Global problems of our time is a set of socio-natural problems, on the solution of which the social progress of mankind and the preservation of civilization depend. These problems are characterized by dynamism, arise as an objective factor in the development of society, and for their solution require the united efforts of all mankind. Global problems are interconnected, cover all aspects of human life and relate to all countries of the world.
List of global problems
Unsolved problem of reversal of aging in humans and poor public awareness of negligible aging.
the North-South problem - the development gap between rich and poor countries, poverty, hunger and illiteracy;
preventing thermonuclear war and ensuring peace for all peoples, preventing the world community from unauthorized proliferation of nuclear technologies, radioactive contamination of the environment;
prevention of catastrophic environmental pollution and decline in biodiversity;
providing humanity with resources;
global warming;
ozone holes;
the problem of cardiovascular diseases, cancer and AIDS.
demographic development (demographic explosion in developing countries and demographic crisis in developed countries).
terrorism;
crime;
Global problems are a consequence of the confrontation between nature and human culture, as well as the inconsistency or incompatibility of multidirectional tendencies in the course of the development of human culture itself. Natural nature exists according to the principle of negative feedback (see biotic regulation of the environment), while human culture exists according to the principle of positive feedback.
Attempts to solve
The demographic transition - the natural end of the demographic explosion of the 1960s
Nuclear disarmament
Energy saving
Montreal Protocol (1989) - Fighting Ozone Holes
Kyoto Protocol (1997) - Combating Global Warming.
Scientific prizes for the successful radical life extension of mammals (mice) and their rejuvenation.
Club of Rome (1968)
Global problems of our time
Global problems of our time.
Features of integration processes covering a wide variety of areas of life
people most deeply and sharply manifest themselves in the so-called global
problems of our time.
Global problems:
Ecology problem
Saving the world
Exploration of space and the oceans
Food problem
Population problem
The problem of overcoming backwardness
Raw material problem
Features of global problems.
1) Are of a planetary, global nature, affect the interests of all
peoples of the world.
2) Threatening degradation and death to all of humanity.
3) Need urgent and effective solutions.
4) Require collective efforts of all states, joint actions of peoples.
Most of the problems that we today associate with global problems
modernity, accompanied humanity throughout its history. TO
first of all, they should include the problems of ecology, preservation of the world,
overcoming poverty, hunger, illiteracy.
But after the Second World War, thanks to an unprecedented scale
transformative human activity, all these problems have turned into
global, expressing the contradictions of the integral modern world and
denoting with unprecedented force the need for cooperation and unity of all
people of the Earth.
In our time, global problems:
On the one hand, they demonstrate the closest interconnection of states;
On the other hand, they reveal the deep inconsistency of this unity.
The development of human society has always been contradictory. It is permanent
accompanied not only by the establishment of a harmonious connection with nature, but also
a destructive effect on her.
Apparently, Sinanthropus (about 400 thousand
years ago) who began to use fire. As a result of this
Significant areas of vegetation were destroyed by fires.
Scientists believe that the intense hunting of mammoths by ancient people was one of the
the most important reasons for the extinction of this animal species.
The transition from the appropriating character that began about 12 thousand years ago
farming to producing, associated primarily with the development
agriculture, also led to very significant negative impacts on
the surrounding nature.
The farming technology in those days was as follows: at a certain
the forest was burned out, then elementary tillage and sowing were carried out
plant seeds. Such a field could yield a crop for only 2-3 years, after which
the soil was depleted and it was necessary to move to a new site.
In addition, environmental problems in ancient times were often caused by mining
mineral.
So, in the 7th - 4th centuries BC. intensive development in ancient Greece
silver - lead mines, which required large volumes of strong
forests, led to virtually the destruction of forests on the Antique Peninsula.
Significant changes in natural landscapes caused the construction of cities,
which began to take place in the Middle East about 5 thousand years ago, and
of course, a significant load on nature was accompanied by the development
industry.
But although these human impacts on the environment were gaining more and more
scale, nevertheless, until the second half of the 20th century, they had a local
character.
Humanity, developing along the path of progress, gradually accumulated
material and spiritual resources to meet their needs, however
he has never been able to completely rid himself of hunger, poverty and
illiteracy. The severity of these problems was felt by each nation in its own way, and
ways of solving them have never gone beyond the boundaries of individual
states.
Meanwhile, it is known from history that the steadily growing interactions between
peoples, exchange of industrial and agricultural products
production, spiritual values were constantly accompanied by the sharpest
military clashes. For the period from 3500 BC. 14,530 wars occurred.
And only 292 years did people live without wars.
Killed in wars (million people)
XVII century 3.3
XVIII century 5.5
In the first and second world wars, about 70 million people lost their lives.
These were the first world wars in the entire history of mankind, in which
the vast majority of countries in the world participated. They marked the beginning
turning the problem of war and peace into a global one.
And what gave rise to global problems? The answer to this question is, in essence,
pretty simple. Global problems are the result of:
WITH one side of the enormous scale of human activity, radically
changing nature, society, the way of life of people.
WITH the other side of a person's inability to rationally dispose of this
mighty force.
Ecological problem.
Economic activity in a number of states today is developed so powerfully,
that it affects the ecological situation not only within a separate
country, but also far beyond its borders.
Typical examples:
Great Britain "exports" 2/3 of its industrial emissions.
75-90% of acid rain in the Scandinavian countries is of foreign origin.
Acid rain in UK suffers 2/3 woodlands and in
countries of continental Europe - about half of their area.
The United States lacks the oxygen that is naturally reproduced in their
territory.
The largest rivers, lakes, seas of Europe and North America intensively
contaminated with industrial waste from enterprises of various countries,
using their water resources.
From 1950 to 1984, the production of mineral fertilizers increased from 13.5 million.
tons to 121 million tons per year. Using them gave 1/3 of the increase
agricultural products.
At the same time, the use of chemical
fertilizers, as well as various chemical plant protection products has become one
of the most important causes of global environmental pollution. Delayed
water and air over vast distances, they are included in the geochemical
the circulation of substances throughout the Earth, often causing significant damage to nature,
and to the person himself.
The rapidly developing process has become very characteristic of our time.
the withdrawal of environmentally harmful enterprises to underdeveloped countries.
The huge and ever-expanding use of natural
mineral resources have led not only to the depletion of raw materials in individual countries,
but also to a significant depletion of the entire resource base of the planet.
The era of extensive use of potential ends before our eyes
biosphere. This is confirmed by the following factors:
§ Today there is very little undeveloped land left to manage
Agriculture;
§ The area of deserts is systematically increasing. 1975 to 2000
it increases by 20%;
§ The decline in the planet's forest cover is of great concern. Since 1950
by 2000, the forest area will decrease by almost 10%, but forests are light
the whole earth;
§ Operation of water basins, including the World Ocean,
is carried out on such a scale that nature does not have time to reproduce what
what the person takes.
