IN game world Of Tanks Technique can be equipped with different types of shells, such as armor-piercing, podkaliber, cumulative and fragantive-fugasic. In this article, we will consider the features of each of these shells, the history of their invention and applications, pros and cons of their use in a historical context. The most common and, in most cases, full-time projectiles on the overwhelming majority in the game are armor-piercing shells (BB) calibrate or oscillate.
According to the military encyclopedia of Ivan Sittin, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe prototype of the current armor-piercing shells belongs to the officer italian fleet Bettolo, who in 1877 suggested using the so-called " bottom shock tube for armor-piercing shells"(Before that, shells were not equipped at all, or explosion of the powder charge was calculated on the heating of the head of the projectile when it was hit in armor, which, however, was not always justified). After breaking through the armor, the striking effect is provided by the shell fragments, warp to high temperature, and armor fragments. During the Second World War, these type, these types were simple in production, reliable, had quite high penetration, they acted well against homogeneous armor. But there was a minus - on the inclined armor, the projectile could be chopped. The greater the thickness of the armor, the more armor fragments formed under breaking through such a projectile, and the higher the slaughter power. 
On the animation below illustrates the action of a charming acoustic armor-piercing projectile. It is similar to an armor-pier gunner, however, in the rear, there is a cavity (cameras) with a discontinuous charge of TNT, as well as a bottom fuse. After the breakdown of armor, the projectile explodes, the crew and equipment of the tank strikes. In general, this shell retained most of the advantages and disadvantages of AR of the projectile, differing significantly higher erection effects and a slightly lower armoredness (due to the smaller mass and strength of the projectile). During the war, the bottom shell fuses were not quite perfect, which sometimes led to a premature explosion of the projectile before armor's breakdown, or to the failure of the fuse after breaking, but the crew, in the case of a breakdown, was rarely easier.
Podcast shell (BP) has a rather complicated design and consists of two main parts - an armor-piercing core and pallet. The task of a soft steel is made of soft steel is the acceleration of the projectile in the barrel channel. When the projectile hit the target, the pallet is crushed, and a heavy and solid oscillating core, made of tungsten carbide, breaks through armor.
The projectile does not have a discontinuous charge, ensuring the target of the target of the core debris and broods of armor, warp to high temperatures. Podkalibar shells have significantly smaller weight compared to conventional armor-piercing projectiles, which allows them to accelerate the guns to essentially large speeds. As a result, podcalibery shells are essentially higher. The use of subcalibal shells made it possible to significantly increase the armoredness of the existing guns, which gave the opportunity to struggle even outdated tools more modern, well armored armored vehicles.
At the same time, podkalibar shells have a number of flaws. Their form resembled the coil (there were shells of this type and the streamlined form, but they were significantly less common), which deteriorated the ballistics of the projectile, in addition, the light shell quickly lost speed; As a result, at high distances, the armoredness of podkalibar shells fell strongly, turning out even lower than that of classic armor-piercing shells. During World War II, podcaliber shells worked poorly on inclined armor, because under the action of bending loads a solid, but the fragile core was easily broken. The predimental effect of such shells was inferior to armor-piercing calibrous shells. Pilotable small-caliber shells were ineffective against armor objects that had thin steel protective shields. These shells were roads and are complex in production, and most importantly, in their manufacture, a deficient tungsten was used.
As a result, the number of podcaliber shells in the guns in the guns during the war years was small, they were allowed to be used only to defeat highly armored goals in small distances. The first in small quantities of subcalibal shells applied the German army in 1940 during the fighting in France. In 1941, faced with well-armored Soviet tanks, the Germans moved to the widespread use of subcalibal shells, which significantly increased the anti-tank capabilities of their artillery and tanks. However, tungsten deficiency limited the release of these types of shells; As a result, in 1944, the production of German subcalibal shells was discontinued, while the Most of the shells issued during the war years had a small caliber (37-50 mm).
Trying to bypass the problem of the lack of tungsten, the Germans produced pzgr.40 (s) shells with a core of hardened steel and surrogate pzgr.40 (W) with a core from ordinary steel. In the USSR, there is enough mass production of pyline shells created on the basis of trophy German, began in early 1943, and the majority of the projectiles produced were 45 mm caliber. The production of these shells of larger calibers was limited to tungsten deficiency, and they were issued to the troops only with the threat of tank attack of the enemy, and for each shell consumed, it was necessary to write a report. Also, podkalibar shells were limited to English and American armies in the second half of the war.
Cumulative shell(COP).
The principle of operation of this armor-piercing ammunition is significantly different from the principle of action of kinetic ammunition, which include conventional armor-piercing and pylineberry shells. The cumulative projectile is a thin-walled steel shell filled with a powerful explosive - hexogen, or a mixture of tomb with hexogen. In the front of the projectile in explosives there is a glasswood, lined with metal (usually copper). The projectile has a sensitive head fuse. In the collision of the projectile with armor, an explosive undermining occurs. At the same time, the metal of the facing is melted and crimped with an explosion into a thin jet (pest), flying forward with extremely high speed and penetrating armor. Racing action is provided by cumulative jet and armor splashes. The melon of the cumulative projectile has small sizes and melted edges, which led to a common misconception that argues that the cumulative shells "burn" armor.
The penetration of the cumulative projectile does not depend on the speed of the projectile and the same at all distances. Its production is simple enough, the production of the projectile does not require application large number scarce metals. The cumulative projectile can be used against infantry, artillery as a fragantive-fuzkanic shell. At the same time, numerous flaws were peculiar to cumulative projectiles during the war years. The technology of manufacturing these shells was not sufficiently worked out, as a result, their penetration was relatively small (approximately corresponded to the cutting of the projectile or slightly higher) and was distinguished by instability. The rotation of the projectile at high initial speeds made it difficult to form a cumulative jet, as a result, the cumulative shells had low initial speed, a small target shooting range and high dispersion, which also contributed to the non-aerodynamic form of the head of the projectile (its configuration was determined by the presence of a notch).
The creation of a complex fuse, which should be sufficiently sensitive to quickly undermine the projectile, but rather stable not to explode in the trunk (the USSR was able to work out such a fuse, suitable for use in the projectiles of powerful tank and anti-tank guns, only at the end of 1944 ). The minimum caliber of the cumulative projectile was 75 mm, and the effectiveness of cumulative shells of such a caliber decreased. Mass production of cumulative shells required the deployment of large-scale production of hexogen.
