Chelyabinsk zinc plant reduced emissions of harmful substances. Reports in Rosprirodnadzor will be every second

The industrial glory of Chelyabinsk is largely related to the zinc plant. Today, there are about 60% of the total Russian zinc and about 2% of the world.

The zinc plant is located within the city, so it is very important for us to reduce the negative impact on the environment. Since 2009, when one of the shareholders became UMMC, the plant leads an active environmental policy. The company passed a large-scale replacement of equipment and reconstruction of workshops. The actual emissions of CHZZ have not exceed 30% of the permitted standard. Despite the fact that our share in the total emission volume is relatively small - according to a comprehensive report on the state of the Chelyabinsk region, in 2017 the emissions of PJSC "CHZZ" amounted to 0.4% of emissions in the Chelyabinsk region or 1.7% of emissions Chelyabinsk. We are with all seriousness and responsibility to solve the problem of reducing the negative impact on the environment, says cEO PAO "CHZZ" Pavel Spit.

Four billion - on the ecology

Over the past eight years, Chelyabinsk zinc invested in environmental measures more than four billion rubles.

First of all, the sulfuric acid workshop, which had a great negative impact on the city was reconstructed. The new technology of waste gases made it possible to bring the degree of purification of industrial emissions to 99.95% - it is recognized as the most effective today. The whole process of fierce of sulfur dioxide managed to automate: each stage controls the electronics, and on the pipes now there are air purity sensors - special gas analyzers. Information with them in real time is sent to the site of the plant and in the "Goecocentre".

In addition, the enterprise has a Venturi scrubber with bunk irrigation, which is used when starting and stopping the furnaces in the firing shop. This device, like a washing vacuum cleaner, is washed with air, collecting all dust and heavy metals - sulfurous anhydride, carbon dioxide, nitrogen ... The purification efficiency is almost absolute - 99.8%. At the same time, the water cycle is closed: contaminated water is used at other stages of the production process.

The real event was the re-equipment of the fifth of the Wielz-oven. There is a node for the reception and granulation of dust-shaped waste. Donaldson's sleeve filter catches emissions and returns them to the production chain. The filter helped improve the conditions in the working area, as a result, part of the professions on the zinc were excluded from the list of "harmful".

To court legislators

As noted head of the Office of Labor Protection, Industrial and Environmental Safety of the Czz Dmitry KustovAt the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant such sensors are used for 7 years. These stationary gas analytical complexes of continuous control consisting of a system of sample preparation and gas analyzers are installed in the sulfuric acid workshop. Complexes allow for the current time to determine the content of sulfur dioxide in exhaust gases, the information on the operator monitor is updated continuously. The costs of acquiring stationary gas analytical complexes amounted to 3.6 million rubles. The annual costs of maintenance are on average of about 350 thousand rubles.

Our plant is located on a lively car highway connecting two district of the city, around many other industrial enterprises. The automatic control complex allows the enterprise to provide the necessary level of information openness in front of regulators and residents of the city. Today, the refurbishment of sulfur dioxide is 99.95%. Despite the growing volumes of production, we managed to reduce the volume of annual emissions by 25%, said Dmitry bushes.

Reports in Rosprirodnadzor will be every second

Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant In 2010, I acquired a mobile environmental monitoring laboratory on wheels. It looks like a simple "Gazelle", similar to "ambulance". On the roof of the laboratory - the probe, taking air. Part of the stream instantly enters the gas analyzer - ten seconds, it already issues the composition of the sample. Another part of the air is driven through the filters. They are investigated in the factory laboratory and a day determine the concentration of different metals. The analysis is made on 15 different substances.

Our mobile laboratory is loaded every day, "says head of the Laboratory of Sanitary and Environmental Monitoring of the Czech Natalia Baklagin. - We spend measurements throughout the sanitary protection zone and in the residential area near the plant.

In order to emphasize the openness of its environmental policy, Chezz signed an agreement with the Chelyabinsk administration on the monitoring of emissions and is ready for dialogue with the public.

The foundations of this work were laid back in 2011, when the Chelyabinsk zinc is one of the first in the region signed an agreement with the city administration in the field of environmental protection, "says Pavel Sphercht. - In the period of NMU, our mobile laboratory is measured three times a day, and on the same day the results are transferred to the "Gorococenter" and the Ministry of Ecology. The system is debugged and works.

In February, a delegation was visited at the enterprise Rosprirodnadzor. Officials rated the quality of sewage treatment plants, as well as a modern environmental monitoring system, which allowed the Zinc Plant to enter the project.

The more enterprises involve "clean air" in the territory of the city and the whole area, the easier it will work. When in online online, we will begin to understand who and how much throws into the atmosphere, it is easier to calculate the violators. We will be able to concentrate our forces on them, "the head of the Federal Service for Supervision Surveillance in the Chelyabinsk Region, Vitaly Kuryatnikov, said during his visit to Czech. - Zinc plant confirmed its commitment to move in this direction.

IMPORTANT

By 2020 Zinc will stop resetting water in Miass

Under the city is not the only problem of Chelyabinsk, although the most obvious. Serious fears cause industrial estates into the Miass River. But at the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, this problem is already solved.

Three years ago, the CZP launched a new station of the revolving water supply of the sulfuric acid workshop. Two years ago - the branch of the chemical preparation of water, which supplies water boilers - the deteriorators of the nielts-furnaces and cooling plants.

In 2020, the plant plans to finish the construction of local sewage treatment plants. They will reduce the volume of discharged water, improve its quality, and in the future it is planned to completely eliminate the reset of industrial waters in Miass.

The Ministry of Ecology organized a press tour to Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant in order to test the implementation of activities that entered the regional plan of events of the year of ecology. " Chelyabinsk is one of the cities with a high index of air pollution. The city has a whole node of large metallurgical enterprises that make a great contribution to the formation of air pollution in Chelyabinsk. The fulfillment of environmental activities aimed at reducing emissions into the atmosphere is one of the most important points of implementation of the Ecology Plan"- reported Minister of Ecology of the Chelyabinsk Region Irina Gladkov.

The company annually increasing production volumes. According to the general director of PJSC "CHZZ" Pavel SelectsIn 2016, the plant released 174.8 thousand tons of commodity zinc, in 2017 - 183, in 2019 plans to pay 200 thousand tons of zinc. The increase in production volumes occurs simultaneously with the modernization of production and the introduction of "clean" technologies.

In 2009 - 2012, the company re-equipped the sulfurous workshop, installed filters and gas analytical equipment. Data on emissions online come to the site of the Goeco Center. Head of the Ecology Department of PJSC "Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant" Irina Zolina He said that in 2016 the total volume of emissions amounted to 4,173 tons, in 2017 the planned amount of emissions of 3,950 tons. At the same time, the rate of allowed emissions for PJSC CZP is set at 12 thousand tons.

In the year of Ecology, CZP conducted current repair filters in the Wielz shop, as well as the current repair of gas supplies of contact apparatuses, electrostilifers; The washing separation towers in the sulfuric acid workshop, which will better catch such hazardous compounds as sulfur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide, mercury, carbon monoxide and suspended substances.