Continuous development of industry, transport, agriculture, etc.
requires a sharp increase in energy consumption and entails an ever increasing
stress on nature. Currently, as a result of intense human
even climate change is happening.
Compared to the beginning of the last century, the content carbon dioxide in the atmosphere
increased by 30%, and 10% of this increase was given by the last 30 years. Enhancement
its concentration leads to the so-called greenhouse effect, as a result
which is warming the climate of the entire planet.
Scientists believe that this kind of change is already taking place in our time.
As a result of human activity, there was a warming within 0.5
degrees. However, if the concentration of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere doubles in
compared with its level in the pre-industrial era, i.e. will increase by another 70%,
then there will be very drastic changes in the life of the Earth. First of all, 2-4
degrees, and at the poles, the average temperature will rise by 6-8 degrees, which, in
in turn will cause irreversible processes:
Melting ice
The rise in sea level by one meter
Flooding of many coastal areas
Change in moisture exchange on the Earth's surface
Reduction in rainfall
Changing wind direction
It is clear that such changes will pose huge problems for people,
associated with the management of the economy, the reproduction of the necessary conditions for them
Today, as rightly one of the first marks of V.I. Vernadsky,
humanity has gained such power in transforming the surrounding world that it
begins to significantly influence the evolution of the biosphere as a whole.
Human economic activity in our time already entails
climate change, it affects the chemical composition of water and air
basins of the Earth on the flora and fauna of the planet, on its entire appearance.
The problem of war and peace.
The problem of war and peace has turned into a global one literally before our eyes, and
primarily as a result of the sharply increased power of weapons.
Today alone nuclear weapons accumulated so much that its explosive
strength is several thousand times greater than the power of ammunition used in all
the wars that were fought before.
In arsenals different countries stored stored nuclear charges, total capacity
which is several million times higher than the power of a bomb dropped on
Hiroshima. But this bomb killed over 200 thousand people! 40% of the area
the city turned to ashes, 92% was disfigured beyond recognition. Fatal
The consequences of the atomic bombing are still felt by thousands of people.
For every person currently only in the form of nuclear weapons
there are so many explosives that their trinitrotoluene
the equivalent exceeds 10 tons. If people had so much food,
how many of all types of weapons and explosives exist on the planet! ..
weapons can destroy all life on Earth many dozen times. But after all
today, even "ordinary" means of warfare are quite capable of causing
global damage to both humanity and nature. In addition, it should be borne in mind that
technology of war is evolving towards more and more destruction
civilian population. The ratio between the number of deaths civilians and
13. Positive and negative consequences of the globalization of the world economy. The most important global problems of our time.
UN experts state that the developing globalization inevitably significantly reduces the freedom of action of certain countries in the formation of economic policies implemented by them.
The globalization of the economy may result to unprecedented economic progress by enriching national economies with technological advances in other countries, increasing capital mobility and labor resources, the possibility of implementing international projects that could not be carried out by one state. On the other hand, globalization brings many problems, among which we can single out: economic subordination by developed countries and their largest companies of less developed countries; oblivion of national economic norms and traditions; the emergence of international criminal cartels and syndicates involved in the export - import of drugs, weapons, “human goods.
Classification global problems:
* Problems associated with the main socio-economic and political tasks of mankind (problems of war and peace, terrorism, economic lag of developing countries, etc.);
* Problems in the system of relationships man - society - NTP (problems of disease, hunger, population growth);
* Problems in the system of interrelations between man - nature - society (ecological, energy, the problem of the exploration of Space, the World Ocean).
With the development of human civilization, new global problems can and do arise. There are many areas of possible cooperation between countries in solving global problems. In the implementation of collective efforts to solve global problems, responsibility is assigned to the UN, which is in charge of whole line special institutions.
25. Participation of the Republic of Belarus in the activities of international economic organizations.
Effective integration of Belarus into the world economy is impossible without participation in various international economic organizations. The main tasks of cooperation with international economic organizations are the following:
* building up a positive perception of Belarus as a full and active participant in the process international cooperation;
* strengthening confidence in the republic as a promising partner;
* ensuring national security through participation in multilateral agreements and forums;
* using the potential and capabilities of international organizations to solve the problems of the transition stage;
* activation of cooperation in order to expand the volume of financial and technical assistance to the Republic of Belarus;
* formation of conditions for the implementation of state policy;
* integration of the Republic of Belarus into the world economic space.
Currently, the Republic of Belarus is a member of 60 international organizations. The country has a clear and effective mechanism for coordinating multilateral international cooperation, especially with regard to the fulfillment of financial obligations to organizations. The practical benefits from the participation of Belarus can be of different nature, however, cooperation is generally beneficial to our state.
Of particular relevance at the stage of Belarus joining world economy is its entry into the World Trade Organization. The continuation of the process of the country's accession to the WTO predetermines the need to improve the regulatory framework foreign trade towards liberalization in accordance with the rules and regulations of this organization (reducing the volume of quotas and licensing of exports, abolishing export duties and replacing them with domestic taxes, weakening the foreign trade regime, reducing import subsidies, improving measures non-tariff regulation etc.)
51. Exchange rate. Factors affecting the exchange rate.
Exchange rate - unit price of nationalcash currency, expressed in foreign currency units. It shows how much foreign goods (assets) can be bought for a certain amount of national money. Like any price, the exchange rate deviates from the value basis - purchasing power of currencies - under the influence of supply and demand of currency. The ratio of such supply and demand depends on a number of factors:
1. Inflation rate. The higher the inflation rate in a country, the lower the rate of its currency, if other factors are not opposed.
2. The state of the balance of payments. The active balance of payments contributes to the appreciation of the national currency, as the demand for it from foreign debtors increases. A passive balance of payments gives rise to a downward trend in the exchange rate of the national currency, since debtors sell it in foreign currency to pay off their external obligations.
3. Difference in interest rates in different countries. The influence of this factor on the exchange rate is explained by two main circumstances. First, the change in interest rates in the country affects, other things being equal, the international movement of capital, primarily short-term.
4. Foreign exchange market activities and speculative foreign exchange transactions. If the rate of any currency tends to fall, then firms and banks sell it in advance for more stable currencies, which worsens the position of the weakened currency.
5. The degree of use of a certain currency in the European market and in international settlements.
6. The exchange rate ratio of currencies is also affected by acceleration or delay of international payments. In anticipation of a depreciation of the national currency, importers are trying to speed up payments to counterparties in foreign currency, so as not to incur losses when its exchange rate appreciates.
7. The degree of confidence in the currency in the national and world markets. It is determined by the state of the economy and the political situation in the country, as well as the factors discussed above that affect the exchange rate.