The most massive cumulative shells were used german army (For the first time in the summer - autumn 1941), mainly from the guns of 75 mm and the Gaubitz. Soviet army Used the cumulative shells created on the basis of trophy Germans, since 1942-43, including them in the ammunition of shelf guns and leads that had low initial speed. The English and American army used the shells of this type, mainly in the ammunition of heavy haubs. Thus, in World War II (in contrast to the present time, when the improved shells of this type form the basis of the ammunition of tank guns), the use of cumulative shells was quite limited, mainly they were considered as a means of anti-tank self-defense guns that had low initial speeds and a small Armor contact with traditional shells (regimental guns, musitics). At the same time, all participants in the war were actively used by other anti-tank funds with cumulative ammunition - grenade launchers, air bibles, hand grenades.
Scrap-fougal shell (OF).
It was developed in the late 40s of the twentieth century in the UK for the defeat of the enemy armored vehicles. It is a thin-walled steel or steel cast iron projectile, filled with explosive (usually a tilt or ammonite), with a head fuse. Unlike the armor-piercing shells, the fragmentation-fugasic shells did not have a tracer. When entering the target, the projectile explodes, hitting the goal by fragments and an explosive wave, or immediately - a fragmentary action, or with some delay (which allows the projectile to get into the soil) - a fugasic effect. The projectile is intended mainly for the defeat of openly located and covered infantry, artillery, field shelters (trenches, wood-earthwood dots), unarmented and weakened technique. Well armored tanks and SAU are resistant to the action of fragantive-fugasic shells.
The main advantage of a fragant-fugasal projectile is its versatility. This type of shells is possible to effectively use against the overwhelming majority of goals. Also, the advantages include less cost than that of armor-piercing and cumulative shells of the same caliber, which reduces the costs of ensuring the fighting and training shooting. With direct hit in vulnerable zones (Tower hatches, motor separation radiator, knitwear groissing screens, etc.) of the tank can withdraw the tank. Also hitting the shells of large caliber can cause the destruction of light-organized techniques, and damage to heavily tanks, consisting in cracking of armor plates, the jamming of the tower, the failure of the instruments and mechanisms, wounds and contusions of the crew.
The basis of modern ground forces It is the armored vehicles represented by tanks and combat machines of infantry, the weight of which was already translated, respectively for 70 tons ("Abrams" M1A2 SEP V2, "Challenger-2", "Merkawa-Mk.4") and 40 tons ("Puma", "so "). In this regard, overcoming armor protection of these machines is a serious problem for anti-tank ammunition, which include armor-piercing and cumulative shells, rockets and jet grenades With kinetic and cumulative combat parts, as well as striking elements with a shock core.
Among them are the greatest efficiency of armor-piercing rimberry shells and rockets with a kinetic combat part. Possessing high armoredness, they differ from other anti-tank ammunition with their high flow rate, low sensitivity to the effects of dynamic protection, relative independence of the guidance system from natural / artificial interference and small value. Moreover, these types of anti-tank ammunition can be guaranteed to overcome the system. active protection armored vehicles, increasingly receiving interception as an advanced boundary agrowing elements.
Currently, only armor-piercing subcalacer shells are adopted. The shooting is carried out mainly from smooth-bore guns of small (30-57 mm), medium (76-125 mm) and large (140-152 mm) calibers. The shell consists of a two-level drive device, the diameter of which coincides with the diameter of the barrel channel consisting of the sections separated after the departure of the sections, and the affecting element - the armor-piercing rod, in the nose part of which the ballistic tip is installed, in the tail part - the aerodynamic stabilizer and tracer charge.
Ceramics based on tungsten carbide (density 15.77 g / cc), as well as metallic uranium-based alloys (density of 19.04 g / cc) or tungsten (density 19.1 g / cubic cubic). The diameter of the armor-piercing rod is from 30 mm (outdated models) to 20 mm ( modern models). The higher the density of the material of the rod and less diameter, the greater the specific pressure is provided by the armor shell at the point of its contact with the front end of the rod.
Metal rods have much greater bending strength than ceramic, which is very substantial in the interaction of the projectile with shripnel elements of active protection or dynamic protection plates. At the same time, the uranium alloy, despite a slightly smaller density, has an advantage over tungsten - the armor of the first larger 15-20 percent due to the ablation self-deficiency of the rod in the process of breaking the armor, starting from the rate of 1700 m / s, provided by modern cannon shots.
Tungsten alloy begins to show ablative self-deficiency, starting with a speed of 2000 m / s, which requires new ways to accelerate shells. At lower speed, the front end of the rod is flattened, increasing the channel of the breakdown and reducing the depth of the rod penetration into armor.
Along with the specified advantage, the uranium alloy has one disadvantage - in case nuclear conflict The neutron irradiation penetrating the tank leads in uranium secondary radiation affecting the crew. Therefore, in the arsenal of armor-piercing shells, it is necessary to have models with rods made from both uranium and tungsten alloys intended for two types of hostilities.
Uranium and tungsten alloys also have pyroforms - the air of heated particles of metal dust after breaking through armor, which serves as an additional affixing factor. The specified property is manifested in them, starting from the same speeds as ablative self-deficiency. Another afflicting factor is the dust of heavy metals, which has a negative biological effect on the enemy tank crew.
The driving device is made of aluminum alloy or carbon fiber, ballistic tip and aerodynamic stabilizer - made of steel. The drive device serves to overclock the projectile in the barrel channel, after which it is discarded, so its weight should be minimized by using composite materials instead of aluminum alloy. The aerodynamic stabilizer is subjected to thermal exposure from the powder gases generated during the combustion process of the powder charge, which may affect the accuracy of the shooting, and therefore it is performed from heat-resistant steel.
The armoredness of kinetic shells and missiles is determined as a thickness of the plate of homogeneous steel, installed perpendicular to the axis of the flight of the affecting element, or at a certain angle. In the latter case, the poverty of the equivalent thickness of the slab is ahead of the penetration of the plate installed according to normal, due to large specific loads at the entrance and outlet of the armor-piercing rod to / out of oblique armor.
When entering the inclined armor, the projectile forms a characteristic roller over the channel of the breakdown. The blades of the aerodynamic stabilizer, destroying, leave the characteristic "star" on the armor, according to the number of rays of which you can determine the belonging of the projectile (Russian - five rays). In the process of breaking through armor, the rod is intensively stepping and significantly reduces its length. When leaving the armor, it elastically bends and changes the direction of its movement.
A characteristic representative of the penultimate generation of armor-sized artillery ammunition is the Russian 125-mm shot of a separate charging 3BM19, which includes a hylide 4C63 with a basic volatory charge and a sleeve 3BM44M, which contains an additional throwing charge and actually podkalibernaya shell 3BM42M "LEEL". Designed for use in gun 2A46M1 and more new modifications. The shot dimensions allow you to place it only in the modified versions of the T-90 tank charging versions.