During the press tour, journalists showed a revolving water supply station. The station is launched in 2014. This includes industrial drainage of the sulfuric acid compartment, after cleaning, the water returns back to the technological process. The volumes of cleaned in more than 3 thousand cubic meters per day. Next year, the company plans to begin construction of local sewage treatment plants, which should reduce the reset of industrial effluents in the Miass River by 500 m3 / day. The construction of the facility will be completed by 2020.

The problem of the disposal of solid communal waste formed in the enterprise is not ignored. PJSC CHZZ has entered into an agreement with enterprises - recyclables of secondary resources. If in 2016 the zinc plant took 7 thousand tons of municipal waste to the Chelyabinsk city dump, in 2017 this figure would be 1 thousand tons.

According to the General Director of PJSC "Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant" Pavel Selects In the year of ecology on environmental measures, about 480 million rubles will be spent, next year - another 400 million rubles.

Do not duck up zinc passions
Both branches of the city's authorities - legislative and executive - united in the desire to prevent the construction of a zinc plant in Orsk. So far, they keep the wall tightly and do not intend to retreat. Although last week a representative of the Ural Center with a business offer arrived at the city again.
The story stretches since last year, when Orchans were shocked by the report that the "Russian Copper Company" is going to build a zinc plant in an urban trait. But today, as it turned out, passions do not subside. Plant, according to Urals, it is convenient to place directly in the village: no need to pull communication. In addition, there is a mine in the Novora district, which will supply copper and zinc concentrates. From the point of view of industrialists, all arguments are for the construction of a zinc plant in Orsk. But the authorities do not agree.
The rainbow prospects of export production are not happy, many are thinking about, and whether another enterprise is needed in the industrial node. Residents of East Orenburgia and so suffocate from emissions of black and non-ferrous metallurgy plants. In addition, in the atmosphere, the content of some maximum permissible concentrations of harmful substances is exceeded. The leadership of the "Russian Copper Company" is encouraging that 20 million dollars will spend on environmental activities, and even promised to achieve 100 percent environmental safety of the project. But is it worth it to succumb?

Red Dust Vladikavkaza
On November 25, 2005, residents of Vladikavkaz observed how a huge red cloud rose from the territory of the Electroyn plant. And after a few minutes of the house, the roads, trees - everything was covered with dust. Residents of the industrial zone of the North Ossetian capital were concerned about what happened and began to call the plant to the Environmental Protection Department. However, they were answered that a breakdown took place in one of the workshops and it was eliminated promptly. And also assured Vladikavkaz in security: no threat to health will bring to the dust and thanks to windy weather will leave in the direction of the carcinous highway. Not gone. In the magazine "Ecology of production" over the past year, a note was published, where residents of Vladikavkaz complain about "Electrozink", addressed various instances. Emission of red dust - confirmation of their words, technological failures often occur at the factory, accidents. Correspondents of the magazine interviewed the inhabitants and this answers got. "We are already suffocating from the emissions of this enterprise," said Hassan Goliev, the bus driver, the children are born with defects, more oncological patients have become more. We dream to sell an apartment and go to the village - there is a clean air there. " According to the large mother of Elvira Tebloeyeva, as soon as they earned at the full capacity of the enterprise's workshop, then the inhabitants were immediately inadequate, they constantly hurt. There are no free beds in the republican oncological hospital.
But still the management of the plant refutes the fact of environmental pollution. The emission of dust is confirmed, but they assure the inhabitants of the city in its random origin: the allegedly in the firing workshop was carried out with one furnace to another. "The air flows carried away the dust particles, and there can be no negative consequences for ecology," they consider the "electrozink". Moreover, the most common residents of nearby houses suffer - they are beyond the alarm, but no one listens. For the year, the plant produces about 100 thousand tons of products, and pay a fine to the metallurgical giant - spit times. Therefore, with a clear conscience, the plant continues to pollute the environment.

Chelyabinski inhale sulfur
JSC "Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant" produces per year to 150 thousand tons of products. The most powerful enterprise was built in the 50s. And not in any incomplete territory, but right in the city center. And although the radius of the sanitary zone is 1 kilometer, people and nature have undergone the negative influence of the plant. Fifty years in a row, air, soil and water were polluted. Every year, 4 tons of lead fell into the atmosphere, and solid components - 44 thousand tons. Environmentalists believe that the most dangerous at the factory is sulfuric acid production. The content of harmful gases in the air significantly exceeds the norms. 4 thousand tons of sulfur fell into the city atmosphere.
There is a problem of disposal of mercury-selenium sludge. Now it is taken into Kyrgyzstan for processing. River Miass underwent barbaric pollution. Zinc sulfate, zinc and ammonia oxide, discharged into water. In 2002, in the Chelyabinsk Zinc Plant, ecology issues became priority. The last two decades on the Czez held a full-scale reconstruction of passing and auxiliary industries. A imported filter has been purchased to prevent lead and solid waste emissions. Installation for utilization of mercury from gases will be able to drastically reduce emissions - up to 1.5 thousand tons. The issue with sulfuric acid is resolved. EuroChem is ready to acquire acid with fixed annual volume and price over the next five years. CEO of the Czech Republic, Vsevolod Gehman, has repeatedly appealed to the authorities about the construction of a fertilizer plant in Chelyabinsk. He could fully solve the problem of selling sulfuric acid. But the public is unlikely to build another harmful production in Chelyabinsk. Specialists have developed a unique project of processing facilities for the disposal of lead kek. Moreover, it will be the only production in Russia, which will be able to extract not only lead from raw materials, but also a gold alloy with silver. The launch of the new complex will lead to a decrease in the amount of emissions to the MIAS 81 tons. Czz on modernization and environmental protection measures spent about 160 million dollars.

Tatyana Aloova

The ruins of the electrolysis shop "Electrozink" after a fire. Photo: Farniev Konstantin

It is no secret that emissions of factories and industrial enterprises are one of the main sources of air pollution, and wastewater discharges from them cause significant harm to the hydrosphere. However, when the work of one factory confronts the life and health of 300 thousand people - it is dangerous to remain indifferent.

Electrozinc - the largest industrial enterprise of the Republic of North Ossetia, which occupies 70.2 hectares in the northeastern part of the capital of the region, Vladikavkaz, and one of the leading enterprises of non-ferrous metallurgy of Russia, which since 1904 produces and implements zinc, cadmium and sulfuric acid.

And the "Electrozink" is an air pollutant whose activity causes sharp discontent of Vladikavkaz, at least 9 years. Local residents still remember October 5, 2009, when, as a result of the production release of sulfur oxide at the plant over Vladikavkaz, a thick paddy formed. The townspeople began to complain about a strong headache and a hole in the throat. On the day of the accident, more than 500 people gathered on a spontaneous rally demanding a referendum on the termination of the enterprise. By the end of the month, another five emergency super-luminous emissions occurred at the factory. Since then, rallies for the closure "Electrozink" are carried out regularly. Although the first protests against the work of the enterprise began in 2003: shortly after its owner became the "Ural Mining and Metallurgical Company" (UMMC), local residents began to complain about harmful emissions into the atmosphere.

