It is said that if a person does not know the history of his native state, he does not know his roots. On the one hand, what do we, now living, do the fate of the rulers who ruled a few hundred years ago? But practice shows: historical experience does not lose relevance in any era. The Board of Nikolai 2 was the final chord in the reign of the Romanov dynasty, but it also turned out to be the brightest and turning point in the history of our country. The article below you will get acquainted with the royal family, learn how Nicholas was 2. His time, the reforms and the peculiarities of the Board will be interesting to everyone.
The last Emperor
Nikolay 2 had many titles and regalia: he was the emperor of the All-Russian, Grand Duke Finland, the king of Polish. He was appointed Colonel, and British monarchs awarded him by Feld Marshal British Army and Admiral Fleet. This suggests that among the heads of other states he enjoyed respect and popularity. He was a man easy to communicate, but at the same time never lost his own dignity. In any situation, the emperor never forgot that he is a special royal blood. Even in the link, during his home arrest and in the last days of his life, he remained a real man.
The time of the board of Nikolai 2 has shown: patriots with good thoughts and glorious affairs for the benefit of the Fatherland did not translate on Earth. Contemporaries said that Nicholas 2 was rather rather on the nobleman: a man is simple, conscientious, he responsibly approached any cause and always responded to someone else's pain. He condescendingly related to all people, even simple peasants, could easily talk to any of them. But the sovereign never forgiven those who got involved in monetary scams, fraud and deceived others.
Reforms of Nicholas 2.
The emperor ascended the throne in 1896. This is a difficult time for Russia, difficult for simple people and dangerous for the dominant class. The emperor himself firmly adhered to the principles of autocracy and always emphasized that it would strictly maintain his charter and did not intend to conduct any transformations. The date of the board of Nikolai 2 fell on a difficult time for the state, so revolutionary unrest in the people and their dissatisfaction with the ruling class was forced to Nicholas 2 to fulfill two major reforms. These were: Political reform 1905-1907g. And the agrarian reform of 1907. The history of Nikolai 2 reign shows: almost every step of the sovereign was exhausted and calculated.
Boylogin reform of 1905
The first reform began with the preparatory stage held from February to August 1905. A special meeting was created, which was led by the Minister of Internal Affairs A.G. Bulygin. During this time, a manifesto on the establishment of the State Duma and the Regulations on the elections was prepared. They were published on August 6, 1905. But due to the uprising of the working class, the law-based was not convened.
In addition, the All-Russian political strike was held, which made Emperor Nicholas 2 to make serious political concessions and on October 17 to publish a manifesto, who endowed the law-based Duma with legislative rights, proclaim political freedom and significantly expand the circle of voters.
All the work of the Duma and the principles of its formation were recorded in the Regulations on the elections of December 11, 1905, in decree on the composition and device of the State Duma of February 20, 1906, as well as in the basic laws of April 23, 1906. Decorated changes in the state device by a legislative act. Legislative functions are given to the State Council and the Council of Ministers, who began its work from October 19, 1905, and his head appointed Yu.V. Witte. The reforms of Nikolai 2 indirectly pushed the state to change the authorities and the overthrow of autocracy.
Crash Duma 1906-1907
The first in Russia was very democratic, but put forward demands - radical. They believed that political transformations should continue, demanded that the landowners stop the land tenure, they condemned autocrase, kept on Total Terror. In addition, expressed the mistrust of the ruling power. Of course, all these innovations were not acceptable for the ruling class. Therefore, the first and second Duma 1906-1907 g. Nikolai 2 were dissolved by the emperor.
The political reform of Nicholas 2 ended in that it was created in which the rights of the people were severely limited. The new political system could not work with unresolved socio-economic and political problems.
The Board of Nicholas 2 has become a turning point for the political system of the state. The Duma turned into a tribune to criticize power, manifesting himself as an opposition. It pushed to a new revolutionary uprising and even more strengthened the crisis in society.
Agrarian "Stolypinskaya" reform
The process of transformations began in 1907 and they were engaged in P.A. Stolypin. The main goal was to preserve landowner landing. To achieve this result, we decided that it was necessary to eliminate communities and sell the land to the peasants living in the villages, through the peasant bank. For the sake of reducing the peasant minor, the peasants for the Urals began to relocate. In the hope that all these measures will cease social shocks in society and the opportunity to modernize agriculture will appear, launched agrarian reform.
Lifting the Russian economy
The introduced innovations brought tangible results in the agricultural industry, the economy of the Russian state felt a noticeable rise. Grain yields increased by 2 centners from each hectare, the volume of the collected products grew by 20%, the grain exported abroad increased by 1.5 times. The incomes of the peasants have increased markedly and their purchasing power has grown. The Board of Nicholas 2 raised agriculture to a new level.
But, despite the noticeable rise in the economy, social issues could not solve the ruler. The form of the Board remained the same, and the discontent of it in the people gradually increased. So only 25% of farms came out of the community, 17% of those resettled for the Ural returned back, and 20% of the peasants who took the land through the peasant bank were broken. As a result, the provision of peasants of the land of land decreased from 11 tents to 8 tens. It became clear that the second reform of Nicholas 2 ended unsatisfactory and agricultural problem was not solved.
By summing up the reign of Nikolai 2, it can be argued that the Russian Empire by 1913 became one of the richest in the world. This did not prevent the villains in 4 years to kill the Great Tsar, all his family and loyal approximate people.
Features of the upbringing of the future emperor
Nicholas himself 2 in childhood was brought up in strictness and in Spartan. I paid a lot of time, there was simplicity in clothes, and delicacies and sweets were only on holidays. Such an attitude towards children showed that even if they were born in a rich and noble family, then there are no merits in this. It was believed that the main thing is what you know and know how you have a soul. The royal family of Nicholas 2 is a sample of a friendly, fruitful alliance of her husband, his wife and their correctly educated children.
Such upbringing the future emperor suffered in his own family. The daughter of the king since childhood knew what pain and suffering were able to help with the one who needed it. For example, the eldest daughters of Olga and Maria, along with their mother, Empress Alexander Fedorovna, worked in military hospitals during World War II. For this, they passed special medical courses and stood on their feet for several hours.
Currently, we know that the life of the king and his family is a constant fear for their lives, for the family and for all primarily a big responsibility, care and anxiety for the entire people. And the "profession" of the king is ungrateful and dangerous, which confirms the history of the Russian state. The royal family of Nikolai 2 became the benchmark of marital loyalty for many years.
Head of the Imperial Family
Myself Nicholas 2 became the last and the Board of Russia at the house of Romanov ended on it. He was the eldest son in the family, and his parents were emperor Alexander 3 and Maria Fedorovna Romanov. After the tragic death of his grandfather, he became the heir to the Russian throne. Nicholas 2 possessed a calm character, was distinguished by great religiosity, grew up a shy and thoughtful boy. However, at the right moment was always firm and persistent in his intentions and actions.
Empress and mother family
The wife of the Russian Emperor Nikolai 2 became the daughter of the Great Duke of Hesse Dramsthade Ludwig, and her mother was Princess England. The future empress was born on June 7, 1872 in Darmstadt. Parents called her Alix and gave her real English upbringing. The girl was born in the sixth in a row, but it did not prevent her from becoming a brought up and decent German lawyer, because her native grandmother was Queen of England Victoria. The future empress was balanced in nature and was very shy. Despite the noble origin, she led the Spartan lifestyle, in the morning he took a bath with cold water and spent the night on a tough bed.
Favorite children of the royal family
The first child in the family of the sovereign Nikolai 2 and his wife Empress Alexandra Fedorovna became daughter of Olga. She was born in 1895 in November and became a favorite child of his parents. Great Princess Romanova was very clever, friendly and differed in great abilities in the study of all kinds of sciences. It was distinguished by sincerity and generosity, and her Christian soul was clean and fair. The beginning of the Board of Nikolai 2 was marked by the birth of the firstborn.
The second child of Nikolai 2 became the daughter of Tatiana, which was born on June 11, 1897. Outwardly, she looked like a mother, and her character was father. She had a strong sense of duty and loved everything in all. Great Princess Tatiana Nikolaevna Romanova well embroidered and sewed, possessed a sound reason and in all life situations remained themselves.
The next and, accordingly, the third child of the emperor and the empress was another daughter - Maria. She was born on June 27, 1899. Great Princess differed from the sisters good nature, friendly and greasy. She had a beautiful appearance and possessed a big vital force. It was very tied to parents and loved them insanely.
The sovereign was looking forward to the Son, but the girl Anastasia became the fourth child in the royal family. The emperor loved her like all his daughters. Great Princess Anastasia Nikolaevna Romanova was born on June 18, 1901 and in character was very similar to the boy. She was a shock and frisky child, loved to fool and had a cheerful temper.
On August 12, 1904, the long-awaited heir was born in the imperial family. The boy was named Alex, in honor of the great great-grandfather Alexei Mikhailovich Romanova. Cesarevich inherited from his father and the mother is all the best. He loved his parents hot, and Nicholas 2 was a real idol for him, he always tried to imitate him.
Self for the throne
May 1896 was marked by the most important event - Nikolai Coronation was held in Moscow 2. It was the last similar event: the king became the last not only in the Romanov dynasty, but also in the history of the Russian Empire. Ironically, it was this coronation that became the most majestic and luxurious. So the Board of Nicholas 2 began. For the most important occasion, the city was decorated with only the colorful illuminating lights that appeared at that time. According to eyewitnesses, the event was literally the word "fiery sea".
Representatives of all countries came to the capital of the Russian Empire. From the heads of state to simple Luda - representatives of each class were at the inauguration ceremony. To capture this momentous day in the paints, mastic artists arrived in Moscow: Serov, Ryabushkin, Vasnetsov, Repin, Nesterov and others. Nikolai 2 coronation was a real holiday for the Russian people.
Last coin of the Empire
Numismatics - truly interesting science. She studies not just coins and bills of different states and eras. In the collections of the largest numismatists, the history of the country, its economic, political and social changes can be traced. So the Chervonets Nikolai 2 became a legendary coin.
The first time he was released in 1911, and in the future annually the Mint Chervonians minted with huge circulations. The nominal coin was 10 rubles and was made of gold. It would seem why this money attracts the attention of numismatists and historians? The snag is that the number of issued and minted coins was limited. And, it means that it makes sense to compete for the cherished Chervonets. They met them much more than the Mint stacked. But, unfortunately, among the large number of fakes and the "impostor" it is difficult to find a genuine coin.
Why is so many coins have "twins"? There is an opinion that someone was able to remove the stamp of the facial and the opposite sides from the mint and pass them into the hands of counterfeiters. Historians claim that it could be either Kolchka, which "has proved" a lot of Chervonsev, to undermine the country's economy, or the Soviet government, which has tried to pay these money with Western partners. It is known that for a long time the West countries did not recognize the new government seriously and continued to be calculated with Russian gold worms. Also, the massive release of fake coins could be made much later, and from the gold of low quality.
Foreign Policy Nicholas 2
For the period of the reign of the emperor, two major military companies had to. In the Far East, the Russian state faced aggressively tuned Japan. In 1904, the Russian-Japanese war began, which was supposed to distract the simple people from the socio-economic problems of the state. The largest military actions took place at the fortress of Port Arthur, which surrendered already in December 1904. Under Mukend, the Russian army lost the battle in February 1905. And the Island of Tsushima in May 1905, the Russian fleet suffered a defeat and was completely sweeping. The Russian-Japanese military company by signing in Portsmouth in August 1905 peace agreements, according to which Japan has departed Korea and the southern part of Sakhalin Island.
World War I
In the city of Sarajevo, in Bosnia, the heir was killed by the Austrian throne F. Ferdinand, which served as a reason for the beginning of the First World War of 1914 between the tripled union and the Entente. There were states such as Germany, Austria-Hungary and Italy. And the Entente entered Russia, England and France.
The main hostilities took place on the West Front in 1914. On the eastern front, Austria-Hungary suffered a defeat from the Russian army, was close to surrender. But Germany helped Austro-Hungary to survive and continue the offensive to Russia.
