Their first samples were pretty heavy (about 1 kg) thrown the charge of an explosive, capable of crushing 15-20 mm of armor with a dense fit of its fugasic effect. An example of such weapons is the Soviet Grenates of RPG-40 and RPG-41. The combat effectiveness of anti-tank grenades of crushing action turned out to be very low.
During the Second World War, manual appeared anti-tank grenades or throwing mines with cumulative head units, such as Soviet RPG-43, RPG-6 or German PWM-1L. The armoredness increased to 70-100 mm at a meeting with an obstacle at a right angle, which for many types of tanks of the final period of war was not enough. In addition, an integer set of conditions was required to effectively remove the tank of the system, which further reduced the effectiveness of manual throwing weapons with a cumulative combat part.

Anti-tank mines

Artillery

The anti-tank gun (PTO) is a specialized artillery tool to combat an enemy armored vehicle by shooting direct vending. In the overwhelming majority of cases, it is a long-torn cannon with a high starting rate of the projectile and a small elevation angle. To others characteristic features Anti-tank guns include unitary charges and a wedge semi-automatic shutter, which contribute to maximum rapidity. When designing PTO, special attention is paid to minimizing its mass and sizes in order to facilitate transportation and disguise on the ground.

Self-propelled artillery installation (SAU) can be very similar to the tank constructively, but is intended for solving other tasks: the destruction of the enemy's tanks from ambushes or fire support for troops with a closed firing position, and therefore has a different balance of armor and weapons. Tank fighter - specialized to combat armored vehicles of the enemy completely and well armored self-propelled-artillery installation (SAU). It is on its booking that the tank fighter differs from the anti-tank saau, which has light and partial armor protection.

Refractory tools

There is no clear boundary between reactive grenade launchers and unfortunate instruments. English term recoilless Rifle. (Refractory tool) Indicates and L6 WomBat weighing 295 kg on a wheel faucet, and M67 weighing 17 kg for shooting from shoulder or bumps. In Russia (USSR), a grenade launcher was considered a LNG-9 weighing 64.5 kg on a wheel factor and RPG-7 weighing 6.3 kg for shooting from the shoulder. In Italy, the FOLGORE system weighing 18.9 kg is considered a grenade launcher, and the same system on a tripod and with a ballistic calculator (a mass of 25.6 kg) - a custom-effective gun. The appearance of cumulative shells has made smooth-binding custom-effective tools as promising as lungs. anti-tank guns. Such guns were used by the United States at the end of World War II, and in post-war years Unsure anti-tank guns A number of countries were adopted, including the USSR, were actively used (and continued to be used) in a number of armed conflicts. The most widely trouble-free guns are used in the army of developing countries. In the armies of developed countries, Bo as the anti-tank remedy is mainly replaced by pre-gallery manageable rockets (PTS). Some exception are the Scandinavian countries, for example, Sweden, where Bo continue to develop, and, by the establishment of ammunition using newest achievements Techniques, reached 800 mm armored vehicles (with 90 mm caliber, that is, almost 9klb)

Rocket weapons

Tactical rockets

Tactical rockets, depending on the type, can be equipped with all sorts of anti-tank submarines, mines.

Ptur

The main advantage of tank ptur is large, compared to any type tank armament, accuracy of targeting targets, as well as a large range of sighting fire. This makes it possible to fire on the enemy's tank, while remaining out of reach of its weapons, with a probability of lesion exceeding such for modern tank guns at such a distance. To essential flaws of ptivers include 1) less than a tank gun shell, middle speed Rocket flights and 2) Extremely high cost of shot.

Aircrafts

The assault is the defeat of terrestrial and maritime purposes with small arms (guns and machine guns), as well as rockets. Stormware - Combat aircraft (Airplane or helicopter) intended for the assault. Non-specialized types of la, such as ordinary

In the game world of Tanks Technique It can be supplied with different types of shells, such as armor-piercing, podkaliber, cumulative and fragantive-fuzasnyh. In this article, we will consider the features of each of these shells, the history of their invention and applications, pros and cons of their use in a historical context. The most common and, in most cases, full-time projectiles on the overwhelming majority in the game are armor-piercing shells (BB) calibrate or oscillate.
According to the military encyclopedia of Ivan Sittin, the idea of \u200b\u200bthe prototype of the current armor-piercing shells belongs to the officer italian fleet Bettolo, who in 1877 suggested using the so-called " bottom shock tube for armor-piercing shells"(Before that, shells were not equipped at all, or explosion of the powder charge was calculated on the heating of the head of the projectile when it was hit in armor, which, however, was not always justified). After breaking through the armor, the striking effect is provided by the shell fragments, warp to high temperature, and armor fragments. During the Second World War, these type, these types were simple in production, reliable, had quite high penetration, they acted well against homogeneous armor. But there was a minus - on the inclined armor, the projectile could be chopped. The greater the thickness of the armor, the more armor fragments formed under breaking through such a projectile, and the higher the slaughter power.