It should be added that the sanitary protection area around the plant is only 300 meters - it is precisely at such a distance of a residential building begins (legislative enterprises of the first hazard, which is "Electrozink", should be removed from residential areas by no less than 1000 meters) . Although the "zone of influence" of the enterprise is not limited to one kilometer, but is distributed almost to all Vladikavkaz.

The location of the production waste is also a serious problem: huge mounds, located within the city, are open to winds and rain.

The head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia Dmitry Kobylkin announced on November 7 that the ElectroCinc plant performed all environmental requirements. "On our line of Rosprirodnadzor, there have never been comments to him. All we asked and demanded, he always performed, "the minister clarified.

This confirms the concerns that close the plant and rehabilitate the territory adjacent to it or at least to reduce it to acceptable levels of its emissions will not be possible in the near future. The scientist and public figure of Tamerlan Cambolov created a petition on the Change.org website, addressed to the President of the Russian Federation with a request to close "ElectroCinc" immediately and forever. At the moment, the petition has signed more than 26 thousand people.

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted by http://www.allbest.ru/

Zinc I.his influence on the environment

1. Anthropogenic sources of entering the environment

The main source is the release of zinc into the atmosphere with high-temperature technological processes. In this way, plus losses during transportation, enrichment, sorting from 1995 to 2005, around the world 700 thousand tons of zinc were scattered. As a result of the burning of stone coal in 1980. The atmosphere received 137.5 thousand tons, by 2000 this figure increased to 218.8 thousand tons. The zinc content in the air in the region of the recycling plant of non-ferrous metals is: within a radius of 300 m -0.350 mg / m 3; 500m - 0.285 mg / m 3, 1000 m - 0.148 mg / m 3, 2000 m - 0.52 mg / m 3. Metal zinc is oxidized by air oxygen and falls in the form of ZnO oxide. On average, with atmospheric precipitates, 72 kg of zinc, three times more than lead, and is three times more than lead, and 12 times more than copper. Significant amounts of zinc come into the soil with solid waste GRES on the corner brown. In the area of \u200b\u200bone of the zincofavyl plants within a radius of 0.8 km in the surface layer of soil, the zinc content reached 80 mg / g. Within a radius of 1 km from the zinc plant in the green parts of vegetables, the zinc content is 53 -667 mg / kg, in root, 3,5 -65 mg / kg, in the soil -42 -40 mg / kg of dry residue.

Waste waters containing zinc are not suitable for irrigation of fields. Not observance of hygienic standards led to an outbreak of severe diseases of the musculoskeletal system in the population that consumed rice, grown on irrigation fields, where irrigation waters were used highly contaminated with zinc sulfide and cadmium.

For the World Ocean, wastewater sludge is a special danger and the wastewater themselves of chemical, woodworking, textile, paper, cement production, as well as mining, mining and melting plants, metallurgical plants. The threshold concentration of zinc that reduces the efficiency of wastewater purification by 5% is 5 -10 mg / l. A serious source of zinc arrival in water is to flushing it with hot water from galvanized water pipes up to 1.2 -2.9 mg from 1 dm 2 per day. Summing up all anthropogenic sources, the total volume of zinc intake into the environment is 314 thousand tons per year.

2. Chemical and physicalproperties of zinc and its connections

Zinc (Zincum) Zn is the chemical element 12th (IIb) of the group of the periodic system. Atomic number 30, the relative atomic weight is 65.39. Natural zinc consists of three stable 64 Zn stable isotopes (48.6%), 66 Zn (26.9%) and 67 Zn (4.1%). It is known several radioactive isotopes, the most important of them - 65 Zn with a half-life of 244 days. The degree of oxidation is +2.

Characteristic of a simple substance. Metal zinc has a characteristic bluish gloss in a fresh surface, which it quickly loses in wet air. The melting point is 419.58 ° C, the boiling point is 906.2 ° C, the density is 7.133 g / cm 3. At room temperature, zinc fragile, at 100-150 ° C becomes plastic and easily rolled into thin sheets and wire, and at 200-250 ° C again becomes very fragile and it can be found in powder.

When zinc is heated with non-metals (except hydrogen, carbon and nitrogen). Actively reacts with acids:

Zn + H. 2 SO. 4 (Spl.) \u003d ZNSO 4 + H. 2

Zinc is the only element of the group, which dissolves in aqueous solutions by alkali to form ions 2- (hydroxycycins):

Zn + 2OH- + 2h. 2 O \u003d. 2- + H. 2

When a metallic zinc is dissolved in a solution of ammonia, an ammonia complex is formed:

Zn + 4Nh. 3 · H. 2 O \u003d (OH) 2 + 2h. 2 O + H. 2

Zinc connections.Zinc forms numerous binary connections with non-metals, some of them have semiconductor properties. Zinc salts are colorless (if they do not contain painted anions), their solutions have an acid medium due to hydrolysis. Under the action of alkali and ammonia solutions (starting with pH ~ 5), the main salts are precipitated and transmitted to hydroxide, which dissolves in an excess of the precipitator.

Zinc oxide ZNO is the most important industrial zinc-containing compound. Being a by-product of brass production, he became known earlier than the metal itself. Zinc oxide is obtained by burning the zinc pairs formed during ore floors. The cleaner and white product produce burning vapors obtained from pre-purified zinc.

Usually zinc oxide is a white thin powder. When it is heated, its painting changes to yellow as a result of the removal of oxygen from the crystal lattice and the formation of the nonsticiometric phase Zn 1+ x.O ( x. ? 7,10-5). The excess number of zinc atoms leads to the appearance of lattice defects, exciting electrons, which are subsequently excited when absorbed visible light. By adding 0.02-0.03% excess metal zinc to zinc oxide, you can get a whole range of colors - yellow, green, brown, red, but the reddish shades of the natural form of zinc oxide - zincite - appear for another reason: due to presence Manganese or iron. Zinc oxide zno amphoterren; It dissolves in acids to form zinc salts and in alkalis to form hydroxotocytes, such as - and 2-:

Zno + 2OH- + H 2 O \u003d 2-

Zinc hydroxide Zn (OH) 2 is formed in the form of a peeling white precipitate when adding alkali to aqueous zinc salts. Zinc hydroxide, as well as oxide, ampotherene:

Zn (OH) 2 + 2OH- \u003d 2-

Zinc Sulfide ZNS is released as a white sediment in the interaction of soluble sulfides and zinc salts in an aqueous solution. In the acidic medium, the zinc sulfide precipitate does not fall in the acidic medium. The hydrogen sulfide water precipitates zinc sulfide only in the presence of weak acid anions, for example, acetate ions, which reduce the acidity of the medium, which leads to an increase in the concentration of sulfide ions in the solution. Freshish zinc sulfide is easily dissolved in mineral acids with hydrogen sulfide selection:

ZNS + 2H 3 O + \u003d Zn 2+ + H 2 S + 2H 2 O

Selenide Zinc ZNSE can be besieged from a solution in the form of a lemon yellow, poorly filter sediment. Wet zinc selenide is very sensitive to air action. Dried or obtained by dry air resistant.