Again, Germany went against Russia in the spring and summer of 1915, while taking Poland's offensive, part of the Baltic States, part of Western Belarus and Ukraine. And in 1916, the troops of Germany, the main blow was inflicted on the Western Front. In turn, the Russian troops broke through the front and defeated the Austrian army, led the military actions General A.A. Brusilov.
The foreign policy of Nicholas 2 led to the fact that the Russian state was economically exhausted by a long war, nominated and political problems. Deputies did not hide the fact that they are not satisfied with the policies that the ruling power holds. So it was not resolved, and the domestic war only aggravated him. By signing the Brest World on March 5, 1918, Russia graduated from war.
Summing up
You can talk about the fate of the rulers. Results of the Board of Nicholas 2 These are: Russia has experienced a colossal leap in economic development, as well as strengthening political and social contradictions. Over the years of the reign of the emperor, two revolutions had once, the last of which they became decisive. Large-scale transformations with other countries led to the fact that the Russian Empire strengthened its influence in the East. The time of the reign of Nikolai 2 was extremely contradictory. Perhaps, therefore, in those years, events occurred, which led to the change of the state system.
You can discuss for a long time, it was necessary to do the emperor anyway. Historians have not yet agreed in a single opinion about who was the last emperor of the Russian Empire - a great autocrat or death of statehood. The era of the Board of Nikolai 2 is a very difficult time for the Russian Empire, but at the same time noteworthy and fateful.
It is no longer necessary to count on the fact that Fortuna will help. © Photos from www.kremlin.ru
Putin's luck, you can say, entered the saying. But at different stages of the Board, its role was not the same, and in recent years it is not necessary to talk about it as a lucky ruler.
By the end of the presidency of Boris Yeltsin, there were two consensus in the country. One - public, the other - not subject to general public. First, almost all converged that the new head of state must tighten the powerful power car, even with a part of the freedom. Secondly - but it was interpreted only in the cabinets - he should have been able to come from a special service. It is under these banners that all the then applicants are competed - Primakov, Stepashin, Putin and another one or two.
The main heavyweight among them was Primakov, Prime Minister in 1998 - M - 99th. He promised to the abolition of the election of officials, widely organized landings, suffering from the oligarchs of the then appeal, the growth of state regulation and other things that were then useful.
However, as a result, Putin became the second president of Russia, who promised the same thing in a more streamlined, flexible and modern manner. Putin's victory, a person less famous and promoted by such unpopular figures as Berezovsky, was the result of not only his personal skills, but also luck. Fortune could smile and another, which would then do something about the same.
The second fortunate Putin was the rapid growth of the economy, which lasted up to 2008, and began approximately six months before his premiership. People simply did not immediately notice that things were settled, and attributed the success of the new leader. The actual cause of the lifting was the creation in the 1990s, but a market economy, and the default of the 98th, which unleashed financial nodes. After that, it was necessary to simply not interfere.
At first, the economic team of Early Putin not only did not interfere, but even managed to rationalize something. But by 2003, other people came out to the first roles in the near circle - those who wish to complete their persons a new oligarchhat. Not that the country so that the country is hot, but the leader is fantastically lucky again - it was then that oil went up and remained incredibly expensive until the mid-2014. It seemed that from now on the pettollars would be enough for everyone - both higher and lower.
Good luck smiled at the external fronts. It was forgotten about this for a long time, but Yeltsin, by the end of his rule, was overviewed literally with the whole world. Putin - at that time the young, energetic and advanced - worked on the contrast.
These were the times of Shredder and Berlusconi, Shirak and Sarkozy, Blair and Bush. Almost every one could choose some kind of key, and Putin definitely concluded that in the West will always rule such people and reign the relevant rules for solving all issues. Later, when the previous leaders one by one came up from the distance, the obsessive purpose of Putin's diplomacy was to search for other such. Fatal failure with a tramp - the final chord of this long-term work.
The vertex of success and luck for Putin was the last year of his second presidency. It was then, in 2007, the transcendent ratings of popularity could be taken seriously. They saw a man who brought order, improved the life of ordinary citizens and fabulously enriched span. He was not allowed, called the national leader, offered to wave as a hand to the rules and go for a third term. Medvedev intermented was conceived as a break, after which the power of power would become more fun.
And the luck has already followed. Since 2008, there was almost no economic growth. Putinomica, in general, built in 2003 - 2007, turned out to be a small-handed model. It began to be called the "lost decade". For the time being, the problems were poured with petrodollars, which were still incredibly many.
The desire to force the world to respect himself, which seemed to be, all new successes, actually gave rise to problems that not to notice to the latter.
I would not exaggerate the designation of Crimean and Donbass operations. Any attacks on all azimuths are always drawn up, but do not necessarily go into force. And only when the overthrow of Yanukovych became inevitable, the car earned. And not the first time. After all, South Ossetia and Abkhazia were before. And much earlier - Transnistria. And everything somehow got stuck.
But after a few months it became clear that there was no one world around at all in which Putin was cozy and all events turned into his favor.
It is possible to quite accurate the time when his legendary luck drove. This is the mid-2014: the height of the battles in the Donbas, the death of the Passenger Boeing, Western sanctions and the beginning of the fall of the oil market.
Ukraine has lost the Crimea and half of the Donbass, but did not break it, and the divorce with her in future history textbooks will certainly not be put in a plus chapter of Russia.
As well as the rupture with the West, perceived first as something non-serious and the able to be replayed with the help of speakers. The techniques were applied, after which our country for the first time in the post-Soviet decades in the United States is now considered one of the main enemies.
In addition, irreversibly fell oil. There is no connection with Putin's actions. Just here, too, was not lucky. But if there is little petrodollars, you have to treat the people in a new way. Not to the skewer.
Putin today is not that lucky as he was in the first half of the board. Around it - two rings of problems. Some are created for the second half of his era. And others - this is the returned old, the most he was going to win when in 1999 she walked to the Kremlin chair. The car power, so diligently seems to be built vertically, in front of the control. And the new call of oligarchs behaves just as bold as their disappeared predecessors.
And most importantly - the people no longer asks to screw the nuts. Especially the children of Putin's era, who in recent months presented one surprise after another.
