Agrowing the factors of nuclear weapons, and their brief description.
The features of the affecting actions of the nuclear explosion and the main striking factor are determined not only by the type of nuclear ammunition, but also the power of the explosion, the type of explosion and the nature of the lesion object (target). All of these factors are taken into account when assessing the effectiveness of nuclear strike and the development of the content of the protection of troops and objects from nuclear weapons.
In the explosion of a nuclear ammunition for millions of shares of a second, a colossal amount of energy is distinguished and therefore, in the zone of nuclear reactions, the temperature rises to several million degrees, and the maximum pressure reaches billion atmospheres. High temperatures and pressure cause a powerful shock wave.
Along with the shock wave and light radiation, the explosion of a nuclear ammunition is accompanied by emitting penetrating radiation consisting of neutron flow and G-quanta. The cloud of the explosion contains a huge number of radioactive products - fragments of division. On the path of movement of this cloud, radioactive products fall out of it, resulting in radioactive contamination of the terrain, objects and air.
The uneven movement of electrical charges in the air arising under the influence of ionized radiation leads to the formation of an electromagnetic pulse (AM).
Agrowing the factors of a nuclear explosion:
1) shock wave;
2) light radiation;
3) penetrating radiation;
4) radioactive radiation;
5) Electromagnetic impulse (AM).
1) Shock wave the nuclear explosion is one of the main striking factors. Depending on which the medium, the shock wave - air, water or soil occurs and spreads, is called an air wave, a shock wave (in water) and seismic wave (in the ground).
The shock wave is a region of a sharp compression of air propagating in all directions from the center of an explosion with supersonic speed. With a large stock of energy, the shock wave of the nuclear explosion is able to defeat people, destroy various structures, weapons, military equipment and other objects at considerable distances from the explosion site.
The main parameters of the shock wave are overpressure in the wave front, the time of action and its high-speed pressure.
2) under light radiation The nuclear explosion is understood to be the electromagnetic radiation of the optical range in the visible, ultraviolet and infrared area of \u200b\u200bthe spectrum.
The source of light radiation is the sistering area of \u200b\u200bthe explosion consisting of a nuclear ammunition heated to high temperatures, air and soil particles raised by an explosion from the earth's surface. The shape of the luminous area with air explosion has a form of a ball; With terrestrial explosions, it is close to the hemisphere; With low air explosions, the ball shape is deformed by the shock wave reflected from the ground. The dimensions of the luminous area are proportional to the power of the explosion.
Light radiation with a nuclear explosion is only a few seconds. The duration of the glow depends on the power of the nuclear explosion. The greater the power of the explosion, the longer the glow. The temperature of the luminous region from 2000 to 3000 0 C. For comparison, we indicate that the temperature of the surface layers of the Sun is 6000 0 C.
The main parameter characterizing the light radiation at different distances from the center of the nuclear explosion is the light pulse. The light pulse is called the amount of light energy falling per unit area of \u200b\u200bthe surface, perpendicular to the direction of radiation for the entire time of the scene. The light pulse is measured in calories per square centimeter (Cal / cm 2).
Light radiation primarily affects open areas of the body - hand brushes, face, neck, as well as eyes, causing burns.
Distinguish four degrees of burns:
The first grade burn is a surface lesion of the skin, externally manifested in its redness;
Burning a second degree is characterized by the formation of bubbles;
The burn of the third degree - causes the death of deep layers of the skin;
Burning the fourth degree - the skin and subcutaneous fiber is charred, and sometimes deeper tissues.
3) Penetrating radiation It is a flow of G-radiation and neutrons emitted to the environment from the zone and clouds of the nuclear explosion.
g-radiation and neutron radiation are different in their physical properties, can spread in the air in all directions to the distance from 2.5 to 3 km.
The duration of the penetrating radiation is only a few seconds, but nevertheless it can cause severe lesions, especially if it is openly located.
g-rays and neutrons, spreading in any medium, ionize its atoms. As a result of the ionization of atoms included in the living tissues, various life processes in the body are violated, which leads to radiation disease.
In addition, the penetrating radiation can cause the glass darkening, the processing of photosensitive photographic materials and disabling radio-electronic equipment, especially containing semiconductor elements.
The striking effect of penetrating radiation on the personnel and the state of its combat capability depends on the dose of radiation and the time passed after the explosion.
The affecting effect of penetrating radiation is characterized by a dose of radiation.
There are exposure doses and absorbed dose.
The exposure dose was previously measured by incidental units - X-ray (P). One x-ray is such a dose of X-ray or G-radiation, which creates 2.1 10 9 pairs of ions in one cubic centimeter. In the new system units, the exposition dose is measured in a kilogram (1 p \u003d 2.58 10 -4 kg / kg).
The absorbed dose is measured in radians (1 rad \u003d 0.01 j / kg \u003d 100 erg / g of absorbed energy in the tissue). The unit of measurement of the absorbed dose in the SI system is Gray (1 gr \u003d 1 j / kg \u003d 100 glad). The absorbed dose more accurately determines the effect of ionizing radiation on the biological tissue of the body, having a different atomic composition and density.
Depending on the dose of radiation, four degrees of radiation sickness are distinguished:
1) The radiation disease of the first degree (light) occurs at the total radiation dose of 150-250 is happy. The hidden period lasts 2-3 weeks, after which there are ailments, general weakness, nausea, dizziness, periodic temperature increase. In the blood decreases the content of white blood balls. The radiation disease is the first degree of curable.
2) the radiation disease of the second degree (average) occurs at the total dose of radiation 250-400 is happy. The hidden period lasts about a week. Signs of the disease are more pronounced. With active treatment, recovery occurs after 1.5-2 months.
3) The ray disease of the third degree (severe) occurs at the dose of 400-700 radiation. The hidden period is several hours. The disease proceeds intensively and hard. In the case of a favorable outcome, recovery may occur in 6-8 months.
4) The ray disease of the fourth degree (extremely heavy), occurs at a dose of irradiation over 700 is happy, which is the most dangerous. With doses exceeding 500 glad, the personnel loses the combat capability in a few minutes.
4) Radioactive locality infection The surface layer of the atmosphere, airspace, water and other objects occurs as a result of the fallout of radioactive substances from the cloud of the nuclear explosion.
The main source of radioactive infection with nuclear explosions is radioactive products of nuclear radiation - fragments of the division of uranium nuclei and plutonium. The decomposition of fragments is accompanied by the emission of gamma rays and beta particles.
The value of radioactive infection as an affecting factor is determined by the fact that high levels of radiation may be observed not only in the area adjacent to the explosion site, but also at a distance of dozens and even hundreds of kilometers from it.
The most powerful contamination occurs with ground nuclear explosions, when the infection area with hazardous levels of radiation is many times higher than the dimensions of the damage zones by the shock wave, light radiation and penetrating radiation.
On the area undergoing radioactive infection with a nuclear explosion, two sections are formed: an explosion area and cloud trail. In turn, in the area of \u200b\u200bthe explosion, there is a covered and subvener side.
By the degree of danger, the infected terrain on the trail of the explosion cloud is made to divide four zones:
1. Zone A - moderate infection. Doses of radiation to the full decay of radioactive substances on the outer border of the zone D ¥ \u003d 40 is glad, on the inner border D ¥ \u003d 400 is happy. Its area is 70-80% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire trace.
2. Zone b - strong infection. Doses of radiation on the borders D ¥ \u003d 400 Rad and D ¥ \u003d 1200 is glad. This zone accounts for about 10% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe radioactive trace.
3. Zone in dangerous infection. Doses of radiation at its outer border for the period of complete decay of radioactive substances D ¥ \u003d 1200 is glad, but on the inner border D ¥ \u003d 4000 is happy. This zone occupies about 8-10% of the explosion cloud trace area.
4. Zone g - extremely dangerous infection. Doses of radiation at its outer border for the period of the full decay of radioactive substances D ¥ \u003d 4000 is glad, and in the middle of the zone D ¥ \u003d 7000 is happy.
Radiation levels on the outer boundaries of these zones 1 hour after the explosion are 8; 80; 240 and 800 rad / h, and after 10 hours - 0.5; five; 15 and 50 Rad / h. Over time, the levels of radiation on the ground are reduced approximately 10 times through time segments, multiple 7. For example, after 7 hours after the explosion, the dose rate decreases 10 times, and after 49 hours - 100 times.
5) Electromagnetic impulse (AMY). Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and in higher layers lead to the occurrence of powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m and more these fields due to their short-term existence it is customary to be called an electromagnetic pulse (AM).
The ammunition effect of AM is due to the occurrence of stresses and currents in conductors of various lengths located in the air, land, in service and military equipment and other objects.
With a terrestrial or low air explosion, the G-quanta, emitted from the zone of the flow of nuclear explosions, is knocked out of air atoms by rapid electrons that fly in the direction of movement of G-quanta at a speed close to the speed of light, and positive ions (atoms) remain in place . As a result of such a separation of electrical charges, elementary and resulting electrical and magnetic fields of EMI are formed in space.
With ground and low air explosion, the striking effect of AM is observed at a distance of about a few kilometers from the explosion center.
With a high-altitude nuclear explosion (the height of more than 10 km), there may arise fields of AM in the explosion zone and at the heights of 20-40 km from the surface.
The amazing effect of AMI is primarily manifested in relation to electronic and electrical equipment, which is in service, military equipment and other facilities.
If nuclear explosions occur near energy supply lines, links having a greater length, then the stress induced in them can be distributed on wires for many kilometers and cause damage to the equipment and damage to the personnel, which is on a safe distance in relation to other affecting nuclear explosion factors.
Amy is a danger and in the presence of durable structures (sheltered command points, rocket starting complexes), which are designed for resistance to the effects of shock waves of the ground nuclear explosion produced at a distance of several hundred meters. Strong electromagnetic fields can damage the electrical chains and disrupt the operation of unshielded electronic and electrical equipment, so it will take time to restore it.
The altitude explosion is able to create interference in the work of communications on very large areas.
Protection against nuclear weapons is one of the most important types of combat. It is organized and carried out to prevent the defeat of troops with nuclear weapons, maintain their combat capability and ensure the successful implementation of the task. This is achieved:
Conducting exploration of nuclear attack;
Use of personal protective equipment, protective properties of technology, terrain, engineering structures;
Skilled actions on the infected area;
Conducting control of radioactive irradiation, sanitary and hygienic measures;
Timely elimination of the consequences of the adversary of weapons of mass lesion;
Main ways to protect against nuclear weapons:
Intelligence and destruction of launchers with nuclear warheads;
Radiation intelligence of areas of the explosion of nuclear ammunition;
Alert forces on the danger of nuclear attack of the enemy;
Dispersal and masking of troops;
Engineering equipment regions of the arrangement of troops;
Liquidation of the consequences of nuclear weapons.
With a terrestrial nuclear explosion, about 50% of energy goes to the formation of a shock wave and funnels in the ground, 30-40% in light radiation, up to 5% per penetrating radiation and electromagnetic radiation and up to 15% in radioactive area infection.
In the neutron ammunition of the neutron ammunition, the share of energy is distributed peculiar: shock wave up to 10%, light radiation 5 - 8% and approximately 85% of energy goes into penetrating radiation (neutron and gamma radiation)
The shock wave and light radiation are similar to the amazing factors of traditional explosives, but the light radiation in the case of a nuclear explosion is much more powerful.
The shock wave destroys build structures and techniques, traumats people and has a dropping effect by the rapid pressure drop and high-speed air pressure. Following the wave of a vacuum (drop pressure of air) and the opposite course of air masses in the direction of the developing nuclear mushroom can also apply some damage.
The light radiation is valid only for unshielded, that is, no objects are not covered with an explosion, it can cause ignition of combustible materials and fires, as well as burns and lesions of human and animal visible.
Penetrating radiation has an ionizing and destructive effect on human tissue molecules causes radiation disease. It has especially important when the neutron ammunition explosion. From penetrating radiation, cellars of multi-storey stone and reinforced concrete buildings can be protected, underground sheltering from 2 meters (cellar, for example or any shelter 3-4 class and higher), armored equipment has some protection.
Radioactive infection - with air explosion relative to "clean" thermonuclear charges (division-synthesis) this affecting factor is minimized. And vice versa, in the case of the explosion of "dirty" variants of thermonuclear charges, arranged on the principle of division-synthesis division, ground, outlined explosion, in which neutron activation of the substances contained in the soil occurs, and even more so the explosion of the so-called "dirty bomb" may have a decisive value.
The electromagnetic impulse displays electrical and electronic equipment, violates radio communication.
Depending on the type of charge and the blasting conditions, the explosion energy is distributed in different ways. For example, in an explosion of a conventional nuclear charge without an increased yield of neutron radiation or radioactive contamination, there may be the following ratio of the share of energy output at various heights:
| The shares of the energy of the influencing factors of the nuclear explosion | |||||||||
| Height / depth | X-ray radiation | Light radiation | Heat Fire Bowl and Clouds | Shock wave | Deformation and soil emissions | Compression wave in soil | Heat cavity in the ground | Penetrating radiation | Radioactive substances |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 100 km | 64 % | 24 % | 6 % | 6 % | |||||
| 70 km | 49 % | 38 % | 1 % | 6 % | 6 % | ||||
| 45 km | 1 % | 73 % | 13 % | 1 % | 6 % | 6 % | |||
| 20 km | 40 % | 17 % | 31 % | 6 % | 6 % | ||||
| 5 km | 38 % | 16 % | 34 % | 6 % | 6 % | ||||
| 0 M. | 34 % | 19 % | 34 % | 1 % | less than 1% | ? | 5 % | 6 % | |
| Depth of camouflage explosion | 30 % | 30 % | 34 % | 6 % | |||||
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Light radiation is a flow of radiant energy, which includes the ultraviolet, visible and infrared spectrum region. The source of light radiation is the glowing area of \u200b\u200bthe explosion - heated to high temperatures and the evaporated parts of the ammunition surrounding soil and air. With air explosion, the luminous area is a ball, with a terrestrial - hemisphere.
The maximum surface temperature of the luminous area is usually 5700-7700 ° C. When the temperature decreases to 1700 ° C, the glow is terminated. The light pulse continues from a fraction of a second to several tens of seconds, depending on the power and explosion conditions. Approximately, the duration of the luminescence in seconds is equal to the third degree radar from the power of the explosion in kilotons. In this case, the intensity of the radiation may exceed 1000 W / cm² (for comparison - the maximum intensity of sunlight is 0.14 W / cm²).
The result of the action of light radiation may be ignition and fire, melting, charring, large temperature stresses in the materials.
When exposed to light radiation on a person there is a damage to the eyes and burns of open areas of the body, and also be defeated and protected by clothing of body sections.
A arbitrary opaque obstacle can be protected from light radiation.
In the event of a fog, haze, strong dust and / or smoke, the impact of light radiation is also reduced.
Shock wave
Most of the destruction caused by a nuclear explosion is caused by the effect of shock wave. The shock wave is a sealing jump in a medium that moves with supersonic speed (more than 350 m / s for the atmosphere). With an atmospheric explosion, the seal jump is a small zone in which an almost instantaneous increase in temperature, pressure and density of air occurs. Directly behind the front of the shock wave there is a decrease in the pressure and density of air, from a slight decrease far from the center of the explosion and almost to vacuum inside the fiery sphere. The consequence of this reduction is the return of air and a strong wind along the surface with speeds up to 100 km / h and more than the epicenter. The shock wave destroys the buildings, facilities and amazes unprotected people, and close to the epicenter of the ground or very low air explosion generates powerful seismic oscillations that can destroy or damage underground structures and communications, injure people in them.
Most buildings, except for specially fortified, are seriously damaged or destroyed under the influence of overpressure of 2160-3600 kg / m² (0.22-0.36 atm).
Energy is distributed throughout the distance traveled, because of this, the impact force of the shock wave decreases in proportion to the duration of the distance from the epicenter.
Protection against shock wave for man are asylum. In the open area, the effect of the shock wave is reduced by various deepening, obstacles, the folds of the terrain.
Penetrating radiation
Electromagnetic impulse
With a nuclear explosion, as a result of strong currents in ionized radiation and light radiation in the air, a strongest variable electromagnetic field occurs, called an electromagnetic pulse (AM). Although it does not have any influence on a person, the effects of EMI damages electronic equipment, electrical appliances and power lines. In addition, a large number of ions arising after the explosion prevents the distribution of radio waves and the operation of radar stations. This effect can be used to blind a rocket attack warning system.
Amy's strength varies depending on the height of the explosion: in the range below 4 km, it is relatively weak, stronger when the explosion is 4-30 km, and especially strong at height of the undermining of more than 30 km (see, for example, an experiment on the height of the Natural Paper Starfish Prime nuclear charge) .
The emergence of AMI is as follows:
- Penetrating radiation, emanating from the center of the explosion, passes through extended conductive items.
- Gamma quanta is scattered on free electrons, which leads to the appearance of a rapidly changing current pulse in conductors.
- The field caused by a current pulse is emitted to the surrounding space and spreads at the speed of light, over time distorted and athighted.
Under the influence of AM in all unshielded extended conductors, voltage is induced, and the longer the conductor, the higher the voltage. This leads to breakdowns of isolation and failure of electrical appliances associated with cable networks, for example, transformer substations, etc.
The great value of Amy has with a high-rise explosion to 100 km and more. In the explosion in the surface layer, the atmosphere does not decide the lesion of low-sensitive electrical engineering, its radius is overlapped by other affecting factors. But it can disrupt the work and instruction of sensitive electrical equipment and radio engineering at considerable distances - up to several tens of kilometers from the epicenter of a powerful explosion, where other factors no longer bring the destroyer effect. It may fail to deal with unprotected equipment in durable facilities designed for large loads from the nuclear explosion (for example, the SPU). There is no affecting actions on people.
Radioactive infection
Radioactive infection - the result of a significant amount of radioactive substances raised into the air. The three main sources of radioactive substances in the explosion zone are the products of nuclear fuel division, which did not enter into a reaction part of the nuclear charge and radioactive isotopes formed in the ground and other materials under the influence of neutrons (induced radioactivity).
Singing to the surface of the Earth towards the movement of the cloud, the explosion products create a radioactive area called radioactive trail. The density of infection in the explosion area and the trace of the movement of the radioactive cloud decreases as it deletes from the center of the explosion. The shape of the trace may be the most diverse, depending on the surrounding conditions.
Radioactive explosion products emit three types of radiation: alpha, beta and gamma. The time of their environmental impact is very long.
Due to the natural decay process, radioactivity decreases, it takes particularly sharply in the first hours after the explosion.
The defeat of people and animals by exposure to radiation infection can be called external and internal irradiation. Heavy cases may be accompanied by radial disease and fatal outcome.
The installation on the combat part of the nuclear charge of the cobalt shell causes the territory of a dangerous isotope 60 Co (hypothetical dirty bomb).
Epidemiological and Environmental Field
The nuclear explosion in the settlement, as well as other disasters associated with a large number of victims, the destruction of harmful industries and fires, will lead to serious conditions in the area of \u200b\u200bits action, which will be a secondary affecting factor. People even who did not receive significant lesions directly from the explosion, with high probability they can die from infectious diseases and chemical poisoning. The probability of burning in fires or simply extended when trying to get out of the dawns.
Psychological impact
People who were in the area of \u200b\u200bthe explosion, besides physical damage, experience a powerful psychological inhibitory effect from the frightening type of unfolding pattern of a nuclear explosion, the catastrophicity of the destruction and fires, the disappearance of the usual landscape, a variety of mutilated, charred dying around and decaying corpses due to the impossibility of their burial, The death of relatives and loved ones, awareness of the harm caused by their body and the horror of the upcoming death from the developing radiation disease. The result of such an impact among the survivors after the catastrophe is the development of sharp psychosis, as well as claustroplated syndromes due to the realization of the inability to enter the surface of the Earth, sustainable nightmarish memories affecting all subsequent existence. In Japan, there is a separate word, denoting people who have become victims of nuclear bombardments - "Hibanus."
Public intelligence services of many countries suggest [ ] That one of the goals of various terrorist groups may be the establishment of nuclear weapons and the use of it against the civilian population for the purpose of psychological impact, even if the physical striking factors of the nuclear explosion will be insignificant on the scale of the victim and all mankind. The message about the nuclear terrorist attack will be immediately distributed by the media (television, radio, Internet, press) and will undoubtedly have a huge psychological impact on people who can count on terrorists.
Explosive action based on the use of intrathoreric energy, released in chain reactions of dividing heavy nuclei of some isotopes of uranium and plutonium or with thermonuclear fusion of hydrogen isotope synthesis (deuterium and tritium) into heavier, such as helium isometric centers. In thermonuclear reactions, energy is released 5 times larger than in fission reactions (with the same mass of nuclei).
The nuclear weapon includes various nuclear ammunition, the means of delivering them to the target (carriers) and controls.
Depending on the method of obtaining nuclear energy, ammunition is divided into nuclear (on fission reactions), thermonuclear (on synthesis reactions), combined (in which energy is obtained according to the "division - synthesis - division" scheme). The power of nuclear ammunition is measured by a TNTIL equivalent, so on. The mass of the explosive of TNT, when the explosion is distinguished by such an energy of energy, as when the explosion of this nuclear bosior is. Trotil equivalent is measured in tons, kilotons (CT), megatines (MT).
In the fission reactions, ammunition are constructed with a capacity of up to 100 kt, on the synthesis reactions - from 100 to 1000 CT (1 MT). Combined ammunition can be a capacity of more than 1 mt. In terms of power, nuclear ammunition is divided into ultra-low (up to 1 kg), small (1 -10 CT), medium (10-100 CT) and super-broom (more than 1 MT).
Depending on the purpose of using nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions can be high (above 10 km), air (not higher than 10 km), ground (surface), underground (underwater).
Affecting the factors of the nuclear explosion
The main affected factors of the nuclear explosion are: a shock wave, light radiation of a nuclear explosion, penetrating radiation, radioactive infection and electromagnetic impulse.
Shock wave
Shock wave (HC) - area of \u200b\u200bsharply compressed air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion with supersonic speed.
The hot pairs and gases seeking to expand, produce a sharp blow to the surrounding layers of air, compress them to large pressures and density and heated to high temperature (several tens of thousands of degrees). This compressed air layer is a shock wave. The front limit of the compressed air layer is called the front of the shock wave. Once the HC front follows the range of discharge, where the pressure is below atmospheric. Near the explosion center, the propagation rate is several times higher than the sound speed. With an increase in the distance from the explosion site, the speed of propagation of the wave quickly drops. At large distances, its speed is approaching the speed of propagation of sound in the air.
Impact wave of an average power ammunition passes: the first kilometer for 1.4 s; The second - for 4 s; Fifth - for 12 s.
The impact impact on people, technique, buildings and structures is characterized by: high-speed pressure; overpressure at the front of the movement of the HC and the time of its impact on the object (compression phase).
The impact of HC on people may be direct and indirect. With direct effect, the cause of injuries is the instantaneous increase in air pressure, which is perceived as a sharp blow leading to fractures, damage to the internal organs, breaking blood vessels. With indirect exposure, people are amazed by flying wreckage of buildings and structures, stones, trees, broken glass and other objects. Indirect impact reaches 80% of all lesions.
With overpressure 20-40 kPa (0.2-0.4 kgf / cm 2), unprotected people can get light lesions (light bruises and contusion). The impact of HC with overpressure of 40-60 kPa leads to the amplification of medium severity: loss of consciousness, damage to the hearing organs, strong dislocations of the limbs, damage in the internal organs. Extremely severe lesions, often due to fatal, are observed at overpressure over 100 kPa.
The degree of damage to the shock wave of various objects depends on the power and type of explosion, the mechanical strength (object stability), as well as on the distance at which the explosion, terrain relief and the position of objects occurred.
To protect against the effects of HC, you should use: trenches, gaps and trenches that reduce CE action by 1.5-2 times; Blinds - 2-3 times; shelters - 3-5 times; basements of houses (buildings); Relief area (forest, ravines, dell, etc.).
Light radiation
Light radiation - This is a flow of radiant energy, including ultraviolet, visible and infrared rays.
Its source is a glowing area formed by hot explosion products and hot air. Light radiation applies almost instantly and lasts, depending on the power of the nuclear explosion, up to 20 s. However, his strength is such that, despite the short-term, it can cause skin burns (skin), the defeat (constant or temporary) organs of the people and the fire of combustible materials of objects. At the time of the formation of the luminous area, the temperature on its surface reaches tens of thousands of degrees. The main afflicting factor in the light radiation is the light pulse.
The light pulse is the amount of energy in calories falling per unit area of \u200b\u200bthe surface, perpendicular to the direction of radiation, for all the time of the glow.
The weakening of light radiation is possible due to the screening of its atmospheric cloudiness, the irregularities of the terrain, vegetation and local objects, snowfall or smoke. So, thick more relaxes the light pulse in A-9 times, rare - 2-4 times, and smoke (aerosol) curtains - 10 times.
To protect the population from light radiation, it is necessary to use protective structures, basements of houses and buildings, protective properties of the area. Any barrier capable of creating a shadow protects against direct action of light radiation and excludes burns.
Penetrating radiation
Penetrating radiation - notes of gamma rays and neutrons emitted from the zone of the nuclear explosion. The time of its action is 10-15 s, the range is 2-3 km from the center of the explosion.
In conventional nuclear explosions, neutrons are approximately 30%, during the explosion of neutron ammunition - 70-80% of y-radiation.
The affecting effect of penetrating radiation is based on the ionization of cells (molecules) of a living organism leading to death. Neutrons, in addition, interact with the nuclei of atoms of some materials and can cause induced activity in metals and techniques.
The main parameter characterizing the penetrating radiation is: for y-radiation - dose and power dose rate, and for neutrons - flow and flow density.
Permissible doses of irradiation of the population in wartime: one-time - for 4 days 50 p; multiple - for 10-30 days 100 p; During the quarter - 200 p; During the year - 300 R.
As a result of the passage of radiation through environmental materials, the radiation intensity decreases. Weakening action is made to characterize a layer of half weakening, so on. Such a thickness of the material passing through which radiation is reduced by 2 times. For example, the intensity of y rays weaken 2 times: steel with a thickness of 2.8 cm, concrete - 10 cm, soil - 14 cm, wood - 30 cm.
Protective structures that weaken its effects from 200 to 5,000 times are used as protection against penetrating radiation. The pound layer in 1.5 m protects almost completely from penetrating radiation.
Radioactive Pollution (infection)
Radioactive air pollution, terrain, water area and objects located on them occurs as a result of the loss of radioactive substances (RV) from the cloud of the nuclear explosion.
At a temperature of about 1700 ° C, the glow of the luminous area of \u200b\u200bthe nuclear explosion stops and it turns into a dark cloud to which the dust pole rises (therefore the cloud has a mushroom shape). This cloud moves in the direction of wind, and RV falls out of it.
Sources of RV in the cloud are products of dividing nuclear fuel (uranium, plutonium), unreacted part of nuclear fuel and radioactive isotopes resulting from neutrons to the soil (induced activity). These RVs, being in contaminated objects, disintegrate, emitting ionizing radiation, which are actually an amazing factor.
The parameters of radioactive contamination are the dose of irradiation (by exposure to people) and the radiation dose rate is the radiation level (according to the degree of pollution of the area and various objects). These parameters are a quantitative characteristic of affecting factors: radioactive contamination with an accident with a PB emission, as well as radioactive contamination and penetrating radiation with a nuclear explosion.
On the area undergoing radioactive infection with a nuclear explosion, two sections are formed: an explosion area and cloud trail.
By the degree of danger, the infected terrain on the trail of the explosion cloud is made to divide into four zones (Fig. 1):
Zone A. - zone of moderate infection. It is characterized by a dose of radiation to the complete decay of radioactive substances at the outer border of the zone 40 is happy and on the inner - 400 is happy. The area of \u200b\u200bthe Zone A is 70-80% of the area of \u200b\u200bthe entire trace.
Zone B. - zone of strong infection. Doses of radiation at borders are equal, respectively, 400 is glad and 1200 is happy. Area area B - about 10% area radioactive trace.
Zone B. - zone of dangerous infection. It is characterized by radiation doses at the borders of 1200 glad and 4000 happy.
Zone G. - The zone of extremely dangerous infection. Doses at the boundaries of 4000 glad and 7000 is happy.
Fig. 1. Scheme of radioactive pollution of the area in the area of \u200b\u200bthe nuclear explosion and the following cloud movement
Radiation levels on the outer boundaries of these zones 1 hour after the explosion is respectively 8, 80, 240, 800 rad / h.
Most of the radioactive precipitation, causing radioactive contamination of the area, falls out of the cloud for 10-20 hours after the nuclear explosion.
Electromagnetic impulse
Electromagnetic impulse (AM) - This is a combination of electrical and magnetic fields arising from the ionization of the atoms of the medium under the influence of gamma radiation. The duration of its action is several milliseconds.
The main parameters of the EMI are indoor and voltage cable lines, which can damage and derive the conclusion of radio-electronic equipment, and sometimes damage to people working with instrument.
With terrestrial and air explosions, the striking effect of the electromagnetic pulse is observed at a distance of several kilometers from the center of the nuclear explosion.
The most effective protection against the electromagnetic pulse is the screening of power supply and control lines, as well as radio and electrical appliances.
The situation, which is developing with the use of nuclear weapons in lesion foci.
The focus of nuclear lesion is a territory within which, as a result of the use of nuclear weapons, mass lesions and deaths of people, farm animals and plants, destruction and damage to buildings and structures, utility and technological networks and lines, transport communications and other objects were occurring.
Nuclear explosion focus
To determine the nature of possible destruction, the volume and conditions of emergency and rescue and other urgent works, the focus of nuclear lesion is conditionally divided into four zones: full, strong, medium and weak destruction.
Zone of complete destruction It has overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 50 kPa and is characterized by mass irrevocable losses among the unprotected population (up to 100%), full destruction of buildings and structures, destruction and damage to utility and technological networks and lines, as well as part of the convictions of civil defense, The formation of solid duties in settlements. The forest is completely destroyed.
Zone of strong destruction With overpressure at the front of the shock wave of 30 to 50 kPa, it is characterized by: mass irrevocable losses (up to 90%) among the unprotected population, full and strong destruction of buildings and structures, damage to utility and technological networks and lines, the formation of local and solid duties in settlements and forests, conservation of shelters and most anti-radiation shelters of basement type.
Zone of medium destruction With overpressure from 20 to 30 kPa, it is characterized by irrevocable losses among the population (up to 20%), medium and strong destruction of buildings and structures, the formation of local and focal bumps, continuous fires, the preservation of utility and energy networks, shelters and most anti-radiation shelters.
Zone of weak destruction With overpressure from 10 to 20 kPa, characterized by weak and average destruction of buildings and structures.
The focus of the defeat, but the number of dead and affected can be commensurate or exceed the focus of the lesion during the earthquake. Thus, when bombing (bomb power up to 20 ct), Hiroshima city on August 6, 1945, its most (60%) was destroyed, and the number of dead was up to 140,000 people.
The staff of the objects of the economy and the population falling into the zones of radioactive contamination are exposed to ionizing radiation, which causes radiation disease. The severity of the disease depends on the obtained dose of radiation (irradiation). The dependence of the degree of radiation sickness from the value of the radiation dose is given in Table. 2.
Table 2. Dependence of the degree of radiation sickness from the size of the dose of irradiation
In the conditions of hostilities using nuclear weapons in the zones of radioactive infection, extensive territories may be, and the exposure of people is to take a massive character. To eliminate transmission of personnel of objects and the population under such conditions and to increase the stability of the functioning of the objects of the national economy under conditions of radioactive infection, the military time establishes permissible doses of irradiation. They make up:
- with one-time irradiation (up to 4 days) - 50 happy;
- multiple irradiation: a) up to 30 days - 100 glad; b) 90 days - 200 happy;
- systematic irradiation (during the year) 300 is happy.
Caused by the use of nuclear weapons, the most complex. For their liquidation, large forces and means are needed than when eliminating the emergence of peacetime.
Nuclear weapons are one of the most dangerous species that exist on Earth. The use of this tool can solve different tasks. In addition, objects that must be attacked may have a different location. In this regard, the nuclear explosion can be produced in the air, underground or water, above the ground or water. This can destroy all objects that are not protected as well as people. In this regard, the following striking factors of the nuclear explosion are distinguished.
1. This factor accounts for about 50 percent of the entire energy released during the explosion. The shock wave from the explosion of nuclear weapons is similar to the action when the ordinary bomb break. Its difference is more destructive strength and a long time. If we consider all the striking factors of the nuclear explosion, this one is considered the main one.
The shock wave of this weapon can affect objects that are far from the epicenter. It is the process of a strong speed of its distribution depends on the pressure created. The farther from the explosion place, the less weak effect of the wave. The danger of an explosive wave lies also in the fact that it moves in the air items that can lead to the death of people. The defeat by this factor is divided into light, heavy, extremely heavy and medium.
It is possible to hide from the impact of the shock wave in special asylum.
2. Light radiation. This factor accounts for about 35% of all the energies of the explosion. This is a flow of radiant energy, which includes infrared, visible and as sources of light radiation protrude fascinated air and hot spawning products.
The temperature of the light radiation can reach 10,000 degrees Celsius. The level of affluent action is determined by a light pulse. This is the ratio of the total amount of energy to the area it covers. The energy of light radiation goes into thermal. The surface is heated. It can be strong enough and lead to the char harness of materials or fires.
People as a result of light radiation get numerous burns.
3. Penetrating radiation. Agrowing factors include this component. It accounts for about 10 percent of all energy. This is a flow of neutrons and gamma quanta, which proceed from the epicenter of the use of weapons. Their spread occurs in all directions. The further distance from the explosion point, the less the concentration of these streams in the air. If the weapon was applied under the ground or under water, the degree of their impact is significantly lower. This is due to the fact that a portion of the neutron flow and gamma quanta is absorbed by water and land.
Penetrating radiation covers a smaller zone than shock wave or radiation. But there are such types of weapons in which the effect of penetrating radiation is significantly higher than other factors.
Neutrons and gamma quanta penetrate the fabric by blocking cell operation. This leads to changes in the work of the body, its organs and systems. Cells die and decompose. People are called radiation disease. In order to assess the degree of radiation on the body, determine the radiation dose.
4. Radioactive infection. After the explosion, some of the substance is not subjected to division. As a result of its decay, alpha particles are formed. Many of them are active no more than an hour. The territory in the epicenter of the explosion is most exposed.
5. It also enters the system that affects the striking factors of nuclear weapons. It is associated with the occurrence of strong electromagnetic fields.
These are all the main striking factors of the nuclear explosion. Its action has a significant impact on the entire territory and people who fall into this zone.
Nuclear weapons and his amazing factors are studied by humanity. Its use is controlled by the world community to prevent global catastrophes.
Nuclear explosion - an uncontrollable process of release of a large amount of thermal and radiant energy as a result of a chain nuclear fission reaction or the reaction of thermonuclear synthesis for a very short period of time.
In terms of its origin, nuclear explosions are either a product of human activity on Earth and in the near-emblem space, or natural processes on some types of stars. Artificial nuclear explosions - a powerful weapon, intended for the destruction of large terrestrial and protected underground military facilities, clusters of troops and enemy techniques (mainly tactical nuclear weapons), as well as the full suppression and destruction of the opposing side: the destruction of large and small settlements with the civilian population and strategic industry (strategic nuclear weapons).
The nuclear explosion may have a peaceful application:
· Moving large mass of soil during construction;
· Collapse of obstacles in the mountains;
· Crushing ore;
· Increased oil refurbishment of petroleum places;
· Overlapping emergency oil and gas wells;
· Search for minerals by seismic sensing of the earth's crust;
· The driving force for nuclear and thermonuclear powerful spacecraft (for example, the unrealized project of the Orion ship and the project of the inter-livelio automatic probe "Dedal");
· Scientific research: seismology, internal structure of land, plasma physics and much more.
Depending on the tasks solved with the use of nuclear weapons, nuclear explosions are divided into the following types:
Ø high (above 30 km);
W air (below 30 km, but does not concern the surface of the Earth / Water);
Para is ground / surface (concerns the surface of the Earth / Water);
W underground / underwater (directly underground or under water).
Affecting the factors of the nuclear explosion
In the explosion of a nuclear ammunition for millions of shares of a second, a tremendous amount of energy is distinguished. The temperature rises to several million degrees, and the pressure reaches billion atmospheres. High temperatures and pressure cause light radiation and a powerful shock wave. Along with this, the explosion of a nuclear ammunition is accompanied by emission of penetrating radiation consisting of neutron flow and gamma_kvanta. The explosion cloud contains a huge number of radioactive products - fragments of the division of a nuclear explosive, which fall along the path of the cloud movement, resulting in radioactive contamination of the terrain, air and objects. The uneven movement of electrical charges in the air, which occurs under the action of ionizing radiation leads to the formation of an electromagnetic pulse.
The main affixing factors of the nuclear explosion are:
W shock wave;
W light radiation;
W penetrating radiation;
Ø radioactive infection;
W electromagnetic impulse.
Shock wave of a nuclear explosion is one of the main affixing factors. Depending on which the environment, the shock wave occurs and spreads - in air, water or ground, it is called an air wave, a shock wave in water and seismic wave (in the soil).
Air shock wave It is called the area of \u200b\u200ba sharp compression of air, propagating in all directions from the center of the explosion with supersonic speed.
The shock wave causes outdoor and closed injuries of varying severity. The indirect effect of the shock wave is greater danger. Destroying buildings, shelters and shelter, it can cause severe injuries.
Excessive pressure and throwing effect of high-speed pressure are also the main causes of the outcast of various structures and techniques. Damage to the technique as a result of the discarding (when hitting the soil) may be more significant than from overpressure.
The light radiation of the nuclear explosion is an electromagnetic radiation, which includes the visible ultraviolet and infrared range of the spectrum.
The energy of light radiation is absorbed by the surfaces of the illuminated bodies that are heated. The heating temperature may be such that the surface of the object is charred, melted or flames. Light radiation can cause burns of open areas of the human body, and in the dark, temporary blinding.
Source of light radiation It is a luminous explosion area consisting of an ammunition and air and air structural materials heated to high temperatures, and with ground explosions - and the soil evaporated. Sizes of luminous area And the time of its luminescence depend on the power, and the form is from the type of explosion.
Time of action The light radiation of terrestrial and air explosions with a capacity of 1 thousand tons is approximately 1 s, 10 thousand tons - 2.2 s, 100 thousand tons - 4.6 s, 1 million tons - 10 s. The dimensions of the luminous region are also increasing with an increase in the power of the explosion and range from 50 to 200 m with ultra-low power of the nuclear explosion and 1-2 thousand m with large ones.
Burning Open sections of the human body of a second degree (bubble formation) are observed at a distance of 400-1 thousand m at small capacities of the nuclear explosion, 1.5-3.5 thousand m at medium and more than 10 thousand m under large.
Penetrating radiation is a stream of gamma_ emission and neutrons emitted from the nuclear explosion zone.
Gamma_ Emitting and neutron radiation are different in their physical properties. The general for them is that they can spread in the air in all directions to a distance of 2.5-3 km. Passing through biological tissue, gamma and neutron radiation ionize atoms and molecules included in the composition of living cells, as a result of which the normal metabolism is disturbed and the nature of the vital activity of cells, individual organs and systems of the body changes, which leads to the occurrence of a specific disease - radiation disease.
The source of penetrating radiation is nuclear fission and synthesis reactions flowing in ammunition at the time of the explosion, as well as the radioactive decomposition of division fragments.
The action of the penetrating radiation is determined by the time of lifting the explosion clouds in such a height, in which gamma_ emission and neutrons are absorbed by the thick air and do not reach the Earth (2.5-3 km), and is 15-20 s.
The degree, depth and form of radiation lesions developing in biological objects when they exposed to ionizing radiation, depends on the magnitude of the absorbed radiation energy. The characteristics of this indicator uses the concept absorbed dose. Energy absorbed by the unit mass of the irradiated substance.
The striking effect of penetrating radiation on people and their performance depend on the dose of radiation and irradiation time.
Radioactive contamination of the area, the surface layer of the atmosphere and airspace arises as a result of the passage of the radioactive cloud of the nuclear explosion or the gas and aerosol cloud of the radiation accident.
Sources of radioactive infection are:
with a nuclear explosion:
* Products for dividing nuclear - explosives (PU-239, U- 235, U-238);
* Radioactive isotopes (radionuclides) formed in the soil and other materials under the influence of neutrons - induced activity;
* unreacted part of a nuclear charge;
With a terrestrial nuclear explosion, the luminous area concerns the surface of the Earth and hundreds of tons of soil instantly evaporate. Ascending over a fiery ball, air flows pick up and raise a significant amount of dust. As a result, a powerful cloud is formed, consisting of a huge amount of radioactive and inactive particles, the dimensions of which range from several microns to several millimeters.
On the trail of the cloud of the nuclear explosion, depending on the degree of infection and danger, the defeat of people is accepted on the maps (schemes) to apply four zones (A, B, B, D).
Electromagnetic impulse.
Nuclear explosions in the atmosphere and in higher layers lead to the formation of powerful electromagnetic fields with wavelengths from 1 to 1000 m or more. These fields in view of their short-term existence is called an electromagnetic pulse (AM). The electromagnetic impulse occurs as a result of an explosion and at low heights, but the tension of the electromagnetic field in this case quickly falls as far as the epicenter removes. In the case of a high-rise explosion, the scope of an electromagnetic pulse covers almost all of the surface of the earth almost visible from the explosion point. The affecting effect of AM is due to the occurrence of stresses and currents in the conductors of various lengths located in the air, land, in electronic and radio engineering equipment. Amy in the specified equipment suggests electric currents and voltages that cause insulation breakdown, damage to transformers, combustion of arresters, semiconductor devices, burning fusible inserts. The most exposed to the effects of communication, signaling and management of missile start-up complexes, command items.
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