Telluride Zinc ZNTE, depending on the method of obtaining, is a gray powder that is red with rubbing, or red crystals.

Zinc chloride ZnCl 2 is one of the important zinc compounds in the industry. It is obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on secondary raw materials or burned ore.

Acetate Zinc Zn (CH 3 COO) 2 is well soluble in water (28.5% by weight at 20 ° C) and many organic solvents. With distillation of zinc acetate under reduced pressure, the main acetate is formed, its molecular structure includes an oxygen atom surrounded by a tetrahedrome from zinc atoms associated with acetate bridges. It is isomorphic by the main acetate beryllium, but in contrast to it, it is quickly hydrolyzed in water, this is due to the ability of zinc cation to have a coordination number above four.

Zincorganic connections. Opening in 1849 by the English chemist Eduard Frankland (Frankland Edward) (1825-1899) zinc alkyls, although not the first of the synthesized organometallic compounds (salt of Ceesis was obtained in 1827), it can be considered the beginning of organometallic chemistry. Frankland Studies laid the beginning of the use of zincorganic compounds as intermediates in organic synthesis, and the measurements of the vapor density led it to the assumption (the most important in the development of the theory of valence) that each element has limited but a certain power of affinity. Grignar reagents, open in 1900, strongly sweat zinc alkyl in organic synthesis, but many reactions in which they are now used, were first developed for zinc connections. Alkis type RZNX and ZNR 2 (where x - halogen, R - alkyl) can be obtained, heating zinc in boiling Rx in an inert atmosphere (carbon or nitrogen dioxide). Covalent ZNR 2 are non-polar fluids or low-melting solids. They are always monomeric in solution and are characterized by the linear coordination of the C-Zn-C zinc atom. Cycorganic compounds are very sensitive to air action. Compounds with a small molecular weight of self-proposal, forming smoke from zinc oxide. Their reactions with water, alcohols, ammonia and other substances proceed like the reactions of Grignar, but less vigorously. An important difference is that they do not interact with carbon dioxide.

3. Obtaining and use of zinc and its connections

Raw materials for obtaining metallic zinc - sulfide zinc and polymetallic ores. The release of zinc begins with the concentration of ore methods of sedimentation or flotation, then it is burned before the formation of oxides:

2ZNS + 3O. 2 \u003d 2ZNO + SO 2

The resulting sulfur dioxide is used in the production of sulfuric acid, and zinc oxide is processed by electrolytic method or smelted with coke.

In the first case, zinc is leached from raw oxide diluted sulfuric acid solution. At the same time, cadmium precipitated zinc dust:

Zn + CD. 2+ \u003d Zn. 2+ + CD.

The zinc sulfate solution is then subjected to electrolysis. Metal 99.95% purity is deposited on aluminum cathodes.

Restoration of zinc oxide with coke is described by the equation:

2ZNO + C \u003d 2ZN + CO 2

For the smelting of zinc, the ranks of strongly heated horizontal retort of periodic action were previously used, then they were replaced by continuously active vertical retorts (in some cases, with electric heating). These processes were not so thermally effective as a domain process in which the burning of fuel for heating is carried out in the same chamber as the reduction of oxide, but the inevitable problem in the case of zinc is that the recovery of zinc oxide carbon does not flow below the boiling point of zinc ( There is no problem for iron, copper or lead), therefore, for condensation of vapors, the subsequent cooling is needed. In addition, in the presence of combustion products, the metal is re-oxidized.

This problem can be solved, spraying the zinc pairs overlooking the furnace with molten lead. This leads to rapid cooling and dissolution of zinc, so that the re-oxidation of zinc is minimized. Then zinc almost 99% purity is isolated as a fluid and additionally purified by a vacuum distillation to a purity of 99.99%. The entire cadmium present during the distillation is restored. The advantage of the blast furnace is that the composition of the charge is not important, so you can use the mixed ores of zinc and lead (ZNS and PBS are often found together) for the continuous production of both metals. Lead at the same time produced from the bottom of the furnace.

According to experts, in 2009, zinc production amounted to 9.9 million tons, and its consumption is about 10.2 million tons. Thus, zinc deficiency on the global market is 250-300 thousand tons.

In 2004, in China, the release of refined zinc reached 2.46 million tons. Approximately 1 million tons produce Canada and Australia. The price of zinc in the late 2004 was more than $ 1100 per ton.

The demand for metal remains high due to the rapid increase in the production of anti-corrosion coatings. To obtain such coatings, various ways are used: immersion in melted zinc (hot-mode galvanizing), electrolytic precipitation, spraying with liquid metal, heating with zinc powder and using paints containing zinc powder. Galvanized tin is widely used as roofing material. Metal zinc in the form of bars is used to protect against corrosion steel products in contact with sea water. Large practical importance are zinc alloys - brass (copper plus 20-50% zinc). For injection molding, in addition to brass, a rapidly growing number of special zinc alloys is used. Another area of \u200b\u200buse is the production of dry batteries, although in recent years it has been significantly reduced.

Approximately half of the entire zinc produced is used to produce galvanized steel, one third - in hot galvanizing finished products, the rest is for strip and wire. Over the past 20 years, the global market of this product has increased more than 2 times, on average adding 3.7% per year, and in the countries of the West, the production of metal annually increases by 4.8%. Currently, for the galvanizing 1 T steel sheet, there is an average of 35 kg of zinc.

According to preliminary estimates, in 2005, the consumption of zinc in Russia may be about 168.5 thousand tons per year, including 90 thousand tons will go to the galvanizing, 24 thousand tons - on semi-finished products (brass, zinc rental, etc.), 29 thousand tons - to the chemical industry (paints and varnishes, rubber products), 24.2 thousand tons - on casting zinc alloys.

Zinc connections.

The main industrial application of zinc oxide is the production of rubber, in which it reduces the time of the vulcanization of the original rubber.

As a pigment in the production of paints, zinc oxide has advantages over traditional lead ledges (lead carbonate), due to the absence of toxicity and darkening under the action of sulfur compounds, but is inferior to titanium oxide in terms of refraction and covering ability.

Zinc oxide increases glass life and therefore used in the production of special glasses, enamels and glazes. Another important area of \u200b\u200bapplication is as part of neutralizing cosmetic pastes and pharmaceutical preparations.

In the chemical industry, zinc oxide is usually the starting material for obtaining other zinc compounds in which the soaps are the most important (that is, bold acids, such as stearate, palmitate and other zinc salts). They are used as hardeners of paints, plastics and fungicides stabilizers.

A small, but important area of \u200b\u200bapplication of zinc oxide - production of zinc ferrites. This is spinel type Zn II x.M II 1- x.FE III 2 O 4, containing another two-charged cation (usually Mn II or NI II). At x \u003d 0, they have the structure of the facing spinel. If x \u003d 1, then the structure corresponds to normal spinel. A decrease in the number of FE III ions in tetrahedral positions leads to a decrease in the temperature of Curie. Thus, changing the zinc content, it is possible to influence the magnetic properties of ferrite.