And the leader, perhaps, tired. Increasingly, interprets on distracted topics with adults and children who serve only pleasant replicas. Although the fish loved always, but also meetings with crowders of the petitioners who kicked all the trifle, he also liked - and now it seems to be annoyed.
Easy and pleasant to control the power when everything turns out. Another thing is when you get it stops, and you begin to guess about it, no matter how sweetly the chorus of Bedolyzov. But not throwing out? We have to rule on.
Sergey Shelin
The story is always trying to interpret subjectively, and this also applies to the definition of the role of rulers, assessing their identity and acts. Many people tried to call the best and worst rulers of Russia, even special voting on this topic, called the most different. In this post, we will call the top of the worst rulers in the history of Russia, based on the subjective assessments, but solely on the results of their board.
5. Vasily Shui
Vasily Shuysky was the king from 1606 to 1610. It was a heavy time for Russia. At the beginning of the 17th century, a terrible hunger broke out due to the lambroids, peasant uprisings were rolled around the country, and then an impostor appeared, who issued himself to the miracle of the Son of Ivan the Terrible Tsarevich Dmitry. At first, Lhadmitry failed, but after a sudden death in 1605, Tsar Boris Godunov, the supporters of Lhadmitria overthrew the son of Boris 16-year-old Fedor and led him to power.
Falgestmitria had a lot of supporters in the people, but a number of miscalculations, such as an attempt to plant foreign orders and enhancing the Poles undermined its popularity. This took advantage of Vasily Shuisky, who organized a conspiracy against Faldmitry. As a result of the conspiracy, Lhadmitry was killed, and supporters of Shuisky simple shouts on the square were proclaimed his king.
Vasily Shuisky tried to collect convincing evidence that Lhadmitry was actually none of the Tsarevich Dmitry, but an impostor to the grivy merry -yev. Unfortunately, the method of addicts to the throne and further miscalculations in the internal policy led to the fact that his power was fragile. The people believed that he was captured by the power of deception and were unhappy that Shuisky chose the king a small group in Moscow, without convening the Zemstvo Cathedral. There were rumors about the re-salvation of Tsarevich Dmitry, the displeasure of the peasants grew. In the south of Russia, Ivan Bolotnikov appeared on behalf of Dmitry, who raised the peasant uprising. The royal troops suffered defeat for the defeat, the rebels reached Moscow. Defeat Bolotnikov managed only by a secret conspiracy with some of his supporters.
After the defeat, Bolotnikov had a new threat - Lhadmitry the second, which, with the help of the Poles and the Cossacks, was entrenched in the south of Russia and began to move towards Moscow. Shuisky behaved herself indecisive, staying in Moscow and holding a troops with him. As a result, Lhadmitryy, the second broke the camp in Tushino, not far from Moscow, where many princes, boyars and other, dissatisfied with Vasily Shuisky headed. Shuisky asked for support for the Swedes. The army, which was supposed to help Moscow and included Swedish mercenaries, headed the nephew of the king Mikhail Skopin-Shuisky. Initially, he was accompanied by luck and he had a few defeats with the troops of Falsedmitria, but suddenly died. The king lost the last support. In the end, the dissatisfied shui boyars in 1610 were deprived of his power and entered into collusion with the Poles, calling for the kingdom of the Polish Kingdom of Vladislav. Shuisky was given to Poles and went to Poland, where he died after 2 years, a little without surviving the liberation of minin and Pozharsky.
Results of the Board of Vasily Shui: The full collapse of the central government in Russia, the seizure of a significant part of the territory by impostors and foreign invaders, the plundering and emptying of many land and, finally, the seizure of the capital by Polish invaders and the threat of complete loss of statehood.
4. Alexander Kerensky
Kerensky was dominant (Minister of Temporary Government from March 3, and the Prime Minister from July 7 to October 26, 1917 on the old style), but his decisions had a huge impact on the fate of Russia.
In February 1917, a revolution occurred in Russia (in the preparation of which Kerensky also played an important role). The king broke away from the throne and the authorities moved to the temporary government formed by the deputies of the 4th State Duma. At first, Kerensky received the post of Minister of Justice in it, then the military minister, and finally became the Prime Minister. From the first days of his stay in the Government, Kerensky developed a rapid activity, adopting many populist decisions. Along with such decisions, as the cessation of political persecution and the establishment of freedom of speech, he actually ordered the previous judicial system and the police. The death penalty was canceled, from prisons issued criminals, and decisions on the "democratization" of the army paralyzed the possibilities for maintaining discipline in it.
Then Kerensky forced to resign Milyukov's Minister and Milukov's Foreign Minister and Military Minister Guccov, who spent the war to the victorious end, and himself became a military minister. Having received this post, he appointed a little-known officers in the army to key positions in the army. Also, trading on the front, organized the June offensive ending with a complete failure. The result of this failure was the elemental speeches in Petrograd with the requirements of the conclusion of the world with Germany.
In July, Kerensky becomes prime minister. Soon he has a conflict with Cornilov, who served as the post of commander-in-chief army. Kornilov offers measures to guide order in the country, establishing strict discipline and strengthening power. Kerensky opposes these measures. Cornilov and his supporters in the army make up the plan for the resignation of the government and the transfer of power by the military, the correct Cornilov troops begin to move to Petrograd. In response, Kerensky announces Cornilov the rebel, asks for help from the councils and distributes weapons to workers. Cornilov's speech tolerate fails, after which the government loses all support in the troops, and the army itself is accelerated.
In autumn, Kerensky rapidly loses its popularity. If in March it was extroduced as a "knight of the revolution", now the left and right of cooperation with him. The party of Sherson, the member of which was Kerensky, loses its influence in the councils, the Bolsheviks begin to play an increasing role in them. In October, Kerensky dismisses the Duma, instead of which "Prepaired" is going. But it becomes quite clear that the main political parties are not able to negotiate and create any coalition. The Bolsheviks begin to prepare an armed uprising. Kerensky knows about it and assures that the uprising will be suppressed. However, under the influence of the Bolsheviks, the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison are moving towards the direction of the Military Revolutionary Committee, and even the Cossacks caused to Petrograd are leaving, refusing to defend the interim government. On October 25, the Bolsheviks occupy key points in the city, and then, without much effort, and the Winter Palace, where the temporary government meets.
Results of the Board of Kerensky: The collapse of the system of government, police and army, a significant deterioration in the economic situation, the growth of separatist movements in different parts of the country.
3. Nicholas II.
Many are trying to present the last Russian king to the victim, a martyr and even saints. But there is no doubt that Nicholas II was one of the worst rulers of Russia. Father Nikolai Alexander III, despite his tendency to drunkenness, was a strong ruler, with him Russia significantly strengthened his position in the world, grew up the authority of power. Nikolay was senior from Alexander's sons, but the father did not want to see him at the throne at all, considering the country that was not capable of managing the country and expected to pass the power to the youngest son Mikhail. Unfortunately, at the time of death, Alexander Mikhail had not yet reached the age of majority (he was only 16), and Alexander took a promise from Nicholas to renounce the throne and transfer the power of Mikhail after achieving topics. This promise Nikolai did not fulfill. And the mother of Nicholas II generally refused to swear. "My son is unable to rule Russia! He is weak. And mind and spirit. Yesterday, when a father was dying, he climbed into the roof and rushed with bumps in passersby on the street ... And this is the king? No, it is not a king! We will all perish with such an emperor. Listen to me: I'm my mother Nicky, and to whom, if not a mother, is best known to know your son? Do you want to have a rag doll on the throne? "
At the beginning of the board of Nikolai II, a gold ruble was introduced, i.e. the ruble exchange rate was tied to gold. This led to an artificial limitation of the money supply within the country, and to finance the development of industry and other goals, Russia began to take huge loans abroad (by the way, a large policy is conducted by our government today). Soon the Russian Empire confidently came out in the first place in the world in terms of external debt. The growth rate of industrial production under Nicolae II was noticeably fell, while the significant industry controlled foreign capital (in some industries up to 100%), and many industrial goods were purchased abroad.
The Russian Empire remained an agrarian country, most of its population (more than 80%) was the peasants, but a hunger has arisen regularly in the country. Padders of the peasants were reduced, the land question was very acute. But the government did not hurry to decide it, preferring to suppress the peasant performances by force. In the period 1901-1907, there were whole punitive operations for the suppression of the "self-government" of the peasants, the troops were attracted to which an indication was given in case of unsubsifying to burn peasant houses and shell them from guns. Against the background of poverty and poverty of the overwhelming mass of the population, speculators and monopolists succeeded. Higher estates lived in luxury, and it could not not annoy the people.
In 1904-1905 Russia suffered a shameful defeat in the Russian-Japanese war. At the beginning of the war in the leadership of Russia and in the command of the army, the hatching attitudate moods dominated, in preparation for it and during the war many mistakes were made. Prime Minister Witte said on this issue "the Japanese was not broke, not the Russian army, but our orders, or more correctly, our boyish management of the 140 million people in recent years."
The defeat in the Russian-Japanese war along with a serious position of workers and peasants pushed to the mass protests of the people and strikes. On January 9, 1905, there was a "bloody Sunday" - the police in St. Petersburg shot a peaceful demonstration of the workers who were gathered to give the petition of the king. This event was the impetus to the beginning of the first Russian revolution 1905-1907. (In December 1905, the real battles were deployed between the workers and the army), which was suppressed by power, but its main outcome was a sharp drop in the confidence of the people to power and the king personally.
After the start of the revolution, in order to calm the people, the first parliament was created in Russia - the State Duma. But even though the elections in her were conducted on special rules, for example, representatives of the highest estates elected much more deputies from the same number of people than representatives of the lower, soon it turned out that the Duma and the chosen deputies are completely not satisfied with the king. The Duma has repeatedly blurted out, and the king arbitrarily accepted some or another decrees. The actions of the king were indignant even deputies of the noble party of the Cadets.
But all the weakness of the regime and the niccity of Nicholas II manifested during the First World War. The beginning of the war in 1914 accompanied the patriotic rise and growing the popularity of the king, but soon the sentiment began to change, and both moods in the people and sentiment in the top, including the nearest setting of the king. In the country, economic difficulties quickly emerged, inflation began to promote. The weak industry did not pull the load created by the war - on the front catastrophically lacked weapons and ammunition. Increased workload on workers, women and adolescents were gaining to enterprises. There were not enough fuel, there were difficulties with transportation. Mass mobilization led to decline in agriculture. In 1916, problems with the procurement of bread, the government had to introduce the product - the population obliged to sell bread forcibly at a fixed price. The number of strikes, peasant performances grew, revolutionary campaigning has grown. The unrest began in national regions. But the king did not take anything to correct the situation, and on the contrary, only aggravated her. In 1915, Nikolai decided to become the Supreme Commander himself and spent the time at the rate, while in St. Petersburg, the key solutions were largely in the hands of the queen and her favorite Gregory Rasputin. Rasputin Saluofly accepted certain decisions, appointed and filmed ministers, tried to even interfere with the planning of military operations. By 1917, a wide opposition was formed in relation to the king. His no one else supported, even the great princes planned conspiracies in order to remove Nicholas II from the throne and the destination of someone else's king.
At the end of February 1917, mass strikes were held in Petrograd, accompanied by rallies and demonstrations. One of their reasons was the lack of bread in the city. Despite the attempts to suppress the protests, they grow up, and the soldiers of the Petrograd garrison eventually joined the uprising. Deputies of the State Duma announced the creation of a temporary government, which takes into their hands the authority to manage the country. Soon under the pressure of the generals of Nikolai II rates, he was torn from the throne and recognized the temporary government. A few days later he was arrested, and in the summer of 1918, he was shot by the Bolsheviks in Yekaterinburg.
Results of the Board of Nicholas II: Accumulation of social and political contradictions, complete loss of confidence in the people to power, paralysis of the authorities, summing up the country to anarchy, collapse and collapse.
2. Boris Yeltsin
One of Boris Yeltsin, one of the most heated governments, was the President of Russia from 1991 to 2000. The mental abilities of this man were brightly manifested in his youth, when the grenade stolen from the warehouse, which he broke the hammer, exploded and tear off his two fingers on his hand.
Nevertheless, Yeltsin managed to climb the party staircase to the first secretary of the Moscow State Committee of the CPSU. In 1990 he was elected by the People's Deputy of the RSFSR, and then the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR. In this post, he actively began to deal with the collapse of the USSR, making everything to intercept the control levers and create a dual declaration (with it on June 12, 1990, a shameful declaration on the state sovereignty of the RSFSR was adopted). In the summer of 1991, Yeltsin won the first elections of the President of the RSFSR under the slogans of "combating the nomenclature and against privileges", distribute many impracticable populist promises. After that, its activities on the collapse of the USSR broke out with a double strength. After the failure of the GCCP in August 1991, in which Yeltsin played a decisive role, he felt the owner in the country and, having entered into collusion with the presidents of Ukraine and Belarus, Kravchuk and Shushkevich, carried out the final collapse of the USSR.
Participation in the collapse of the country with the disappearance of the original Russian lands, the compression of the territory to the borders of the 16th century and the will of the will of the people, who in a referendum spent in the same year, was definitely spoken for the preservation of the USSR, more than enough to get into the list of worst rulers. But Yeltsin was not limited to this. He created the Government of the Liberal Fanatikov who hated Russia (for example, Prime Minister Gaidar called Russia "Upper Volta with Rockets") and instructed him the conduct of liberal "reforms". "Reforms" broke out in the destruction of everything that could be destroyed - industry, science, education, army, etc. And "reforms" were held under the command of American advisers, hundreds of which came to Moscow, so that with their advice to harm our country as much as possible .
As a result of Yeltsin "transformations", the most important achievements of the Soviet period were destroyed. Most of the manufacturing industry was destroyed, a large part of scientific research and technological developments was discontinued, degraded the army, education and social sphere. The standard of living of the population catastrophically fell, hyperinflation was observed in the country - prices grew by 20-30% each month. Even meager salaries were not paid for months, instead of money, the enterprise was often given a salary to the goods that it was necessary to sell on the market. At the beginning of the board, the destructive potential of Yeltsin was a little restrained by the Supreme Council, but in 1993 Yeltsin decided this problem, shot by parliament (chairman he himself was 2 years ago) from tanks. The country began to control the circle of approximated oligarchs, who saw their goal only to plunder the country as much as possible and enriched at the same time.
During the Board of Yeltsin in Russia, the birth rate has sharply fell, the population began to extract accelerated pace. Distribution of social vices, alcoholism and drug addiction increased dramatically. A crime situation has disastrously deteriorated, in most regions of Russia, control over all profitable enterprises and business has seized organized crime. OGS organized a bloody disassembly right on the streets of cities.
Russia's foreign policy has become completely neglected, the leadership in all follows the US line. Completely ball and unfavorable contracts with other countries were concluded (for example, Russia sold 500 tons of USER uranium uranium for snot). At the same time, external debts were gained, the country lived in anticipation of another tranche from the IMF to finance the most urgent needs. The first years, the people fed promises that, after the difficulties of the transition period, market reforms will work and everything will work out, although it was a brazen and frank lie. In 1998, the Pyramid of GKO collapsed, organized by the government and the country survived default. In 1998, Russian GDP collapsed to an insignificant figure of 150 billion dollars - less than the GDP of Belgium. Support for Yeltsin The people fell to zero, the Duma was approved by the government proposed by Yeltsin and even attempted impeachment. Yeltsin had to make a compromise and to allow the creation of the government from opposition.
The war in Chechnya was a completely shameful page of the Yeltsin rule. At first, Yeltsin made the coming to power in Chechnya of a completely frostbitten gangster regime of Dudayev, who immediately stated that he was not subordinate to Moscow and organized the genocide of the entire nonsense population. In 1994, Yeltsin undertook an incredible operation on the "restoration of the constitutional order" in Chechnya, which turned into a war with Dudayevts, and in 1996 he stopped it, actually adopting the requirements of terrorists and giving out full control over Chechnya in their hands. In 1999, the terrorists who are tired of giving a Chechnya alone, tried to capture and Dagestan, unleashing a new war in the North Caucasus.
On December 31, 1999, Yeltsin resigned ahead of time and, in his television, asking for forgiveness from the people, I cried.
Results of the Board of Yeltsin: Russia denounced the Union Treaty, turning into one of the shards of the former large Russia, in the economic and geopolitical plan turned out to be a superpower to the dependent country of the third world, the government turned out to be frankly gangster anti-people regime of traitors who think only about their own enrichment and controlled enemies of our country.
1 - Mikhail Gorbachev
This person who was the Gensen, and then President of the USSR from 1985 to 1991, undoubtedly ranks first in the ranking of the worst rulers not only Russian, but also of world history. By the beginning of his board, the USSR, of course, accumulated certain problems that demanded solutions. Nevertheless, the country was one of the two "superpowers", had a vast influence, economic and scientific potential and controlled almost polim. I could not even mind anyone that after 6 years the USSR will fall apart and cease to exist. But Gorbachev did everything to happen exactly that.
Gorbachev began his board with beautiful and seemingly right slogans. He stated that in foreign policy it is necessary to discharge international tensions, refusal to race arms, and in the internal - publicity and acceleration (i.e., increasing the rate of development of the economy). And in 1987, "Perestroika" was proclaimed, i.e., large-scale reforming of the economic and political sphere (again, under good slogans).
In practice, all this resulted in a targeted collapse of the country in accordance with the plan developed by the United States - the main and irreconcilable enemy of the USSR. At first, the separation of the communist ideology began. At first, individual periods were criticized in the history of the USSR, for example, the Epoch of Stalin's Board, individual aspects of the Soviet system. Under the pretext of the fact that there is more democracy and freedom of speech, the control over the media weakened, the built-in party vertical was destroyed. It was said about the need to combat bureaucrats, with a "command-administrative system".
Since 1987, management recognized the failure of the "Acceleration" policies and began the main stage of the collapse of the country. The CPSU ceased to control the electoral process, and the deputies in many republics were anti-Sovers and nationalists. The course was disclaimed to the "market" reform in the economy, private enterprises were allowed, large enterprises were given more economic freedom.