8. Foreign exchange policy.
INTRODUCTION ……………………………………………………………………… .3
CONCEPT OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION ………………………………………………………
REASONS FOR THE FORMATION AND EXCERNATION OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF THE CONTEMPORARY ………………………………………………………… ..
PROGRESS AND ITS INFLUENCE ON GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY ……………………………………………………………… ..
CONCLUSION ………………………………………………………………… 26
LIST OF USED LITERATURE ………………………… ..27
INTRODUCTION
Each historical epoch, each stage in the development of human society has its own peculiarity, at the same time, they are inextricably linked with both the past and the future. At the end of the twentieth century, human civilization enters a qualitatively new state, one of the critical indicators which is the emergence of global problems. Global problems have brought humanity to the boundaries of its existence and forced to look back on the path traveled. Today it is required to assess the goals that humanity has set for itself, it was required to make the necessary adjustments to the "trajectory" of its development. Global problems have put humanity in front of the need to change itself. Now it is necessary to develop such a global system of value orientations that would be accepted by the entire population of the planet.
Global issues of our time cannot be resolved without detailed elaboration of them by philosophers and representatives of specific sciences. The specificity of global problems lies in the fact that they require a program-targeted organization of scientific research. Currently, global problems are studied by many sciences - ecologists, geographers, sociologists, political scientists, economists, etc. Also, global problems are studied by philosophy in worldview, methodological, social and humanitarian aspects. The philosophical analysis of global problems is based on the results of particular sciences. At the same time, this analysis is necessary, in addition to its heuristic value, for further research, since it contributes to the integration of special sciences that need agreement on coordination in the study of global problems. Philosophy becomes a connecting link for representatives of various scientific disciplines, as it is focused in its analysis on interdisciplinarity.
Each era gives birth to its own philosophy. Modern philosophy must become, first of all, a philosophy of survival. The challenge of modern philosophy is to find such values and social systems that would ensure the survival of humanity. The new philosophy is called upon to develop a model for solving global problems, to help a person's practical orientation in the modern world in the matter of the survival of civilization.
The new impetus lies in the development of applied philosophy dealing with practical problems. Without a philosophical vision of the entire situation as a whole, not a single bottom of the global problems can receive a fundamental solution.
Specificity of philosophical understanding of global problems:
1) Philosophy, forming a new worldview, sets certain values, which largely determine the nature and direction of human activity.
2) The methodological function of philosophy is that it substantiates particular theories, contributing to a holistic vision of the world.
3) Philosophy makes it possible to consider global problems in a specific historical context. It shows, in particular, that global problems arise in the 2nd floor. XX century.
4) Philosophy allows you to see not only the causes of the emergence of global problems of our time, but also to identify the prospects for their development, the possibility of solving.
Thus, to the eternal philosophical issues being, cognition, the meaning of human life, etc. the modern era has added a fundamentally new topic - the preservation of life on Earth and the survival of mankind.
CONCEPT OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY AND THEIR CLASSIFICATION
Global problems(French g1оba1 - universal, from Latin g1оbus (terrae) - the globe) represent a set of problems of mankind, on the solution of which depends social progress and the preservation of civilization: preventing the world thermo nuclear war and ensuring peaceful conditions for the development of all peoples; prevention of catastrophic pollution of the environment, including the atmosphere, the world's oceans, etc .; bridging the growing gap in economic level and per capita income between developed and developing countries by eliminating the backwardness of the latter, as well as eliminating hunger, poverty and illiteracy on the globe; ensuring the further economic development of mankind with the necessary natural resources, both renewable and non-renewable, including food, industrial raw materials and energy sources; ending the rapid population growth ("demographic explosion" in developing countries) and eliminating the danger of "depopulation" in developed countries; prevention of negative consequences of the scientific and technological revolution. The twenty-first century, having just begun, has already added its own problems: international terrorism, the continuing spread of drug addiction and AIDS.
Philosophical understanding of global problems is the study of processes and phenomena associated with the problems of the planetary civilization, the world-historical process. Philosophy analyzes the causes that led to the emergence or exacerbation of global problems, studies their social danger and conditionality.
In modern philosophy, the main approaches to understanding global problems have developed:
all problems can become global;
the number of global problems must be limited to the number of urgent and most dangerous (war prevention, ecology, population);
precise definition of the causes of global problems, their symptoms, content and methods of the fastest resolution.
Global problems have common features: they affect the future and interests of all mankind, their solution requires the efforts of all mankind, they require urgent resolution, being in a complex relationship with each other.
Global problems are, on the one hand, natural and natural, on the other, social. In this regard, they can be considered as an influence or a result of human activity that had a negative impact on nature. The second variant of the emergence of global problems is a crisis in relations between people, which affects the entire range of relationships between members of the world community.
Global problems are grouped according to the most characteristic features. The classification allows you to establish the degree of their relevance, the sequence of theoretical analysis, methodology and sequence of solutions.
The most widely used classification method is based on the task of determining the severity of the problem and the sequence of its solution. In connection with this approach, three global problems can be distinguished:
between states and regions of the planet (prevention of conflicts, establishment of economic order);
ecological (environmental protection, protection and distribution of fuel raw materials, exploration of space and the World Ocean;
between society and people (demography, health care, education, etc.).
The global problems of our time are ultimately generated precisely by the all-pervading uneven development of world civilization, when the technical might of mankind immeasurably surpassed the level of social organization achieved by it, political thinking clearly lagged behind political reality, and the motives for the activities of the overwhelming mass of people and their moral values are very far from social. ecological and demographic imperatives of the era.
REASONS FOR THE FORMATION AND EXCERVATION OF GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY
The emergence of global problems, the increasing danger of their consequences pose new challenges for science in forecasting and the way to solve them. Global problems are a complex and interconnected system that affects society as a whole, man and nature, therefore, requires constant philosophical reflection.
Global problems, first of all, include: preventing a world thermonuclear war, creating a non-violent world that ensures peaceful conditions for the social progress of all peoples; overcoming the growing gap in the level of economic and cultural development between countries, eliminating economic backwardness throughout the world; ensuring the further economic development of mankind with the necessary natural resources (food, raw materials, energy sources); overcoming the ecological crisis caused by human invasion of the biosphere: stopping the rapid population growth (population growth in developing countries, falling birth rates in developed countries);
timely foresight and prevention of various negative consequences of scientific and technological revolution and rational effective use of its achievements for the benefit of society and the individual.
PROGRESS AND ITS IMPACT ON GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF MODERNITY
In previous topics, the idea of the complexity, versatility of the development process and the significant role that a person plays in it was repeatedly sounded. The result of participation in it was not only the created benefits, but also the numerous difficulties that nature and man himself face as a result of their active transformative activities. Nowadays, it is customary to speak of them as global problems of our time. These include such as environmental, war and peace, demographic, disease, crime and some others.