Zinc hydroxide is used to synthesize different zinc connections.

Sfellerite ZNS is the most common zinc mineral and the main source of metal, however, the second natural, although a much more rare form of Wurzit, is more resistant at high temperatures. The names of these minerals are used to designate crystalline structures that are important structural types found for many other AV connections. In both structures, the zinc atom tetrahedralically coordinated by four sulfur atoms, and each sulfur atom tetrahedralically coordinated by four zinc atoms. The structures differ significantly only by the type of density packaging: it is cubic in Wurzit, and in a sphalelary - hexagonal.

The pure zinc sulfide is white and, like zinc oxide, is used as a pigment, for this it is often obtained (as lithopone) together with barium sulfate when the aqueous solutions of zinc sulfate and barium sulfide.

In addition, zinc sulfide interesting optical properties. It becomes gray under the action of ultraviolet radiation (possibly due to dissociation). However, this process can be slowed down, for example, by adding traces of cobalt salts. Cathodic, x-ray and radioactive radiation causes the appearance of fluorescence or luminescence of various colors, which can be strengthened by adding traces of various metals or zinc substitution with cadmium, and sulfur selenium. This is widely used to produce electronolic tubes and radar screens.

Zinc selenide is used as a laser material and phosphor component (along with zinc sulfide).

Zinc Telluride is used as material for photoresistors, infrared radiation receivers, dosimeters and radioactive emission counters. In addition, it serves as a luminophore and semiconductor material, including in lasers.

Zinc 2 zinc chloride is one of the important zinc compounds in industry. It is obtained by the action of hydrochloric acid on secondary raw materials or burned ore.

The concentrated aqueous solutions of zinc chloride dissolve starch, cellulose (so they cannot be filtered through paper) and silk. It is used in the production of textiles, in addition, it is used as an antiseptic for wood and in the manufacture of parchment.

Since the zinc chloride melt easily dissolves oxides of other metals, it is used in a number of metallurgical fluxes. Using the zinc chloride solution, metal is cleaned before soldering.

Zinc chloride is used in magnesian cement for dental seals, as a component of electrolytes for electroplating coatings and in dry items.

Zinc acetate is used as a retainer when the tissue is painted, wood preservative, antifungal medicine, catalyst in organic synthesis. Zinc acetate is part of the dental cement, used in the production of glaze and porcelain.

4. Possible paths Mi.graces and Transformation of Substance

Zinc treat the group of scattered elements: its content in the earth's crust<1,5*10 -3 %. при Кларке 83/10 -4 %. Из 64 минералов цинка наибольшее значение имеют сфалерит (цинковая обманка ZnS, цинкит ZnO), смитсонит ZnCO 3 , вюртцит, каламин, госларит и другие. Основная масса цинка мигрирует через гидросферу Земли. Содержание растворенных форм цинка в Мировом океане составляет 6850 млн.т. Цинк относится к наиболее распространенным токсическим компонентам крупномасштабного загрязнения Мирового океана, о чем можно судить по его содержанию в настоящее время в поверхностном слое морской воды (60-100мкм), где оно достигает 1020 мкг/л. Верхним порогом экологической толерантности для океанов и внутренних морей принято считать 50мкг/л. Годовой глобальный вынос цинка с речными водами составляет 740 тыс.т при средней концентрации его 20мкг/л. Годовой захват цинка железомарганцевыми конкрециями океана превышает 2,8 тыс. т в год. Среднее содержание цинка в почвах мира 5*10 -3 %. В массе живого вещества планеты содержится 500 млн. т. Захват цинка годовым приростом фитомассы составляет 57,5 кг на 1 км 2 . Вместе с медью и свинцом цинк занимает первое среди рассеянных элементов по интенсивности поглощения биосом океана. Содержание цинка в морских водорослях 15,0 мг/100 г сухого веса, в наземных растениях 10,0. в морских животных 0,6-150,0. в наземных животных 16,0 в бактериях 0,1-28,0. Интенсивно аккумулируют цинк водные растения, брюхоногие моллюски и особенно клоп-гладыш, содержание цинка в которых достигает 141 мг/кг сухого вещества. Накопителем биоиндикатором атмосферного загрязнения цинка могут служить мхи.

5. ToxiceSKEY ACTION zinc and its connections and sanhygienic Indicators

Microorganisms and plants. With the content of zinc in the upper soil layer to 8-13%, the total number of microorganisms is significantly reduced, but the growth of most of them is slowed down at the level of zinc 100-200 μg / kg; Mushrooms are more resistant. The negative influence of zinc on the microorganisms and the soil microfauna reduces its fertility: in conditions of moderate climate, the crop crop decreases by 20 -30%, beets - by 35%, beans - by 40%, potatoes - by 47%. The zinc level that reduces the crop or the height of the plant is 5-10%, is considered toxic and amounts to oats 435-725 ppm, for clover 210-290, for beets 240-275. Known plants that have the ability to concentrate zinc, such as cloves (up to 1500-4900 mg / kg of dry matter), cruciferous (up to 5440-13630 mg / kg).

Hydrobionts.. Zinc compounds badly damage fish gills. First, the phase of excitation and gaining respiration is observed, as the respiratory epithelium destroys asphyxia and death. The reversibility of poisoning is possible if the fish is transferred to fresh water in the tipping stage. Zinc toxicity enhances copper and nickel ions. The concentration of 15mg / l for 8 h is fatal for all fish. The roach does not tolerate the concentration of more than 1 mg / l. In the soft water zinc toxic to the trout at a concentration of 0.15 mg / l, in the rigid LC 50 \u003d 4.76 mg / l. Zinc chloride is toxic for snails and crustaceans at 0.2 mg / l. The ability to accumulate zinc possess oysters; The feeding of such oysters rats causes intoxication.

The overall nature of the heat-level. The basis of many manifestations of zinc intoxication is the competitive relationship of zinc with a number of other metals. In workers - zinc melts and zinc oxide packs have been identified a significant reduction in the overall level of calcium in blood serum. The excessive flow of zinc to the animal organism was accompanied by a drop in the calcium content not only in the blood, but also in the bones, the absorption of phosphorus was impaired at the same time; As a result, osteoporosis developed. The toxicity of zinc oxide is explained by its catalytic activity. Zinc can represent mutagenic and oncogenic danger. The gonadotoxic zinc action is manifested by a decrease in the mobility of sperm and their ability to penetrate the egg.