Since 1989, the destructive consequences of "restructuring" become apparent to all. Interethnic clashes begin in the Caucasus and in Central Asia, some of the republics declare the desire to get out of the USSR. The situation in the economy deteriorates, the shortages of the necessary goods are artificially created in stores. Cards on sugar, soap and some other goods are entered. Gorbachev, afraid that the party will remove him from the Secretary General of the Secretary General, convenes the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR, who introduces a new position - the President of the USSR and in the spring of 1990 he chooses President Gorbachev. In addition, in 1989 Gorbachev secretly concludes a treacherous agreement with the United States, providing, in fact, the elimination of the socialist and passing all positions in Europe. With the participation of the KGB in Eastern Europe countries, regimes are replaced, the Communists are removed there from power.
In 1990-91, the threat of collapse of the USSR becomes obvious. However, the people do not want this, in 1991, on the initiative of people's deputies, a referendum on the preservation of the USSR is held. Most - for saving. Against the background of the "parade of sovereignty", when republican structures are trying to fully take power into their hands, Gorbachev prepares a new project of the Union Treaty, in fact turning the USSR into the similarity of the CIS created later. On the eve of the planned signing in August 1991, part of the Soviet top makes an attempt to disrupt it, restore the control of the center and bring order in the country. Gorbachev is cut off due to the dacha in Crimea, declares the introduction of a state of emergency. However, poor training of the organizers, their indecision and oscillations spoil. The "PUTCH" of the GCCP fails, and the collapse of the country now does not interfere. In December 1991, after Yeltsin, Shushkevich and Kravchuk decide to dissolve the USSR, Gorbachev obediently obeys and hedge the authority.
Results of the Board of Gorbachev: USSR, former superpower, tolerate defeat in the "Cold War", voluntarily capitulates before the United States and falls apart. There was no such impressive collapse in the same place.
The Board of Paul 1 is one of the most mysterious periods in Russian history. He climbed the throne after his mother (Great Catherine 2), but it was not able to become a worthy successor of her politics.
Years of the Board of Paul 1 - 1796-1801. Over these five years, he managed to do a lot, including the nobility and other statesmen strongly. disliked his mother and her politics. Such an attitude was, in particular, because Catherine 2, fearing for his rights to the throne, did not allow the Son to state affairs. Therefore, he lived and dreamed of how to lead his empire.
The Board of Paul 1 began with the change, it should be recalled that the traditional order of inheritance at first Tsarist, and then the imperial power changed Peter 1, which was the beginning of Paul 1 returned everything to its place: the government again was transferred to the male line (for seniority). His order was forever removed from the power of women. By changing the throne inheritance system, the new emperor got rid of those people who occupied prominent public places during the reign of His Mother. Thus, Paul shaped new to know and got rid of old warders. He also put into action "Decree on a three-day barbecue" and canceled the prohibition to complain about his owners for peasants. This gives the right to say that the emperor was aimed at mitigating serfdom.
These measures were very unhappy with the noblemen, landowners and everyone who owned the peasants. Increased dislike for Paul and a significant restriction of his mother accepted. In the near surroundings, thoughts are beginning to be born about the overthrow of the emperor and the ascent on the throne of his son, the future of Alexander 1.
The Board of Paul 1 (a brief description will be supplemented below) was favorable for the country's peasant population. But what happened in the internal policy?
Paul 1 was a fan of Prussian orders, but this love did not reach fanaticism. Fully lost confidence and disappointed in England, he goes on rapprochement with another great power - France. The result of such a convergence of Paul saw a successful struggle with and isolation of England, as well as the struggle for their colonies. Paul decides to send Cossacks to capture India, but this hike was economically unprofitable for the country and also strengthened the brewing contradictions between the government and notice. It is worth noting that the Board of Paul 1 was too dependent on his mood: orders were taken very randomly and spontaneous, spontaneous solutions were sometimes too strange.
In March 1801, the state coup happened, after which the emperor was killed (according to many historians, the conspirators did not want to kill him, but after refusing to renounce the throne, they decided to take this step).
The Board of Paul 1 was though short, but left a bright mark in the history of our country. He did a lot for the peasantry, but there is little for the nobles and landowners, for which he was killed by conspirators.
Paul first entered the story as a brutal reformer. The gation was subject to liberal views and European tastes, censored was established, ban on the import into the country of foreign literature. Emperor, having received the throne, to a large extent restricted the rights of the noble estate. Maybe therefore it was so short.
In contact with
Childhood
Peter Third, Father Paul, was on the Russian throne of only 186 days, although he planned that he was waiting for many years of government ahead. After the palace coup, the emperor signed a renunciation from the throne, which moved to his wife (Princess Anhalt-Crembed).
Catherine built his reign on the expansion of the rights and privileges of the noble class, as well as the fixation of the peasants. During her reign borders of the Russian Empire were spread to South and West.
The first son of Peter and Catherine named Paul was born on September 20, 1754. During this period, a political struggle was conducted in the palace, so the boy was deprived of the love and care of his parents. In the eight of the age, he lost his father. Paul's mother hired the state of the best nannies and teachers, after which it sought out of the upbringing of the future heir to the throne.
Tutor boy fedor Bekheev became - diplomat, distinguished by incredible discipline and rigor. He released the newspaper where the smallest pupils are painted. Nikita Panin became the second mentor, thanks to which the boy began to study a wide range of objects - natural history, the law of God, music, dancing.
The nearest environment also had an influence on the formation of the personality of the heir to the throne, but communication with the peers was minimized - only children of noble families were allowed.
Catherine acquired for a son huge library Academician Korf. The boy studied many foreign languages, arithmetic, astronomy, history, geography, studied to draw, dance and fencing, studied the law of God. The Military Discipline of the Exchange was not taught, Catherine did not want the Son to be fond of.
The heir was distinguished by an impatient character, was a restless child, but he could boast a rich imagination and love of reading. His education was so high-quality as possible at that time.
Personal life of the future emperor
The first spouse of the future ruler died in childbirth, and Sofia-Dorothea Württemberg (Maria Fedorovna) became the second chief of the Chief Chief.
Children of Paul I. - Alexander's firstborn (1777), Konstantin (1779), Alexandra (1783), Elena (1784), Maria (1786), Catherine (1788), Olga (1792, died in infant), Anna (1795), Nikolay (1796) ), Mikhail (1798).
Despite the largest and almost constant pregnancy, Maria Fedorovna was engaged in the economy and regularly participated in secular events. However, it did not imagine much importance at the courtyard due to the hearing of her husband with his mother.
Maria Fedorovna there was a submissive princess, following the postulates, who were learned by her in his youth, but on the circumstances independent of it, personal life with her husband walked over to the disaster. After the birth of the last son, the obster forbade her to pregnant, as it could cost a woman's life.
The emperor was disappointed with this circumstance and had a relationship with another woman - the favorite of Anna Lopukhina. Maria Fedorovna herself was charity and began to manage educational houses, streamlining the work of institutions for non-truth and thrust children. She also actively solved the issues of women's education and founded a number of educational institutions for them.
Rise to power
When Pavel I rules? He joined the throne at the 42nd age on November 6, 1796, when Catherine died, his mother. Such a late period is explained by the complex relations of the future emperor with the mother. They almost completely moved away from each other, realizing that they were people with opposite glances. At first, the boy was brought up as the future heir to the throne, but the older he became, the further he was trying to keep from state importance.
Important! Many people pinned great hopes on Pavel Petrovich. His name often sounded on the lips at the rosechikov, for example, y. During the reign of Catherine II, many remained unhappy with its decrees and laws.
Conversion
Numerous reforms characterize the Board of Paul 1: Internal and external policies have undergone a number of changes.
What important steps were undertaken:
- the amendments to the Prepolyasing procedure are introduced, which was developed. The rights to the throne began to use exclusively sons or brothers of the ruling dynasty on the downlink, or on seniority;
- emperor's companions received titles of higher officials or senators;
- catherine II comrades were removed from their posts;
- the activities of the highest state bodies have undergone amended for the better;
- next to the palace put a box for petitions, and also installed reception days for the peasants who could open complaints to their owners;
- canceled corporal punishments for older people over 70 years of age;
- instead of the gracelessness for the peasants, the financial collection was introduced. Debts of 7 million rubles wrote off;
- it was forbidden to force the peasants to work on holidays and weekends;
- limited barishment - now she lasted 3 days a week;
- sale of landless peasants and yard faces were banned. If the owner appealed to the fasteners inhumanly, the governors had to carry out secret arrests and send themselves to the monastery.
- for 4 years, 6,000 thousand state peasants were transferred to the nobles, since the emperor believed that their life was worse than that of serfs;
- reduced the cost of salt and food products in stores - the disadvantage was compensated by money from the treasury.
When Paul came to power, one of of the most important areas Its activities were the infringement of privileges and the rights of the nobility.
He ordered to return to the shelves to all the noble children who were recorded in them, forbade a self-hearth transition to the civil service from the army without the permitting of the Senate approved by him personally.
The nobles were to pay new taxes, the money from which was sent to maintain the local administration.
The right was canceled, according to which the nobleman addressed him with complaints and requests: now it was allowed to do only with the permissiveness of the governor. Announced the punishment of noble people by sticking.
Immediately after joining the throne, the emperor announced amnesty, but multiple punishments soon followed. Decrees of Paul firstLimiting the noble power, caused anger and hostility from the privileged class. Over time, the first conspiracies began to appear in the highest guards circles in order to overthrow the autocrat.
Features of foreign policy
Initially, the court was stated that neutrality would be observed in relation to France. He always dreamed that wars wars solely for the purpose of defense. However, he was an opponent of the revolutionary sentiment of this country. With such countries as Sweden, Denmark and Prussia, friendly relations were concluded, which was the result of creating an anti-armnce coalition in the composition:
- Russia,
- Neapolitan kingdom,
- Austria
- England.
In Italy, the commander A.V. Suvorov. He headed the domestic expedition building. In just six months, he won in Italy above the French troops, after which he entered Sweden, where he joined the building of General A.M. Roman Corsakov.
In the same period of the escade F.F. Ushakov achieved several sea victories, as a result of which the ionic islands became free. However, the Russian-English Corps, located in Holland, could not achieve the intended plans, as a result of which he returned. At the same time, only Russia's allies shook the fruits of victories over Napoleon, which was the reason for the rupture of allied connections with Austria and England. The emperor, who experienced outrage due to the position of England, decided to get close to France.
The cause of the death of the emperor
A conspiracy was formed against the ruling emperor. In his chapter stood the brothers of the teeth, the Military Governor of St. Petersburg P.A.
Palen and a number of others. The reason for the conspiracy is the internal policy of the autocrat, because he facilitated the position of the peasants and at the same time limited the rights and privileges of the noble estate.
Among the conspirators was Alexander Pavlovich, who was promised that the Father would be survived.
Under the leadership of Count Painhane on the night of March 12, 1801 The conspirators broke into the Mikhailovsky castle, reached the imperial chambers and put forward the demand to leave the throne. Having heard from Paul, the refusal to renounce the throne, the conspirators were killed by the autocrat.
There were several conspiracies in the life and reign of the emperor. So, there were three cases of excitement observed in the troops. After the coronation of the new emperor, the Canal shop was formed - a secret organization whose participants were striving to kill the ruler. After the disclosure of this conspiracy, all those who had taken part of the participation of persons were sent to boat or exiled. All materials that had the attitude towards the investigation of the conspiracy were destroyed.
It was officially announced that the emperor Paul 1 died from apoplexic strike.
Pavel 1y - the rule of the king, reform
The Board of Tsar Paul 1go - Internal and Foreign Policy, Results
Results of the Board
How much time Paul rules 1? His Board lasted for several years, years of the Board: from April 5, 1797. On March 12, 1801, for such a short time, significant changes in Russian society did not happen, although the emperor tried to introduce as many new measures as much as possible. At the beginning of the board, favorable conditions were created for the development of industry and trade sector, however, inland trade was in chaos and destroying, and the external was almost completely empty.
Attention! The state was in a sad state when Paul I was killed.
Who rules after Paul 1? The heir to the throne was his first-mentioned Alexander 1. His board turned out to be more successful: the first step tow was made, the State Council was created, and the victory over Napoleon in 1812, the Russian army distinguished itself in other foreign hits. It was more successful.
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