Let us dwell on the aforementioned and, first of all, on the ecological problem, due to the reasons that everything that happens on planet Earth with or without man's participation also takes place in nature. The latter is understood as a part of matter with which people directly or indirectly interact, perceive it, i.e. see, hear, touch, etc. It, in turn, in one way or another also affects each of us, society as a whole, affects the results of human activity. In this sense, man himself is a product of nature. It is also present in all creations of human hands.
Therefore, no matter how highly developed and how much more efficient industrial production becomes, man always depends on nature. The nature of these relationships is very complex and contradictory, since nature is very diverse and has a rather complex structure. It highlights:
1. Geosphere - the surface of the Earth, both uninhabited and suitable for human life.
2. Biosphere - a set of living organisms on the surface, in the depths and atmosphere of our planet.
3. Outer space - near-earth space, in which spacecraft created by people are already located, as well as that area of space that can be populated by earthlings in the historically foreseeable time and which is the object of intensive scientific research.
4. Noosphere ("noo" - mind) is the area of intelligent human activity, ultimately determined by the level of human intelligence and the amount of information processed by his brain.
5. Technosphere - ("techno" - art, skill, skill). It is a collection of all processes and phenomena created by man. It intersects at many points with the geo-bio-space and noospheres. And, according to scientists, it is in this intersection that the mystery and the reason for the global processes occurring in them, as well as the problems caused by these circumstances, lies.
For the purpose of solving them, all spheres of the relationship between nature and man were conditionally divided into natural and artificial habitats.
The natural turned out to be included geo-, bio- and cosmospheres. It has a very large diameter and is concentrically nested with an artificial habitat that includes the technosphere. In their single center is the man himself, and therefore the noosphere. The radius of the natural habitat is constantly expanding due to undeveloped wildlife, as well as the noosphere. And, of course, the impact to which the natural habitat is exposed cannot but cause us fears for life on Earth, and, first of all, for the person himself. After all, he is a biological being, and therefore cannot live outside of nature.
The worries about the future of our civilization made the artificial and natural habitat the object of research of many scientists and, in particular, the outstanding representative of Russian science V.I. Vernadsky (1863-1945). He was primarily interested in the processes taking place in the biosphere and noosphere. Among the ideas expressed by him and of the greatest interest for the topic of our discussion was the statement that the noosphere is not an independent formation, but the last of many states of the evolution of the biosphere in the geological history of the Earth. This process is taking place at the present time.
A kind of continuation of the mythical ideas of our ancient ancestors about her as a living being were the statements of some modern scientists about the need to perceive the biosphere as a complex organism, functioning reasonably and according to certain laws, and therefore capable of quite actively influencing many of the processes taking place on our planet.
One and the other point of view, despite their originality, undoubtedly, carry a great charge of optimism and belief in the ability of MIND to overcome the global problems of our time and, in particular, environmental.
Thanks to the above approaches, it is possible to look at the interaction of artificial and natural habitats in a completely different way as part of one whole, and not unacceptable to each other. But, in fairness, it should be noted that there are other points of view on the environmental problem. They openly express anxiety that the development of the technosphere, no matter what benefits it turns out to be for man, must have limits beyond which the death of nature may be inevitable. Fears of this kind, of course, have a fairly solid foundation. The genius of man, his mind, striving for self-expression and freedom of creativity allowed in a relatively short historical period of time to go the hard way from a junior, and often useless, partner to one who wanted to become master over everyone. But how substantiated are these claims?
The answers to this question are sometimes the most contradictory. For example, a fairly large group of followers of technical scientism associates soil and water pollution, forest destruction, and a decrease in the Earth's ozone layer not only with the result of human production activities, but also with the imperfection of nature itself, which has a number of fundamental flaws. Therefore, they associate a way out of the ecological crisis with the organization of ecological production, designed to improve and improve nature in the interests of man, that is, they actually propose the option of creating an artificial environment instead of a natural one that "did not meet the expectations" of man. The controversy of this point of view is:
In the absence of evidence of the imperfection of nature in relation to human activities,
In danger of breaking the delicate balance that still exists in nature as a result of ecological production,
In the likelihood of a more rapid adaptation to an artificial habitat of organisms that are dangerous to human life: viruses, bacteria, etc.
In the absence of ways to accurately predict and assess the possible consequences of active ecological production. Another point of view can be assessed as more balanced, because it comes from the awareness of the need
Conservation and maintenance of the existing habitat,
Recognition of the inevitability of scientific and technological progress, but the desire to develop it towards the perfection of resource-saving and waste-free technologies that preserve nature as much as possible.
The advantages of this approach include the awareness by modern researchers of the negative consequences of the development of the technosphere and for the person himself, which can even take on an irreversible character. Increasingly, they manifest themselves in changes in heredity, mutations, constant overloads of his body and psyche. After all, the change in life that occurs in people in growing cities, the growth of its pace is accompanied by:
Stress, i.e. extreme excitement of the human nervous system,
Depressions, characterized by a decrease in the vital activity of the organism, reaching the state complete indifference to everything, pessimism, apathy. "Falling" into such states is pushing, especially the townspeople, to commit suicide, crimes, participation in mass riots and other violent actions.
Observations of a person exposed to the active negative impact of the technosphere recorded a decrease in his hearing, a decline in working capacity, a decrease in mental activity, a disease of the nervous system, etc.
But are there the most optimal options for harmonizing the development of a mechanism for the coexistence of natural and artificial habitats? According to VI Vernadsky and his followers, humanity should unite its efforts in the following directions: "
1. Population of the entire planet by people, which continues with increasing intensity.
2. A drastic transformation of the means of communication and information exchange between different countries, which is also happening in the world thanks to radio and television.
3. Strengthening political contacts between states.
4. The predominance of the geological impact of man over other geological processes occurring in the biosphere. And this is also the case. For example, the amount of rocks extracted from the Earth's interior is 2 times higher than the average volume of lava and ash transported to its surface by volcanoes. And if the number of natural materials formed on our planet does not exceed 3.5 thousand, then people annually create tens of thousands of their synthetic species.
5. Expansion of the boundaries of the biosphere due to the release of mankind into space, which is happening with increasing intensity in recent decades.
6. Discovery of new sources of energy. Their number is also growing due to the use of nuclear, solar, wind, thermal springs, etc.
7. Equality of people of all races and religions.
8. Increasing the role of the masses in solving issues of domestic and foreign policy.
9. Ensuring freedom of scientific thought and scientific creativity from the pressure of religious, philosophical and political sentiments and the creation in the social and state system of conditions favorable for free scientific thought, for the realization of which mankind still has to make a lot of efforts.
10. Raising the welfare of the population, creating real opportunities in order to prevent malnutrition, hunger, poverty and weakening the impact of disease.
11. Reasonable transformation of the primary nature of the Earth in order to adapt it to meet the ever-increasing material, aesthetic and spiritual needs of the numerically increasing population.