Acute poisoning. Animals. In cats, breathed outly zinc dust, in the lungs - swelling, hemorrhage, in bronchioles and alveoli - leukocytes, macrophages. In subacute experiments: nodules of epithelial cells in the lungs, cirrhosis of the pancreas, an increase in zinc in it, degeneration, and in some cases the proliferation of I-cells in the islands of Langerhans, the release of sugar with urine. In rabbits with an experimental zinc fever, manifestation of anemia. After inhalation of the zinc oxide vapor at a concentration of 110-600mg / m 3 (10% CO 2 was added to the air) for 15 minutes, the cats are observed, decrease in temperature. When inhalation, for 45min, complete prostration, trembling, difficulty breathing, decrease in temperature, reducing the number of erythrocytes in the blood. In those killed immediately after extracting from the cells of animals, no pronounced changes in the lungs were found. In those killed in a day - full-range, penetration into tissue around the bronchi cell elements, exudate in bronchi, foci of seals with a large number of leukocytes in the alveoli. After 4 days, inflammation of the lungs. Rats and rabbits are less sensitive. Inhalation of ZnO guinea pigs for 3 hours at a concentration of 25mg / m 3 led to a pronounced lung edema. The effects of zinc sulfate aerosol (1.1 mg / m 3 for 1 hour) irritates from guinea pigs upper respiratory tract. After the intracheal administration of 40 mg of zinc after 8 months. Significant changes in bronchops, hyperplasia of lymphoid elements, intensive formation of connective tissue, emphysema in the lungs. Age of 1 mg zinc to 25mg SiO 2 enhances the fibrogenicity of the latter. After 18-24 months. After the intracheal one-time (5, 25 and 50 mg) or repeated (PO2 -5 mg), the introduction of highly dispersed zinc dust in 15% of rats appeared malignant tumors (sarcoma) in the lungs and tumors of the testicles. After the same time after the introduction of the 50 mg ZnO in the trachee, the deformation of the bronchi, hyperplasia and sclerosis of lymphatic follicles, peribroscial pneumonia.

Human. The risk of acute inhalation poisoning is aerosols of metallic zinc, its oxide and chloride; Perhaps poisoning of pairs of the latter. A survey of workers engaged in the production of zinc dust revealed from most of them as anamnesis of the foundry fever. Symptoms appearing immediately after the attack of fever - pain and edema of the joints, hemorrhagic rash in the Stop region. Acute poisoning with typical fever phenomena are described in electrical welding and gas cutter of metal structures containing zinc; The amount of zinc in welding dust depending on the thickness of the zinc coating ranges in the range of 18 -58 mg / m 3; In the urine, the content of zinc and copper increases dramatically; Dysuria appears. Electric welders found chronic catarrhal diseases of the upper respiratory tract and digestive tract, conjunctivitis, dermatitis, anemia, bilirubinemia, hypoacide gastritis. When zinc oxide poisoning, a typical picture of the foundry fever is observed. Already during the work, a sweet taste appears in the mouth, after work - a bad appetite, sometimes a strong thirst. Feeling fatigue, constraint and grazing chest pain, drowsiness, dry cough. This period, which, depending on the severity of poisoning from 1 to 4 -5 h, is replaced by a sharp chill, which continues 1 -1.5 Coznob often increases the jersends, the temperature rises to 37-38 o C (sometimes up to 40 o C and higher ) And keep a few hours. At the same time, there is an expansion of pupils, hyperemia of conjunctiva, pharynx, faces. Sugar appears in the urine, often hematoporphyrin, urobilin; It is possible to increase the content of zinc and copper. In the blood, the sugar content rises significantly, sometimes an increase in the liver is noted. Often a painful condition lasts 2-3 days and longer. Depending on the individuality, as well as the concentration of ZnO vapor, the disease may be very diverse. The case of fever has a photographer using paint containing ZnO to color portraits. In severe poisoning, the swelling of the intermediate tissue of the lungs, destruction and metaplasia of the alveolar epithelium was found. Repeated diseases lead to the weakening of the body and activating the tuberculosis process, as well as an increase in susceptibility to other diseases of the respiratory organs.

Inhalation for 5-30 min, zinc chloride smoke causes paroxysmal cough, nausea, sometimes vomiting; After 1-24 hours, the exploitation of body temperature, inflammatory phenomena and pulmonary swells are possible; Complications should be expected within 5-12 days. Described by syndrome received the name of acute chemical pneumopathy. At the opening of the dead for 6 and 11 days after poisoning - necrotic tracheitis, bronchitis, drain bronchopneumonium with thrombosis of small vessels and binding bronchiolitis.

When zinc sulfate in the stomach - nausea, vomiting, diarrhea is sometimes with blood impurity; Dose, causing vomiting, - 1-2 G. Incubation period from a few minutes to several hours. In case of death at autopsy - severe damage to the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, right up to necrosis, signs of brain circulation disorder. It is known mass poisoning in the US food that was prepared and stored in a zinc coating in dishes: ZNSO 4 was formed under the influence of food acids. Inxication of acidic products, such as fruit rubber, in the manufacture and storage of them in galvanized dishes is possible. Also known, numerous cases of food poisoning stored in galvanized dishes: kvass, standing for a day (zinc content in a product of 187.6 mg%), milk (31.3 mg%), tomato juice (89 mg%), porridge, cooked in galvanized dishes (650 mg%).

Zinc chloride has a pronounced effect on the mucous membranes of the digestive tract and the skin around the mouth: the burn of the mucous membranes, colic in the abdomen, vomiting with blood admixture, bloody diarrhea, strong excitement; in the following days of jaundice, pain in the limbs, anouria, residual nitrogen up to 280 mg%; At the opening - signs of lesion of the liver, kidney, myocardium. Known death case from sudden bleeding from tracheas a month after poisoning; It is also possible to develop the stenosis of the esophagus.

Chronic poisoning.Human. When exposed to zinc dust, workers complain about irritability, insomnia, a decrease in memory, sweating at night, worsening hearing, noise in the ears, gastrointestinal disorder; Objectively, hypochromic anemia, subatrophic catars of the upper respiratory tract after 2-3 years of work; Radiographically - enhancement of pulmonary pattern, emphysema, initial signs of pneumosclerosis. They pay attention to the fact that zinc has a cumulative toxic effect even with a very insignificant content of it in the air. In the working workshop of zinc electroplating, the zinc content in the hair reaches 27.2 mg% (in the control of 7.76); soldiers 25.5; Malyarov 22.9; galvanists 30.04; Those of those who complained about weakness and bad sleep, 57.5 mg%. Among the Swedish miners producing zinc, there is an increased mortality from lung cancer.

Many workers employed in the production of zinc oxide detected hypoglycemia, hypocholesterolemia, an increase in urobilin and porphyrins in the urine; violation of the pancreas and liver functions; Fibrosis of the lungs. Even when using respirators, ZNO dust causes (no earlier than a year) changes in the content of polysaccharides, peroxidase and acid phosphatases in blood cells; With an experience of 10 years, anemia is developing. In the chronic effects of ZNO complaints about dyspeptic phenomena. In women working in the production of zinc-proteins and subjected to a zinc at concentrations of 2.4 -7.1 mg / m 3, a decrease in hemoglobin content in blood and iron in serum was revealed, an increase in transferrin and erythropoietin.

