Social movements and government. Social and political organizations and movements. Political activities of political organizations

BIG LENINGRAD LIBRARY - ABSTRACTS - Social and political organizations and movements

Social and political organizations and movements

TOcontrol work

by discipline Political Science

"Social and political organizations and

movement "

Introduction

Public organizations and movements are non-state formations, and movements are non-state formations that unite people according to their interests and professions. They have a rich history. Already in ancient world along with the state, there were associations of representatives, as a rule, of the propertied classes and free citizens. They also took place in the medieval period of human history. Most often, these associations were based on religious ideas (knightly associations, orders of the crusaders, and so on).

The purpose of this test work on the topic "Social and political organizations and movements" is the disclosure of the meaning of the ideas of organizations and movements, their role in the life of civil society as a whole.

To do this, it is necessary to solve several problems, namely:

1. Describe the meaning of social political organizations and movements.

2. Describe the types of social and political movements.

3. Consider the reasons for the emergence of social and political organizations and movements.

Political parties, being the center of the political life of society, do not cover the whole variety of social and political processes in their activities. Activity political parties seems to continue in the activities of numerous public organizations, in mass social movements.

1. Social and political organization and social and political movement: general and specific

Social movements and organizations differ in many ways: in their goals, the functions they perform in relation to the interests of their members, as well as in relation to state power; at the place of business; by types and methods of activity; by the nature of the occurrence, by the way of organization, and so on.

“For example, according to the criterion of purpose, there are social and political movements and organizations, revolutionary and counter-revolutionary, reformatory and conservative, national-democratic, general democratic, ecological. By fields of activity: economic, social, national, international, religious, scientific, educational and others. At the place of activity: local, regional, national, international, acting in parliament (functions and other associations of deputies), within administrative structures, in the system of educational and scientific institutions, in a religious environment. By the nature of their occurrence: spontaneous and deliberately organized; by the way of organization: clubs, associations, associations, unions, fronts; by social composition: youth, women, professional ”DP Zerkin Fundamentals of Political Science: A course of lectures. Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 1997, p. 302.

No matter how diverse social movements and organizations may be, all of them, in one way or another, are called upon to fulfill two main tasks: a) the expression and realization of group interests; b) ensuring the participation of members of a particular group or community in the management of public affairs and self-government, and, therefore, in the implementation of the principles of democracy (democracy). Hence the deep reasons for the emergence of social movements and organizations: dissatisfaction with group needs and interests through the activities of government institutions and political parties, the presence of economic and socio-cultural problems that are unsolved by the structures of power and management.

Availability of various social needs and interests by themselves still do not lead to the emergence of social movements and organizations. The factor of interests is triggered precisely when: “… first, the state of unsatisfactory interests is fixed in the public consciousness; secondly, certain ideas are taking shape in the mass consciousness about the content of group interests and ways to satisfy them; thirdly, the need for a significant part of different groups and strata of the people to participate in the adoption of social and political decisions related to the implementation of interests; finally, fourthly, if there are appropriate democratic structures in the political system. In general, social and socio-political movements and organizations arise on the basis of social and group interests, subject to the development of self-awareness of certain community groups implemented in public activity related to the satisfaction of these interests ”Zerkin DP Fundamentals of Political Science: A course of lectures. Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 1997, p. 303.

Into complex, hard times, people imbued with ideological contradictions are first grouped into protest movements and organizations, then they already begin to exist popular fronts, associations, mass movements, and within the systemic state, party, trade union and youth structures: independent trade union organizations, strike committees, various groups of deputies. In the future, there is an integration of movements and organizations that have formed both outside and inside. political system... There are such movements as: "Democratic Russia", "United Front of Working People" and others.

Habermas Jurgen, famous German philosopher, sociologist and political thinker. In his writings he devoted huge attention social studies, attached no less importance to language. The problem of social and political practice was reduced to him to the problem of mutual understanding, language political power, parties, social groups and so on. In his ideas, or in another way, concepts, there is a socio-political orientation. Habermas Jurgen also gave great value ideological and political superstructure. He tried to find out on what principles the action of domination is based, abstractly presented as the relationship between master and slave. Superimposing this scheme on the whole problematic public life, with its help he tried to explain the mechanisms that should ensure the preservation and stability of society.

“The main problem, in his opinion, is that the distribution of the surplus product rests on the privileged assimilation of socially produced wealth by the ruling strata of society. At the same time, unequal distribution should have a “legalized” form and be recorded in the system of legal norms. As soon as the belief in the legitimacy of the existing order decreases for any reason, the force is released, latently hidden in the system of institutions, which can lead to sharp social disagreements, conflicts, and crisis. To avoid such a development of events, it is necessary to establish an order, which should be based on the appropriate distribution of power ”Political encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. T2 / Nat. Societies. - Science Foundation; Hands. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editorial council: pre. Council of G.Yu. Semigin. - M .: Mysl, 1999, S. 575 ..

In the 1980s, Habermas Jurgen developed ideas about instrumental and communicative action in the two-volume Theory of Communicative Action. “Under the communicative action, Habermas understands the influence of individuals, which is ordered according to the norms taken as mandatory. If instrumental action is focused on success, then communicative action is on mutual understanding of acting individuals, their consensus. It presupposes coordination of efforts ”Political encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. T2 / Nat. Societies. - Science Foundation; Hands. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editorial council: pre. Council of G.Yu. Semigin. - M .: Thought, 1999, S. 575.

Also, according to his ideas, communicative action is a means social interaction and serves to build solidarity. All over theoretical activity Habermas, all such topics intersected and became parts of the large-scale theory of communicative action that he created and constantly improved.

In general, the concept of "social and political movements" covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly included in state and party structures, but are to one degree or another the subjects of political life, combining to varying degrees the functions of cooperation, opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle against state institutions and political parties. This concept covers wide range associations - from those that have a direct impact on the adoption of political decisions, characterized by a high level of organization and structure, to purely political ones, which do not have a clear organized nucleus. This diversity constitutes a certain difficulty in typologizing movements, analyzing the causes of their emergence, ideological and political position, social base, and relations with the authorities. At the same time, the most common features social and political movements, distinguishing them from parties.