12. Exclusion of wars from the life of society. V.I.Vernadsky considers this condition extremely important for the creation and maintenance of the existence of the noosphere.
Almost all of these conditions are gradually being met, but with varying degrees efficiency. The synthesis of these processes proceeding towards the harmonization of the human community and nature is called co-evolution. It is associated with the mutual adaptation of man and nature to each other, and the biosphere - to man and to the technosphere. But these processes are very complicated and are ambiguously characterized by specialists. In particular, they are seriously concerned about the problems that may arise with the development of biological and information technologies.
The first of them, biological, is associated with genetic engineering, i.e. with the discovery of the possibility of a person creating new combinations of DNA, thanks to which he will be able to “rewrite” hereditary information and create new genes, and, consequently, “design” fundamentally new living things that can negatively affect the existence of living nature.
Information technology makes it possible to create various, including autonomous systems of artificial intelligence, which already now have an impact on the formation of a worldview and a system of cultural and spiritual values and orientations in a significant part of the population of our planet. This is reflected in active research towards the development of models of robots of new generations that can radically change the formula for the course of evolution, which may look like this: “ nature- human - robots of the 3rd generation and artificial intelligence systems. "
Thus, the ecological problem is very urgent for all living things and organisms that inhabit our planet. Its boundaries are very wide and go far beyond its own, which is not difficult to be convinced of when analyzing the above-described twelve conditions for the preservation of the Earth's biosphere, named by V.I. Vernadsky.
Let us turn, at least, to the problems of war and peace. It is known that for many centuries wars were perceived by humanity as an integral and objective component of its development. But historical experience, especially of the 20th century, not only confirmed the validity of I. Kant's statement that the funds spent on them would be enough for the comfortable existence of mankind, but also made it possible to understand that wars are a specific form of a violent armed solution to certain social, political, economic, religious and other problems.
In this century, everyone living on our planet and shocked by the horrors of the First and Second World Wars, after their end, had the illusion that such a nightmare should not happen again. In order to prevent new military tragedies in 1922, the League of Nations was created, and in 1945 - the United Nations Organization. But in none of the other cases did the danger of war diminish. So, from 1945 to the present, more than 150 major wars have already occurred on the planet. For several decades, the world, split into capitalist and socialist camps, lived in tense anticipation of the inevitable 3rd world, but already nuclear war. And when the communist system collapsed in the second half of the 1980s, the establishment of a new world order based on universal human values seemed inevitable to many politicians and ordinary citizens. As practice has shown, in the conditions of scientific, technical and information revolutions, a military conflict even between small and economically weak states can lead to dire consequences. The fact is that at present such means of mass destruction of people as bacteriological and chemical weapon... For their production and delivery to the place of hostilities, a minimum of funds is required, and their use is fraught with catastrophic consequences for humans and nature as well as the explosion of a hydrogen or neutron bomb. It is not for nothing that in a number of mass media such weapons have been called "nuclear weapons for the poor." In addition, one should take into account the fact that a conflict between small states can affect the political, religious, economic interests of several groups of states at the same time, which will inevitably be drawn into a global military confrontation.
Thus, in the current international situation, the reality is the ongoing arms race, accompanied by irreplaceable, colossal expenditures of labor, material, natural resources, intelligence of the scientific and technical elite of society. Consequently, the problem of recycling continues to remain relevant. nuclear waste, and health care, education, culture in all countries continue to lack funds.
Among the global problems of our time, it is necessary to highlight one more - this is the problem of population growth.
It is interesting that the English economist Malthus spoke about the inevitability of its occurrence back in the 18th century in his book "Experience on the Law of Population". It outlined a difficult situation, which, according to the author, will arise on the planet as a result of the growing discrepancy between population growth, allegedly occurring in geometric progression, and the amount of food produced, which increases in arithmetic progression.
Despite the controversy in the accuracy of such calculations, it should be noted that since the beginning of the 20th century, our planet has been experiencing a powerful population explosion. As a result, the number of inhabitants of the Earth has already exceeded 5 billion people and will reach 6 billion by the beginning of the third millennium. But this process cannot continue indefinitely, for it is limited by completely objective reasons:
The area of soil suitable for agriculture,
The difficulty of mastering agricultural technologies and industrial crops, which takes a long time,
The increasing rate of urban growth,
The limiting possibilities of natural resources: air, water, minerals, etc.
Unproductive expenditures of states (on wars, liquidating internal conflicts, fighting crime), the size of which occupies a significant part in the budgets of most of them.
Without a doubt, the growth rate of the world's population is restrained by numerous factors and, in particular, such as wars, diseases, industrial, household and road traffic injuries, crime, hunger. For example, annually only in the CIS countries more than one hundred thousand people die at the hands of criminals in accidents on the roads and at workplaces.
At the same time, in other regions of the planet, for example, in Asia, Africa and in Latin America the number of newborns is very high, despite vigorous efforts by the government of some countries, such as China, to limit the birth rate. Most European countries, in North America and Australia, completely different processes are taking place, as a result of which their population is growing at a very low rate.
According to experts who study these problems, and among them there are philosophers, economists, lawyers, and sociologists, the reason for this is:
Significant difference in living standards in high and low developed countries,
Historical traditions,
Geographic factor,
Religious dogmas.
If we touch on the latter, then it is they who regulate, for example, whole complex family and marriage relations between spouses. Thus, both Islam and Catholicism forbid women to have abortions. Islam also permits polygamy.
But the main reason, most likely, should be sought in the difference in the living standards of people in those and in other parts of the world. Countries with a high standard of living also meet the standards that apply to:
The quality of medical care,
Food structure and culture,
The system of upbringing children, as well as their education and living conditions.
In countries with low living standards, less attention is paid to these problems. But on the other hand, it is in the countries with developed industry that the percentage of infertility is high among men and women, and in economically weak ones, the mortality rate among children is high and the life of adults is short.
How is it supposed to solve the problem of population and related - food and disease? Modern scientists have expressed a number of points of view on this matter, among which should be highlighted:
Development of international programs to help people experiencing food problems or suffering from massive epidemics;
Providing assistance to underdeveloped states in their economic development from the world community;
Development of humane methods and technologies for regulating the birth of offspring;
Promotion and implementation of a high culture of family and marriage relations.
The view of this problem from the side of researchers who perceive the Earth's biosphere as an integral living organism, very actively responding to the influence of man on its vital activity, is also interesting. They, in particular, argue that the biosphere has many still unknown abilities and, in particular, the regulation of the number of mankind, which will not cross the crisis line of 12 billion. These are called natural disasters, as well as diseases that afflict people and were previously unknown to science.
Thus, scientists draw attention to the need for a more careful and balanced attitude on the part of a person to the world around him, because a conflict with him can alienate people from himself, destroying them.
In addition to the aforementioned global problems of our time, the authors consider it necessary to draw the attention of readers to one more, very relevant both for prosperous countries and for those dragging out a miserable existence. This refers to the problem of crime. The variety of activities of a modern person has not only produced many positive results, but also generated an equally rich set of his illegal actions with varying degrees of negative consequences. They manifest themselves in the field of economics, finance, politics, and administrative activities, having long passed the line when crimes are committed by individuals or their small groups.
The reasons for the criminal behavior of people are very diverse and therefore are studied by a number of sciences, in particular, criminology, legal psychology. The philosophical aspect of this problem has been discussed by us many times, for example, in the study of the dialectics of the relationship between the concepts of "freedom - necessity". It began to be perceived as a global one since it acquired the character of an organized one and went beyond the boundaries of individual states. International syndicates and other associations of criminals involved in the production and sale of drugs, gambling, prostitution, transplant trade, etc. involved millions of citizens of various states in their sphere of activity. The cash income from their operations is hundreds of billions of dollars.
The negative consequences of organized crime are:
In a threat to the life and safety of large masses of people,
Undermining the economies of states,
Undermining people's health as a result of drug use and unhealthy lifestyles,
In child molestation,
In the education of criminal political regimes etc.
Successful overcoming of this evil is possible only by combining the efforts of governments and law enforcement agencies of the entire world community, which is obliged to realize that such a phenomenon as crime has no borders and, first of all, affects the most capable part of the population, removes a lot of money and material resources from state circulation ...
At the end of the consideration of the issue, we can conclude that it is precisely those from a large number of them, so well known to each of us in everyday life, which have taken on a universal human character, have become not only the result of the transforming activities of people, but are not yet connected with the global problems of our time. known by us cosmic processes.
These problems are also called global because they require universal efforts to overcome them. They also apply to the sphere of political, economic, spiritual relations between peoples.
It is unlikely that one should hope for the establishment of harmony in such complex systems as: "man - man", "man - nature", and in the future, and "man - space", if the situation on our planet remains when abundance reigns in one of its parts and well-being, and in the other - children are dying of hunger, when material resources and money will continue to be spent on ensuring ideological and military confrontation between countries, on scientific and technical or social experiments that are unrealizable or dangerous in their consequences.
Thus, the more actively mankind concentrates its efforts in the direction of successfully resolving the global problems of our time, the more reasonably it will be able to talk optimistically about the foreseeable and distant future, and the more likely it will be to make forecasts on them.
CONCLUSION
Awareness of humanity as a planetary factor occurs not only due to the positive aspects of its influence on the world, but also through a whole range of negative consequences of the technogenic path of development. The global nature of these problems does not allow them to be solved regionally, i.e. in terms of one or more states. Organizationally, solving global problems will inevitably require the creation of a special “general staff of mankind”, which should determine the strategy for using knowledge to prevent global catastrophes.
When clarifying the ways of solving global problems, it is necessary to determine the strategy for their solution. Here, as a starting point, one can take their classification into three interrelated groups. Today there are many attempts to develop solutions to global problems. And here a special place is occupied by the Club of Rome, at the head of which long time was Aurelio Peccei. At the initiative of this non-governmental organization, a number of major studies have been carried out, published in the form of reports. These include: "The Limits of Growth", "Humanity at a Turning Point", "The Goals of Humanity", etc. Within this direction, the unity of modern civilization and the common destiny of all countries and peoples are realized.
Global problems in many respects change the very approach to understanding social progress, forced to overestimate the values that were laid throughout the history of civilization at its foundation. For many, it becomes obvious what Academician V.I. Vernadsky drew attention to half a century ago, who wrote: “A person for the first time realized that he is an inhabitant of the planet and can - must - think and act in a new aspect, not only in the aspect of a separate personality, family, clan, state, but also in the planetary aspect. " Such a generalized, planetary view of man and his place in the world was important step to the formation of a global consciousness based on a person's understanding of his integrity. The next step consists in the moral reorientation of people, in comprehending the current situation from these positions and in the search for practical ways out of it.
The crisis modern society is largely due to the total, global alienation of man. Hence the salvation of humanity in the improvement of society and in the education of the person himself, and not only in scientific and technological achievements. The systemic organization of programs for solving global problems involves the use of global modeling.
Global problems demand from humanity spiritual unity in the name of saving civilization. They led to the need for qualitative changes in the life support systems of society and its value orientations. They require fundamentally new relationships between people, as well as relationships between people and nature.
LIST OF USED LITERATURE
Global problems and perspectives of civilization: philosophy of relations with the natural environment. - M .: INION, 1994.
I. I. Kvasova Philosophy: Textbook. Manual for universities. - M .: RUDN, 1999.
N. V. Klyagin A person in history. - M .: Institute of Philosophy RAS, 1999.
Kropotov S. L. Text economics in the non-classical philosophy of art by Nietzsche, Bataille, Foucault, Derrida. Yekaterinburg, 1999.
Kochergin A.N. Philosophy and global problems. - M., 1996.
Leibin V.M. Globalistics - history and modernity. - M .: Education, 1992.
Nizhnikov S.A. Philosophy: a course of lectures: a textbook for universities. M .: Publishing house "Exam". 2006.
Society Theory: Fundamental Problems. - M .: Canon-Press-C, Kuchkovo field, 1999.
Philosophy: basic terms. Textbook. allowance. - SPb., Aleteya, 1997.
Lorenz K. The Eight Deadly Sins of Civilized Humanity // Questions of Philosophy. - 1992. - No. 8.
Science and global problems of our time. Round table// Questions of philosophy. - 1984 - No. 7.
Science and global problems of our time. Round table // Questions of philosophy. - 1984 - No. 8.
Since global problems are the result of qualitative changes in the development of productive forces in the sphere of economics, politics, culture, etc., they cannot be explained from the standpoint of just any one science. Consider some forms of their manifestation, due to economic activity person.
The most important reason, which led humanity to global contradictions, is primarily the accumulation of a huge production capacity... It put pressure on nature, contributed to the depletion of its resources. Since the beginning of the century, the population of the Earth has increased 3 times, and the volume economic activity- at 20. The transition to post-industrialism has changed the target setting of social production. The pursuit of maximum profit, the transition to intensive development of production was accompanied by structural crises, uneven development, and an increase in conflicts. This was also facilitated by a leap in military affairs, which endangered man himself as a biological being.
Scientific and technological progress occupies a special place in the aggravation of global problems. The scale of its impact on the environment has no similarity in the history of human development. The natural environment is saturated not only with production waste, but also with completely new substances from production activities that do not decompose under the influence natural processes... The problem of environmental pollution and waste disposal (especially radioactive) has acquired a planetary character.
Scientific and technological progress contributed to the emergence of a number of other problems affecting the interests of the entire civilization: curbing the arms race, conquering space and the World Ocean, etc.
For all the differences, global problems have a number of common features allowing to unite them into a single, albeit internally contradictory whole. First of all, each of them and all of them taken together are fundamentally important for the fate of mankind, and a delay in resolving them threatens the death of civilization or a deterioration in living conditions and industrial activities on Earth. They are characterized by a deep connection with each other and the interdependence of their economic, political, scientific, technical and other aspects. The deepening and complication of world economic ties and the internationalization of other aspects of public life are reflected in global problems.
Finally, the peculiarity of global problems is that they can be solved only on the basis of the efforts of all states of the world, for absolutely all peoples are interested in saving mankind from destruction in nuclear disaster, from diseases caused by environmental pollution, etc. Finding a joint solution to these problems means ensuring the conditions for the survival of all peoples and the possibility of further progressive development civilization.
3. WAYS TO SOLVE GLOBAL PROBLEMS OF THE WORLD ECONOMY
Global problems of human development are not isolated from each other, but act in unity and interconnection, which requires radically new, conceptual approaches to their solution. There are a number of obstacles on the way of global problems. Measures taken by the peoples of the world to solve global problems are often blocked economically and politically by the arms race, regional, political and military conflicts. The implementation of some global problems in a number of cases rests on the resource provision of the planned programs. Certain global problems are generated by the contradictions in the socio-economic conditions of life of the peoples of the world.
The necessary prerequisites and opportunities for a truly humanistic resolution of global contradictions are created by the world community. Global problems must be resolved along the lines of developing cooperation between all states that form the system of the world economy.
The scale and severity of contemporary global problems require a combination of efforts, constructive and decisive action by governments, political parties, social movements all countries of the world. It is the creative interaction of all countries and peoples for the sake of survival and development that should become a priority task. A new political thinking must be formed, a revolution must be made in the way of life and in the consciousness of people. How to achieve this coup if it affects the economic (material) interests of the individual, certain groups people and even entire states?
In the modern world, there are two real positions on the solution of global problems. The first of them is the position of highly developed states. It boils down to the following points:
a) the solution of global problems should take place in such forms that would not infringe on the interests of developed countries, but would contribute to extracting maximum profit from this;
b) the solution of the problems of providing resources should be carried out at the expense of the reserves of raw materials and energy carriers of other countries, thus supporting their unilateral development as appendages of agricultural and raw materials complexes for the economies of developed countries;
c) the solution of the food problem in developing countries should rely on a certain amount of assistance in such a volume and form that would allow putting pressure on their political structures;
d) environmental problems should be solved by all mankind, including underdeveloped countries.
The second position is based on the realities of the new political thinking, which provides for the direction of the technical and intellectual capabilities of mankind to solve the problems of life support. Taking into account the interests of all peoples, their desires and will on a just and humane basis, the needs of present and future generations - this is the criterion that should be guided by all the peoples of our planet. Unity earthly nature requires a common human approach to the rational use of its resources, excluding ecological disaster... The main condition for achieving this goal is the cessation of the arms race, the channeling of military expenditures into civilian production, for the improvement of natural environment on a planetary scale.
Another condition is all-round cooperation, mutual consideration of interests, the development of science and its enrichment with the achievements of all peoples. Today all humanity must rethink the policies of their states, the practice of life, and overestimate their resource potential. All of us, now living on the planet, are obliged to comprehend in a new way our role in the system "man - society - nature" and the prospects for further life support. This is possible through the expansion of international cooperation at various levels.
A special role in solving global problems belongs to international organizations, and first of all to the United Nations (UN). Along with solving the issues of preserving peace, strengthening international security and disarmament, the UN contributes to the creation of an international climate necessary for solving global problems: environmental protection, solving the food problem, etc.
A specialized organization UNEP, established in 1972, deals with environmental protection at the UN. The main areas of its activities are:
Protection of the atmosphere, water resources, animal world;
Combating desertification and soil erosion;
Environmental impact assessment of various types of energy;
Implementation of global monitoring (world monitoring service for the state of the natural environment);
Development of environmental education and training.
Food problems are dealt with: a special organization at the UN - FAO, the World Food Council, the Economic and Social advice at the UN and its regional commissions and other organizations. They monitor the world food situation, assist in the development of agricultural production, and resolve other issues.
Important role international organizations are also playing in solving the energy problem. Among them are the UN International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) and other organizations. Their activities are aimed not only at solving current issues energy development, but also associated with the problems of its global development. The forecasts they make provide a better understanding of the future energy supply and the implications possible solutions on the development of the energy economy.
There are a number of others international organizations and social movements that solve or contribute to the solution of certain problems of the modern world.
The analysis of global problems shows that humanity has come to a line beyond which world progress is possible only on the basis of new political thinking and the pooling of efforts and resources of all countries of the world. New political thinking is not only about A New Look for the existence of peoples and states. This is a new look at the very existence of humanity and planet Earth.
Within the framework of global thinking, the main conclusions were formed about:
The need for an international approach to enhancing the role of international bodies;
Enhancing the role and responsibility of all business entities and political life in front of the whole world;
Development and implementation at the national and international level legal and general economic conditions for the use of natural resources (standards, quality, norms, payment, etc.);
Coordination of efforts to achieve strictly defined goals at the planetary level;
The transition over the next three decades of the world socioeconomic system to a qualitatively new way of development.
Qualitatively new way development involves the creation of conditions for global equilibrium. Equilibrium will force one to abandon the uncontrolled consumption of resources, waste in the material and spiritual spheres, and the cost of weapons. It will free mankind from environmental pollution and the threat of a catastrophe of the world system, establish a new civilized world order.
The danger of global problems leads to two conclusions: 1) If the trends in the development of global problems persist, then within the next century, humanity will approach the chapels of its growth. The most likely to be a sharp and uncontrollable decline in both population and industrial production... 2) There is an opportunity to stabilize (economically and ecologically) the state of humanity and support it in the distant future. Global equilibrium can be designed in such a way that the needs of every person on earth will be met. Otherwise, humanity is threatened by: interethnic and interstate conflicts, lack of coordination in economic sphere, inconsistency in environmental protection, consumer selfishness, the growth of criminal offenses, the decline of personal and state morality, and much more. And yet it is certain that humanity will find a reasonable solution difficult task implementation of inevitable progress with the preservation of the human in man and the natural in nature.
Humanity has come a long way from savage ignorance to the historic landing on the moon, the conquest of the Red Planet. Surprisingly, with the growth of scientific thought, technology did not benefit the ordinary citizens of our planet. On the contrary, they entail a decrease in jobs, crisis and military phenomena. Consider global problems of our time and ways to solve them.
In contact with
Fundamental concepts
Global problems of our time (GP) - critical phenomena affecting interests of every person, society and world states generally.
The term became popular in the 60s. XX century. To prevent negative consequences, a joint action plan of all countries is needed.
The classification of modern state enterprises is a system that takes into account the origin, the level of danger, possible consequences every danger. Structuring makes it easier to focus on solving urgent problems.
Like any phenomenon, ours has a number of properties that form the concept:
- Independence from time - risk groups have a destructive effect on the planet, but their speed is significantly different. For example, the demographic crisis of humanity has been developing longer than natural disasters arising overnight.
- Concerning each state - the integration of world powers has led to mutual responsibility between them. However, it is important to draw the attention of the entire world community to a constructive dialogue.
- Threat to humanity - all kinds of global problems of our time question the integrity and life of world society, planets.
Attention! Until the middle of the 20th century, scientists did not think about the brevity of the global issues of mankind. The relationship between human society and nature was raised only at the philosophical level. In 1944 V.I. Vernadsky introduced the concept of the noosphere (the field of activity of the mind), arguing this with the scale of the creations of mankind.
The emergence of global issues
The causes of the global problems of mankind do not appear out of nowhere. We bring to your attention a list of factors that form actual problems modernity:
- Globalization of the world - the economy and relations between states have reached a new level. Now each participant in the world arena is responsible for the well-being of neighbors (and not only).
- The broadest field of activity is “the conquerors of the world”, this is how modern society feels. Today, there are no areas where a person's foot has not stepped.
- Irrational consumption of resources - the safety margin of the planet is not unlimited... Research crust indicate that the energy sector (gas, oil and coal) will collapse in 170 years. I hope you understand what this threatens.
- Destruction of the environment - this also includes the rapid development of technology. Indeed, multi-million dollar projects require tons of minerals. Hence the deforestation, the haphazard destruction of the gifts of the World, the pollution of the atmosphere and outer space.
- Morality and society - common man are not interested in the actual problems of our time. But carelessness at the "lowest" level is fraught with relaxation of the ruling circles, the scientific elite.
- Uneven socio-economic development - "young" states are significantly inferior to the powerful of this world, which allows them to manipulate the weaker. This situation is fraught with an increase in world tension.
- Weapon mass defeat – nuclear warheads threaten the very existence of humanity. However, it is also a reliable (so far) deterrent.
The global issues of our time, facing humanity, testify to the incompetence of world leaders of states, an aggressive policy towards nature.
Important! Scientists have long identified the causes of the difficulties of our time, but their solution has not yet yielded visible results. To restore the lost heritage, mankind will need tens, hundreds of years.
Classification
The best minds of our time are working to structure the global dangers to humanity.
Some rank them according to their origin, others - according to the destructive impact, and still others - according to their importance for world civilization. We suggest that you familiarize yourself with each option.
The first group - this includes factors associated with foreign policy states, their contradictions and mutual claims. To resolve global problems, it is necessary to provide political prerequisites.
The second group is the globalization of the relationship between man and society, the state. This includes ethnic, religious, terrorist confrontations.
The third group is the link between world civilization and the nature of the planet. The solution to these problems must be of a scientific and political nature.
Let's analyze GP classification, based on the direction of the impact:
- The global threat - the development of modern technologies requires a resource base, the formation of which pollutes the surrounding space. Most of modern industry throws out decay products into. Environmental protection is not just about reducing emissions harmful substances but also the development of new, "clean" technologies. Similar projects are already being created in economically developed countries, but transnational companies are hindering their implementation (fabulous revenues from gas and oil).
- Overpopulation - Scientists predict a population of 12 billion will lead to the destruction of the planet's ecosystem... In short, you have to "get rid" of more than 5 billion in order to restore the natural balance. A cruel way of decreasing is the Third World War, a more humane one is birth control, a fantastic one is colonization.
- Energy scarcity - without minerals (gas, oil, coal), human civilization will collapse. The loss of electricity will lead to a halt in production, degradation of communication systems, and a limitation of the information space. Alternative energy sources will help humanity to be saved, but strongest of the world this is not interested in it.
Social aspect
The development of modern society has led to a sharp decline in the values of mankind, which have been forming for hundreds of years.
The desire to provide for loved ones has grown into greed and uncompromising, and developed countries live off the main “ raw material base"- less developed neighbors.
We will sound obvious problems modernity in the social sector:
- degradation of public morality - the legalization of drugs and prostitution contributes to the establishment of new values. Selling your own body and smoking drugs are the norm in modern life;
- crime - with a decrease in the level of spirituality in society crime and corruption are on the rise society. The formation of the moral foundations of humanity has always been entrusted to the family, the church, educational system;
- prostitution and drug addiction - the spread of psychotropic substances can be attributed to the global problems of our time in society. They not only enslave the will of man, but also reduce it. social activity- make it an easy target for manipulation and propaganda.
The remaining types of global problems modern times are listed below:
- Disarmament - the main expense of most states is defense industry... Money could improve the global ecology, reduce the level of illiteracy, stop hunger.
- Using the World Ocean - Beyond Catching huge amount fish and other seafood, many nuclear tests are held in the open spaces of the sea. There is no need to talk about harm to the environment.
- Global problems of our time are manifested in the exploration of space by mankind... The government of each country is trying to conquer or occupy a dominant position in the not yet developed spaces.
- Overcoming backwardness - the infringement of the rights of citizens of developing countries has reached its limit. Strong neighbors interfere in every possible way in the internal and foreign policy"Partners". This is heating up the situation on the world stage.
- Infection control - social and humanitarian aspects of global problems may disappear after a few waves infectious diseases... Therefore, it is important to respond to the emergence of new strains, viruses.
Crisis recovery strategy
Global problems of our time and ways to solve them - priority task for the global community.
The tasks of solving these problems can be very diverse and related to different spheres of society.
They require not only huge financial investments, but also great efforts, both mental and physical.
Let us briefly list such tasks.
All of the above hazards require prompt resolution:
- increasing the productivity of the agricultural sector, new arable land;
- decrease in consumption of electricity, resources in general. Industry optimization will reduce fuel consumption, material costs. Reducing harmful emissions is a priority;
- gratuitous help developing countries, humanitarian missions to combat poverty and hunger;
- peaceful disarmament - rejection of chemical and nuclear weapons... Limited use of the "peaceful atom", development of alternative energy sources;
- the global problem of humanity is the fall of the moral and ethical principles of society. There will be painstaking work to introduce new values, cultivate good habits, improvement of the educational system;
- outer space needs to be rid of debris, a feature can be called neutrality.
Attention! Financial market does not apply to contemporary sources global danger, the impact of funds on the environment or the educational system is negligible.
Global problems of the world and ways to solve them
World environmental problems
Conclusion
The main features of the global problems of mankind include the scale, the interconnection of the constituent parts, and destructive consequences. The complexity of solving such problems is not so much in funds how much in the reluctance of a number of countries to change the established picture of our time.
Loading...