Persons in contact with zinc-containing fertilizers complain about general weakness, dryness in the nose, cough, noise in the ears; Objectively chronic inflammation of the mucous upper respiratory tract. Production contact with zinc chloride can lead to an affect of the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract up to the argenum of the nasal partition, gastrointestinal disorders (after 1 year), as well as to the occurrence of the stomach ulcers or duodenum (after 5-20 years of operation).

Ortarosenit and zinc hydroathersnaire. LD 50 when introduced into the stomach, rats for orthosenitis 1503 mg / kg, for a hydroarthosenate 1020 mg / kg; LD 50. the latter for mice is 601 mg / kg. Symptoms of intoxication: hypodynamia, shortness of breath, diarrhea; an increase in the content of peyrogradic acid and a decrease in the concentration of the SH groups in the blood; At the opening of the hemorrhage in the course of the digestive tract. The threshold of acute irritating action when introduced into the stomach for orthosenitis 14 mg / kg, for hydroactors 54mg / kg. The reinstalling of both substances in doses, respectively, 27 and 102 mg / kg causes vascular disorders, disruption of the function of the CNS, thermoregulation, porphyrin exchange; At the autopsy - ulcers on the mucous membrane of the gastrointestinal tract, hepatitis, an increase in the content of arsenic in the liver.

Selenide and zinc sulfide.Toxic action. Animals. The threshold of acute inhalation action of zinc selenide for rats by effect on the increase in body weight and rectal temperature is 44.5 mg / m 3. In the intracheactic administration, only a pneumatic toxic effect was revealed. With the introduction of a dose of 8 g / kg in the stomach, it does not cause animal death. Skin-resorbative action is absent.

Human. In case of industrial contact, headache complaints, fast fatigue, dizziness, dry mouth, diarrhea, pain in the field of liver and in joints, hair loss. In some desktops, the formation of selenium and hydrogen sulfide is possible.

Zinc phosphates (orthophosphate and hydrotophosphate). Toxic action. Animals. In rats after 3 months. After intratracheal administration of 50 mg of each of the phosphates, inflammation of lungs and moderate mesh sclerosis; Phenomena disappear by the end of 6-12 months. When introduced into the stomach, the rats of rats in doses of 10 g / kg are not caused; With in / peritoneal administration of LD 50 for zinc hydroatophosphate 600, for orthophosphate zinc551 mg / kg.

Zinc phosphide.T.oxical act. The high poisonism of zinc phosphide determines the pH 3 phosphine, which is formed in the stomach as a result of the reaction between Zn 3 P 2 and HCi of the gastric juice. Phosphine has a pronounced neurotoxic effect. In the blood, it is oxidized, partially turning into phosphoric acid, partially released unchanged through the lungs; In the blood and organs of dead animals and people are not detected. Poisonous for animals and man with any way of administration. In a person when taking a zinc phosphide thirst, nausea, pain in the stomach, diarrhea, sword, vomiting, feeling of fear, convulsions, coma.

Objectively - signs of renal and liver failure, violation of cardiac activity, acidosis. At the autopsy, hyperemia, brain edema and lungs, large hemorrhages in the lungs and pancreas. Death occurs 7-60 hours after the appearance of asphyxia. Mortal dose for an adult - 25 mg.

Admission, distribution and removal from the body. The content of zinc in the body of an adult is 1-2.5 g.: 30% - in the bones, 60% - in the muscles. In the liver, zinc is transformed into metal facility complexes (metalloenzymes). The zinc blood is transported in the form of protein complexes and only a small part in ion form. The content of zinc in blood is 700-800 μg%. The zinc body is distributed as follows (μg / d): adrenal glands 6, bone 66, kidney 37, kidneys 38, brain 13, stomach 21, heart 27, leather 6, muscle 48. With age, the zinc content in the body increases. Zinc is excreted through the intestines, with urine and sweat. Zinc is removed and with milk.

Sanitary and hygienic standards

Substance	Standards (atmospheric air)	Hazard Class
	PDKR.Z MG / M3	Initzr.z mg / m3	PDKS.S MG / M3

carbonate






	Standards (water sources)
	PDKV mg / l	PDKV.R. mg / L.

	Standards (soil)
	PDKP mg / kg

MPK zinc in food

6. Methods for determining and monitoringzinc Zinc in the Environment

zinc Environment Emission atmosphere

The definition of zinc and its compounds in air is based on the formation of the complex when the zinc ion interacts with zinc zinc with diantipyrylmethyl methyl hydrochloride in the presence of ammonium thiocyanate; Sensitivity of 1 μg in the analyzed volume. The determination in water is based on the formation of red zinc compounds with a dithiison, the extraction of zinc ditizonate in the CCI layer 4 at pH 4.5 -4.8, followed by photometry; The sensitivity of the method is 0.005 mg / l. Definition in food chromatographic foods; It is based on the formation of a zinc cation complex (at pH 4.5-5.0) with sodium diethyldithiocarbomatom); The sensitivity of the method is 0.005 mg / l.

To determine in plants, a X-ray-flarified method is proposed. The definition in the body is performed colorimetrically with a dithyson or by forming complexes with other reagents. The fluorometric method for determining zinc with 8-hydroxychinoline and a number of others are described. In the seed zinc fluid, it is possible to determine colorimetrically by the reaction of zinc and (4-pyridilazo) -rezorcin; Sensitivity 2mg / l.

7. Neustrypages in poisoning and PPE

Individual protection. To protect the respiratory organs, the gas masks of the BKF brand or the respirators of the type "petal", "Astra", etc., if possible, pollute the skin of the hands with zinc and its connections, workers should apply protective ointments before work with the subsequent application of nutritional creams after washing. Working, not secured by the necessary workwear and personal protective equipment or having them in a faulty state, should not be allowed to work.

Urgent Care. With a casting fever or after acute poisoning with pairs or zinc dust, oxide and zinc chloride - breathing fresh air, sometimes oxygen; Alkaline inhalations, a / veno 5% solution of glucose, dextranize physiological solution until the normalization of venous pressure. In threatening cases, penicillamine is prescribed, then antibiotics, corticosteroids. After taking inside of the soluble zinc salts, rinse the stomach 0.5% with a solution of tannin, to adopt the egg milk activated coal; under the skin unitiol; According to the testimony of anti-mechanical therapy.

8. A task

Initial data.

The height of the pipe (H) \u003d 12 m.

The diameter of the pipe (D) \u003d 0.6 m.

V 1 \u003d 6500 m 3 / h \u003d 1.81 m 3 / s.

M Fact \u003d 0.02.

Emission location: Perm region (A \u003d 200).

Decision.

Zinc connection: zno. Because Data on PDKM.R. For this connection, there is no effect of the PDKR.Z. And we think the whole. PDKR.Z \u003d 0.5 mg / m 3

lGVDK.V \u003d 0.62 * LGPDKR.Z-1,77 \u003d 0.62 * LG0.5-1.77 \u003d -1,957

So an inner. In \u003d 0.011 mg / m 3

Background concentration of substance

SF \u003d 0.3 * inherited.v \u003d 0.0033 mg / m 3

The average linear speed of the mixture

w o \u003d (4 * v 1) / (p * d 2) \u003d (4 * 1.81) / (3,1416 * 12 * 12) \u003d 6.4 m / s

DT \u003d T-TV \u003d 55-25 \u003d 30 ° C - Emission is hot.

