Pistol machine gun PPS combat application. Why are PPS call "victory weapon"? The Great Patriotic War

75 years ago was adopted by a gun-machine gun S. S. Schpagin. It can be safely attributed to the samples that they say: more than weapons. This is one of the victory symbols in the Great Patriotic War.

The question of the continuation of the development of a new type of automatic weapon under the pistol cartridge for the possible replacement of the Degtyarev machine gun (PPD) was formulated as early as early 1939. And when, according to the experience of the Soviet-Finnish war, an increase in the number of machine guns in the troops began, naturally, the task of not only the modernization of PAP, but also accelerate the development of more reliable, and most importantly - more technological and cheap in the production of construction.

Reducing the processing time, metal consumption and cost could be achieved through use in the weapon production of already implemented in domestic engineering Mass manufacturing technologies - replacement of pressure cutting, precise casting, electric welding.

"Test stood"
A new sample was again created in the carpet G. S. Plugin (1897-1952) and presented to the factory tests on August 20, 1940. Earlier, Georgy Semenovich specially acquainted with the possibilities of stamping and welding metal parts. "The experimental gun-machine gun of Shpagina with a large number of parts made by stamping showed, showed nice results Works in both single and continuous fire "- this conclusion of the commission convinced the skeptics that believed that for automatic weapons, the accuracy provided by stamping was not suitable. At the same time, at the suggestion of the artacademic, I had to change the shape of the goal.


The competitor of the Schapagin's submarine gun was a sample of B. G. Schital, represented as a "infantry machine gun" due to the long trunk and a large-capacity drum store (97 and 100 ammunition). At the end of November 1940, the tests of "children" of both designers began at the scientific and test site of small armaments in comparison with serial PPD-40.

According to the results of polygon tests, the striphame gun of the Schapagin was indicated that it has advantages over the PPD regarding the reliability of the automation in different conditions operation, in the simplicity of the design and in a slight improvement in the adhesion of firing. In the report of the chief of chief artillery control G.I. Kulika in the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) and SNK of the USSR dated December 3, 1940 was noted: "Experienced Puttagin's Machine gun for the work of automatics and reliability (durability) of the test details ended up and can be recommended for the arms of the Red Army in return". (By the way, in the artillery museum in St. Petersburg, an experienced submachine gun Shpagin in 1940, withstanding 35 thousand shots on the tests).)


In the decision of the USSR SCS and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) dated October 4, 1940, the following was said: "Pistol-machine gun T. Schapagina to make in the amount of 50 pcs. Within 3 weeks and experience in the troops, after which it is to decide on the admission of it ... Pistol-machine gun t. Schital after factory tests and testing on the test site. Transfer in an amount of 11 pcs. no later than November 7, 1940 on military TestingAfter that, make a decision on admission to arms. "

However, already on December 21, 1940, the decision of the Defense Committee at the USSR SCC is adopted for armament, "7.62 mm gun-machine gun of the Schpaigns of the OBR.1941 (PPS-41)" (in the documents, he was also called simply "Pistol-machine of the Obr. 1941 "). For the creation of PPS G. S. Shpagin in 1941 awarded the Stalinsky Prize of the 1st degree.

Advantages and disadvantages
In April 1941, a new building "L" was built at the carpet at the plant No. 2, the branch number 1 was deployed on its basis, which produced machine guns of DP and machine guns.

You can compare the technological indicators of PPD-40 and PPS. One copy of the PPD demanded for the manufacture of 13.6 stunkas, PPSH - 7.3, the number of factory parts is 95 at the PPD and 87 in PPS, parts mechanical processing - 72 and 58, and cold stamping - 16 and 24, respectively, the number of threaded compounds is 7 at the PPD and only 2 in PPS.

Tactical and technical characteristics of PPSh arr.1941
7,62х25 TT Patron

5.5 kg Weapon Weaping with Cartridges

840 mm Weapon Length

274 mm Stem Length

500 m / s initial bullet speed

700-900 SECURITY / MENT TEMP FIGHT

30/90 SECURITY / MIN Combat rainfare, one / auth.

500 m sighting distance

71 Cartridge Store Capacity

In general, the PPS kept the traditional machine guns of that time "Carabinous" scheme with a constant wooden butt and the metal casing of the trunk, which had holes for better cooling, but according to the production technology, it was already to a new generation. "Rectangular" External PPS Opports were defined just the manufacture of parts with a cold stamping. The automation, like most machine gun guns, worked on the basis of the return of the free shutter, the shot was made due to the energy of the return-combat spring. Machine was hard fastened in the gate, which was moving inside the shutter box. The hard box, made at the same time with the trunk casing, served as a lid of the shutter box. The shutter's handle moved in a groove between the trunks and the gate boxes.

The trigger allowed the maintenance of solitary and automatic fire. The translator of the types of fire was located ahead of the trigger, the front position - automatic fire, the rear - single. The fuse served as a latch on the shutter handle, which included in the neckline of the trunks and blocking the shutter in the front or rear position. Combat rapidity reached: single fire - up to 30 shots per minute, short queues - up to 70, long - up to 100 (the last type of shooting could only be conducted a short time and gave results for a distance of no more than 100 m).


Removing the shooting sleeve was performed through the top window of the hard box using a spring-loaded shutter dischargeover and a rigid bond reflector. The aiming device of PPS-41 included a fuse flyer and a sector sight, nailed on a distance from 50 to 500 m. The belt antaboe was located on the left side on the bow and on the housing of the barrel. A wooden bed had a semi-trap cervix, in the cavity of the butt accommodation was accommodated.

TO positive traits Designs related to simple disassembly (for which the trunk with a bodily box was leaning on a hinge forward), compact assembly trigger In the trigger, the original muzzle brake compensator in the form of a bevelled front of the trunk casing (the compensator also protected the barrel channel from contamination).


The drum shop PPS was inherited from PPD-40. He gave certain advantages: with a sudden collision with an opponent on low-range The large capacity of the store allowed to fight, leading a continuous fire before moving to the sighting shooting, in the attack and when there are inside the fortifications - longer to fire the queues without changing the store. But the weapon with such a store showed itself bulky on the march and uncomfortable when closing. The process of equipment of a box store is much more complicated than the drum, and the supplétter spring quickly looked quickly. In addition, the drum shop was much more complicated in production.


Easy and manufacturability
IN new system Rark armament of the Red Army, which was formed in 1939-1941, a submachine gun received a new role, but it was still defined as auxiliary. This can be judged by the plan of military orders of the defense drug addicts, Navy and internal affairs for 1941 (decree of the USSR SCC and the Central Committee of the CPSU (b) of February 7, 1941): "... for land armediation

... rifles total - 1,800,000 pcs.

Including self-loaded arr. 40 g. - 1 100 000

7.62 mm Nagan Revolvers - 160,000

7.62 mm automatic pistols - 140,000

7.62 mm shpagin's machine guns - 200,000.

On staff introduced on April 5, 1941, in rifle Division There were 10,240 rifles and 1204 machine gun guns, in a rifle company - 27 machine guns, 104 self-loading rifles, 11 store rifles and 9 shopping carbines. However, it was not possible to continually withstand such norms of rifle troops with individual automatic weapons. Thus, in the 5th and 6th armies of the Kiev Special Military District for June 1941, small-scale rifle divisions had machine guns from 20 to 55 percent of the state, which in the future had to revise. Cash reserves with great losses in the retreat of the first months of the war dictated new conditions - the state of the rifle division dictated on July 29, 1941, he assumed a sharp decline in the share of automatic weapons - 8341 Rifle and Carabiner, 171 submachine gun.


Meanwhile, at the end of 1941, it was not in fact about the replenishment of the army by the personnel and weapons, but on the creation and equipment of the new army. The speed of its saturation of automatic weapons and training personnel played a decisive role. And here the simplicity and the manufacturability of PPS were as impossible by the way. It is not by chance that NIPSvo, spending on December 17, 1941, comparative tests of machine guns, noted: "Pistols - machine guns, consisting of the Red Army, are not inferior to modern in their properties foreign examplesAnd on the simplicity of the device is superior to the latter. " This, I must say, appreciated the opponent - German soldiers willingly used the trophy PPS, which received the designation MP.717 (R) in the Wehrmacht. However, the Germans did not refuse and from the PPD arr. 1934/38 and arr. 1940, which "renamed" respectively in MP.716 (R) and MP.715 (R).


PPS manufacturability allowed short time To attract various machine-building enterprises to its production. In October 1941, in October 1941, on the basis of a spider factory and evacueed here, the plant from Zagorsk (already produced machine guns) and the plant for the production of burbot stores was organized Plant No. 385. From the Kovrov, sets of parts, tools and fixtures. The first PPS was sent to the front at the end of November 1941, so the break in the supply of products with overpassed enterprises did not exceed 45 days.

Plant No. 385 became the head for the production of PPS, and G. S. Schapagina appointed him by the chief designer. Interestingly, a young engineer N. F. Makarov took part in the production of PPS for production in Zagorsk and its modernization in Vyatka Polyanov, who created the famous PM gun and a number of other armament samples after the war. Acceleration of weapons issuing a transition to the manufacture of a trunk with the use of dvanning instead of cutting.

Modernization
The PPS did not avoid complaints - the complexity of the drum store and its attachment to the weapons were noted in the troops, the low vitality of individual parts (for example, a return-combat spring), an excessive tape of shooting, the availability of the system to pollution. Caused the dissatisfaction and massificity of the machine gun - with a carriage of PPS, weighed about 9 kilograms. There were spontaneous opening of the lid of the shutter box. Separate parties (in particular, Moscow ZIS) sometimes occurred spontaneous switching from a single shooting on automatic fire.


With the expansion of production, the design of the PPS changed. The experience of the first months of war showed that the range on which the sighting shooting was actually conducted different types small armsturned out to be significantly less than those set before the war. In particular, the submachine gun could conduct an effective fire at a distance of no more than 150-200 m. Already in December 1941, experienced PPS appeared with a twisted sight with two wholes - by 100 and 200 m. In addition, the folding sight was much easier in production And in 1942, the guns-machine guns with such an eye began to be released serially. On the range of up to 200 m, PPS exceeded the accuracy of the German 9-mm MP.38 and MP.40 due to both greater initial velocity of the bullet and the greater mass of the weapons itself.


The drum shop remained a weak point of the shepagin machine gun. And on February 12, 1942, for the PPS, a sector boxed store was adopted for 35 ammunition ("Horn", as he was called in the troops). It was not only easier in production, but also more convenient in wearing. The car gun could have 2 spare drum stores (142 ammunition) in the socks on the belt or 6 box stores (210 ammunition) in two bags. In addition, box stores were placed in braces, in pockets, overboard overcoats, behind the boot. True, at the end of 1943 it had to strengthen this store, producing it from a steel sheet with a thickness of 1 mm instead of 0.5 mm. But the same was required to do with the drum shop - for this on its building and the lid in 1942 completed additional rips.


In addition, the following changes were taken in the design of the PPS:

the spring fuse of the fleet changed the welded item;
the trunny box was strengthened by the rope;
the convened store latch eliminated the danger of his falling out during the shooting;
the trunk canal is chrome.
It is characteristic of the conditions for the production of military time History with a fiber shock absorber of the shutter - due to the complexity in obtaining a thick fiber on February 23, 1942, a shock absorber from textolite or parchment leather was approved. Several simplified the manufacture of wooden butt.

Leader - Moscow
In the Soviet Union, the PPS were produced in Vyatka Polyanov, Kovrov, Moscow, Zlatoust, Voroshilovgrad, Tbilisi. From Izhevsk delivered billets of trunks. Kovrovsky Plant No. 2 in 1942 organized independent production of PPS. In Moscow and the region, 106 enterprises were attracted to the manufacture of machine guns and details (including ZIS, Counting Analytical Machinery) with daily norm 1500 collected PPS, as a result, the capital became the most massive supplier of machine guns - only about 3.5 million pieces. The cost of production of one PPS decreased from 500 rubles in 1941 to 142 rubles in 1943.

The production of PPS for the USSR has established in Iran - since 1942, a Tehran machine-gun plant made several tens of thousands of machine guns for the Red Army.


If for the second half of 1941, the Red Army received about 100 thousand machine guns, in 1942 - 1,560,000, for the 1943rd - 2,000 060. Moreover, the increase in their release allowed in the second half of 1943 to reduce the manufacture of store rifles on Izhevsk factory from 12 to 10 thousand pieces per day. In total, during the war, the troops were transmitted 5,530,000 machine guns, and rifles and carbines - 11,760,000, that is, on the saturation of the troops, the machine guns and the scale of their use of the RKKE surpassed the enemy. In Germany in 1940-1945, it was possible to produce a little more than 1 million machine guns MR.40. It should be noted that they were not the main weapon of the German infantry, this role throughout the war, as in all the armies of the world, remained behind the rifle.


Martial realities
The active use of machine gun guns made a 7.62-mm pistol cartridge TT second by mass after a rifle cartridge, demanded release of cartridges with an armor-piercing and tracing bullet, as well as a transition to cheaper ordinary bullets with a steel core.


The principles of applying automata in battle. The traditional specialty arrow was divided into two - arrows with rifles or carbines and machine guns with machine guns. This reflected various combat opportunities Weapons and tactics of units that used it. By the order of the People's Commissar of Stalin's defense dated October 12, 1941, the company of car gun was introduced into the state of the rifle shelf. The document prescribed: "Commands of rifle regiments are widely used by car gunners to create a decisive fire superiority over the enemy in the near battle, in ambushes, during bypass, search for maneuver cover, using the surprise and mass of automatic fire." The machine gunners acted on the flanks and in the rear of the enemy, often participated in the tank landings, seeded through the combat order of the enemy, the fights in the fortifications, provided flanks and joints.

With increasing supplies, the share of machine guns in small arms grew, the specialty of the machine gun was becoming more and more common. The Rifle Division on the state adopted in December 1942 was supposed to have: the usual - 6474 rifles and carbine and 727 machine guns, Guards - 7095 and 1097, respectively. The state of the rifle division from December 1944 provided for 6330 rifles and carbines and 3594 guns-machine gun.

The number of machine gun guns and in the main tactical unit of infantry - rifle company: on state of July 1941 she had 141 rifles and carbine and 6 machine guns, from December 1942 - 103 and 9, respectively, and from December 1944 - already 73 and 54. If for 1942 the ratio of the number of rifles and carbines and the number of machine gun guns in common resource The weapons were 4.7: 1, then in 1943 - 3: 1, and in 1944 - 2.2: 1. By the beginning of 1944, the part of the Red Army was 26 times more machine guns than at the beginning of 1942.

Taking into account the experience of war
It is easy to notice that the share of automatic weapons in service the infantry in the second and third periods of the war grew mainly due to machine gun guns. As a result, the greatest density of fire rifle parts in front of their front developed at distances up to 200 m.

But neither by the range of effective shooting, nor on the punching bullet (bullet cartridge TT pierced steel helmet Not further than 50 m) a submachine gun no longer satisfy the needs identified by the war. It was necessary to have a weapon, which allows us to reliably affect the queues of the targets on the range of 400-500 m, and the single fire is up to 800 m. The key to the solution was the new cartridge of intermediate power. And with the creation of an intermediate cartridge of the 1943 sample, the development of several new samples of weapons - a machine gun, self-loading and shop carbines, a manual machine gun.


The growing number of PPS led to several unexpected proposals for its use. So, a variant of replacing a machine gun Dt "Tank" gun-machine-machine based on PPS with a smaller range of efficient shooting, but with large ammunition. In 1944, OKB A. N. Tupolev offered to mount on the Tu-2 "Battery" of 88 PPS for the "Astorming of Infantry Columns of the enemy" (Tu-2Sh). However, the experience did not go further.

PPS remained in service until replaced by its Kalashnikov machine. But after that, the submachine gun continued the service in different countries. Copies of PPS issued in China (type 50), Hungary (48m), the Yugoslav versions of M49 and M49 / 57 were distinguished by returning to cylindrical forms, since they were made on lathers, and insignificant changes in the design.

Semen Fedoseev

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Pistol-machine gun "PPS-41" was created in 1940 by famous soviet designer Small arms GS Spagina (which in 1939 helped Degtyarev to modify the machine gun called "DSHK"). In 1940, he was adopted and together with the famous Trejlineta was considered the most massive small arms of the Great Patriotic War. This automatic was developed under the cartridge of the caliber of 7.62 mm, which was the main patron used in the Soviet Army.

During the war, this design showed some disadvantages, in connection with which by the mid-1960s, the automatic was completely removed from weapons. The "PPS" place in the Soviet army took the newest machines of the Kalashnikov system. The shpagina vehicle remained in service with the rear parts of the USSR Army until 1991. Many CIS countries still use this weapon as armament of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and militarized security.

Now the shpagin machine (or a machine gun that more corresponds to the truth) can be bought as hunting carbine. To do this, the standard PPS is a bit converted a little (the store can accommodate only 10 cartridges, and the translator of fire is tightly weld in single fire mode). Unfortunately, the hunting carbine caliber was left for the same (under the cartridge 7.62), which made the shooting of it quite expensive pleasure, as the cartridges of this caliber are several times more expensive than more common cartridges. However, sometimes you can meet the model "PPS-lugu", which is converted by the Germans under the 9x19 mm cartridge, and the ammunition of this caliber is quite cheap.

The diagram of the guns-machine guns is such that it is quite problematic to hunt with such a weapon. Although the Dimensions of PPS are compact enough, its weight is too excessive for hunting weapons, and the PPS bullet does not have sufficient slaughter power to dump large beast. Shooting from PPS will be primarily interesting to those who since childhood liked the famous Soviet gun-machine gun.

History of the appearance of the gun-machine gun Shpagina

By 1940, the single gun-machine gun adopted by the Red Army was a gun-machine gun of Degtyarev sample 1934, 1934/38 and 1940. Although this weapon characteristics quite satisfied the military, its value and complexity of manufacture did not allow to make it mass weapons Infantry.

In 1940, the People's Commissariat of Armament gave the task of the design weapon office to develop a new gun-gun gun, which would not be worse than PPD, but was heard cheaper in the production and simplicity of the design. The device of the new weapon should have allowed to produce a new machine gun on any factory having lathes.

In the fall of 1940, two samples of machine guns were presented to the Commission's court:

1. Pistol-machine shpagin;
2. Pistol-machine gun grows, the size and weight of which was superior to both PP Shpagin, and PP Degtyarev.

In the process of testing PP, Spagina cost PP staged, as it was easier and did not require significant refinement. Both models on the tests showed themselves more efficient than the Machine gun of Degtyarev. PP Shpagina was sent to the plant for the manufacture of an experienced party, which was manufactured in October 1940 in the amount of 25 pieces.

After passing tests on the landfills that the new submachine gun passed with honor, it was recommended for the adoption of the rifle parts of the Red Army.

PPS was tested in hard modes, each sample shot about 30,000 ammunition, after which the firing and the overall health care was tested. The shooting was carried out at different angles, the mechanisms of the machine gun specially sprinkled with dust and even completely deprived lubricants. Despite this, the submachine gun of Schapagina showed exceptional reliability and reliability of work. At the same time, its combat qualities remained at the same level.

In December 1940, the 1941 PPS sample was adopted. In 1941, the army received about 90,000 combat PPS, and in 1942, more than 1,500,000 new machine gun guns arrived in the army.

Construction and TTH Pistol-Machine Motor Shpagina

The PPS is a sample of a manual automatic weapon designed to run fire in single shots and firing modes. The shop at the PPS Round (it is also called the PPS drive), which is the traditional scheme of stores for Soviet guns-machine guns of that time.

Automation in PPS works at the expense of recoil with a free shutter. During the work of the shot, the shutter is not fixed. This system requires the use of a sufficient mass, since the light gate will not be able to ensure the correct operation of the automation. In addition, weapons with a light gate can spontaneously shit when falling.

PPS can fire both single shots and queues. The fixed shutter of the gun-machine gun is located in the shutter mirror. In front of the crochet, the translator is located inside the trigger. The role of a fuse is a special slider, which is located on the echoing handle. If the PPS is placed on the fuse, then the shutter is locked or in the front or in the back position.

Since the gun gun gun is in its essence is a deeply recycled model of the Degtyarev Machine gun, it has the following features:

• The trunny box is a single part with a casing of the trunk;
• On the shooting handle there is a shutter with a fuse;
• Fire translator is located near the trigger, in the trigger;
• The sight of both models of flipped, and the bed is wooden.

Despite the multiple similar features, the PPS was much easier and cheaper in production, since the only detail that required accurate treatment was the trunk. The remaining parts of the gun-machine gun (except the shutter, which was performed on the lathe) could be made by the method of stamping. In this regard, the disassembly of the PPS did not constitute great difficulties. You can disassemble the PPS partially, removing only the store, a trunks, a shutter and a returnable mechanism. Having removed the store, you need to separate it with the lid and pour out all the cartridges. Full disassembly is carried out only in the case of the strongest pollution of the gun-machine gun.

The butt PPS was made of wood, the birch was used for all for this. The sight consisted of fleet and sector sight, which had a step of 50 meters. Snapshots from the gun-gun Pistol, according to the sight, ranged from 50 to 500 meters. Soon was introduced new scopewhich was a L-shaped celk.

The first PPS was completed with drum shops from PPD-40, which were too hard and complex in production. In 1942, they were replaced with box-made designs, which were calculated on 35 ammunition.

The main tactical and technical characteristics of PPS were as follows:

• The weight of the swarthy gun gun was 5.3 kg with a drum-type store, and 4.15 kg with a sector-type store;
• The total Length of PPS was 843 mm, of which 269 mm accounted for the trunk;
• The weapon used the cartridges of the caliber of 7.62 mm;
• The maximum shot range was 400 meters;
• The rapidity was about 1,000 shots per minute.

The advantages of PPS in front of other samples of the guns-machine guns of the 1940s

The real characteristics of the PPS, which he demonstrated during the fighting, revealed the following features of this weapon:

• Although according to the characteristics of the sector action, the fire from the PPS should be carried out at a distance of up to 500 meters, the real range victory shooting queues did not exceed 200 meters, although this distance significantly exceeded the shooting range most existing at that time analogues;
• Thanks to the use of larger ammunition, as well as the length of the trunk, it was possible to achieve greater dung bullet speed, which accounted for 500 meters per second. For comparison, the German MP-40 had a dull speed in 380 m / s, and American Thompson - 290 m / s;
• Although the high rapidity of the swipagin gun gun led to the rapid flow rate of the ammunition and overheating the trunk, in the short-term short battle, this indicator gave significant advantages;
• Reliability of PPS was high enough, although this applied only to well-cleaned and lubricated weapons. Dirty PPS often refused to shoot, so he was trying to hide him under a cloak.

Like any automatic weapon, the pistol-machine of Shpagina also had its drawbacks:

• The main disadvantage is redundant sizes and weight;
• Charging the store requires a large number of time that is practically not in battle. However, this disadvantage was compensated for additional stores that were equipped with privals or interruptions between battles;
• The reliability of the fuse often caused questions;
• The possibility of spontaneous shot when the gun-gun is falling, which contributed to obtaining random firearms of the Russian Academy of Sciences;
• The shock absorber of the shutter, which was made from the fiber, was worn out over time, after which the shutter with ease broke the box.

All these shortcomings (except for weight and sizes) could be corrected by the timely service of weapons and regular cleaning.

Factory and "handicraft" modifications of PPS, manufactured during and after

All shephair gun guns and its "clones" can be divided into several categories:

1. The very first modification of the PPS was a sample of 1941, which had a disk store, which enlisters 71 cartridges and a sectoral sight, designed for shooting from 50 to 500 meters. The first batch of the 1941 PPS sample was released in November 1940, when the Puttagin's submachine gun has not yet been officially adopted;
2. Taking into account the front-line complaints on frequent champions of cartridges in disk stores, in 1942 a new modification of the PPS, equipped with a box-made shop, was released. The first stores were made from steel with a thickness of 0.5 mm, in the future they were replaced with stores with a thickness of 1 mm. In addition to the replacement of the store, new PPS samples, called the PPS of the 1942 sample, got a more reliable store store and new sights;
3. "Politicastar" samples of PPS were collected on the Kandalakskha Plant number 310 in January 1941. Since the plant did not have drawings and technical documentation, all the details of the machine gun guns collected at this plant were manually adjusted. In this regard, each submachine gun was unique, since the details were fitted precisely to a specific model of weapons. After the plant received all the necessary documents, there was a collected more than 5,500 standard PPS of the 1941 sample;
4. Partisan weapons workshops, which were mainly engaged in the repair of weapons, were a place where folk craftsmen often tried to copy serial samples of Soviet small arms. Several partisan masters in different corners Countries were able to make and collect their copies of the legendary machine gun gun. Especially distinguished two engineers from the Partisan Brigade "Chekist", which in the year they could collect about 120 pieces of PPS, using non-smallest parts of the broken rifles;
5. The third Reich, due to the shortage of small arms, began to remove the trophy PPS under the cartridge 9x19 mm. Alterations began to be used in 1944, and by the end of the war it was redone about 10,000 copies. These machine guns were used for firing stores from MP 38/40;
6. In 1942, at the factory in Tehran, several tens of thousands of shpagin guns called "Model 22" were released.

There was another mass of homemade, copying PPS made by the hands of folk craftsmen. Unfortunately, most of them are not preserved for history.

Pistols-machine guns Spapagin, which were supplied or used abroad during the Second World War

The most massive gun-machine gun of the USSR army was delivered not only to the Red Army. PPS Masso came to Soviet partisans and foreign allies of the USSR. In addition, enemy military formations, which were in the territory of the USSR during World War II, were armed with machine gun guns.

List of countries that massively used PPS:

1. Czechoslovakia received PPS as military assistance in 1942. Fighters of the first Czechoslovak infantry battalion became the first owners of Soviet-machine guns. After them, the PPS received other infantry units;
2. Polish divisions were able to get Pistols-Swapagin's machine guns in 1943. At first they received the fighters of the first infantry division, in the future and other parts;
3. The Republic of Romania received PPS only in 1944-45. Infantry division named after T. Vladimirsku received a small number of machine guns of this model. It is worth noting that after the war, the Romanian army received more significant number PPS, which were used long enough;
4. In 1944, Schapagina's submachine guns received the Yugoslav army. This weapon yet for a long time It remained in service with the People's Army of Yugoslavia;
5. Bulgaria enjoyed PPS from 1944 to 1945, after the transfer of the gun guns in September 1944.

Interesting and the fact that PPS used and opponents of the USSR in World War II were used. For example, the trophy guns-machine guns Schapagina used small infantry connections of fascist Germany. They were called MaschinenPistole 717 (R), and significantly exceeded MR-40 for the range of fire.

In Finland, the PPS also used, and there were alterations under the cartridge 9 mm.

Using PPS after World War II

Since the guns-gunners of Shpagin in the USSR were released in huge quantities, In early 50s, they were replaced by Kalashnikov's revolutionary machines, a large number of unclaimed weapons remained on army warehouses. The huge parties of PPS were sent as military assistance to the countries of the Soviet camp and various friendly and sympathetic republics. Large PPS batch fell into China and North Korea.

Excellently proven himself during the Great Patriotic War, Schapagin's submachine gun participated in many military conflicts of the 20th century. Even in the 21st century, PPS continues to be used in some underdeveloped countries.

Countries that produced and used PPS and its "clones" after the Second World War:

1. In the 1950s, the original PPS, as well as their Chinese and Korean "clones", in service with the People's Army of North Korea, have proven perfectly in the course of the Korean War;
2. In the early 1960s, a large number of guns-gunners Schapagina received the government of Cuba, which found them use when reflected by the "Brigade 2506" attack. This attack ended in failure for the United States, in many respects thanks to the "Help Hand", which she kindly extended Fidel Castro Soviet Union;
3. In the same years, the PPS was used in Vietnam. Gradually, all the guns-machine guns of Shpagin, which were armed by the fighters of the Vietnamese folk army were replaced by more modern samples, and the PPS were transferred to the detachments of territorial defense;
4. In 1966, PPS was actively used by partisans in Angola;
5. In 1968, the many Pastoles-gunners of Schapagina had the Palestinian Armed Forces that used them in the battle of Karam;
6. Many PPS in 1956 received Afghanistan, who this year has signed a contract for the supply of a large part of small arms with the Soviet Union. The PPS was in service with the Army of Afghanistan at least until 1980, after that they were used by the militia detachments. Judging by written sources, PPS used self-defense detachments and in 1986;
7. A minor number of Schapagin's pulp pistols was in service of police units in Nicaragua;
8. In African countries, PPS are also known enough;
9. In 2005, the Ministry of Defense of Ukraine reported on 350,000 PPS, which are on storage. In 2011, this figure decreased to 300,000 pieces. In 2014-15, during armed conflicts in Ukraine, Schapagin's machine gun guns used all sides of the conflict;
10. In Belarus, Pistol-gunners, Schapagin, were in service until 2005;
11. In Croatia "Clones" PPS (their Yugoslav version) was used since the late 1950s.

Any modern hunter in Russia having permission to riflemay acquire a hunting version of the shepagin gun gun. Although the hunting application of this carbine is not justified, its appearance Fully identical to combat PPS times of the Second World War.

In the years of the Great Patriotic War, PPSh-41 was the most massive and famous machine gun in the USSR. The creator of this legendary weapon, which soldiers lovingly called "dads" was the gunsmith Georgy Shpugin.

Armory workshop

In 1916, during World War I, Shpugin was served in the Armory Workshop, where he received the qualification of the guide-gunsmith. Under the leadership of Tula Master Dedilova, Shpugin received an initial experience. He later he remembered: "I got into the situation, which could only dream about. In the workshop, I got acquainted with various weapons of weapons with domestic and foreign. In front of me, the most interesting section of artillery equipment was opened, at the form of which I felt about the same thing that dying from thirst in front of the Key Water Spring. "

DSHK.

Georgy Semenovich, and in the creation of 12.7 mm, introduced a significant contribution. Large-caliber machine gun DSHK. Created by Vasily Alekseevich Degtyarev, a machine gun had a rapidity in about 300 shots per minute, which was very small for a weapon that was supposed to be used as a zenith machine gun. The swords were developed metallic machine-gun tapes for DShK and the receiver of cartridges was constructed, which allowed to increase rapidity to 600 shots per minute. During the war years, DSHK has proven not bad as a zenith machine gun and weapons to combat legogencies. Until now, in a number of countries, the modernized version of the DSHK consists of army and fleet.

When PPSH appeared

Often in movies, monumental sculpture and painting of PPS are shown soviet soldiers From the first days of war. However, actually, the legend of the machine gun appeared in the army of the army somewhat later. An officially submachine gun of the 1941 sample splint system was adopted on December 21, 1940. The production was originally intended to establish a hardware product in Zagorsk at the factory, since neither Tula nor Izhevsk had the necessary powerful pressing equipment. Before the fall of 1941, about 3 thousand PPS were released, which subsequently fell to the front. In the documents there are references to the presence of PPS in October 1941 in the battle near Moscow. At the same time, the production began to establish on a number of Moscow enterprises whose products in late 1941 began to enter the existing army. True, the number of PPS at the end of 1941 was still extremely small.

PPS 2.

In the summer of 1942, polygon tests were held another PPSH-2 machine gun (PPSh-2). Like the predecessor, he was distinguished by simplicity and reliability. The weapon was supplied with a taking wooden butt. The food took place from the sector store on 35 ammunition. Here the sword managed to eliminate one of the drawbacks of the previous sample - enough big weight Weapons. However, the shooting has failed to achieve high adversity. As a result, it was noted that PPS-2 significant advantages over the existing machine guns has no machine guns, and officially adopted this sample was not adopted. Apparently, an experienced party was made in several hundred units, which were later sent to the rear parts. Were the PPS-2 on the front is a question that is waiting for his researcher and requires serious painstaking work that can give the most unexpected result.

How much the PPS is released

Still remains open question On the number of submachine guns released in the USSR. The researchers have a very approximately about 5 million units - this is the most massive gun-machine gun and a sample of automatic weapons of World War II. There will always be mismatch in estimates, since it is not all samples issued by the enterprise were taken by military acceptance. The part was broken and returned to the plant and a rejected gun-machine could be quite twice at the enterprise as a released unit at different times. Until now, there is no complete list of enterprises that were engaged in the release of PPS. It is known 19 producers who released how many large parties, but there were a number of enterprises, the release of which continued an extremely short time and reveal them extremely difficult. The greatest number The PPS was released in Vyatka Polyanov (about 2 million) and somewhat less in Moscow, at the ZIS and the factory of counting machines.

PPS in the world

In addition to the Red Army, the PPS was actively used in a number of other countries, including opponents of the USSR. It is known that 11 thousand trophy PPSH Germans were measured under their 9 mm parabelmum patron, noting: "In the attack MP-40; In defense - PPS. " In the post-war period was produced in North Korea. One of the first Korean PPS (option with a disc shop) was donated to Stalin in 1949 on the 70th anniversary.

Confession

The activities of Shpagina was noted in 1945 by the title of Hero of Socialist Labor. For the creation of a number of samples of small arms, Swernus was awarded the regimental Order of Suvorov of the 2nd degree, three orders of Lenin and the Order of the Red Star. In addition to PPS Shpagina In 1943-1945, two samples of the signal pistol adopted for weapons were created. Georgy Semenovich took part in the competition for the creation of a gun - weapons for an intermediate cartridge. In the post-war period, due to the development of the stomach cancer, Georgy Semenovich was forced to move away from design activities. Creator passed away legendary PPSH February 6, 1952 aged 54 years. In Vyatka Polyana, where more than 2 million PPSh-41 were released during the war years, the gunsmith museum was opened.

Pistol-machine PPS-41 (USSR)

The PPS-41 submachine gun was designed by George Semenovich Podpagin in 1940, in order to replace not technological and expensive in the production of the PPD-40 machine gun gun. On December 21, 1940, the Puttagin's submachine gun was adopted by the Red Army. Pistol-machine PPS-41 (Pistol-machine gun design Spagina) is reliable in operation, easy to operate and maintain, technologically and cheap in the production of weapons. The PPSH-41 became one of the most massive samples of small arms of World War II, and from 1941 to 1945. About 6 million copies were made. In the war years, the PPS-41 was supplied by the Soviet partisans and commissioned foreign military formations in the territory of the USSR. Trophy PPS-41 under the name MaschinenPistole 717 (R) were in service with the Wehrmacht, the SS and other militarized formations of the Third Reich and the countries of the Nazi block "Axis".

In 1940, the People's Commissariat of Armaments in 1940 was given to the creation of gunsmiths on the creation of a machine gun gun, which would be superior to PPD-40 in its tactical and technical characteristics, but adapted for mass production, including in simple equipment not specialized machine-building enterprises, working low qualifications. By the autumn of the same year, the guns-machine guns were presented for consideration. Shpagina and B.G. Shit. On August 26, 1940, the first SCHP was assembled. In October 1940, we made an experienced batch of 25 pieces. According to the results of polygon tests at the end of November 1940 and the technological assessment of the samples presented to the consideration of the Pistol-Machine Pistol was recommended for adoption. Under the name "7.62 mm Pistol-machine gun G.S.Shpagina arr. 1941 " He was adopted at the end of December 1940, the submachine gun of the sword was tested on the survivability of 30000 shots. After that, this sample demonstrated a satisfactory part of the shooting and a good condition of the details. The reliability of the automation was tested by the shooting at an elevation angle and decline in 85 °, with an artificially dyed mechanism, with the complete absence of lubricant - all parts were washed with kerosene and dried out with a rag, shot without cleaning weapons 5000 rounds. The weapon of Shpagina showed itself solely reliable along with high mood qualities.

Automation works according to a scheme with a free shutter. The shock-trigger mechanism allows signing of queues and single shots, from an open shutter. The drummer is placed motionless in the shutter mirror. The translator is placed inside the trigger, before the trigger. The fuse is a slider located on the shutter shooting handle. The fuse in the on state locks the shutter in the front or rear position. The shy box and the trunk casing were made by stamping. The bullshop-compensator is protruding ahead of the cutting cut part of the trunk casing. The bed was made of wood, mostly from the birch. Aimicious devices At first, they consisted of the sector sight and stationary flies. Later, a shifted L-shaped celk was introduced for shooting at 100 and 200 meters. PPS-41 was first completed by drum shops from the PPD-40 capacity of 71 cartridges. But since drum stores in combat conditions showed themselves unreliable, too heavy and expensive in production, moreover, they demanded a manual individual fit for each concrete machine gun, they were replaced with box-wide curved 35 cartridges in 1942.

The actual range of fire queues is about 200 m, while the sighting distance in an early PPS version was 500 m. Due to the use of a cartridge 7.62 × 25 TT, a significantly large initial velocity was achieved - 490 m / s against 380 m / s At MP.40 caliber 9-mm parabelloum and 330 m / s in the TOMPSON machine gun pistol M1 caliber.45 ACP, and accordingly, the oscillation of the trajectory of its flight. Thanks to this, the shooter could confidently affect the single fire the target at distances up to 300 m. Shooting could be carried out on a large distance, and a significant decrease in the accuracy of shooting was compensated by focused fire of several shooters and a large shooting rate. The PPS-41 shooting paced was 1000 shots per minute, which is often estimated as overly high, since because of this tempo, there was a large consumption of ammunition and the trunk was quickly overheated in the tense battle, but at the same time a high shooting pace provided high density of fire and the advantage In the near battle.

The PPS-41 Schpagin Machine gun has a high official resource, especially with a box store. With proper arms care - timely cleaning and correct lubricant, as well as tracking the technical condition of its nodes and mechanisms, PPS-41 is an exceptionally reliable weapon. But like any weapon and the mechanism in general, the PPS requires attention. So, a fixedly pinned battleship becomes the cause of delays in shooting when contaminating a shutter cup with soot or dust falling on thickened lubricant. Of the disadvantages it should be noted a significant mass (5.3 kg. With an equipped drum shop) and length (843 mm), a very high pace of shooting (1000 SECURITY / min), the complexity of replacing and equipment of the drum store, not enough reliable fuse, the possibility of spontaneous shot When falling on a solid surface. The fiber shock absorber, softening the shutter strike in the trunks in the posterior position, had a low vitality because of what, after the shock absorber wear, the nasal broke the back of the box. Among the main advantages of the strip-gun-41 machine gun is a large capacity of the drumstation - 71 cartridges. The boxed store, although it was easier, is much more compact, more convenient and more reliable, delivered inconvenience when it is riveted by cartridges, as this store had a single-row output. Each cartridge was required with force sending down-back. However, to facilitate the equipment of boxes of PPS-41, there was a special device.

Pistol-machine-gun design of Spagina has become one of the characters soviet soldier The times of war. This weapon can be seen in almost all domestic and foreign films about that war. After the end of the war, the PPS-41 submachine gun was removed from weapons Soviet armyBut the combat career of this weapon did not end. He massively supplied by the friendly USSR developing countries and in countries Warsaw Treatyas well as in China. At least until the 1980s, PPS-41 were used by paramilitary units in some African countries. Pistol-machine Schapagina was used even during the Iraqi war of 2003.

Specifications of PPSh-41

• Caliber: 7.62 × 25
• Weapon Length: 843 mm
• Stem length: 269 mm
• Mass without cartridges: 3.6 kg.
• Shooting paced: 900 SECTION / MIN
• Store Capacity: 35 or 71

MP41 (R) - converted under the 9mm Parabellum cartridge PPS-41 submachine gun

Iraq, 82 VDD

PPS-41 photo (c) Oleg Volk Olegvolk.net

Pistols - machine guns

PPS - the legend of the Great Patriotic War
The most massive gun-machine gun of the Red Army During the Second Worlds, differed reliability and cheap in production / Made by Russians

In the late 1930s, the machine guns were perceived as not too successful hybrid of two other types of small arms giving him the name. but soviet-Finnish war showed the effectiveness of machine gun guns in the near battle: the Finnish "Suomie" systems delivered a lot of difficulties with our infantry. Yet

1941 sample swarth gun gun / photo: V. Shihanovsky

That is why, on January 6, 1940, its own machine gun of the Degtyarev system (PPD) was secondly adopted for the armament of the Red Army. However, he was, as it is called, capricious in production - roads and labor consuming, could only be carried out on plants equipped with special equipment. The cost of one model was comparable to the cost of the DP-27 machine gun. That is why the murderer of the weapon set the task of creating a machine gun that would be superior to PPD-40 in its tactical and technical characteristics, but could be manufactured at any plant where there is a low-powerful press equipment.

The contest was represented by the models of Shpagin and Schital. Boris Shitnaya was a celebrity among gunsmiths: Since 1934, he was the head and chief designer of a special design bureau. It has glorified participation in the development of rapid aviation machine gun Caval and aviation machine gun Schwak. George Schpugin before that was known for the development of a ribbon power module for a 12.7-millimeter large-caliber machine gun Degtyarev (DC), after the modernization of the adopted in service called "Machinery of Degtyarev - Shpagina" (DSHK). However, despite the fact that the shelter's machine gun gun had the best tactical and technical characteristics (for example, the initial velocity of the bullets was higher by 3.3%, and accurately by 23%), the Schapagin model turned out to be technologically and more reliable. Even ordinary photos of PPS allow us to evaluate the simplicity of its design. If the model of the arms required for the production of one unit even more than the PPD, - 25.3 hours, then the PPS was manufactured in 5.6 hours. PPS was an automatic weapon under the cartridge 7.62 × 25 mm TT, operating on the principle of free shutter. The switch mode of fire allowed the shooting of both single shots and queues.

The legendary submachine gun was adopted on December 21, 1940. Its production began in the fall of 1941. During the war years, it was modified according to the experience of exploitation obtained in combat conditions. For example, the very first PPSs were completed by drum shops on 71 cartridges from PPD-40, however, due to the high cost of production, they have been replaced with sector-storey stores by 35 ammunition. In the last year later, they were also improved - first they were made from a steel sheet with a thickness of 0.5 mm, but due to the fact that the metal was easily deformed, the sheet thickness was doubled.

During the Great Patriotic War, 1943

In just the war years, about 6 million PPS-41 units were issued. The pledge of their popularity was the high range of shooting, ease of use and low cost of production. In their real range of fire, queues (about 200 m) PPS strongly exceeded average level Weapons of this class. Smaller than most foreign machine guns, a caliber in combination with a long trunk provided a significantly greater dangle bullet speed - 500 m / s (for comparison: the beloved weapon of Chicago gangsters pistol-gun-gun Thompson was only 330 m / s) that Allowed a single fire to affect the target at distances to 300 m. We note that the Germans have such a reliable and effective machine gun that MP 38 and MP 40, developed initially for the needs of paratroopers, did not differ in comparable combat qualities. Thanks to these qualities, PPS has become one of the symbols of the Red Army of the Times of the Great Patriotic War.

There were PPS and disadvantages: a significant mass (5.45 kg with a drum on 71 cartridges; 4.3 kg with a horn of 35 ammunition) and dimensions (the length of the submachine gun was 843 mm). Too high, there was a pace of shooting queues - 900 shots per minute: for this feature of the PPS, called the "Eater of the Cartridges". In addition, PPS distinguished the high probability of an involuntary shot when falling on a solid surface. But these shortcomings were not fatal: actually the Epoch of the PPS ended only with the advent of the famous Kalashnikov machine gun. PPS-41 removed with weapons in 1951. However, the legendary weapons continued to supply to the countries that the USSR supported. In North Korea, China and Vietnam even were made independently under other names, and in African countries, the PPS used even recently - until the end of the 1980s.

From comments:

Yuri. Writes: - The theme is the most interesting, but the material is weak, there was nothing fundamentally new ones and there is a number of technical inaccuracies.

1. The sector store to the PPS-41 (it is mistakenly called Rozhkov) appeared actually in the troops in the second half of 1943 - early 1944, it was interchangeable with the disk (the author calls the drum);

2. About the easy pressing equipment disagrees. The production of PPS was started at the factory of hardware in Zagorsk because no military factory had a powerful pressing equipment;

3. The price of DP-27 and PPD-40 is different: for DP - 1200 rubles, for PPD-40 - 900 rubles. For comparison, I will give PPS-41 - first 500 rubles, then with a mass production of 142 rubles.

Below I will give a small sketch on the topic.

1. Production. For the first time began only in August-September 1941 in Zagorsk. Made about 3 thousand units, then the release ceased to be connected with the evacuation of the plant in Vyatskaya Polyany, where it was released the greatest number PPS is about 2.5 million. Somewhat less was released at ZIS (now Zile in Moscow). On the this moment Known 16 enterprises producing PPSh-41, although they really were more - especially where the release was limited to several tens of thousands of units. Total amount The EPOS issued is about 5 million. Of course, it cannot be exactly the figures - due to the fact that a part of the released weapon (a large or small percentage is different) inevitably becomes a military acceptance and returns to the plant. And again passes as a new plant. Therefore, the number of existing units released at the enterprise and really ...

In the USSR, the release of PPS continued until 1945. They remained in service until 1956 - there are pictures in Hungary in 1956 - there are still PPS.

2. Sights and shops. Initially, the PPS-541 had a sector sight for 500 meters, but shoot a bullet from TT to 500 m - you are not what in a person, in a cow will not fall. Therefore, since 1942, the sight was performed in the form of a cake per 100 and 200 meters. And 200 meters from PPS few people shot. True, a number of enterprises and in 1942, for example, the Baku plant. Dzerzhinsky, produced PPS with sectoral sights.

Shop disc 71 cartridge. Two disks were issued with cartridges, but the fighters were trying to get more by all truths and untrue. Since it is not easy to equip such a disk to equip such a disc on a trench under the enemy's fire - the store is sensitive to pollution. Again, in the first PPS, until the stream production has been established, the discs were not interchangeable - that is, for each PPH, the disk was caught on the paint store. Only from March 1942, they achieved their interchangeability.

3. First use. The question is still complicated. By the fall of 1941, 3 thousand PPS were released and where they got, it was still definitely. Randomly in the collection of public militia of Moscow, data on the losses of one of the militia divisions for October 1941 were paid to me, where 10 PPS are specified among other lost weapons. The first time at the newsreel PPS was captured at the parade on November 7, 1941, there are PPS and in the photographs of fighting for Rostov in the last days of November 1941, it is safe to say that in the literal and figurative sense, the fighters of the Red Army passed with this weapon from Moscow and to Berlin.

Interestingly, in the partisan detachments, the PPS was produced less than the PPD - the stamping was replaced with a forging, but the process turned out to be difficult and with great success was the production of PAP from pipes of various diameters. There are very bizarre "hybrid" options for PPD and PPS, for which rifle trunks are used. But discs, even at homemade PPS, are usually factory, with a large land.

The Germans willingly took PPS and 11 thousand trophy units perched under their 9 mm. cartridge. Speaking like this: "In the attack MP-40, in defense - PPS."

4. On the legendary "Thompson". I do not agree with the author, that from Thompson, a single shot can confidently affect targets by 300 meters. Here we face a curious phenomenon of commerce in military business. The sight is valid (with Leman's plank) allows Thomson in the theory of fire to such a distance, but it is nothing more than an advertising trick. 300 meters already needed good rifle... Pistol Mauser also has a kilometer score, but no one shot.

Thompsons with massive disk shops were intended for armament of the power parts, which were to fight smuggling in the dry law era and water the boats of kotelanders automatic fire. Shooting was carried out from a special rack, and not with hands. Popular gangsters has become a 50-round shop. But the army was originally interested in army.

Commercial series were sold in various countries Including the USSR. Initially, they were in the OGPU troops. During World War II, Thompson was supplied to the USSR with a simplified sight and a shop on 20 rounds. Machine-tube guns were supplied both separately and complete with appliances. Suppose one Thompson was supplied to the Sherman crew. The store for 20 ammunition for a gun-machine gun is naturally not enough. But this is again a commercial move: I liked the purchase - buy an additional more capacious shop, 30 ammunition. Interestingly, Thompson actually appeared in hostilities in the USSR earlier than in the United States. First use in us - in the battle near Moscow. And in just over the years of war, the Soviet Union was delivered about 115 thousand in the US Army with the beginning of the Second World world, they also thought and adopted an incredible weapon option, which was produced until 1944, Thompson, unlike PPS, quickly disappeared from the army and already In the Korean war, the Americans have no longer.

5. And finally about MP-40. Here I disagree with the author again. MP - reliable, easy to handle, is easy in comparison with PPS. Has a shutter handle both under the right and under leftWe have all the weapons only for the right hand. Another thing is that the MP is very expensive in production and released them a bit - according to different estimates from 740 to 925 thousand against 5 million PPS, 3 million PPS and 350 thousand PPDs are a bit. Only in our films, the Germans with him are almost short and shoot from the abdomen, really fired with the butt, which was removed only when landing in motor vehicles.

By the way, I do not agree about the spontaneous shot of the PPS, which is placed on a reliable fuse in the two positions of the shutter. The Germans instantly copied to their MP-40.

In conclusion, I note that there is no ideal weapon - each sample is inherent in its advantages and disadvantages. And the PPS was not ideal, but necessary in world war with a weapon. We had companies, and by the end of the war and the battalions of car gunners, about which the enemy could only dream ...