The ideological and political orientation of the movements is much broader and more vague, and the goals are much narrower and more specific than those of the parties. This allows people with different political views, but supporting a specific political goal, for the solution of which the movement is created and operates. This determines the ability of movements to acquire a large scope.

Movements, as a rule, do not have a single program, charter. They differ in the inconstancy of the number of participants. Movement usually does not have strong center, a single structure, discipline. The core of movements can be both independent initiative groups and committees or commissions created by parties. They rely on unorganized masses, they can also be supported by various public organizations and autonomous associations of some parties. On the whole, the movements are based on the solidarity and voluntariness of their participants.

Social and political movements seek to influence the government, but they themselves, as a rule, do not seek power.

There are many types of social and political movements:

From the point of view of attitude to the existing system, movements are conservative, reformist and revolutionary;

On the ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;

On a national basis - national liberation, for the self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc .;

By demographic basis - youth, student, etc .;

In terms of scale - international, regional, in the country, state, republic;

According to the methods and modes of action - legal illegal, formal, informal, focusing on peaceful or violent actions.

Social and political movements perform important functions:

The interests and sentiments of broad diverse layers of the population condense:

They put forward goals, develop ways to achieve them;

They create a large political force focused on solving a specific political problem;

They lead mass demonstrations, organize non-violent and sometimes violent demonstrations.

The second half and especially the end of the 20th century are characterized by the growth and strengthening of the role of social and political movements, which indicates the involvement of a huge number of people in politics.

There are various options for the relationship of social and political movements with parties.

Independent social and political movements do not enter into any relations with parties. This happens when the members of the movements, having a certain political interest, at the same time are not satisfied with the activities of the parties. Many members of the movements do not want to associate themselves with partisanship at all.

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or a bloc of parties in order to involve in the struggle for the nominated political challenge broad masses of non-partisans.

Parties can take control of the leader of movements (for example, for spontaneous mass protests, social environment which are the least socially protected strata, there may be parties adhering to the strategy of destabilizing the social system).

2. Traditional and new types of social and political movements, organizations. Their dynamics

Having achieved success in solving the assigned tasks, political movements usually cease to exist (this happened, for example, with the movement against the placement cruise missiles in Europe and others), but in some cases, when the tasks are too complex, their solution requires long efforts, access to the levers of power, political movements acquire the characteristics of a party and are transformed into it (as, for example, happened with the movement of the “greens”). Thus, social and political movements can be the initial stage in the formation of a party, and, having become a party, they can retain the name "movement". However, this is by no means a necessary result of the evolution of movement. Political movements do not oust parties, do not turn into a stage of their formation.

There are several reasons for people's interest in social movements and organizations. First, in last years, and perhaps in recent decades, political parties are increasingly losing their authority among the broad masses of the people, and especially among young people. People sometimes get tired of the praise and political games of party leaders, who often use the trust of ordinary party members in their personal interests - to break through to power at any cost. People from the outside see this and do not want to join this or that party, do not want to be a bargaining chip in political games.

In addition, membership in a political party requires discipline, requires voting in elections only for the candidate of your party. People, and first of all young people, prefer the broad democracy of public organizations, their true self-government. A person can freely move from one organization to another, participate in any mass movement, without tying his hands with any of them.

Secondly, mass public organizations and movements attract numerous supporters to their ranks by the fact that they do not strictly adhere to any ideological concept in their activities. Ideology is the lot of a political party. And the people often see no use in any ideology. Their main content is political issues, issues of power, not material interests ordinary people, their daily needs.

Today, mass movements and organizations are characterized by the desire to go beyond the existing ideological systems, to comprehend in a new way the realities of the modern world, to put forward alternative ideas and concepts that adequately reflect the life problems of our time.

The current reality itself compels the search for an alternative to the ways of development of modern civilization, which, according to many prominent scientists - both social scientists and natural scientists - leads more and more to a dead end, to a universal human catastrophe: thermonuclear, ecological, food. Realization of this expands the circle of participants in alternative movements.

Third, the growing interest of the broad masses in social movements and organizations is also due to the fact that these movements more quickly grasp the novelty of the social situation, respond more quickly to changes in the situation, and more fully take into account in their demands the daily, momentary needs of the people. Political parties are to a certain extent bound by party ideology, which cannot change quickly; it remains stable for a relatively long time. long period time.

Socio-political movements and organizations, depending on their connection with the political system, can be institutionalized (formal) and non-institutionalized (informal). The first, so to speak, are recognized by the political system as its constituent element and operate in accordance with a set of formal rules. The latter arise and act outside the system, according to the rules not prescribed to it. These are the so-called informal organizations. However, in social and political life, everything is subject to dynamics. Interconversions of public organizations are also possible. Some informal movements and organizations are turning into formal and even political parties. This is the dialectic of many informal organizations in the former USSR.

"The United Nations (UN) is an international organization sovereign states, created in 1945 at a conference in San Francisco at the initiative of leading state participants anti-Hitler coalition on the basis of a voluntary unification of their efforts. The UN was born as a result great victory over fascism. The foundations of its activities and structure were developed during the 2nd World War (1939-1945) ”Political Encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. T2 / Nat. Societies. - Science Foundation; Hands. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editorial council: pre. Council of G.Yu. Semigin. - M .: Mysl, 1999, S. 86.

In general, the activities of the UN are aimed at peaceful coexistence, at peaceful relations between states, to be more precise, there is a UN Charter, the goals of which are: international peace and security, prevention and elimination of threats to peace and suppression of acts of aggression, settlement or resolution by peaceful means of international disputes or situations that may lead to the violation of peace; development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation international cooperation in permission international issues economic, cultural, and humanitarian character and fostering respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, gender, language or religion; acting as a center for coordinating the actions of states aimed at achieving these goals. The Charter also provides for the principles of international cooperation, enshrines such points as the bona fide resolution of disputes only by peaceful means.

3. Socio-political organizations and movements in Russia: history and modernity

Public organizations and movements received significant development in bourgeois society, especially with the entry into the historical arena of the working class - people freed from feudal serfdom and granted freedom by law will unite in various public organizations. With the help of organized social movements of various orientations, the working class achieved tangible results in the struggle to improve their living conditions, for social freedoms and political rights.

"On new level After the Second World War, public organizations and movements rose in their development. They became widespread. This was facilitated by the strengthening of the democratic tendency in the socio-political life of peoples, the rise of the national-political life of the peoples, the rise of the national liberation struggle, and especially the struggle for peace, against the threat of a new world war. Today, the scope of the activities of public, non-governmental organizations and mass movements is such that they cover almost all aspects of life. human society... They include hundreds of millions of people, they exert a powerful influence on international relations, on the internal political processes of states. ”Vorobiev K.A. Political Science: Textbook for Universities.-2nd ed. Rev. And add. - M .: Academic Project, 2005.S. 286 ..

In connection with the passage of time, there are collapses of former ideals, propaganda occurs, primarily through the media. The worldview of people is also changing, views on the past can change dramatically in opposite side, since everything in life is impermanent. There was a destruction of youth organizations, first of all, the Komsomol. For all the shortcomings in the work of the Komsomol in Soviet times, it was an organization that rallied young people, protected their interests, organizing young men and women for useful and interesting things. The creation of new social and political organizations, the solution of local and local problems strengthen the sense of mutual understanding, contributes to the growth of the authority of the organizations.

Public organizations are characterized by a system of connections and the similarity of interests of its members, a way of working out and making decisions for the implementation of common goals. In Russia, there are movements such as: the Liberal Democratic Party headed by one of the founders V.V. Zhirinovsky, Yabloko (GA Yavlinsky), etc.

Currently, the most massive movements are: the movement of the "green", anti-globalization, anti-war, women, the movement of democratic youth and others. All these movements are international. In each country, there are many mass movements on a national scale, reflecting the specific situation that is developing in it. Many social movements and organizations have emerged in recent years on the territory the former USSR, including on the territory of Russia.

Salient feature modern mass social movements and organizations is that they, as a rule, are either directly related to politics, or indirectly affect the quality of the activities of political institutions.

Public and socio-political movements and organizations, in contrast to parties, are more often people in their social composition. They arise from both a class and a class-like and inter-class basis. So, if the labor movement is class, then the trade union movement is interclass.

Associations, organizations, as a rule, arise spontaneously in connection with the emergence of a particular interest among citizens and the need for its implementation. This is how various organizations of entrepreneurs, farmers' associations, charitable and other organizations arise. Some part of these organizations, if the corresponding need is satisfied, may cease to exist. However, the overwhelming part of them becomes constantly active, gaining strength and authority over time.

Conclusion

There is a growth and strengthening of the role of social and political movements, which indicates the involvement of a huge number of people in politics. There are various options for the relationship of social and political movements with parties, but independent social and political movements do not enter into any relationship with parties. This happens when the members of the movements, having a certain political interest, at the same time are not satisfied with the activities of the parties. The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or a bloc of parties in order to involve broad masses of non-party people in the struggle for the political task put forward.

People voluntarily unite in associations (associations, unions, organizations, centers, clubs, foundations, etc.), associations that make up civil society reflect the widest palette of economic, family, cultural, legal and many other values and interests of citizens. The specificity of all these associations that form civil society is that they are created not by the state, but by the citizens themselves. These associations exist autonomously from the state, but within the framework of the laws in force in the state.

Thus, the activity of public organizations and movements is a real indicator of the process of the formation of democratization of the political system, civil society, as well as the development of self-government.

Bibliography

1. Political science: Textbook for universities / Under. ed. M.A. Vasilica. - M .: Jurist, 1999.

2. Vorobiev K.A. Political Science: Textbook for Universities.-2nd ed. Rev. And add. - M .: Academic Project, 2005.

3. Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of Political Science: A course of lectures. Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 1997.

4. Maltsev V.A. Fundamentals of Political Science: A Textbook for Universities. - M .: ITRK RSPP, 1998.

5. Political science: Textbook / A.Yu. Melville [et al.]; M .: Moskovsky state institute International Relations (University) MFA of Russia, TC Welby, publishing house Prospect, 2004.

6. Political science: tutorial for universities / Scientific editor A.A. Radugin.-2nd ed., Revised. and add. - M .: Center, 2001.

7. Political encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. T2 / Nat. Societies. - Science Foundation; Hands. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editorial council: pre. Council of G.Yu. Semigin. - M .: Thought, 1999.

No matter how diverse social movements and organizations may be, all of them, in one way or another, are called upon to fulfill two main tasks: a) the expression and realization of group interests; b) ensuring the participation of members of a particular group or community in the management of public affairs and self-government, and, therefore, in the implementation of the principles of democracy (democracy). Hence the deep reasons for the emergence of social movements and organizations: dissatisfaction with group needs and interests through the activities of institutions of state power and political parties, the presence of economic and sociocultural problems that are not resolved by the structures of power and management.

The presence of various social needs and interests in itself does not yet lead to the emergence of social movements and organizations. The factor of interests is triggered precisely when: “… first, the state of unsatisfactory interests is fixed in the public consciousness; secondly, certain ideas are taking shape in the mass consciousness about the content of group interests and ways to satisfy them; thirdly, there is a growing need for a significant part of various groups and strata of the people to participate in the adoption of social and political decisions related to the implementation of interests; finally, fourthly, if there are appropriate democratic structures in the political system. In general, public and socio-political movements and organizations arise on the basis of social and group interests, subject to the development of self-awareness of certain social groups, realized in public activity related to the satisfaction of these interests ”Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of Political Science: A course of lectures. Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 1997, p. 303.

In difficult, difficult times, people saturated with ideological contradictions are first grouped into protest movements and organizations, then popular fronts, associations, mass movements begin to exist, moreover, within the systemic state, party, trade union and youth structures: independent trade union organizations, strike committees, various groups of deputies. In the future, there is an integration of movements and organizations that have formed both outside and inside the political system. There are such movements as: "Democratic Russia", "United Front of Working People" and others.

Habermas Jurgen, famous German philosopher, sociologist and political thinker. In his writings he paid great attention to social studies, attached no less importance to language. He reduced the problem of social and political practice to the problem of mutual understanding, the language of political power, parties, social groups, and so on. In his ideas, or in another way, concepts, there is a socio-political orientation. Habermas Jurgen also attached great importance to the ideological and political superstructure. He tried to find out on what principles the action of domination is based, abstractly presented as the relationship between master and slave. By imposing this scheme on all the problems of social life, he tried to explain with its help the mechanisms that should ensure the preservation and stability of society.

Also, according to his ideas, communicative action is a means of social interaction and serves to form solidarity. Throughout the theoretical activity of Habermas, all such topics intersected and became parts of the large-scale theory of communicative action created by him and constantly being improved.

In general, the concept of "social and political movements" covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly included in state and party structures, but are to one degree or another the subjects of political life, combining to varying degrees the functions of cooperation, opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle against state institutions and political parties. This concept covers a wide range of associations - from those that have a direct impact on political decision-making, characterized by a high level of organization and structure, to purely political ones that do not have a clear organized nucleus. This diversity constitutes a certain difficulty in typologizing movements, analyzing the causes of their emergence, ideological and political position, social base, and relations with the authorities. At the same time, one can single out the most common features of social and political movements that distinguish them from parties.

The ideological and political orientation of the movements is much broader and more vague, and the goals are much narrower and more specific than those of the parties. This allows people with different political views to participate in the movement, but support a specific political goal, for the sake of which the movement is created and operates. This determines the ability of movements to acquire a large scope.

Movements, as a rule, do not have a single program, charter. They differ in the inconstancy of the number of participants. Movements usually do not have a strong center, a single structure, and discipline. The core of movements can be both independent initiative groups and committees or commissions created by parties. They rely on unorganized masses, they can also be supported by various public organizations and autonomous associations of some parties. On the whole, the movements are based on the solidarity and voluntariness of their participants.

Social and political movements seek to influence the government, but they themselves, as a rule, do not seek power.

There are many types of social and political movements:

- from the point of view of attitude to the existing system, movements are conservative, reformist and revolutionary;
- on the ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;
- on a national basis - national liberation, for the self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc .;
- by demographic basis - youth, student, etc .;
- by scale - international, regional, in the country, state, republic;
- by methods and modes of action - legal illegal, formal, informal, oriented towards peaceful or violent actions.

Social and political movements perform important functions:

- condense the interests, sentiments of broad heterogeneous layers of the population:
- put forward goals, develop ways to achieve them;
- create a large political force focused on solving a specific political problem;
- lead mass demonstrations, organize non-violent and sometimes violent demonstrations.

There are various options for the relationship of social and political movements with parties.

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or a bloc of parties in order to involve broad masses of non-party people in the struggle for the political task put forward.

Parties can take control of the leader of movements (for example, behind spontaneous mass protests, the social environment of which is the least socially protected strata, there can be parties adhering to the strategy of destabilizing the social system).

Introduction

Public organizations and movements are non-state formations that unite people according to their interests and professions. They have a rich history. Already in the ancient world, along with the state, there were associations of representatives, as a rule, of the possessing classes and free citizens. They also took place in the medieval period of human history. Most often, these associations were based on religious ideas (knightly associations, orders of the crusaders, and so on).

Political parties, being the center of the political life of society, do not cover the whole variety of social and political processes in their activities. The activities of political parties seem to continue in the activities of numerous public organizations, in mass social movements.

Social and political organization and social and political movement: general and specific

For example, according to the criterion of purpose, there are social and political movements and organizations, revolutionary and counter-revolutionary, reformist and conservative, national-democratic, general democratic, ecological. By fields of activity: economic, social, national, international, religious, scientific, educational and others. At the place of activity: local, regional, national, international, acting in parliament (functions and other associations of deputies), within administrative structures, in the system of educational and scientific institutions, in a religious environment. By the nature of their occurrence: spontaneous and deliberately organized; by the way of organization: clubs, associations, associations, unions, fronts; by social composition: youth, women, professional. Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of Political Science: A course of lectures. Rostov., 1997.S. 302.

No matter how diverse social movements and organizations may be, all of them, in one way or another, are called upon to fulfill two main tasks: a) the expression and realization of group interests; b) ensuring the participation of members of a particular group or community in management public affairs and self-government, and therefore, in the implementation of the principles of democracy (democracy). Hence the deep reasons for the emergence of social movements and organizations: dissatisfaction with group needs and interests through the activities of institutions of state power and political parties, the presence of economic and sociocultural problems that are not resolved by the structures of power and management.

The presence of various social needs and interests in itself does not yet lead to the emergence of social movements and organizations. The factor of interests is triggered precisely when, firstly, the state of unsatisfactory interests is fixed in public consciousness. Secondly, when certain ideas are formed in the mass consciousness about the content of group interests and ways to satisfy them. Thirdly, there is a growing need for a significant part of various groups and strata of the people to participate in the adoption of social and political decisions related to the implementation of interests. Finally, fourthly, if there are appropriate democratic structures in the political system. In general, public and socio-political movements and organizations arise on the basis of social and group interests, subject to the development of self-awareness of certain social groups, which is realized in public activity related to the satisfaction of these interests. In the same place. From 303.

In difficult, difficult times, people saturated with ideological contradictions are first grouped into protest movements and organizations, then popular fronts, associations, mass movements begin to exist, moreover, within the systemic state, party, trade union and youth structures: independent trade union organizations, strike committees, various groups deputies. In the future, there is an integration of movements and organizations that have formed both outside and inside the political system. There are such movements as: "Democratic Russia", "United Front of Working People" and others.

The main problem, in his opinion, is that the distribution of the surplus product rests on the privileged assimilation of socially produced wealth by the ruling strata of society. At the same time, unequal distribution should have a “legalized” form and be recorded in the system of legal norms. As soon as the belief in the legitimacy of the existing order decreases for any reason, the force is released, latently hidden in the system of institutions, which can lead to sharp social disagreements, conflicts, and crisis. To avoid such a development of events, it is necessary to establish an order, which should be based on an appropriate distribution of power. Political encyclopedia / Under. ed. G. Semigina - M., 1999.S. 575

In the 1980s, Habermas Jurgen developed ideas about instrumental and communicative action in the two-volume Theory of Communicative Action. By communicative action, Habermas understands the influence of individuals, which is ordered according to the norms taken as mandatory. If instrumental action is focused on success, then communicative action is on mutual understanding of acting individuals, their consensus. It presupposes coordination of efforts. In the same place. S 575

In general, the concept of "social and political movements" covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly included in state and party structures, but are to one degree or another the subjects of political life, combining to varying degrees the functions of cooperation, opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle against state institutions and political parties. This concept covers a wide range of associations - from those that have a direct impact on political decision-making, characterized by a high level of organization and structure, to purely political ones that do not have a clear organized nucleus. This diversity constitutes a certain difficulty in typologizing movements, analyzing the causes of their emergence, ideological and political position, social base, and relations with the authorities. At the same time, one can single out the most common features of social and political movements that distinguish them from parties.

The ideological and political orientation of the movements is much broader, and the goals are much narrower and more specific than those of the parties. This allows people with different political views to participate in the movement, but support a specific political goal, for the sake of which the movement is created and operates. This determines the ability of movements to acquire a large scope.

Social and political movements seek to influence the government, but they themselves, as a rule, do not seek power.

There are many types of social and political movements:

- from the point of view of attitude to the existing system, movements are conservative, reformist and revolutionary;
- on the ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;
- on a national basis - national liberation, for the self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc .;
- by demographic basis - youth, student, etc .;
- by scale - international, regional, in the country, state, republic;
- by methods and modes of action - legal illegal, formal, informal, oriented towards peaceful or violent actions.

Social and political movements perform important functions:

- condense the interests, sentiments of broad heterogeneous layers of the population:
- put forward goals, develop ways to achieve them;
- create a large political force focused on solving a specific political problem;
- lead mass demonstrations, organize non-violent and sometimes violent demonstrations.

There are various options for the relationship of social and political movements with parties.

Independent social and political movements do not enter into any relationship with parties. This happens when the members of the movements, having a certain political interest, at the same time are not satisfied with the activities of the parties. Many members of the movements do not want to associate themselves with partisanship at all. In the same place. P. 105

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or a bloc of parties in order to involve broad masses of non-party people in the struggle for the political task put forward.

Having achieved success in solving the assigned tasks, political movements usually cease to exist (this happened, for example, with the movement against the deployment of cruise missiles in Europe and others), but in a number of cases, when the tasks put forward are too complicated, their solution requires long-term efforts, access to levers of power, political movements acquire the characteristics of a party and are transformed into it (as, for example, happened with the movement of the “greens”). Thus, social and political movements can be the initial stage in the formation of a party, and, having become a party, they can retain the name "movement". However, this is by no means a necessary result of the evolution of movement. Political movements do not oust parties, do not turn into a stage of their formation.

There are several reasons for people's interest in social movements and organizations. First, in recent years, and perhaps in recent decades, political parties are increasingly losing their authority among the broad masses of the people, and especially among young people. People sometimes get tired of the praise and political games of party leaders, who often use the trust of ordinary party members in their personal interests - to break through to power at any cost. People from the outside see this and do not want to join this or that party, do not want to be a bargaining chip in political games.

Secondly, mass public organizations and movements attract numerous supporters to their ranks by the fact that they do not strictly adhere to any ideological concept in their activities. Ideology is the lot of a political party. And the people often see no use in any ideology. Their main content is political problems, issues of power, and not the material interests of ordinary people, their daily needs.

Socio-political movements and organizations, depending on their connection with the political system, can be institutionalized (formal) and non-institutionalized (informal). The first, so to speak, are recognized by the political system as its constituent element and function in accordance with a set of formal rules. The latter arise and act outside the system, according to the rules not prescribed to it. These are the so-called informal organizations. However, in social and political life, everything is subject to dynamics. Interconversions of public organizations are also possible. Some informal movements and organizations are turning into formal and even political parties. This is the dialectic of many informal organizations in the former USSR.

The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of sovereign states, created in 1945 at a conference in San Francisco on the initiative of the leading state participants in the anti-Hitler coalition on the basis of a voluntary unification of their efforts. The UN was born out of the great victory over fascism. The fundamentals of its activities and structure were developed during the 2nd World War (1939-1945). G. Semigin. Decree. op. P. 86

In general, the activities of the UN are aimed at peaceful coexistence, at peaceful relations between states, to be more precise, there is a UN Charter, the goals of which are: maintaining international peace and security, preventing and eliminating threats to peace and suppressing acts of aggression, settling or resolving international disputes or situations that may lead to a violation of the peace; development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; implementation of international cooperation in solving international problems of an economic, cultural, and humanitarian nature and fostering respect for human rights and fundamental freedoms for all, without distinction of race, gender, language and religion; acting as a center for coordinating the actions of states aimed at achieving these goals. The Charter also provides for the principles of international cooperation, enshrines such points as the bona fide resolution of disputes only by peaceful means. In the same place. S 87

Test

by discipline Political Science

"Social and political organizations and

movement "

Introduction

Public organizations and movements are non-state formations, and movements are non-state formations that unite people according to their interests and professions. They have a rich history. Already in the ancient world, along with the state, there were associations of representatives, as a rule, of the possessing classes and free citizens. They also took place in the medieval period of human history. Most often, these associations were based on religious ideas (knightly associations, orders of the crusaders, and so on).

The purpose of this test work on the topic "Social and political organizations and movements" is to reveal the meaning of the ideas of organizations and movements, their role in the life of civil society as a whole.

To do this, it is necessary to solve several problems, namely:

1. Describe the importance of social and political organizations and movements.

2. Describe the types of social and political movements.

3. Consider the reasons for the emergence of social and political organizations and movements.

1. Social and political organization and social and political movement: general and specific

No matter how diverse social movements and organizations may be, all of them, in one way or another, are called upon to fulfill two main tasks: a) the expression and realization of group interests; b) ensuring the participation of members of a particular group or community in the management of public affairs and self-government, and therefore, in the implementation of the principles of democracy (democracy). Hence the deep reasons for the emergence of social movements and organizations: dissatisfaction with group needs and interests through the activities of government institutions and political parties, the presence of economic and socio-cultural problems that are unsolved by the structures of power and management.

The presence of various social needs and interests in itself does not yet lead to the emergence of social movements and organizations. The factor of interests is triggered precisely when: “… first, the state of unsatisfactory interests is fixed in the public consciousness; secondly, certain ideas are taking shape in the mass consciousness about the content of group interests and ways to satisfy them; thirdly, there is a growing need for a significant part of various groups and strata of the people to participate in the adoption of social and political decisions related to the implementation of interests; finally, fourthly, if there are appropriate democratic structures in the political system. In general, social and socio-political movements and organizations arise on the basis of social-group interests, subject to the development of self-awareness of certain social groups, which is realized in public activity related to the satisfaction of these interests ”1.

In the 1980s, Habermas Jurgen developed ideas about instrumental and communicative action in the two-volume Theory of Communicative Action. “Under the communicative action, Habermas understands the influence of individuals, which is ordered according to the norms taken as mandatory. If instrumental action is focused on success, then communicative action is on mutual understanding of acting individuals, their consensus. It presupposes coordination of efforts ”2. Also, according to his ideas, communicative action is a means of social interaction and serves to form solidarity. Throughout the theoretical activity of Habermas, all such topics intersected and became parts of the large-scale theory of communicative action created by him and constantly being improved.

In general, the concept of "social and political movements" covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly included in state and party structures, but are to one degree or another the subjects of political life, combining to varying degrees the functions of cooperation, opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle against state institutions and political parties. This concept covers a wide range of associations - from those that have a direct impact on political decision-making, characterized by a high level of organization and structure, to purely political ones that do not have a clear organized nucleus. This diversity constitutes a certain difficulty in typologizing movements, analyzing the causes of their emergence, ideological and political position, social base, and relations with the authorities. At the same time, one can single out the most common features of social and political movements that distinguish them from parties.

The ideological and political orientation of the movements is much broader and more vague, and the goals are much narrower and more specific than those of the parties. This allows people with different political views to participate in the movement, but support a specific political goal, for the sake of which the movement is created and operates. This determines the ability of movements to acquire a large scope.

Social and political movements seek to influence the government, but they themselves, as a rule, do not seek power.

There are many types of social and political movements:

From the point of view of attitude to the existing system, movements are conservative, reformist and revolutionary;

On the ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;

On a national basis - national liberation, for the self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc .;

By demographic basis - youth, student, etc .;

In terms of scale - international, regional, in the country, state, republic;

According to the methods and modes of action - legal illegal, formal, informal, focusing on peaceful or violent actions.

Social and political movements perform important functions:

The interests and sentiments of broad diverse layers of the population condense:

They put forward goals, develop ways to achieve them;

They create a large political force focused on solving a specific political problem;

They lead mass demonstrations, organize non-violent and sometimes violent demonstrations.

There are various options for the relationship of social and political movements with parties.

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or a bloc of parties in order to involve broad masses of non-party people in the struggle for the political task put forward.

PAGE_BREAK--

2. Traditional and new types of social and political movements, organizations. Their dynamics

Secondly, mass public organizations and movements attract numerous supporters to their ranks by the fact that they do not strictly adhere to any ideological concept in their activities. Ideology is the lot of a political party. And the people often see no use in any ideology. Their main content is political problems, issues of power, and not the material interests of ordinary people, their daily needs.

Socio-political movements and organizations, depending on their connection with the political system, can be institutionalized (formal) and non-institutionalized (informal). The first, so to speak, are recognized by the political system as its constituent element and function in accordance with a set of formal rules. The latter arise and act outside the system, according to the rules not prescribed to it. These are the so-called informal organizations. However, in social and political life, everything is subject to dynamics. Interconversions of public organizations are also possible. Some informal movements and organizations are turning into formal and even political parties. This is the dialectic of many informal organizations in the former USSR.

“The United Nations (UN) is an international organization of sovereign states, created in 1945 at a conference in San Francisco on the initiative of the leading state participants in the anti-Hitler coalition on the basis of a voluntary unification of their efforts. The UN was born out of the great victory over fascism. The fundamentals of its activity and structure were developed during the 2nd World War (1939-1945) ”1.

3. Social and political organizations and movements in Russia: history and modernity

Public organizations and movements received significant development in bourgeois society, especially with the entry into the historical arena of the working class - people freed from feudal serfdom and given freedom by law to unite in various public organizations. With the help of organized social movements of various orientations, the working class achieved tangible results in the struggle to improve its living conditions, for social freedoms and political rights.

“Public organizations and movements have risen to a new level of their development after the Second World War. They became widespread. This was facilitated by the strengthening of the democratic tendency in the socio-political life of peoples, the rise of the national-political life of the peoples, the rise of the national liberation struggle, and especially the struggle for peace, against the threat of a new world war. Today, the scope of the activities of public, non-governmental organizations and mass movements is such that they cover almost all aspects of the life of human society. They include hundreds of millions of people, they exert a powerful influence on international relations, on the internal political processes of states ”1.

In connection with the passage of time, there are collapses of former ideals, propaganda occurs, primarily through the media. The worldviews of people also change, views on the past can change dramatically in the opposite direction, since everything in life is impermanent. There was a destruction of youth organizations, first of all, the Komsomol. For all the shortcomings in the work of the Komsomol in Soviet times, it was an organization that rallied young people, protected their interests, organizing young men and women for useful and interesting things. The creation of new social and political organizations, the solution of local and local problems strengthen the sense of mutual understanding, contributes to the growth of the authority of the organizations.

Currently, the most massive movements are: the movement of the "green", anti-globalization, anti-war, women, the movement of democratic youth and others. All these movements are international. In each country, there are many mass movements on a national scale, reflecting the specific situation that is developing in it. In recent years, many social movements and organizations have emerged on the territory of the former USSR, including on the territory of Russia.

A characteristic feature of modern mass social movements and organizations is that they, as a rule, are either directly related to politics, or indirectly affect the quality of the activities of political institutions.

Conclusion

Bibliography

Political Science: Textbook for Universities / Under. ed. M.A. Vasilica. - M .: Jurist, 1999.

Vorobiev K.A. Political Science: Textbook for Universities.-2nd ed. Rev. And add. - M .: Academic Project, 2005.

Zerkin D.P. Fundamentals of Political Science: A course of lectures. Rostov n / a: "Phoenix", 1997.

Maltsev V.A. Fundamentals of Political Science: A Textbook for Universities. - M .: ITRK RSPP, 1998.

Political science: Textbook / A.Yu. Melville [et al.]; Moscow: Moscow State Institute of International Relations (University) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, TC Welby, publishing house Prospect, 2004.

Political science: textbook for universities / Scientific editor A.A. Radugin.-2nd ed., Revised. and add. - M .: Center, 2001.

Political encyclopedia. In 2 volumes. T2 / Nat. Societies. - Science Foundation; Hands. project G.Yu. Semigin; scientific-editorial council: pre. Council of G.Yu. Semigin. - M .: Thought, 1999.

An integral part of any democratic society are social and political organizations and movements. Social and political organizations are voluntary associations of citizens that arise on their initiative and for the realization of their interests. The main characteristic features public organizations are as follows:

1. Lack of power relations and the inability to make binding decisions and demand their implementation.

2. Unlike political parties, they do not aim to seize state power, but their activities can acquire a political character.

3. These are voluntary organizations of citizens, which arose on their initiative.

4. The state does not interfere in their activities, but regulates them in accordance with the current legislation.

Social and political associations operate on the basis of the following principles :

voluntariness;
combination of personal and public interests;
self management;
equality of participants;
legality;
publicity.

Social and political movements - associations, coalitions, unions of various social groups for the joint solution of problems of interest to them.

Social movement:

may not be structured structurally;
can unite organizations of different political orientations;
as a rule, it is temporary (for solving certain problems).

V R development of social movement highlights the following stages :

Stage I

the birth of ideas;
the emergence of activists;
development of common views;

Stage II

propaganda of views;
agitation;
attracting supporters;

Stage III

clearer formation of ideas and requirements;
development of social and political activity;

registration in a socio-political organization or party and participation in political life and the struggle for power;
if the goals are achieved or there are no prospects for their achievement, the movement fades.

Social and political movements can be divided into:

national (within one country);
regional;
continental;
world.

Trade unions occupy a special place among social and political organizations. Trade union is a non-governmental public organization of people working in the same profession or employed in the same industry.

The main union functions :

protection of economic and social interests workers;
cultural education and upbringing;
socialization of workers;
representation of the interests of employees on issues of their work and life.

The most active socio-political and democratic movements are the following:

1. Women's movement.

2. Antiwar movement.

3. Environmental movement

4. Human rights movement

5. Youth movement

6. National movement

In addition, there are:

non-aligned movement;
movement against racial and national discrimination;
movement for the establishment of a new economic order;
peasant movement for land and social rights;
pacifist movements of scientists, doctors, lawyers and other movements.

Thus, the political life of society is rich and diverse. Important role it belongs to parties and social and political movements and organizations.

22 . Interest groups, their essence and main characteristics.

Interest groups- associations of individuals created to defend powerfully significant interests and to influence the authorities in order to make decisions favorable to them. The main difference from parties is that these groups do not participate in the government, but they have an impact on it. 2 types:

Groups of general importance (have a humanistic orientation) - environmental

Groups of specific interests (defending special interests - professional), industry, confessional, religious. The activities of these groups are detrimental to the activities of others.

Methods of influencing power:

Lobbying - directly aimed at representing the authorities in efforts to promote their interests (implemented by formal and informal contracts). The effect itself. There is a direct impact on the subject. In the United States, the law on lobbying has existed since 1946. There is no such law in the Russian Federation.

Organization of promotion of contacts in the media; organization mass actions to get attention; use of PR; electoral support for certain persons.

Use of threats, blackmail, bribery, strike, rally, protest, terrorist actions.

Sectoral, ethical interest groups are identified that have the greatest influence on the government.

24. Political ideology, its essence and functions.
Political ideology is a system of ideas, views, concepts on political life, ways of explaining the world of politics, which is based on values, orientations towards certain political phenomena, processes, structures. Levels of political ideology:

1. Theoretical and conceptual - the formulation of the main provisions that reveal the interests and ideals of a social group, nation and state (doctrine).

2. Program-political - the development of programs, manifestos, slogans that form the ideological basis for making political decisions and mobilizing the masses (program).

3. Updated - the degree to which citizens have mastered the goals and principles of this ideology, the measure of their implementation in practical actions (political practice).

Ideology schematizes reality, simplifying and coarsening it, as a result of which it is a tool for manipulating public consciousness.

Functions of political ideology:

1. Educational and educational - the introduction into the mind of the given assessments of the past, present and future, according to which people should orient themselves in the sphere of political relations. The construction of group values.

2. Propaganda - creating a positive image of the current political line, its compliance with the interests of social groups, nation, state.

3. Integrating - the consolidation of society on the basis of national, patriotic or group values.

4. Mobilization - stimulation of purposeful actions of citizens to fulfill the assigned tasks.

Types of political ideologies:

1) Conservatism... Main values: state, church, family, private property... Strengthening the foundations of the state. Against state capitalism, radical reforms and extremism. Inequality is inherent in society. Society is changing evolutionarily.

2) Liberalism... Main values: democracy, individualism, guaranteed human rights, private property, economic freedom. The absolute human value is the delimitation of the volume and spheres of the state's activity. Political equality of all people. Society is being changed with the help of reforms. O

3) Radicalism... A drastic change in existing social and political institutions.

Political consciousness.

Political consciousness- is a set of ideas and feelings, views and emotions, assessments and attitudes, expressing people's attitude to the implemented and desired policy, determining the ability to participate in the management of the affairs of society and the state.

Political consciousness is one of the main forms public conscience, it arises along with the emergence of statehood, political power.

The essence of political consciousness lies in the fact that it is a result and at the same time a process of reflection and development of political reality, taking into account the interests of people.

Functions political consciousness:

2) regulatory(provides guidance through ideas, perceptions, beliefs, etc. regarding political participation);

3) cognitive(the need for a person's knowledge of various sides of the world of politics)

4) ideological(the need to unite political parties, nations and states, to maintain the won positions of power)

5) appraisal(contributes to the development of attitudes to political life, to specific political events);

6) communicative(ensuring the interaction of policy actors with institutions of power)

7) integrating(promotes the unification of social groups in society on the basis of common values, ideas, attitudes);

8) cognitive(helps people to assimilate political information, to analyze the surrounding political reality);

9) prognostic(creates the basis for predicting the content and nature of the development of the political process, allows you to obtain information about future political relations);

10) educational(the ability to influence political behavior in accordance with certain goals, ideals)

11) mobilizing(encourages people to politically oriented behavior, to participate in social and political life for the sake of defending their interests, to unite with like-minded people in parties, movements, other associations).

According to the depth of reflection of reality, the following levels of political consciousness are distinguished: ideological(formed by certain social groups on the basis of a focused study of the political process and has such features as integrity, systematization, ability to predict, is associated with the development of concepts, ideas, concepts, is embodied in declarations, programs, etc.); psychological(it is formed on the basis of people's everyday life experience and has such features as contradictoriness, superficiality, unsystematization, emotionality, etc.).

Depending on the subjects, political consciousness can be:

- massive(expresses public opinion, mood and action of the masses);

- group(generalizes the attitudes and motives of the political behavior of specific classes, strata, elites);

- individual(contains a system of informational, motivational and value components that ensure a person's cognition of politics and participation in it).

In a concentrated form, political consciousness is contained in mass ideologies.

Political consciousness - systemic education with various levels.

1. State the level at which the formulation and justification of official policy is carried out. At this level of political consciousness, the existing political orders and principles of government are most consistently defended.

2. Theoretical the level is represented by various kinds of concepts, ideas, views of a political nature. Awareness of politics at a theoretical level allows:

a) set and solve the most important political goals and tasks - both fundamental (strategic) and current (tactical);

b) determine the means and methods of achieving them;

c) determine the directions and ways of organizational and political support for solving urgent problems;

d) develop conceptual approaches to social control over the implementation of political decisions and target programs;

e) adjust the policy based on practical experience.

3. Empirical the level is based on direct practice, participation in the political process of various social communities. This level reflects political reality in the form of sensations, illusions, experiences, ideas.

4. Mundane... This level is characterized by pronounced social and psychological traits: moods, feelings, emotions. This gives it a special dynamism, the ability to react sensitively to changes in the political situation.

25. Conservatism and neoconservatism. Conservative ideas in Russian society. Conservatism means political ideology advocating the preservation of the existing public order, mainly moral and legal relations, embodied in the nation, religion, marriage, family, property.

Have new Russia turned out to be two past - pre-Soviet and Soviet. Therefore, the interpretations of conservatism among researchers of this ideological trend are different. Thus, Russian conservatism, which has assumed a state-socialist character, closely merged with national-patriotism, is the opposite of Western conservatism.

Conservatism to a greater extent expresses the collectivist principles of social life, therefore it is close to the mentality of Russians. For Russian conservatives, the vital values are equality, social justice, state support. Equality is understood in a socialist, redistributive sense and does not consist in equality of opportunities, but in equality of results. Therefore, a stake is placed on state paternalism as the main instrument for the disposal and distribution of material and spiritual wealth.

In the political consciousness of conservative Russians, private property is not associated with social activity, responsibility, desire for development, and with exploitation.

For the western conservative essential have such values as a code of honor, respect for work, class and professional pride. The Russian conservative organically and naturally perceives the "solidarity" of people, which was necessary condition the elementary survival of many of them.

Conservative tendencies are very strong in the political consciousness of Russians. From the point of view of G.P. Artemov and O.V. Popova, to the most significant empirical signs of people's orientation towards conservative values in conditions modern Russia include the following:

Confidence that order is more important than freedom, and justice is more important than human rights;

Loyalty to tradition and rejection of radical reforms;

The conviction that the interests of the state are higher than the interests individual citizen;

Setting on a strong state as a factor in ensuring order and well-being;

Recognition of the need for social inequality;

The admission of the possibility of limiting certain rights of citizens for the sake of achieving state goals.

Cultural changes take a long time, as the conservative spirit is deeply rooted in the millennial Russian history... Historical crises contribute to the assertion of conservative thinking, sharply reducing the space in which liberalism is capable of, which forces it to adapt to changing conditions.

V post-war period when conservatism was forced to turn to a more subtle and complex apologetics of the capitalist way of life, new forms of this ideology arose. Much softer towards government regulation production and the participation of the population in management, these ideological currents decisively raised the issue of strengthening the rule of law, state discipline and order, did not recognize the initiated reforms. Conservatives, in an effort to reconsider the idea of democracy from their own positions, even suggested supplementing the election of people's representatives with the nomination of the most “worthy” (from the point of view of the authorities) citizens to the governing bodies.

The last decades indicated a clear tendency of conservatism, on the one hand, towards irrational ideas of a reactionary nature (for example, the "new right" in France), and on the other hand, towards a greater inclination towards liberal values. The second direction in the evolution of conservative ideas was most clearly manifested in neoconservatism - an ideological trend that was formed as a kind of response to the economic crisis of 1973-1974, mass youth protest movements in Western Europe and the expansion of the influence of Keynesian ideas.

Neoconservatism offered society the spiritual priorities of family and religion, social stability based on the moral mutual responsibility of the citizen and the state and their mutual assistance, respect for the law and distrust of excessive democratization, strong state order and stability.

The main responsibility for preserving the human principle under these conditions was assigned to the individual himself, who must first of all rely on his own strength and local solidarity of fellow citizens. Such a position was supposed to support his vitality and initiative and at the same time prevent the state from turning into a “cash cow” that corrupts a person with its help.

Neoconservatism has incorporated those features of conservative ideology and way of thinking that today have proven capable of protecting a person at a new technological stage of the industrial system, determining the priorities of the individual and public programs life, outline the image of a policy that can lead society out of the crisis. Moreover, on such an ideological basis, neoconservatism synthesized many humanistic ideas not only of liberalism, but also of socialism, as well as a number of other teachings.

II. ORIGIN AND MAIN STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE.

II. REGULATORY LEGAL SUPPORT for the organization of physical education of students

II. The main approaches to political relations in political theory.

II. Transformations in the nursing staff training system.

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