The ceramic shell core is made of tungsten carbide placed in a steel protective housing. The drive device is made of carbon fiber. As a material of the sleeve (except for the steel pallet of the main throwing charge), a cardboard impregnated with trinitrotololol was used. The length of the sleeve with the projectile is 740 mm, the length of the projectile is 730 mm, the length of the armor-piercing rod is 570 mm, the diameter is 22 mm. The weight of the shot is 20.3 kg, the sleeve with a shell of 10.7 kg, an armor-piercing rod of 4.75 kg. The initial speed of the projectile is 1750 m / s, the armoredness at a distance of 2000 meters on the normal of 650 mm homogeneous steel.
The last generation of Russian armor-pier gun ammunitions is represented by 125 mm shots of separate charging 3VBM22 and 3VBM23, equipped with two types of pyline shells, respectively, 3VBM59 "Lead-1" with an armor-piercing rod of tungsten alloy and 3VBM60 with an armor-piercing rod from the uranium alloy. The main throwing charge is equipped with a sleeve 406 "ozone-t".
The dimensions of new shells coincide with the dimensions of the Garoral projectile. The weight of them is increased to 5 kg due to the greater density of the material of the rod. For the overclocking of heavy shells in the trunk, a more voluminous basic value is used, which limits the use of shots, including leaders "lead-1" and "lead-2", only new gun 2A82 with an enlarged charger. The armoredness at a distance of 2000 meters on normal can be estimated, respectively, as 700 and 800 mm homogeneous steel.
Unfortunately, in the shells "Lamaro", "Lead-1" and "Lead-2" there is a significant design disadvantage in the form of centering screws located around the perimeter of the supporting surfaces of the leading devices (visible in the figure of the protrusions on the front support surface and the point on the surface of the sleeve ). The centering screws serve as a stable service of the projectile in the barrel channel, but their heads have a destructive effect on the channel surface. In the overseas designs of the last generation, instead of screws, precision obturato rings are used, which is five times reduced the wear of the trunk when the armor-piercing sub-caliber projectile is shot.
The previous generation of foreign armor-piercing subcalibered shells is represented by the German DM63, which is part of a unitary shot to a standard 120-mm smooth-bore NATO gun. The armor-piercing rod is made of tungsten alloy. The weight of the shot is 21.4 kg, the weight of the projectile is 8.35 kg, the weight of the armor-piercing rod 5 kg. The length of the shot is 982 mm, the length of the shell is 745 mm, the length of the core is 570 mm, the diameter is 22 mm. When shooting from a gun with a barrel length of 55 calibers, the initial velocity is 1730 m / s, the speed drop on the flight track is declared at the level of 55 m / s for every 1000 meters. The armoredness at a distance of 2000 meters on normal is estimated at 700 mm homogeneous steel.
The last generation of foreign armor-piercing subcalibered shells belongs to the American M829A3, which is also part of a unitary shot to a standard 120-mm smooth-bore cannon of NATO. In contrast to the projectile D63, the armor-piercing rod of the M829A3 projectile is made of uranium alloy. The weight of the shot is 22.3 kg, the weight of the projectile is 10 kg, the weight of the armor-piercing rod 6 kg. The length of the shot is 982 mm, the length of the projectile is 924 mm, the length of the core is 800 mm. When shooting from a gun with a barrel length of 55 calibers, the initial velocity is 1640 m / s, the speed drop is declared at the level of 59.5 m / s per every 1000 meters. Bronverty at a distance of 2000 meters is estimated at 850 mm homogeneous steel.
When comparing the Russian and American pyline shells of the last generation, equipped with armor-pierced cores from the uranium alloy, a difference in the level of armor-proof, to a greater extent due to the degree of lengthening of their affecting elements - 26-fold in the shell-2 shell rod and 37-fold rod Shell M829A3. In the latter case, it is provided on a quarter a large specific load at the rod and armor contact point. In general, the dependence of the magnitude of the armor-proof of shells from speed, weight and elongation of their afflicting elements is presented in the next chart.
An obstacle to an increase in the degree of lengthening of the striking element and, therefore, the device of the charge automaton is used for the first time in 1964 in the Soviet T-64 tank and repeated in all subsequent models of domestic tanks, which involves the horizontal arrangement of projectiles in the conveyor, the diameter of which is not It may exceed the inner width of the housing equal to two meters. Taking into account the diameter of the sleeve of Russian shells, their length is limited to the value of 740 mm, which is 182 mm less than the length of American shells.
In order to achieve parity with wagon armament of a potential opponent for our tank construction, the first priority for the future is to move to the unitary shots located vertically in the charging machine, whose shells have a length of at least 924 mm.
Other ways to increase the efficiency of traditional armor-piercing shells without increasing the caliber of guns practically exhausted themselves due to restrictions on the pressure in the barrel charger, developed during the combustion of the powder charge due to the strength of weapon steel. When switching to a larger caliber, the sizes of shots become comparable to the width of the tank case, forcing the shells in the feed niche of the tower of enhanced dimensions and a low degree of security. For comparison, the photo shows a 140 mm caliber shot and a length of 1485 mm next to a 120 mm caliber shots layout and a length of 982 mm.
In this regard, in the United States under the MRM program (MID RANGE MUNITION) developed MRM-KE reactive mechanics with a kinetic combat part and MRM-CE with a cumulative combat part. They are equipped into the sleeve sleeve of a 120-mm gun with a thrusting of gunpowder. In the caliber case of shells there is a radar head of the homing head (GSN), an affecting element (armor-piercing rod or cumulative charge), pulsed trajectory correction engines, accelerated rocket engine and tail plumage. The weight of one projectile is 18 kg, the weight of the armor-piercing rod is 3.7 kg. The initial speed at the level of the muzzle cut is 1100 m / s, after completing the operation of the acceleration engine, it increases to 1650 m / s.
Even more impressive indicators are achieved as part of the creation of the CKEM anti-tank kinetic missile (Compact Kinetic Energy Missile), the length of which is 1500 mm, the weight is 45 kg. The start of the rocket is carried out from the transport and starting container using a powder charge, after which the rocket is accelerated by an accelerated solid fuel engine to a speed of almost 2000 m / s (6.5 mAh) during 0.5 seconds. The subsequent ballistic flight of the rocket is carried out under the control of radar GSNs and aerodynamic steering wheel with stabilization in the air with the help of tail plumage. The minimum effective shooting range is 400 meters. The kinetic energy of the afflicting element - an armor-piercing rod at the end of the reactive acceleration reaches 10 mJ.
During the tests of the MRM-KE shells and the CKEM missiles, the main disadvantage of their design was identified - in contrast to the pyline armor-piercing shells with a separating leading device, the inertia of the damaging elements of the calibered shell and the kinetic missile was carried out assembly with a large cross-section housing and increased aerodynamic resistance, Which causes a significant drop in the speed on the trajectory and reducing the effective shooting range. In addition, radar GOS, pulsed correction engines and aerodynamic steering wheel have low weight perfection, which forces it to reduce the weight of the armor-piercing rod, which adversely affects its penetration.
The output from this situation is seen in the transition to the separation in the flight of the Cabinet case of the projectile / rocket and armor-piercing rod after completing the work rocket Engine By analogy with the separation of the leading device and the armor-piercing rod, which are part of the pyline shells, after departure from the barrel. The separation can be carried out with the help of a wanted powder charge, triggered at the end of the accelerated portion of the flight. The GSN of the reduced size should be located directly in the ballistic tip of the rod, while controlling the flight vector control must be implemented on new principles.
Such a technical task was solved as part of the Barrel Launched Adaptive MUNITION project on the creation of a small-calves managed artillery shells performed in the AUTRN adaptive aerostructures laboratory at the Auburn University on the orders of the United States Air Force. The goal of the project was to create a compact homing system that combines the target detector, a controlled aerodynamic surface and its drive.
The developers decided to change the direction of flight by deflection on the small angle of the head end of the projectile. At the supersonic deflection speed in the fraction of degrees is quite enough to create a force capable of carrying out the control effect. The technical solution was proposed simple - the ballistic tip of the projectile relies on a spherical surface that plays the role of a ball support, several piezoceramic rods located in a circle at an angle to the longitudinal axis are used to drive the tip. By changing your length depending on the supplied voltage, the rods deflect the tip of the projectile to the desired angle and with the desired frequency.
Calculations identified strength control requirements:
- acceleration acceleration to 20,000 g;
- acceleration on trajectories up to 5,000 g;
- the speed of the projectile up to 5000 m / s;
- angle of deviation of the tip to 0.12 degrees;
- drive frequency of the drive up to 200 Hz;
- Drive power 0.028 watts.
The latest achievements in the field of miniaturization of infrared radiation sensors, laser accelerometers, computing processors and lithium-ion sources of power supply resistant to high accelerations (such as electronic devices of controlled shells - American Excalibur and Russian "Krasnopol") are made possible in the period until 2020 The adoption of kinetic shells and missiles with the initial speed of the flight over two kilometers per second, which will significantly increase the effectiveness of anti-tank ammunition, and will also reduce the use of uranium in the composition of their affecting elements.
The appearance of tanks on the battlefield has become one of the most important events of the military history of the last century. Immediately after this point, the development of means of combating these terrible machines began. If we look closely at the history of armored vehicles, then, in fact, we will see the history of the confrontation of the projectile and armor, which continues for almost a century.
In this intransigent struggle, it was periodically overlooking that one, then the other side, which led or in complete invulnerability of tanks, or their huge losses. In the latter case, each time the voices of the tank death and the "end of the tank era" were heard. However, today the tanks remain the main shock force of the land forces of all armies of the world.
Today, one of the main types of armor-piercing ammunition, which are used to combat armored vehicles, are subcalibular ammunition.
A bit of history
The first anti-tank shells were conventional metal blanks, which, at the expense of their kinetic energy, punched tank armor. Fortunately, the latter did not differ much thick, and even anti-tank guns could cope with her. However, before the beginning of World War II, there were next-generation tanks (square, T-34, Matilda), with a powerful engine and serious booking.
The main world powers entered the second world War, having anti-tank artillery The caliber 37 and 47 mm, and finished it with the tools that reached 88 and even 122 mm.
Raising gun calibers and the initial speed of the shell flight, designers had to increase the mass of the gun, making it more difficult, more expensive and significantly less maneuverable. It was necessary to look for other ways.
And they were soon found: cumulative and podkalibal ammunition appeared. The action of cumulative ammunition is based on the use of a directed explosion, which burns tank armor, the sub-caliber projectile also does not have a fugasal action, it strikes well protected target due to high kinetic energy.
The design of the sub-caliber projectile was patented in 1913 by the German factory krupp, but their mass use began much later. This ammunition does not have a fugasic effect, it much more resembles the usual bullet.
For the first time actively use the pillaber shells became Germans during the French campaign. Even more widely used similar ammunition, they had after the start of hostilities on the Eastern Front. Only using plottery shells, the Nazis could effectively resist powerful Soviet tanks.
However, the Germans experienced a major deficiency of tungsten, which prevented them to establish mass production of such shells. Therefore, the number of similar shots in the ammunition was small, and a rigorous order was given to the servicemen: to use them only against enemy tanks.
In the USSR, mass production of subcalibular ammunition began in 1943, they were created on the basis of trophy German samples.
After the war, the work in this direction continued in most leading weapons powers in the world. Today, podkalibal ammunition is considered one of the main means of defeating armored goals.
Currently, there are even pyline bullets, which significantly increase the range of shooting of smooth-bore weapons.
Operating principle
What is the high armor-piercing action, which has a pyline shell? What is it different from the usual?
Podkalibernal shell is a kind of ammunition with a battle-affected portion of a lot of times less than the caliber of the barrel from which it was released.
It was found that a small caliber projectile, flying at high speed, has greater armoredness than large-caliber. But in order to get high speed after a shot, a more powerful cartridge is needed, and it means that an instrument of more serious caliber.
It was possible to resolve this contradiction by creating a projectile that the striking part (core) has a small diameter compared to the main part of the projectile. The podcasting projectile does not have a fugasic or fragmentation effect, it works on the same principle as the usual bullet that affects the goals due to high kinetic energy.
The sub-caliber projectile consists of a solid core made of particularly durable and heavy material, housing (pallet) and a ballistic fairing.
The diameter of the pallet is equal to the gauge of the weapon, it serves as a piston when shelling, overclocking combat part. On the pallets of podcaliber shells for rifle guns are installed leading belts. Typically, the pallet has the shape of the coil and is made of light alloys.
There are armor-piercing subcalibular shells with an intense pallet, from the moment of a shot and before the defeat goal the coil and core act as a whole. This design creates serious aerodynamic resistance, significantly reducing the flight speed.
Shells are more perfect, which, after the shot, the coil is separated due to air resistance. In modern pyline shells, the stability of the core in flight provides stabilizers. Often the tracer charge is installed in the tail part.
The ballistic tip is made of soft metal or plastic.
Samoa an important element Podcastberry projectile is undoubtedly a core. Its diameter is about three times less than the cabin caliber, for the manufacture of the core are used alloys of high-density metals: the most common materials is tungsten carbide and depleted uranium.
Due to the relatively small mass, the core of the subcalibered projectile immediately after the shot accelerates to a considerable speed (1600 m / s). When hitting the armored leaf, the core pierces the relatively small hole in it. The kinetic energy of the projectile partially goes to the destruction of the armor, and partly turns into thermal. After armor breakdown, the hot shards of the core and armor go into the breast space and distributed by fan, hitting the crew and internal mechanisms of the machine. At the same time, numerous foci of ignition arise.
As the armor passes, the core is stepping and becomes shorter. So very an important characteristicwhich affects armoredness, is the length of the core. Also on the efficiency of the sub-caliber projectile affects the material from which the core and the speed of its flight is made.
The last generation of Russian subcalacer shells ("Lead-2") is significantly inferior to American analogues in armor-proof. It's connected with large length The striking core, which is part of the American ammunition. An obstacle to increasing the length of the projectile (and, it means, both armor-proofs) is the device of the automata of the Russian tanks.
The core armoredness increases with a decrease in its diameter and with an increase in its mass. This contradiction can be solved if you use very dense materials. Initially, tungsten were used for the amazing elements of such ammunition, but it is very rare, and it is also complicated in processing.
Delined uranium has the almost the same density as tungsten, moreover, is a practically free resource for any country in which there is an atomic industry.
Currently, podkalibal ammunition with a core from uranium are in service with large powers. In the US, all such ammunition are equipped with uranium cores only.
Delined uranium has several advantages:
- under the passage of the armor, the uranium rod self-sharpening, which provides better armoredness, tungsten also has such a feature, but it is less pronounced;
- after the breakdown of the armor, under the action of high temperatures, the remains of the uranium rod flashed, filling the prechanic space to poisonous gases.
To date, modern pyline shells have almost achieved their maximum efficiency. It is possible to increase it only by increasing the caliber of the tank guns, but for this you will have to significantly change the design of the tank. In the meantime, in leading tank-based states, only engaged in modifications of machines released at the time of the Cold War, and are unlikely to go to such radical steps.
In the US, developing active-jet shells with the kinetic combat part. This is the usual projectile, which immediately after the shot turns on its own acceleration unit, which significantly increases its speed and armor-proof.
Also, the Americans are developing a kinetic managed rocket, the striking factor of which is uranium rod. After a shot of a starting container, an overclocking unit is turned on, which gives an ammunition 6.5 Mach. Most likely, by 2020, sub-caliber ammunition will appear, which have a speed of 2000 m / s and above. This will lead their effectiveness to a completely new level.
Podcast Bullets
In addition to pyline shells, there are bullets that have the same design. Very widely similar bullets are used for 12 caliber cartridges.
12 caliber pyline bullets have a smaller mass, after the shot they get a big kinetic energy And, accordingly, have a greater range of flight.
Very popular pyline bullets 12 caliber are: Pullet Polev and Kirovchanka. There are other similar ammunition 12 caliber.
Video about podcast ammunition
If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them
What amazed tanks in addition to grenade launchers and the FIGRs? How does an armor-pier gun amusement? In this article we will talk about armor-piercing ammunition. The article that will be interesting to both teapots and those who understand the topic, was prepared by the member of our team Eldar Ahundov, who already reins us interesting reviews on arms theme.
History
Armored shells are designed to defeat the objectives of protected armor that follows from their name. They first began to be widely used in sea battles In the second half of the 19th century, with the advent of ships protected metal armor. The effect of simple fragantic fuhas shells on armored goals was not enough due to the fact that when the projectile explodes, the explosion energy does not concentrate in some one direction, and dissipates into the surrounding space. Only part shock wave It acts on the armor of the object trying to punch it / rumbles. As a result, the pressure created by the shock wave is not enough for breakfast breaks, but some deflection is possible. As the armor thickening and hardening the design of the armor, it was necessary to increase the amount of explosives in the projectile by increasing its size (caliber and TD) or develop new substances that it would be expensive and inconvenient. This is by the way applies not only to ships, but also to ground armored vehicles.
Initially, the first tanks during the First World War could be struggling fragantive fugasic shells Since the tanks had anti-thin thin armor with a thickness of only 10-20 mm, which was also connected by rivets, since at that time (beginning of the 20th century) welding technology of solid armor cases of tanks and armored vehicles was not yet worked out. It was enough 3 - 4 kg of explosives with direct hit to derive such a tank in order. In this case, the shock wave simply rushed or indulged in thin armor inward the machine, which resulted in damage to the equipment or the death of the crew.
The armor-piercing projectile is a kinetic means of defeating the target - that is, ensuring the defeat due to the energy of the strike of the projectile, and not an explosion. In armor-piercing shells, the energy is actually concentrated on its tip where enough big Pressure On a small section of the surface, and the load significantly exceeds the strength of the reservation material. As a result, this leads to the introduction of a projectile in armor and its breakdown. The kinetic ammunition was the first mass anti-tank agent, which serially began to be applied in various wars. The stroke energy of the shell depends on the mass and its speed at the time of contact with the goal. Mechanical strength, the density of the material of the armor-piercing projectile also represent critical factors on which its effectiveness depends. For many years, the wars have developed different types of armor-piercing shells, differing in design and for more than a hundred years there is continuous improvement of both shells and booking of tanks and armored vehicles.
The first armor-piercing shells were an all-length solid shell (dweller) breaking the armor of the power of the blow (a thickness of approximately equal to the projectile caliber)
Then the design began to become more complicated and the following scheme was popular for a long time: the rod / core from solid tempered alloyed steel was covered in a soft metal shell (lead or soft steel), or a light alloy. The soft shell was needed to reduce the wear of the trunk of the gun, as well as due to the inappropriateness to make the entire shell of completely from the tempered alloy steel. The soft shell was frozen when hitting the inclined barrier thereby preventing the ricochet / slipping of the projectile by armor. The shell can serve both at the same time fairing (depending on the form) reducing air resistance during the projectile flight.
Another design of the projectile involves the absence of a shell and only the presence of a special cap of a soft metal as a tip of the projectile for aerodynamics and to prevent the ricochet when hitting the inclined arm.
Device of pyline armor-piercing shells
The projectile is called podkalibel because the caliber (diameter) of its combat / armor-piercing part - 3 is less than the caliber of the gun (A - the coil, b - streamlined form). 1 - Ballistic tip, 2 - pallet, 3 - armor-piercing core / armor-piercing part, 4 - traceser, 5 - plastic tip.
The shell has encouraging rings made of soft metal, which are called leading belts. They serve to center the projectile in the barrel and the stem industry. The obturation is the sealing of the trunk channel when shot from the gun (or weapons in general), which prevents the breakthrough of powder gases (overclocking the shell) into the gap between the shell itself and the barrel. Thus, the energy of powder gases is not lost and is transmitted from a possible maximum.
Left- The dependence of the thickness of armormen from its angle of inclination. The stove thickness B1 inclined under some angle, and has the same resistance as the thicker plate B2 is at a right angle to the movement of the projectile. It can be seen that the path that should break through the shell increases with an increase in the tilt of the armor.
On right - stupid shells A and B at the moment of contact with inclined armor. Bottom is an oshogol skimmer shell. Thanks to the special form of the projectile, it is clear its good engagement (snacking) about inclined armor that prevents a ricochet. An acute shell is less susceptible to the ricochet due to its acute form and very high contact pressure when hitting armor.
Agrowing factors If such shells hit the target - flying at high speed fragments and fragments of armor from the inner side, as well as the flying projectile or part of it. Especially suffering from the equipment on the trajectory of armor breakdown. In addition, due to the high temperature of the projectile and its fragments, as well as the presence of a large number of easily flammable items and materials inside the tank or armored machine, is very high risk of fire. The image below is demonstrated as it happens:
The relatively soft case of the projectile is visible, crushed during the strike and the hardwear core punching armor. On the right is visible a stream of high-speed fragments on the inside of the armor as one of the main agrowing factors. In all modern tanks The trend of the maximum dense placement of internal equipment and crew is traced to reduce the size and mass of tanks. The reverse side of this medal is that in the breakdown of armor almost guaranteed any important equipment or a member of the crew will be damaged. And even if the tank is not destroyed, then it usually becomes unable. On modern tanks and armored vehicles are installed non-combustible anti-skid piping on the inside of the armor. As a rule, this material based on kevlar or other high-strength materials. Though he does not protect the shell from the core itself, but it delays a part of the armor of the armor, thereby reducing the damage applied damage and increasing the vitality of the machine and the crew.
Above, on the example of armored vehicles, the banking action of the projectile and fragments is visible with the appropriate and without it without it. To the left you can see fragments and the shell itself punched armor. On the right, the subboy is detaining most of the armor fragments (but not the shell itself) thereby reducing damage.
Even more effective view Shells are charming shells. The charming armor-piercing shells are distinguished by the presence of kamors (cavities) inside the projectile filled with explosive and detonator of slow motion. After breaking down the armor, the projectile explodes inside the object, thereby significantly enhancing the damage caused by fragments and the shock wave in the closed volume. In essence, it is an armor-piercing fugas.
One of the simple examples of the chart of the chamber
1 - Soft ballistic shell, 2 - armor-piercing steel, 3 - explosive charge, 4 - bottom detonator, working with a slowdown, 5 - front and rear leading belts (borders).
The charming shells are not used today as anti-tank, since their design is weakened with an internal cavity with explosives and is not intended for breaking through thick armor, that is, a tank caliber projectile (105 - 125 mm) is simply collided when a collision with modern frontal tank armor (equivalent 400 - 600 mm armor and above). Such shells were used widely during the Second World War since their caliber was comparable to the thickness of the armor of some tanks of that time. In the sea battles of the past, a charming shells were used from a large caliber of 203 mm and to a monstrous 460 mm (Yamato battleship battleship), which could well pierce thick ship steel armor comparable in thickness with their caliber (300 - 500 mm), or a layer of reinforced concrete and stone A few meters.
Modern armor-piercing ammunition
Despite the fact that after World War II, various types of anti-tank missiles were developed, armor-piercing ammunition remain one of the main anti-tank agents. It is despite the undeniable advantages of missiles (mobility, accuracy, the possibilities of homing, etc.), there are also armoring shells on their advantages.
The main advantage of them is the simplicity of the design and, accordingly, production, which affects the lower price of the product.
Moreover, armor-piercing shell, unlike the anti-tank missile, has a very high speed of a random to the target (from 1600 m / s and above), it is impossible to "leave" from it, in time, breathering or hiding into the shelter (in a certain sense When launching a missile is such an opportunity). Moreover, anti-tank shell It does not require the need to keep the target on the sight, as many, although not all, the FIGR.
Against the armor-piercing projectile, it is also impossible to create radio-electronic interference due to the fact that there are simplicable there are no radio-electronic devices. In the case of anti-tank missiles, it is possible to specifically create such complexes as "curtains", "Afghanit" or "barrier" *.
Modern broadcasting shell used in most countries of the world is actually a long rod made of high-strength metallic (tungsten or depleted uranium) or composite (tungsten carbide) alloy and rolling towards a target from 1500 to 1800 m / s and higher. The rod at the end has stabilizers called plumage. Abbreviated the projectile is called Bops (armor-piercing opened pyline shell). You can also call the BPS (armor-piercing podkalibernal shell).
Almost all modern armor-piercing ammunition shells possess the so-called. "Operation" - tail stabilizers. The reason for the appearance of the Operate shells lies in the fact that the projectiles of the old scheme described above after the Second World War exhausted their potential. It was necessary to lengthen the shells for greater efficiency, but they lost stability when big Length. One of the reasons for the loss of stability was the rotation of them in flight (since most of the guns were with cutting and reported rotational movement). The strength of the materials of that time did not allow to create long shells with sufficient strength for breaking through thick composite (puff) armor. The shell was easier to stabilize not with rotation, but a plumage. An important role in the appearance of a plumage was also played by the emergence of smooth-bore tools, which could accelerate up to higher speeds than when using rifle guns, and the problem of stabilization in which began to be solved with the help of a plumage (the topic of rifled and smooth-bore tools, we will be touched in the following material).
A particularly important role in armor-sized shells play materials. Tungsten carbide ** (composite material) has a density of 15.77 gr. / Cm3, which is almost twice as high than steel. It has a large hardness, wear resistance and melting point (about 2900 seconds). Recently, heavier alloys based on tungsten and uranium were especially widespread. Tungsten or depleted uranium have a very high density, which is almost 2.5 times higher than that of steel (19.25 and 19.1 gr. / Cm3 versus 7.8 gr. / Cm3 at steel) and, as a result, larger mass and kinetic energy while maintaining minimum sizes. Also, mechanical strength (especially for bending) is higher than that of tungsten carbide. Thanks to these qualities, it is possible to concentrate more energy in a smaller volume of the projectile, that is, increase the density of its kinetic energy. Also, these alloys have tremendous strength and hardness compared even with the most durable existing armored or special steel.
The projectile is called podkaliber because the caliber (diameter) of its combat / armor-pierce part is less than the caliber of the gun. Usually the diameter of such a core is 20 - 36 mm. Recently, shell developers are trying to reduce the diameter of the core and increase its length, whenever possible to save or increase the mass, reduce resistance during flight and as a result, increase the contact pressure at the point of impact with armor.
Uranium ammunition has 10 - 15% greater breeding with the same size due to interesting features Alloy called self-drawing. The scientific term of this process is "ablative self-sharing". When the tungsten projectile passes through the armor, its tip is deformed and flattened due to huge resistance. With flattening, its contact area increases, which further increases the resistance to the movement and as a result suffers from the poverty. When the uranium projectile passes through the armor at speeds, more than 1600 m / s His tip is not deformed and is not flattened, but simply destroys parallel to the movement of the projectile, that is, peeled with parts and thereby the rod remains always sharp.
In addition to already listed affecting factors of armor-piercing shells, modern BPSs have a high incendiary ability in breaking armor. This ability is called piroform. - It is the self-ignition of the projectile particles after the breakdown of armor ***.
125 mm BOPS BM-42 "Mango"
The design is a tungsten alloys core in a steel shell. Visible stabilizers at the end of the projectile (plumage). White circle around the rod is a closet. On the right BPS is equipped (recessed) inward the powder charge and in this form it comes to tank troops. Left the second powder charge With the cast and the metal pallet. As can be seen, the whole shot is divided into two parts, and only in this form it is placed in the machine charging of the Tanks of the USSR / RF (T-64, 72, 80, 90). That is, at first, the charging mechanism will reduce the BPS with the first charge, and follow the second charge.
The photo below shows the parts of the area at the time of evidence from the rod in flight. A burning traceser is visible in the bottom of the rod.
Interesting Facts
* The Russian System "Curtain" is created to protect tanks from anti-tank managed rockets. The system determines that a laser beam is induced to the tank, determines the direction of the laser source, and gives a crew signal. The crew can make a maneuver or hide the car in shelter. The system is also connected to the flue rocket launching device, which create a cloud reflecting optical and laser radiation, thereby knocking down the launch of the FRCT from the target. There is also interaction "Curtains" with spotlights - emitters that can be interfered in the anti-tank rocket device when they are directed to it. The effectiveness of the "Curtain" system against various FEDRs of the last generation is still questionable. There is a controversial opinion on this account, however, the best, as they say, its presence than the complete absence. On the last russian tank "Armat" has a different system - so-called The system of integrated active protection "Afghanit", which, according to developers, is able to intercept not only anti-tank missiles, but also armor-piercing shells flying at a speed of up to 1700 m / s (in the future it is planned to bring this indicator to 2000 m / s). In turn, the Ukrainian development "barrier" operates on the principle of an ammunition under the side of the attacking projectile (rocket) and the message of a powerful impulse in the form of a shock wave and fragments. So, the projectile or rocket deviates from the initially specified trajectory, and is destroyed to the meeting with the aim of (or rather its goal). Judging by the technical characteristics, most effective this system It may be against the RPG and the FIGR.
** Tungsten carbide is applied not only for the manufacture of shells, but also for the manufacture of heavy-duty tools for working with particularly solid steel and alloys. For example, a alloy called "Win" (from the word "victory") was developed in the USSR in 1929. It is a solid homogeneous mixture / alloy of tungsten carbide and cobalt in a ratio of 90:10. Products are obtained by powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy is the process of obtaining metal powders and the manufacture of various high-strength products with pre-calculated mechanical, physical, magnetic, and other properties. This process allows you to get products from mixtures of metals and non-metals, which are simply impossible to connect with other methods, such as fusion or welding. The mixture of powders is loaded into the form of the future product. One of the powders is a binder matrix (something like cement), which will firmly connect all the smallest particles / grains of powder with each other. As an example, nickel and cobalt powders can be brought. The mixture is pressed in special pressure presses from 300 to 10,000 atmospheres. The mixture is then heated to a high temperature (component from 70 to 90% of the melting point of the binder metal). As a result, the mixture becomes more dense and reinforces the connection between the grains.
*** Piroform is the ability solid material To self-ignition in air in the absence of heating and being in a small-core state. The property can manifest itself when hit or friction. One of the materials well satisfying this requirement is depleted uranium. When armor breaks down, the core is just in a small-dressed state. Add to it the same high temperature In the place of breaking through armor, the blow itself and friction of the many particles and we get ideal conditions for ignition. The tungsten alloys of the shells also add special additives to greater appearance. As the simplest example of piroform in everyday life, it is possible to bring silicon lighters that are made from a metal alloy cerium.
Lovers playing computer tank "shot", like real servicemen, do not always think about how one or another ammunition works, the result is important. However, the toy battle is different from real. In war, tanks rarely fight among themselves, with the right leadership for troops, they are intended for a breakthrough of the defense lines of the enemy, moving coverage of strengthening and violation of rear communications. However, the duels are possible, and then without armor-piercing means it is not necessary. Along with the usual "duals" and podcastberries, the World of Tanks is often used - the game, the developers of which have tried to transfer with the maximum realistic technique of the time of World War II and those ammunition used by the armies involved in it. Her conditions do not claim complete historical accuracy, but general ideas about conditions tank Boy She gives.
In order to properly use the possible arsenal of affluent funds, it is not necessary, but it is desirable to know how the cumulative projectile works, what is its main characteristics, and in what cases it is used, and in which one can be limited to less expensive charges.
Tank evolution
The first tanks were slow movable artillery batteries (sometimes with several guns) protected by anti-government booking. These were analogs of armored traders, with the difference that they could not move along the rails, but by rough terrain, and, by itself, of course, on the roads. The evolution of technical solutions led to new methods of application of armored vehicles, it became more mobile and adopted part of the cavalry functions. The Soviet Engineering School could compete with the most advanced achievements, which, by the end of the thirties of the XX century, came to general ConceptDefining the appearance of all other countries until the end of the war continued to build combat vehicles on an outdated scheme, with anterior transmission, narrow caterpillars, riveted hulls and carburetor engines. Some large success has achieved success compared to the United Kingdom nazi Germany. Engineers who built "Tigers" and "Panthers" made a number of attempts to increase the resistance of their machines by applying an inclined booking. The width of the caterpillars, the Germans also had to be changed according to the conditions of the Eastern Front. Long-life tools have become another feature approaching the characteristics to modern standards. On this progress in the mill of our enemies stopped.
When we have cumulative ammunition
As the story has shown, to the general ideology of tank buildings adopted in the USSR, the world technical thought came only by the mid-fifties. But there were also directions on which the opponent was ahead of us. Already at the beginning of the war, the German troops consisted of a cumulative projectile. The principle of action of this terrible armor-piercing agent, in general, was known soviet designers According to intelligence data. With the beginning of hostilities, it was possible to explore the trophy samples. But when trying to make copies and analogues arose numerous technical difficulties. Only by 1944 in the USSR created their own artillery and tank cumulative projectile, capable of trying the armored protection of German cars increased by that time. Currently, most of the ammunition of each combat unit consists of precisely from this type of ammunition.
Hard position on the Eastern Front
It should be noted that at the beginning of the war, the Germans were extremely difficult to deal with Soviet armored vehicles. All the average, and the more severe tanks that were in service with the Red Army had a reliable anti-freel reservation, besides, inclined. The caliber of the tower guns, if they were (and T-1, for example, armed only a machine gun), lacked to hit T-34 or square meters. Only assault aviation, field or shooting, as a rule, could fight with our tanks. The effectiveness of the application increased if the charge was cumulative. Also possessed strong armority, but it turned out to be too complex in production and demanded high costs, and Germany who fought except the Eastern Front and the Sea and in Africa, had to save.
The first attempts to create anti-tank agents
Immediately after the appearance of armored vehicles on the battlefields, the question arose about its destruction or, as a last resort, applies to it the greatest damage. The usual patron defense did not break through, although its layer was not very thick due to the low power of the internal combustion engines of that time (and it was during the first world). There were no special yet, they were required to invent. Design capabilities were limited to two factors: value, on the one hand, and amazing - on the other. Thought moved in different directions. The pinnacle of it became a cumulative projectile. The principle of action of different armor-piercing shells will be discussed below.
Than punch armor
To break through the usual leaf armor, you need to concentrate on its site, telling him kinetic energy. It is easiest to do this with a projectile, which is a solid blank, equipped with a pointed end, fixed when hitting an obstacle. The condition for the destruction of the barrier can be a fairly strong impulse, causing local overvoltages, exceeding the magnitude of the intermolecular metals. So they arrived at the beginning: they were shot by the dwarves, realizing that the explosion produced even on the very surface of the armor is unlikely to be able to hit the live strength and mechanisms due to the scattering of the fragment in this case are also practically useless.
Double cracked on a tank
Improving armor protection, as well as the use of its inclined location reduced the effectiveness of a solid armor-piercing projectile. Finding on the mowed plane, he most often ricothel, although, by virtue of his peculiarities, it was sometimes capable of the so-called normalization. It consisted that after the first touch of the tip, the motion vector changed somewhat (up to five degrees), and the angle of hitting the armor was becoming more stupid. This led to a more efficient distribution of the load on the area of \u200b\u200baffected defense, and even if the armor did not break through, a peculiar funnel was formed from the inner side, and the metal pieces flew inside the car at high speed, kalece and killing the crew. In addition, one should not be discounted and compression, in other words, a strong and rapid pressure change (in its essence, a powerful blow of the air wave).
Pillaber products
Lasting steel core, enclosed in a softer shell, can solve the problem of destruction of armor protection. After entering this rod, as it were, it goes beyond its time shell and causes a strong blow, concentrated on a small area. Podcastberries are capable of punching thick armor, partially retaining the advantages of the shell-blank. They have their own defects, less armorishness on long distances and a much more modest angle of normalization (the feeling does not exceed two degrees). With all the effectiveness, this ammunition was quite highly technological, roads, besides, did not always cope with his task. And then appeared ...
How does the cumulative projectile act
The main disadvantage of all previous developments in the field of armor-piercing ammunition is expressed in their very name. They are designed to break through. But this is not enough. Well, they made a hole in armor, but if the energy of the projectile is repaid, he can no longer apply significant harm internal mechanisms and crew. The tank can be repaired, brewing holes, wounded tankers to send to the hospital, killed to bury with honors, and send the car to battle. However, all this becomes impossible if the cumulative projectile was pleased with the armor. The principle of action is that after burning the hole, the discontinuous charge is rushed into it, destroying everything that seemed reliably protected.
Device
Currently, there is no more effective means to deal with tanks than a cumulative projectile. World of Tanks offers gamers to acquire them only for "gold", relating these virtual ammunition to Goldovye. And no wonder, with successful hit, they guarantee the destruction of the target. Spend them on opponents who do not have a fairly high degree of protection, do not. If you can apply the usual "bag", that is, an armor-piercing projectile, it is recommended to use it. To learn how to buy a cumulative projectile, easily by reading the conditions of the game, but it is recommended not to waste it, and then at the right moment it is just not enough. But these are all games, and in the present battle ...
In the device of the cumulative ammunition, the utilities of concentration was successfully applied. In the small area of \u200b\u200bthe primary contact, a jet of a gas floundered to the plasma state occurs, which is similar to the welding machine burning the hole. The term action is accompanied by penetration into the protected space of the main charge, breaking down already under armor and carrying major destruction. This principle was used in the device of a manual "Faustpatron", widely used at the end of World War II. The cumulative RPG projectile also works. However, with this problem, the tank builders learned to fight.
Countering cumulative explosion
The first samples of armored ammunition were designed for armor protection applied to the tanks of the period of World War II, and it was simple. Nothing prevented a jet of hot gas to act on a metal layer, she arose immediately after hitting. Simplest countermere - creating conditions for premature triggering of the thermal component of charge. To do this, it is enough to create an outer layer "Falshbroni" - and jet instead of metal will heat the air.
The second method is applicable for any tanks created without taking into account the possibilities of cumulative shells. It is necessary to dispel a concentrated stream with a small counterbelief, for which it is possible to put a troil in special boxes on the outer surface of the machine on the armor. This method today is applied quite wide.
The third method is used in the tanks of the last generation, in which integrated armor technology is applied. Modern defense - Multi-layered, in it alternate ceramic fillers, explosive investigators and superproof leaf armor.
Tandem shells
There is no such protection that it would be impossible to overcome. A tandem cumulative projectile has come to replace the usual "permits" of armor after the appearance of methods of opposition. The principle of operation differs from the classical fact that the thermal and basic wizard are spaced in length, and if the first step will work falsely, the second one will definitely achieve the goal. Currently known anti-tank agents with two and three charges. The direction of thermal jets in some models (mainly Russian) is shifted to each other, so that they do not interfere with one another. It provides the ability to punch to 800 mm modern protection.
Such is a cumulative projectile. War Thunder, World of Tanks and other similar computer games Give a general idea of \u200b\u200bthe peculiarities of the use of this ammunition and its characteristics. It will be better if these knowledge remain useful only to gamers for their virtual battles.
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