Parameter F \u003d (1000 * W O 2 * D) / (H 2 * DT) \u003d 5.69<100 - выброс горячий.

Vm \u003d 0.65 * (V 1 * DT / H) 1/3 \u003d 0.65 * (1.81 * 30/12) 1/3 \u003d 1.075.

The coefficient N, taking into account the rise of the torch due to the high-speed pressure,

because 0.5.

n \u003d 0.532 * Vm 2 -2.13 * vm + 3,13 \u003d 1,455

The coefficient M, taking into account the rise of the torch due to the thermal pressure,

m \u003d (0.67 + 0.1 * F 1/2 + 0.34 * F 1/3) -1 \u003d 0.6598

We will approve that f \u003d 1 and z \u003d 1, then the value of PDV

PDV \u003d ((inherited.v-SF) * H 2 * (V 1 * DT) 1/3) / (A * F * N * M * s) \u003d

=((0.011-0.0033)* 12 2 *(1.81*30) 1/3)/(200*1*1.455*0.6598)=0.022 g / s

Because MF<ПДВ- выброс экологически безопасный.

Determination of maximum concentration.

Because F.<100 то Cm=(Mф*A*F*m*n* з)/(H 2 *(V 1 * ДТ) 1/3)=0.0065 мг/м 3

Determination of maximum height

The ratio D depends on VM and F<100, тогда

d \u003d 4.95 * (1 + 0.28 * F 1/3) \u003d 7.424

Xm \u003d 4 * 7.424 * 12/4 \u003d 89.1 m.

Calculation of the concentration of pollutant in atmospheric air in the emission source area.

9 . Methods for cleaning emissions produced in the atmosphere from zinc and its compounds(Selected ZNO connection)

Since the selected zinc compound - zinc oxide is a small powder - medium-sized dust, then methods for cleaning gases from solid particles will be considered.

Modern gases can be divided into four groups:

1) Mechanical Dust Devices in which dust is separated by the action of gravity, inertia or centrifugal force.

2) Wet or hydraulic devices in which solid particles are caught by liquid.

3) porous filters on which the smallest dust particles are settled.

4) electrostilifers in which particles are deposited by the ionization of gases and contained in it of dust.

For emissions containing this zinc connection, the most suitable cleaning methods are porous filters, because They have the greatest efficiency of dusting, and are suitable for this type of particles.

Filters. In the dust collectors of this type, the gas stream passes through a porous material of various density and thickness, in which the bulk of dust is delayed. Cleaning from coarse dust is carried out in filters filled with coke, sand, gravel, nozzle of various shapes and nature. For cleaning from thin dust, filter material type of paper, felt or tissue of various density is used. Paper is used when cleaning atmospheric air or low dust gas. In industrial conditions, tissue or sleeve filters are used. They have the shape of a drum, plated bags or pockets working in parallel.

The main indicator of the filter is its hydraulic resistance. The pure filter resistance is proportional to the root square of the tissue cell radius. The hydraulic resistance of the filter operating in laminar mode changes in proportion to the filtering rate. With an increase in the layer of dust on the dust filter, its hydraulic resistance increases.

As filter tissues in the industry used to widely used wool, cotton. They allow cleaning gases at a temperature less than 100 ° C. Now they are displacing synthetic fibers - chemically and mechanically more resistant materials. They are less moisture mixtures (for example, wool absorbs up to 15% moisture, and tergal is only 0.4% of its own mass), do not rot and allow processing gases at temperatures up to 150 ° C. In addition, synthetic fibers are thermoplastic, which allows using simple thermal operations to carry out their installation, fastening and repair.

Filtering sleeves From some synthetic tissues, using heat treatment are performed as a harmonic, which significantly increases their filter surface with the same filter sizes. Fiberglass fabrics began to be used, which withstands the temperature to 250 0 S. However, the fragility of such fibers limits their scope.

Sleeve filters are purified from dust with the following methods: mechanical shaking, inverse air purge, ultrasound and pulsed purge air (hydraulic blow). The main advantage of the sleeve filters is a high degree of purification, reaching 99% for all particle sizes. The hydraulic resistance of the tissue filters is usually 0.5-1.5 kPa, and the specific consumption is 0.25-0.6kW. h per 1000 m 3 gas.

The development of metal-ceramic production products has opened new prospects in dust cleaning. The Metal-ceramic FMK filter is designed for a fine purification of dusty gases and capturing valuable aerosols from exhaust gas of enterprises of the chemical industry, non-ferrous metallurgy and other industries. The filter elements attached to the tube grid are enclosed in the filter housing. They are assembled from metal-ceramic pipes. On the outer surface of the filtering element, a layer of fell dust is formed. To destroy and partial removal of this layer there is a reverse blowing with compressed air. Specific gas load 0.4-0.6 m 3 / (m. 2. min). The working length of the filter element is 2 meters, its diameter is 10 cm. The efficiency of dusting is 99.99%. The temperature of the purified gas to 500 0 C. Hydraulic resistance of the filter 50-90 Pa. Compressed air pressure for regeneration 0.25-0.30 MPa. The period between purges 30-90 min, the duration of purge 1-2 s.

One of the hose filters manufactured industrially and its characteristics are presented below.

The filter is a sleeve with mechanical regeneration of FRM-C sleeves.

Filters sleeved with mechanical regeneration of FRM-C sleeves are reliable and efficient dusting devices designed to capture fine dust from air and non-combustible gases.

Scope: in the production of building materials, woodworking, technological processes of black and non-ferrous metallurgy, etc.

The filtering element of the sleeve filters is the sleeve, which is sewn from a special material, which is selected based on the operating conditions of the customer's installations. Regeneration is carried out by shaking the sleeves using an electromechanical vibrator.

Device and principle of operation:

The principle of filter operation is based on the filtering tissue dust when passing through it dusty air. As the thickness of the dust layer increases on the surface of the sleeves, the resistance of air movement increases and the bandwidth of the filter increases, in order to avoid the regeneration of dusting sleeves using electromechanical vibrators.

The dusty air enters the filter (Fig. 1) along the air duct through the inlet nozzle (1) to the dusty air chamber (2), passes through the sleeves (3), while the dust particles are delayed on their outer surface, and the purified air enters the cleaning chamber Air (4) and through the outlet nozzle (5) is removed from the filter.

Regeneration of dusty sleeves is carried out by inclusion of an electromechanical vibrator (6), fixed on the mounting frame (7) installed on vibration insulators (8).

Dust, shakeped with sleeves, crept in the hopper (9) and the gateway feeder (10) is removed from the filter with a gateway feeder (10) is removed from the filter.

Specifications

Posted on Allbest.ru.

Chelyabinsk zinc plant reduced emissions of harmful substances. Reports in Rosprirodnadzor will be every second

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents