" is carried out at the Ulyanovsky mechanical plant. The company conducted a number of comprehensive works, designed to reorganize technological processes and re-equip the equipment. The plant has been replenished with a workshop on which the antenna systems are manufactured. In addition, Russian and foreign specialists opened in the enterprise of training and retraining centers. A large amount of these SPC is performed for export. In 2011, 19 units "Buk-M2" were delivered for the needs of the Syrian army. Two Russian complexes own Venezuela. The exact number of SPK in Iraq and Azerbaijan is unknown.
Finally
Today, in the context of any military conflict, the opponent's aviation attacks first of all air defense facilities. It is successfully confirmed by this, having in service the most modern anti-aircraft missile systems.
"Beech-M2", despite all the indisputable advantages of the installation, continues to be intensively refined and improved. In the beech family, there are already upgraded models M2E, M3 and M4.
Today we will talk about such a form of weapons as missile systems "beech". This article has nothing to do with politics, so we will consider a purely technical side of the issue. Let's try to figure out a little, which represents this self-propelled army to get acquainted with its tactical and technical characteristics, a shooting range, in short, with all its abilities. So, in front of us install "beech".
Start history
First you need to decide on the purpose of this installation. It lies in the destruction of aerodynamic goals flying on medium, as well as low heights at a speed of up to 830 m / s, maneuvering with 12-unit overloads and on a range of up to 30 kilometers. In accordance with the well-known resolution of the SEC of the USSR and on January 13, 1972 and began its development. We used the team of developers and manufacturers who participated earlier in the creation of the SPC "Cube". At the same time, the development of the M-22 complex was appointed, called the "Hurricane" complex, for the Navy using a rocket, fully compatible with "beech".
Developers
As developers were identified: Research Institute of Instrument Making, as well as a scientific-design association, which is called "Phazotron". Roughs A. A. was appointed chief designer of this complex. A commissioning installation was created in the engineering KB "Start", where the manager was Yaskin A. I. Crawler Chassis, unified for the complex of the complex, developed the Mytishchinsky machine-building plant, which was led by Astrov N. A. Rockets 9m38 instructed to develop the Sverdlovsk ICD "Novator". The detection station and, of course, the "dome" target designation was created in the Research Institute of Measuring and accurate devices of the Ministry of Radio Industry. In order for the building "beech" could fully function, a complex of maintenance and technical equipment was developed on a car chassis. The completion of the preparatory stage was scheduled for the second quarter of 1975.
Change plans
By decree, see the USSR and the Central Committee of the CPSU of May 22, 1974, in view of the need for an early strengthening of air defense with increasing "Cube" regiments, which are supplied to these divisions, prescribed to create a "beech" complex in two stages. First of all, it was necessary to develop a controlled anti-aircraft missile and fire self-propelled installation of the complex, which could run 9m38 missiles, as well as the 3m9m3 already existing Cube-M3 complex. Then already on this base should have created a "beech" - a missile complex of a new generation. And in September 1974, to ensure its participation in joint trials. But, regardless of this, previously appointed deadlines were fully respected.
Fireless self-propelled installation 9A38
It was mounted on the chassis of GM-569, and in one installation, it combined the functions of the self-propelled PU and SURN, which were used in the Cube-M3. The created setup 9A38 provided a high-quality search in the specified sector, performed the detection and subsequent capture of targets for automatic accompaniment. She also solved the tasks before starting, starting and the homing of three missiles, which were located on it, and other three 3m3m3-controlled missiles from it conjugate with it 2p25m3.
The fire installation could work both from SURN and autonomously. Its weight - 34 tons. Consisted the "beech" SPE from: RLS 9C35; computing digital system; optical television vizire; Starting devices with a power tracking drive; Radar terminal requester who works in the "Password" system; equipment with SPU and SURN; gas turbine generator; Orientation, topographic binding and navigation; Life support systems.
Functions of the Radar Station 9c35
To the time described, significant progress was achieved in terms of the creation of quartz and electromechanical filters, ultrahigh-frequency devices, computing digital machines, which allowed in 9C35 included in the "beech" complex, combine the functions of the standards, detection and maintaining the target. It used two transmitters - impulse and continuous radiation, she herself worked in a centimeter wave range. One transmitter discovered and accompanied the goal, the other - highlighted the goals and controlled anti-aircraft missiles.
The antenna system was sector sector sector, the electromechanical method of processing the received signals was performed by a central computing machine. The transition time is 9C35, parts of the VPC "beech", from the duty regime in combat was less than twenty seconds. The speed of goals was determined with an accuracy of +10 to -20 m / s, which ensured their choice in a moving condition. Possible errors: the mean square in measuring the angular coordinates was 0.5 d. Y., Maximum for the range - 175 meters. The station was protected from all active, combined and passive interference.
Anti-aircraft rocket 9m38
In this rocket, which is part of the "beech" SPC, a solid propelled two-mode engine was applied. Due to the difficulty of working out, refused to use the direct-flow. In addition, he had a greater resistance on some, mostly passive, trajectory sites and at the large corner of the attack was unstable in work. For these reasons, the deadline for creating a "cube" SPC was torn. The rocket scheme was normal, standard, x-shaped, having a ling of small elongation. From the first view, its appearance resembled anti-aircraft missiles of the Tartar and Standard, the United States, which fully complied with the limitations in size for the USSR Navy.
In front of the 9m38, the autopilot equipment was placed, semi-active GMH, combat part and nutrition. The rocket did not have parts separated in flight, its length is 5.5 meters, diameter - 400 millimeters, steering scope - 860 millimeters. It was equipped with an homing head that had a control system combined, using proportional navigation. "Beech" - a rocket complex that has such a rocket, could affect targets flying at an altitude of 25 meters to 20,000 and from three and a half to 32 kilometers, its speed is 1000 m / s. The rocket had a weight of 685 kg, including 70 kg of combat part.
Testing the installation "beech"
Installation "Beech" from August 1975 to the end of October the following, 1976, was held government tests. They led Bimbash P. S., and they were held in the territory of the Embune Polygon. As you can see, installing "beech" (its photo is presented in the review) consisted of: SURN 1C91M3, 8A38 fire installation, anti-aircraft controlled missiles 3m9m3 and 9m38, self-propelled PU 2P25M3, as well as maintenance machines. As a result, some amendments were made: helicopter detection range was 21-35 kilometers at small heights, aircraft - 32-41 km.
Time from the moment of detection of the goal was 24-27 seconds. Charge time, as well as discharge - nine minutes. The aircraft damage to the 9M38 rocket was provided: at a distance of 3.5-20.5 km - with a flight height of more than 3000 meters, 5-15.5 km - with a height of 30 meters. The term parameter was 18.5 km, in height - from 30 m to 14.5 km. The probability of fire lesion is 0.70-0.93 when you start a single rocket. In 1978, the building "BOK-1" ("Cuba-M4") was adopted.
Characteristics "Buka", command post
We at the moment have learned a lot of details about the weapons under consideration. It's time to group the most basic in one place. So, before us is the complex "beech". The characteristics of its combat are the following. 9C470 - The command post set on GM-579 - provided the display, reception and processing of all data coming from the set of target designation and detection, as well as six 9A310 - fire self-propelled installations.
He provided the choice of the necessary dangerous purposes and their proper distribution in manual and automatic modes between fire self-propelled plants, carried out the task of them of responsible sectors and many other important activities. Complex "Beech", thanks to the CP, it works fine when using rockets against radar and with interference. A command post can process 46 targets at an altitude of up to 20,000 m in a zone having a radius of 100,000 m. It was issued up to six target designations for one station review cycle. 28 tons - mass of KP, given from six people.
Station of target designation and detection "Dome"
We continue the conversation that it represents the installation of "beech". Characteristics of the "domes" - the next stage of its consideration. This station has an electronic radiation scan at the corner of the place in the 30-40 degree sector with a mechanical rotation of the antenna according to a given azimuth. Purpose 9C18 - Detection and identification of targets in the air at an altitude of 30 meters to 45.5 kilometers, at a distance of up to 120 kilometers. Then information about the setting in the air is transmitted to KP 9C470. Depending on the installed sector and the presence of interference, the speed of the review is 5-18 seconds with a circular review and 2.5-4.5 seconds during the sector overview of 30 degrees. The information was passed on the telecode line during the review period, which is 4.5 seconds, in the amount of 75 marks. Protection against targeted, response, incomplete impulse interference has been developed.
Also, regardless of the presence of barrier noise interference, the discovery of up to 5,000 meters of the fighter was detected. The "dome", which in turn, the "beech", in turn, consisted of a rotary device, antenna post, an antenna tracking device, receiving device transmitting device and other systems. In combat position, the station passed in five minutes from the march position, from the duty officer - for 20 seconds.
Differences of fire settings 9A310 and 9A38
The first setting from the second ("" BUK-1 ") was distinguished by the fact that it was binding to the telecode line not with self-propelled PU 2P25M3 and with SURN 1C91M3, but with ROM 9A39 and the command item 9c470. Also, 9A310 had four controlled anti-aircraft missiles 9m38 on their launch device, not three. Her charge was made for 12 and a half minutes with ROM and 16 minutes - from the machine of transport supply. Weight - 32.4 tons, including four human combat calculations. The width of the fire self-propelled installation is 3.25 meters, the length is 9.3 meters, the height is 3.8 meters. Let's look further, from which the "Beech" complex consists. I can always help us in this.
9A39 - Starting Installation
This ROM was installed on the GM-577 chassis. Its purpose - storage and transportation of controlled anti-aircraft missiles - eight pieces, four of which were located on fixed lifes, four on the starting device. It was also intended to start four managed missiles, further self-loading with them from lifesters, subsequent self-evaporation by eight missiles from the transportation machine. Thus, the "beech" is a missile complex that combined the function of the earlier complex "Cube" and TSM in one ROM.
It included: a starting device with a tracking power drive, lifelong, tap, computing digital machine, telecommunication equipment, navigation, topography bindings, power supply and power supply units. Installation weight - 35.5 tons, including calculation of three, dimensions: width - 3.316 meters, length - 9.96 meters, as well as height - 3.8 meters.
Opportunities SPK "beech"
This complex had higher combat, external and operational characteristics compared to the "Cuba-M4" and "Cube-M3" complexes. If you just just look at what is the installation of "beech", the photo of its weapons, then anyone will understand all its power, which provided:
Conclusion
According to the results of modeling and testing, it was determined that the signing range of the "beech" installation is from 3 to 25 kilometers at an altitude of up to 18 kilometers and speed up to 800 m / s. In this case, a qualitative shelling of goals that do not maneuve are ensured. The probability of lesion was 0.7-0.8 with a shot of one controlled rocket and the rate parameter to 18 km. If the goal is maneuver, then the likelihood of damage is 0.6. The military air defense system was adopted in 1980. From that moment on, several times conducted its upgrades to increase the fighting and security.
The development of the "BUK" complex was launched by the decision of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the SM of the USSR of January 13, 1972 and provided for the use of cooperation of developers and manufacturers, according to the main composition of the corresponding "Cube" seek the CDC. At the same time, the development of the M-22 "Hurricane" for the Navy using a united with a complex "beech" zur was determined.
The military SPC "BUK" was intended to fight in conditions of radioprotection with aerodynamic objectives flying with speeds up to 830 m / s, on medium and low heights maneuvering with overloads up to 10-12 units, on the range up to 30 km, and in perspective - and With Ballistic missiles "Lans".
Developers of the complex and its systems
The developer of the "beech" SPC as a whole was defined by the research institute of instrument making (General Director of V.K. Grishin). The main designer of the complex 9K37 as a whole was appointed A.A.Rastov, the command item (KP) 9c470 - G.Valayev (then - V.I. Sokiran), self-propelled fire facilities (SOU) 9A38 - V.V. Mantyshev, A semi-active Doppler homing head 9E50 for Zur - I.G.Kopyan.
Starting installations (ROM) 9A39 were created in the engineering construction bureau (ICD) "Start" under the direction of A.I. Yaskin. Unified tracked chassis for combat vehicles of the complex were created in the OKB-40 of the Mytishchi Machine-Building Plant by the team, headed by N.A. Astrov. The development of 9M38 missiles was commissioned by the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau "Novator" headed by L.V. Lulev. The detection and targeting station (social) 9c18 ("Dome") was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Devices under the guidance of the main designer A.P. Voshko (then - Yu.P. Schekotova).
In the West, the complex received the designation SA-11 "Gadfly".
Structure
The composition of the VNK "Beech" includes the following battle:
- Zur 9m38;
- Command Paragraph 9C470;
- Station of detection and target designation 9C18 "Dome";
- Self-propelled fire installation 9A310;
- Starting installation 9A39.
Zur 9m38
The anti-aircraft missile 9m38 is made using a two-mode solid fuel engine (total working time - about 15 seconds), according to a normal aerodynamic scheme with "X" -Motion of the wings of small elongation.
In the front of the rocket, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a combat part are sequentially placed. To reduce the scatter of the flight time of flight, the Cegration Camera RDTT is located closer to the middle of the rocket and the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which the elements of the steering drive are located. The rocket does not have parts separated in flight. For a rocket, a new GES was developed with a combined control system. The complex was implemented by the navigation of Zur according to the proportional navigation method. The combat part is a fragant-fugasy type.
Command Paragraph 9C470.
Located on the chassis GM-579 command paragraph 9C470 provided:
- reception, display and processing information about the objectives received from the 9C18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled fire facilities, as well as with higher KP;
- the choice of dangerous purposes and the distribution of them between self-propelled fire installations in manual and automatic modes, the task of their responsibility sectors, the display of information on the presence of zur on them and on commissioning installations, on the literal transmitters of the reference of self-propelled fire plants, about their work on the purposes, modes of operation of the detection and target designation station;
- organization of the work of the complex under conditions of interference and applied by an opponent of anti-radication missiles;
- documenting the work and training of the CP calculation.
The command post processed reports of 46 targets at heights up to 20 km in the zone of a radius of 100 km per cycle of the detection station of detection and target designation and issued for self-propelled fires up to 6 target designations with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and at the corner of the place, 400-700 m - range.
The mass of KP with a combat calculation of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons.
Station of detection and target designation 9c18 ("Dome")
The three-coordinate coherent and impulse station of detection and target designation 9C18 ("dome") of a centimeter range with an electronic beam scanning in the sector at an angle of place (30 ° or 40 ° is installed) and mechanical (circular or in the specified sector) by rotation of an azimuth antenna (using an electric drive or hydraulic) was designed to detect and identify air targets on the range up to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight height of 30 m) and transmission of information about the air atmosphere on KP 9c470.
The pace of view of the space, depending on the installed sector at the corner of the location and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 seconds with a circular review and from 2.5 to 4.5 s when viewed in the 30 ° sector. Radar information was transmitted via a telephone line at KP 9C470 in the amount of 75 marks for the review period (4.5 s). The range of mean-square errors (approximations) of the target coordinates were: not more than 20 "- in azimuth and at the corner of the place, not more than 130m - by range, resolving the distance by the range is not worse than 300m, in azimuth and at the corner of the place - 4 °.
To protect against targeted interference, the carrier frequency from the pulse to the pulse was used, from the response - the same and blanking range of the range through the auto counterpart channel, from incommary pulsed - change of the linear-frequency modulation slope and the blanking areas of the range. With noise barrier interference and the external cover of the specified levels, the detection and target design station ensured the detection of the fighter aircraft for a distance of at least 50 km. The station provided wiring targets with a probability of not lower than 0.5 against the background of local objects and in passive interference using the selection scheme of moving targets with the wind speed of wind speed. The station was protected from anticulate rockets by implementing a carrier frequency reduction for 1.3 s, transition to circular polarization of sounding signals or in intermittent radiation mode (flicker).
The station included an antenna post consisting of a reflector of a truncated parabolic profile, an irradiator in the form of a full-water line, providing an electronic beam scanning in the angular plane, a rotary device, an antenna addition device; transmitting device (with an average power up to 3.5 kW); Receiver (with noise coefficient no more than 8) and other systems.
The time of transfer of the station from a hiking position to combat was not more than 5 minutes, and from the duty regime to the working - no more than 20 s. The mass of the station with a calculation of 3 people is not more than 28.5 tons.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A310
Translation time from a hiking position in combat was not more than 5 minutes. The transfer time of the installation of the duty regime into a worker, in particular, after changing the position with the equipment included, was no more than 20 s. The charging of the self-propelled fire unit 9A310 Four Zur with a commissioning unit was carried out in 12 minutes, and from the transport machine - in 16 minutes.
The mass of the self-propelled fire installation with a combat calculation of 4 people did not exceed 32.4. The length of the self-propelled fire installation was 9.3 m, width -3.25 m (9.03 m in the working position), height - 3.8 m (7.72 m).
9A39 start-charging setup
Putting on the GM-577 chassis 9A39 was intended for transportation and storage of eight zur (4 on the starting device and on fixed lifes), start 4 zur, self-loading of its starting device Four zur from lifesters, self-equipping eight zur from the transport machine ( For 26 min), with soil lifes and from transport containers, charge and discharge of self-propelled fire installation Four Zur. In addition to the starting device with a power tracking, the crane and lodges included a digital computing machine, the instrument of navigation, top acceptance and orientation, telecommunications, power supply and power supply units. Mass of the installation with a combat calculation of 3 people - no more than 35.5 tons.
The length of the commissioning installation was 9.96 m, width - 3.316 m, height - 3.8 m.
Tactical and technical characteristics
| Loosity zone, km: - by range - in height - by parameter |
3,5..25-30 0,025..18-20 before 18 |
| The likelihood of defeat the purpose of one zur - type of fighter - type helicopter - type winged rocket |
0,8..0,9 0,3..0,6 0,25..0,5 |
| Maximum speed of affected targets M / s | 800 |
| Reaction time, C: | 22 |
| Flight speed Zur, m / s | 850 |
| Mass rocket, kg | 685 |
| Mass combat part, kg | 70 |
| Rocket length, m | 5.55 |
| Case diameter, m | 0.4 |
| Starting weight, kg | 685 |
| Weight of bch, kg; | 70 |
| Salted channel | 2 |
| Channel in zour | 3 |
| Deployment time (coagulation), min | 5 |
| Number of zur on a combat | 4 |
Testing and operation
Joint tests of the "BUK" complex in the full predetermined composition of funds were conducted from November 1977 to March 1979 at the Embune Polygon (Head of Polygon V.V. Zubarev) under the leadership of the Commission headed by Yu.N.Pertov.
The team point of the complex was filmed with the KP anti-aircraft missile 6Pigid "beech" (ACS "Polyana-D4) and from the station detection and target information about the air situation, processed it and issued for self-propelled fire facilities, which were searching and captured on the auto repair of the goals. At the entrance The goal in the defeat zone was launched Zur. Guidance of rockets was made by the method of proportional navigation, which ensures high accuracy of targeting the target. When adjusting to the goal of the GSN, the team issued to the radio drive to the closest echoing. When rapprochement, a combat part was undermined for a distance at a distance of 17 m. When disgraceing the zur zur, Survivited. If there is no defeat of the goal, the second zur has been launched.
Compared to the preceding complexes of a similar purpose (Cuba-M3 and Cube-M4) complex, the Buk complex had higher combat and operational characteristics and provided:
- simultaneous shelling by a division of up to six purposes, and if necessary, performing up to six independent combat missions in the autonomous use of self-propelled fire facilities;
- great reliability of the detection of goals due to the organization of a joint view of the space of the station detection and target designation and six self-propelled fire installations;
- increased noiselessness due to the use of the on-board calculator of the GSN and the special type of reference signal;
- great efficiency of targeting the target due to the increased power of the combat part of Zur.
According to the results of shooting tests and modeling, it was determined that the "beech" SPC provides shelling of non-lawing goals flying at a speed of up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, on the range from 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at target speed up to 300 m / s) in the course parameter up to 18 km with a probability of lesion of one zur, equal to 0.7-0.8. When shooting on targets maneuvering with overloads up to 8 units. The probability of lesion decreased to 0.6.
Organizational SPK "BUK" was reduced to the anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: KP (the military department of the brigade from the ACU "Polyana-D4"), four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their KP 9C470, a station of detection and targeting 9C18, communication platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two self-propelled fire settings 9A310 and one commissioning unit 9A39 each, as well as technical support and maintenance units.
Management of the anti-aircraft missile brigade "Beech" was to be carried out with the CAP air defense of the army.
The Buk complex was adopted by the military air defense forces in 1980.
Self-propelled military SPK "BUK" (SA-11 "Gadfly") is designed to combat maneuvering aerodynamic targets on small and medium heights, in conditions of radiopectiveness, and in the future - and with ballet missiles of the Lance type.
The development, started in 1972, provided for the use of cooperation of developers and manufacturers previously involved in the creation of the Cube SPC. At the same time, the development of SPM M-22 ("Hurricane") was defined for the navy using a united with a complex "beech" Zur.
The developer of the SPK "Beech" (9k37) as a whole was determined by the Research Institute of Instrument Development of the Scientific and Design Association "Phazotron". A. A. Rostov was appointed the main designer of the complex.
The development of missiles was instructed by the Sverdlovsk Machine-Building Design Bureau "Novator" headed by L. V. Luliem. The detection and targeting station (social) was developed at the Research Institute of Measuring Devices under the guidance of the main designer A. P. Vetoshko (then - Yu. P. Schechkovova).
Starting installations (ROM) were created in the engineering construction bureau "Start" under the direction of A. I. Yaskin.
A set of technical support and maintenance of automotive chassis was also developed for the complex.
The completion of the development of the complex of the complex was envisaged in 1975
However, in 1974 it was decided to carry out the creation of a "beech" VPC in two stages. It was proposed to initially develop Zur and self-propelled fire installation of the "beech" SPC, capable of carrying out a launch of 9m38 rockets and zur 3m9mz from the Cube-M3 complex. At this database using other funds of the Cuba-M3 complex, it was envisaged to create a "BUK-1" SPR (9k37-1), providing its exit to joint tests in September 1974, retaining previously prescribed volumes and timing of the work on the complex "In full specified composition.
For SPK "BUK-1", it was envisaged in each of the five anti-aircraft missile batteries "Cuba-M3" regiment, in addition to one self-propelled installation of exploration and guidance and four self-propelled launchers, to have one self-propelled fire setting 9A38 from the composition of the "beech" . Thus, due to the use of self-propelled fire installation costs about 30% of the costs of all other batteries in the "Cuba-MH anti-aircraft missile shelf", the number of target channels increased from 5 to 10, and the number of combosions of Zur - from 60 to 75.
Placed on the tracked chassis GM-569 self-propelled fire installation 9A38, as it were, combined the functions of the self-propelled installation of exploration and guidance and self-propelled start-up setting, used as part of the Cube-M3 Sprink. It provided a search in the installed sector, detecting and capturing the goal of auto driving, the solution of predamal problems, start-up and self-deployment of three missiles on it (9m38 or 3m9mz), as well as three zur 3m9mz, located on a conjugate one of the self-propelled launchers 2p25mz SPC "Cube-M3Z". The combat operation of the self-propelled fire installation could be carried out both when managing and targeting the self-propelled plant of exploration and guidance and autonomously.
The composition of the self-propelled fire installation 9A38 includes a 9C35 radar station, a digital computing system, a power tracking device, a terrestrial radar requester operating in the "password" system, television-optical vizer, telecommunication equipment with self-propelled intelligence and guidance equipment, instrument Wired communication with self-propelled starting installation, autonomous power supply system based on a gas turbine generator, navigation, top acceptance and orientation equipment, life support system.
The mass of the self-propelled fire installation with a combat calculation of four people is 34 tons.
Achievements in the field of creating microwave-appliances, quartz and electromechanical filters, digital computing machines (TSM) allowed us to combine the functions of detection stations, accompaniment and reference targets in the radar 9C35. The station operates in a centimeter wave range using a single antenna and two transmitters - impulse and continuous radiation. The first transmitter was used to detect and auto operation of the target in the quasi-barrier radiation mode or, when there is difficulty with an unambiguous range determination, in pulsed mode with pulse compression (using linear frequency modulation), the second transmitter (continuous radiation) was used to highlight the target and zur. The antenna station system leads the sector search to the electromechanical manner, the maintenance of the target along the angular coordinates and the range is made by the mono-pulse method, and the processing of signals - the CVM. The width of the antenna detection chart of the target accompaniment channel is 1.3 ° in azimuth and 2.5 ° at the corner of the place, the refovement channel is 1.4 ° in azimuth and 2.65 ° at the corner of the place. The search engine for the search sector (120 ° in azimuth and 6-7 ° at the corner of the place) offline is 4 C, in the CSU mode (10 ° in azimuth and 7 ° at the corner of the place) - 2 s.
The average power of the channel detection and maintenance channel transmitter when using quasi-transitive signals is at least 1 kW, when using signals with linear frequency modulation - at least 0.5 kW. The average power of the target reference transmitter is at least 2 kW. The noise coefficient of survey and penetration receivers of the station did not exceed 10 dB. The transition time of the RLS from the duty regime in the battle is no more than 20 s. The station is able to uniquely determine the speed of the target with accuracy -20 ... + 10 m / s. Selection of moving purposes is ensured. Maximum range errors do not exceed 175 m, the standard errors of measuring the angular coordinates are not more than 0.5 d. RLS is protected from active, passive and combined interference. The equipment of the self-propelled fire unit provides blocking of the launch of Zur when accompanied by its aircraft or helicopter.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A38 has a starting device with replaceable guides either for three zur 3m9mz or for three zur 9m38.
An anti-air-stage rocket 9m38 has a two-time solid fuel engine (total working time - about 15 ° C). The refusal of the direct-flowing engine was explained as the instability of its work at large corners of the attack and the large resistance on the passive site of the trajectory, and the complexity of his work, to a large extent determined the disruption of the timing of the creation of the Cube complex. Metal is applied in the power of the engine chamber.
The overall rocket diagram is normal, X-shaped, with a wing of small elongation - externally resembled American ship's anti-aircraft missiles of the "Tartar" families and "Standard", which corresponded to rigid dimensional restrictions when applying Sur 9m38 in the M-22 complex, developed for the Soviet fleet.
In the front of the rocket, a semi-active homing head, autopilot equipment, power supplies and a combat part are sequentially placed. To reduce the scatter of the flight time of the flight, the Cegration Camera RDTT is located closer to the middle of the rocket, the nozzle block includes an elongated gas duct, around which elements of the steering drive are located.
A smaller diameter of the front compartment of the rocket (330 mm) in relation to the engine and the tail compartment is determined by the continuity of a number of elements of the rocket 3m9. For a rocket, a new GES was developed with a combined control system. The complex realized the homing of Zur according to the proportional navigation method.
Zur 9M38 can ensure the defeat of targets at altitudes from 25 m to 18-20 km on the range from 3.5 to 25-32 km. The rocket develops a flight speed of 1000 m / s and can maneuver with overloads up to 19g.
The mass of the rocket is 685 kg, including the combat part - 70 kg.
The 9M38 rocket design ensures its supply to troops in a transport container in a finally equipped form, as well as operation without checking and regulatory work for 10 years.
Tests of the "BOK-1" SPC took place from August 1975 to October 1976
As a result of the test, the detection range of radar aircraft by the self-propelled fire unit was obtained offline operations from 65 to 77 km at the heights of more than 3000 m, which at low heights (30-100 m) decreased to 32-41 km. Helicopters at low altitudes were found at a distance of 21-35 km. In centralized operation, due to the limited features of the outstanding target designation of self-propelled installation and guidance 1C91m2, airplane detection range decreased to 44 km for the heights at 3000-7000 m and up to 21-28 km at small heights.
The work time of the self-propelled fire unit offline (from the purpose of detection to the start of Zur) was 24-27 seconds. Charged and discharge time with three zur 3m9mz or 9m38 amounted to about 9 minutes.
When shooting Zur 9m38, the defeat of airplanes flying at altitudes of more than 3 km was provided on the range from 3.4 to 20.5 km, and at an altitude of 30 m - from 5 to 15.4 km. The lesion zone in height was from 30 m to 14 km, in the course parameter - 18 km. The probability of damage to the aircraft of one zur 9m38 was 0.70-0.93.
The complex was adopted in 1978 due to the fact that the self-propelled fire installation 9A38 and ZUR 9M38 were funds only with the "Cube-MH" SPC, the complex was called "Cuba-M4" (2k12m4).
The "Cuba-M4" complexes that appeared in the air defense troops made it possible to significantly increase the efficiency of the air defense divisions of the Soviet army of the Soviet army.
Joint tests of the "Beech" complex in the full defined range of funds were conducted from November 1977 to March 1979
The fighting agents of the SPE "Beech" possessed the following characteristics.
Located on the GM-579 chassis, the command paragraph 9C470 provided: reception, display and processing information on the purposes received from the 9C18 detection and target designation station and six self-propelled fire settings 9A310, as well as with higher KP; the choice of dangerous purposes and the distribution of them between self-propelled fire installations in manual and automatic modes, the task of their responsibility sectors, displaying information about the presence of zur on them and on commissioning installations; On the literal transmitters of the reference of self-propelled fire facilities, about their work on targets; On the modes of the location of the detection and target designation; Organization of the work of the complex under conditions of interference and applied by an opponent of anti-radication missiles; Documenting the work and training of the CP calculation. The command post processed reports of 46 targets at heights up to 20 km in the zone of a radius of 100 km per cycle of the discovery and target station and issued up to 6 target designations with an accuracy of 1 ° in azimuth and at the corner of the place, 400-700 m for the range . The mass of KP with a combat calculation of 6 people did not exceed 28 tons. The command point has anti-high and anti-radiation protection and is able to develop speed on the road to 65 km / h, over rough terrain - up to 45 km / h. Power reserve - 500 km.
The 9C18 detection station ("dome") is a three-way coherent pulse - works in a centimeter wave range, has an electronic beam scanning at the corner of the place (in the sector 30 or 40 °) and the mechanical (circular or in the specified sector) is the rotation of an azimuth antenna (with using electrical or hydraulic drive). The station is designed to detect and identify air targets to 110-120 km (45 km at a flight height of 30 m) and transmission of information about the air atmosphere on KP 9C470.
The pace of view of the space, depending on the installed sector at the corner of the location and the presence of interference, ranged from 4.5 to 18 seconds with a circular review and from 2.5 to 4.5 s when viewed in the 30 ° sector. Radar information is transmitted by a telephone line to KP 9C470 in the amount of 75 marks for the review period (4.5 s).
The range of mean-square errors (approximation) of the coordinates of the targets were: not more than 20 "in azimuth and at the corner of a place, not more than 130 m in terms of range. Resolving the ability of a distance is no worse than 300 m, in azimuth and at the corner of the place - 4 °. To protect against The targeted interference was used to restructure the carrier frequency from the pulse to the pulse, from the response - the same and blank range of the range over the channel of the auto counterpart, from incomprehensible pulse change of inclination of linear frequency modulation and blanking areas of the range. With noise barrier interference and external covering of the specified levels of detection and target designation. Provides a detection of a fighter aircraft for at least 50 km. The station provides wiring of goals with a probability of not lower than 0.5 against the background of local items and in passive interference with the selection scheme of moving targets with wind speed autoompensation. The station is protected from anti-radication missiles using software adjustment carrier frequency for 1.3 C, transition to circular polarization of probing signals or into intermittent radiation mode (flicker).
The station includes an antenna post consisting of a reflector of a truncated parabolic profile, an irradiator in the form of a waveguide line that provides an electronic beam scanning in the angular plane, a rotary device, an antenna addition device in a marking position transmitting device (with an average up to 3.5 kW) , receiving device (with noise coefficient no more than 8) and other systems. All station equipment was located on the finalized self-propelled chassis of the SU 1 family. The difference between the tracked database of the detection and target designation station from the chassis of other combat facilities, the "beech" SPC was determined by the fact that the Dome radar was initially defined in the development outside the composition of SPC as a means of detecting a detectional air defense unit.
The time of translation of the station from a hiking position in combat is no more than 5 minutes, and from the duty regime to the working - no more than 20 s. The mass of the station with a calculation of 3 people is not more than 28.5 tons.
Self-propelled fire installation 9A310 In its intended purpose and the device was different from the Self-propelled fire unit 9A38 Cuba-M4 Sprink ("BOK-1") by the fact that with the help of the telephone line, it was not conjured with self-propelled installation and guidance 1C91MZ and self-propelled installation P25MZ, And with KP 9C470 and a commissioning setting 9A39. In addition, on the starting device of the self-propelled fire unit 9A310, not three, and four zur 9m38 were located. The time of its transfer from the hiking position in combat does not exceed 5 minutes. The time of transferring the installation from the duty regime to the worker, in particular, after changing the position with the enabled equipment is no more than 20 s. Chargeing the self-propelled fire unit 9A310 Four zur from a commissioning unit was carried out for 12, and from the transport machine - in 16 minutes. The mass of the self-propelled fire installation with a combat calculation of 4 people did not exceed 32.4 tons.
The length of the self-propelled fire installation is 9.3 m, the width is 3.25 m (9.03 m in the operating position), the height is 3.8 m (7.72 m).
Putting on the GM-577 chassis 9A39 is designed for the transportation and storage of eight zur (4 on the starting device and on fixed lifes), the launch of four zur, the self-loading of its starting device four zur from the lifesters, self-equipping eight zur from the transport machine ( For 26 min), with soil lifes and from transport containers, charging and discharge of self-propelled fire installation Four zur. Thus, the commissioning installation of the SPE "Beech" combined the functions of the transport and charging machine and the self-propelled launcher of the Cube complex. In addition to the starting device with a power tracking, the tap and the lodges included a digital computing machine, a navigation, top acceptance and orientation, telecommunications, power supply, and power supply, and power supply units. The mass of the installation with a combat calculation of 3 people does not exceed 35.5 tons.
The length of the commissioning unit is 9.96 m, the width is 3.316 m, the height is 3.8 m.
The Command Point of the Complex takes from the KP of the Zenit Rocket Brigade "Beech" (Polyana-D4 ACS) and from the station detection and target information about the air situation, processes it and gives the target designation for self-propelled fires, which according to the CSU data and capture on Auto repair goals. At the entrance of the goals in the zone of the defeat, zur is carried out. Rocket guidance is made according to the proportional navigation method, which ensures high accuracy of targeting the target. When adjusting the goal of the GSN gives the command to the radio drive to the closest echo. When rapprochement, at a distance of 17 m on the team, a combat part is undermined. During the non-displacement of the radio transmission of Zur Samolvivs. If the goal is not amazed, it is started by the second zur.
Compared to the Cube-M3 and Cube-M4 SPC, the Buk complex has higher combat and operational characteristics and provides: simultaneous shelling by a division up to six purposes, and if necessary, performing up to six independent combat missions with autonomous use of self-propelled fire installations; Great reliability of the detection of goals due to the organization of a joint view of the space of the station detection and target designation and six self-propelled fire installations; increased noiselessness due to the use of the on-board calculator of the GSN and the special type of reference signal; Great efficiency of targeting the target due to the increased power of the combat part of Zur.
According to the results of the shooting tests and modeling, it was determined that the "beech" SPR ensures the shelling of the unbreakable goals flying at a speed of up to 800 m / s at altitudes from 25 m to 18 km, on the range of 3 to 25 km (up to 30 km at The speed of targets up to 300 m / s) under the course parameter up to 18 km with a probability of lesion of one zur, equal to 0.7-0.8. When shooting for targets maneuvering with overloads up to 8G, the likelihood of lesion decreased to 0.6.
Organizationally SPK "BUK" was reduced to anti-aircraft missile brigades, which included: KP (a brigade of the team of the ACS "Polyana-d4"); Four anti-aircraft missile divisions with their KP 9c470, an 9C18 detection and targeting station, a connection platoon and three anti-aircraft missile batteries with two self-propelled fire settings 9A310 and one commissioning unit 9A39 each; as well as technical support and maintenance units. The management of the anti-aircraft missile brigade "Beech" was to be carried out with the CP Air Defense of the Army.
The "Beech" complex was adopted by the military air defense cells in 1980. Serial production of combat facilities ARC "Beech" was mastered in cooperation involved for the Cuba-M4 complex.
Zones of the defeat of the SPK-M 1 -2
In 1979, a modernization of the SPK "BUK" was carried out in order to increase his combat capacity, the protection of its electronic means from interference and anticulate rockets. As a result of the tests conducted in 1982, it was found that the upgraded Buk-M1 complex compared to the "beech" SPC provides a large area of \u200b\u200baircraft damage, capable of chopping Alcm winged missiles with a probability of destruction of one zur not lower than 0.4, Hyu-Cobra helicopters with a probability of 0.6-0.7, as well as hanging helicopters with a probability of 0.3-0.4 at a distance of from 3.5 to 6-10 km. In the self-propelled fire installation, 72 liter lighting frequencies are used (instead of 36), which contributes to increased protection against mutual and deliberate interference. The recognition of three classes of goals is provided: airplanes, ballistic missiles, helicopters. The command paragraph 9c470m1 compared to KP 9C470 provides simultaneous reception of information from its own station of detection and target designation and about six purposes from the PVA air defense station (tank) air defense station or from the Army Air Defense CP, as well as a comprehensive training of all the calculations of the SPR combat. Self-propelled fire installation 9A310M1 compared to installation 9A310 provides detection and capture of the target to auto operation on large ranges (by 25-30%), as well as recognition of airplanes, ballistic missiles and helicopters with probability not lower than 0.6.
The complex uses a more perfect station of detection and target designation 9C18M1 ("Dome-M1"), which has a flat carbon headlights and self-propelled tracked chassis GM567M, the same type from the KP chassis, self-propelled fire installation and a commissioning unit. The length of the detection and target designation station is 9.59 m, the width is 3.25 m, the height is 3.25 m (8.02 m in the working position), the mass is 35 tons. In the "Buk-M1" complex, effective organizational and Technical measures to protect against anticulate rockets. The combat facilities of the "Buk-M1" complex are interchangeable with the same type of military vehicles of the SPK "Beech" without their improvements, the staffing organization of combat formations and technical units are similar to the "beech" complex. The complex equipment of the complex includes: 9B95M1E - automated control and test moving station on ZIL-131 and trailer; 9V883, 9V884, 9V894 - repair and maintenance machines at Ural-43203-1012; 9V881E - Maintenance Machine "Ural-43203-1012"; 9T229 - transport machine for 8 zur (or six containers with zur) to KRAZ-255B; 9T31M - truck crane; MTO-ATG-M1 - Maintenance workshop on ZIL-131.
The Buk-M1 complex was adopted by the military air defense of the air defense system in 1983. In the same year he entered the airflow and SPMI of the IMF M-22 "Hurricane", unified with the "beech" software in Zur 9m38. Complexes of the "Beech" family were offered to supply abroad under the name "Gang".
During the teachings of "Defense-92", the SPEK of the Beech family was held successful shootings on targets based on the BR R-17, "Star" and on the basis of the Rasset Raszo "Tornado".
In December 1992, the President of the Russian Federation signed a decree on the further modernization of the "beech" complex - the creation of a SPC repeatedly imagined at various international exhibitions under the name "Ural". Cooperation of enterprises led by NIIP them. V. V. Tikhonravova in 1994-97. Work was carried out on the creation of the SPK-M1-2 SPC.
Due to the application of the new rocket 9m317 and the modernization of other means of the complex, the possibility of defeating the tactical BR type "Lans" and aircraft missiles on the range of up to 20 km, elements of high-precision weapons, surface ships to 25 km and land targets (aircraft on airfields, launchers installations, large command items) on the range up to 15 km. Increased efficiency of lesion of aircraft, helicopters and kilf
lAW rockets. The boundaries of the lesion zones are increased to 45 km in terms of range and up to 25 km in height. The new rocket provides for the use of an inertial-corrected control system with a semi-active radar GSN with guidance by the proportional navigation method. The starting mass of the rocket was 710-720 kg with a mass of combat part 50-70 kg. The new rocket 9m317 externally differed from 9m38 significantly smaller the length of the chord of the wing. In addition to the use of an improved missile, an introduction is provided to the complex of a new RLC reflux of targets and guidance of missiles with an antenna accommodation at an altitude of up to 22 m using a telescopic device. With the introduction of the RLS of the reference of targets and guidance, the combat capabilities of the complex for the damage to low-fat goals, in particular, modern winged missiles are significantly expanded.
The complex provides for the presence of KP and firing sections of two types: four sections, each of which includes one advanced self-propelled fire unit carrier for four zours and capable of providing simultaneous shelling up to four targets, and one commissioning installation with eight zur; Two sections, each of which includes one of the highlighting and guidance radar, also capable of providing simultaneous shelling to four goals, and two commissioning installations with eight zur on each.
The complex is developed in two versions: movable on the tracked machines of the GM569 family by type used in previous modifications of the "beech" complex, as well as transported on road trains with semi-trailers and vehicles. In the last embodiment, at some reduction of the cost deteriorates the indicators of the Penthood and the time of deployment of the SPC from the march increases from 5 to 10-15 minutes.
In particular, the ICD "Start" during work on the modernization of the "Buk-M" complex (the "Buk-M 1-2" and "BUK-M2") launcher 9P619 and a commissioning unit 9A316 on a tracked chassis, and Also launcher 9A318 on the wheel chassis. The process of development of families of the SPC "Cube" and "Beech" is an excellent example of the evolutionary development of weapons and military equipment, which ensures a continuous increase in the combat capabilities of air defense forces at relatively low costs. Unfortunately, this path of development creates both prerequisites for gradual technical lagging. In particular, even in the promising versions of the "Beech" complex, no secure and reliable scheme of continuous operation of the rocket in the transport and starting container nor the all-round vertical launch of Zur, embedded in all other SPC of the total second generation of the second generation. And yet, in difficult socio-economic conditions, the evolutionary path of weapons development has to be considered as almost the only possible, and the choice made by the Customer and the developers of the Cube Cube and "BUK" as correct. SPC consists in service of Finland, India, Russia, Syria, Yugoslavia.
Tactico -Technical characteristics
Today, the Russian SPC of the Middle and Medium Radius of Action remains one of the most effective means of air defense of the operational and tactical and tactical link. We are talking about complexes of air defense "Tunguska-M1" (rocket-artillery) and "Buk-M2" and its export modification "Buk-M2E" (rocket). These complexes still significantly exceed their overseas counterparts on tactical and technical characteristics, as well as by criterion cost / efficiency. Then we will discuss the complex of the average radius of the action "Buk-M2E".
The development of this air defense complex was fully completed in 1988, however, due to the collapse of the USSR and the heavy economic situation in the country, its mass production was not deployed. After 15 years, all project documentation on this complex was improved under the modern element base. Since 2008, the complex is in service with the Russian army and comes in troops. The export version of the Buk-M2E complex was delivered to Venezuela, Syria and Azerbaijan. At the same time, Syria made the starting customer of this complex, the contract was concluded in 2007 and is estimated at 1 billion dollars. All complexes within the framework of this contract are already delivered.
The Middle Rate Sprink "Beech-M2E" refers to the 3rd generation systems (according to the NATO codification SA-17 "Grizzly"). Due to the use of a complex of modern phased antenna arrays in this model, the number of simultaneously accompanied air targets increased to 24. Introduction to the air default radar radar complex with an antenna post, which can be raised to a height of up to 21 m, ensured the increase in the efficiency of the complex in combating low-fat targets.
The head manufacturer of this anti-aircraft missile system is OJSC Ulyanovsky Mechanical Plant. The head developer of the design documentation for the main combat and the complex "Buk-M2E" as a whole is JSC "Research Institute of Instrument Development named after Tikhomirov" (Zhukovsky). The development of design documentation for the social development station of the detection of targets 9C18M1-3E - was engaged in OJSC NIIP (Novosibirsk).
The complex "Buk-M2E" is a modern multi-purpose medium-sized Action radius, which is characterized by high mobility. This anti-aircraft missile complex is able to ensure a successful solution of combat missions in any environment, even in the conditions of active radiopterosis from the enemy. In addition to various aerodynamic purposes, the SPC is able to fight with an extensive amount of missiles: winged rockets, tactical ballistic missiles, anti-cancer rockets, special air-surface missiles. It can also be used to defeat the sea surface target class rocket boat or destroyer. Also, the complex is able to ensure the shelling of terrestrial radiocontrase purposes.
Automated management of the combat operation of the "Buk-M2E" complex is carried out using the command item (CP), which receives the necessary information about the air situation from the goal detection station (social) or a higher command item (WCP). KP deals with the transfer of control commands and target designation by 6 batteries using technical communication lines. Each battery of the complex consists of the 1st self-propelled fire installation (SOU) with 4 rockets and 1st commissioning installation (ROM) given to it, also the battery can include 1 reference radar and guidance (RPN).
RLS detection goals
The shelling accompanied by a complex of air targets is carried out both with the help of single and volley launches Zur. In the SPK-M2E, high-performance anti-aircraft controlled rockets with a solid fuel rocket engine, which are flexible adaptable to various types of target equipment. Using these rockets allows you to affect air targets in the entire range of the range of the complex: from 3 to 45 km by range, from 0.015 to 25 km in height. At the same time, Zur is able to ensure the height of the flight to 30 km, and the flight range is up to 70 km.
In the "Buk-M2E" seek, zur 9m317 is used. In this rocket, an inertial-corrected control system is used, which is supplemented with a nasal semi-active Doppler radar head of the 9E420 homing head. The combat part of the rope rocket, its mass is 70 kg, the radius of the damage zone by fragments of 17 m. The maximum rocket flight rate is up to 1230 m / s, withstand overloads - up to 24g. The total mass of zur 9m317 is 715 kg. A two-mode RTTT is used on the rocket. The scope of her wing is 860 mm. Rocket is highly reliable. A fully equipped and collected rocket does not require any settings and checks throughout its entire period of operation, which is 10 years.
The complex includes modern phased antenna arrays (headlights), which have an effective command management method, which allows SPC simultaneously to accompany up to 24 different air targets that can be affected with the minimum time interval. The response time of the complex does not exceed 10 seconds, and the likelihood of aircraft damage, which does not perform evasion maneuvers, is 0.9-0.95. At the same time, the real effectiveness of all modern operational-tactical air defense systems is largely determined by their possibilities for the implementation of effective work on rockets. "Buk-M2E" is able to effectively destroy such objectives with an effective reflected surface (ERP) at a level to 0.05 m2 with a probability of lesion at the level of 0.6-0.7. The maximum speed of affected ballistic missiles is up to 1200 m / s.
The destruction of the cruise missiles of the enemy and other purposes, for example, drones flying in small and extremely small heights in the conditions of difficult and crossed terrain, is provided by the SPC due to the presence in its composition of a special reference radar and guidance (RPN) equipped with antenna post, raised to a height of 21 m.
In 2009 and in 2010, the Complex was a real check in the most closely close to combat conditions, with the implementation of volumetric, multilateral shooting and flight tests, which were carried out on the polygons of the Ministry of Defense of Russia, as well as foreign customers of the complex. SPK "Buk-M2E" is able to work in the most difficult weather and meteorological conditions.
It is not a hindrance of the air temperature to + 50 ° C, the wind gusts up to 25-27 m / s, an increased dusting of air. The modern hardware and software implementation of the interference protection channels used in the complex allows combat facilities of the complex to function confidently even in conditions of strong noise suppression with the exhibition of barrier interference with a capacity of up to 1000 W / MHz. During the tests, firing was carried out both on solitary and several goals, simultaneously in the area of \u200b\u200bdamage to the complex. At the same time, the goals of various classes and destination were fired. The tests have become a real test of the limiting capabilities of the Russian air defense complex and confirmed its high combat potential and compliance with the tactical and technical characteristics that were laid down by designers at the development stage.
RLS references and guidance rockets
Placement of combat "BUK-M2E" SPT on high-speed self-propelled tracked chassis (wheels can be used) provides the ability to quickly coagulate and deploy the complex, this standard is laid in 5 minutes. To change the position with all the equipment included, the complex requires no more than 20 seconds, which indicates its high mobility. Along the highway, the combat vehicles of the complex can move at a speed of up to 65 km / h, according to the dirt roads - 45 km / h. The stock of the fighting vehicles that make up the complex is 500 km.
At the same time, the SPK "Buk-M2E" is a virtual air defense complex. The main combat facility of the complex - works in all-term mode through the use of an optical electronic system, which is built on the basis of PZD-matrix television and submatractive thermal imaging channels. The application of these channels can significantly increase the vitality and noise immunity of the complex.
SPK "Buk-M2E" is able to be operated in a wide variety of climatic zones, at the request of the customer the machine is equipped with air conditioners. Complex combat vehicles without any restrictions (by distance and speed) can be transported by all types of transport: railway, water, air.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the bunt-M2E complex:
Air target damage distance:
maximum - 45 km;
minimum - 3 km.
Height of air targets:
maximum - 25 km;
minimum - 0.015 km.
The number of accompanied goals is 24.
The maximum speed of affected goals is 1100 m / s (approaching), 300-400 m / s (removing).
The likelihood of defeat the purpose of one zur:
tactical aircraft / helicopter - 0.9-0.95;
tactical ballistic rocket - 0.6-0.7.
Number of zur - 4 pcs.
The reaction time of the complex is 10 s.
The pace of shooting - once in 4 s.
Deployment time in combat position - 5 min.
Information sources:
http://otvaga2004.ru/kaleydoskop/kaleydoskop-miss/buk-m2e-i-tunguska-m1
http://rbase.new-factoria.ru/missile/wobb/buk-2m/buk-2m.shtml
http://bastion-karpenko.ru/buk-m2.
http://army-news.ru/2011/01/zenitnyj-kompleks-buk-m2e.
http://ru.wikipedia.org.
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