On the animation below illustrates the action of a charming acoustic armor-piercing projectile. It is similar to an armor-pier gunner, however, in the rear, there is a cavity (cameras) with a discontinuous charge of TNT, as well as a bottom fuse. After the breakdown of armor, the projectile explodes, the crew and equipment of the tank strikes. In general, this shell retained most of the advantages and disadvantages of AR of the projectile, differing significantly higher erection effects and a slightly lower armoredness (due to the smaller mass and strength of the projectile). During the war, the bottom shell fuses were not quite perfect, which sometimes led to a premature explosion of the projectile before armor's breakdown, or to the failure of the fuse after breaking, but the crew, in the case of a breakdown, was rarely easier.

Podcast shell (BP) has a rather complicated design and consists of two main parts - an armor-piercing core and pallet. The task of a soft steel is made of soft steel is the acceleration of the projectile in the barrel channel. When the projectile hit the target, the pallet is crushed, and a heavy and solid oscillating core, made of tungsten carbide, breaks through armor.
The projectile does not have a discontinuous charge, ensuring the target of the target of the core debris and broods of armor, warp to high temperatures. Podkalibar shells have significantly smaller weight compared to conventional armor-piercing projectiles, which allows them to accelerate the guns to essentially large speeds. As a result, podcalibery shells are essentially higher. The use of subcalibal shells made it possible to significantly increase the armoredness of the existing guns, which gave the opportunity to struggle even outdated tools more modern, well armored armored vehicles.
At the same time, podkalibar shells have a number of shortcomings. Their form resembled the coil (there were shells of this type and the streamlined form, but they were significantly less common), which deteriorated the ballistics of the projectile, in addition, the light shell quickly lost speed; As a result, at high distances, the armoredness of podkalibar shells fell strongly, turning out even lower than that of classic armor-piercing shells. During World War II, podcaliber shells worked poorly on inclined armor, because under the action of bending loads a solid, but the fragile core was easily broken. The predimental effect of such shells was inferior to armor-piercing calibrous shells. Pilotable small-caliber shells were ineffective against armor objects that had thin steel protective shields. These shells were roads and are complex in production, and most importantly, in their manufacture, a deficient tungsten was used.
As a result, the number of podcaliber shells in the guns in the guns during the war years was small, they were allowed to be used only to defeat highly armored goals in small distances. The first in small quantities of subcalibal shells applied the German army in 1940 during the fighting in France. In 1941, facing well armored soviet tanksThe Germans moved to wide use of podcaliber shells, which significantly increased the anti-tank capabilities of their artillery and tanks. However, tungsten deficiency limited the release of these types of shells; As a result, in 1944, the production of German subcalibal shells was discontinued, while the Most of the shells issued during the war years had a small caliber (37-50 mm).
Trying to bypass the problem of the lack of tungsten, the Germans produced pzgr.40 (s) shells with a core of hardened steel and surrogate pzgr.40 (W) with a core from ordinary steel. In the USSR, there is enough mass production of pyline shells created on the basis of trophy German, began in early 1943, and the majority of the projectiles produced were 45 mm caliber. The production of these shells of larger calibers was limited to tungsten deficiency, and they were issued to the troops only with the threat of tank attack of the enemy, and for each shell consumed, it was necessary to write a report. Also, podkalibar shells were limited to English and American armies in the second half of the war.

Cumulative shell(COP).
The principle of operation of this armor-piercing ammunition is significantly different from the principle of action of kinetic ammunition, which include conventional armor-piercing and pylineberry shells. The cumulative projectile is a thin-walled steel shell filled with a powerful explosive - hexogen, or a mixture of tomb with hexogen. In the front of the projectile in explosives there is a glasswood, lined with metal (usually copper). The projectile has a sensitive head fuse. In the collision of the projectile with armor, an explosive undermining occurs. At the same time, the metal of the facing is melted and crimped with an explosion into a thin jet (pest), flying forward with extremely high speed and penetrating armor. Racing action is provided by cumulative jet and armor splashes. The cumulative projectile sling has small sizes and melted edges, which led to a common misconception that claims that cumulative shells "Burning" armor.
The penetration of the cumulative projectile does not depend on the speed of the projectile and the same at all distances. Its production is simple enough, the production of the projectile does not require application large number scarce metals. The cumulative projectile can be used against infantry, artillery as a fragantive-fuzkanic shell. At the same time, numerous flaws were peculiar to cumulative projectiles during the war years. The technology of manufacturing these shells was not sufficiently worked out, as a result, their penetration was relatively small (approximately corresponded to the cutting of the projectile or slightly higher) and was distinguished by instability. The rotation of the projectile at high initial speeds made it difficult to form a cumulative jet, as a result, cumulative shells had low initial speed, a small aiming distance Shooting and high dispersion, which also contributed to the non-optimal in the point of view of aerodynamics the shape of the head of the projectile (its configuration was determined by the presence of a notch).
The creation of a complex fuse, which should be sufficiently sensitive to quickly undermine the projectile, but rather stable not to explode in the trunk (the USSR was able to work out such a fuse, suitable for use in the projectiles of powerful tank and anti-tank guns, only at the end of 1944 ). The minimum caliber of the cumulative projectile was 75 mm, and the effectiveness of cumulative shells of such a caliber decreased. Mass production of cumulative shells required the deployment of large-scale production of hexogen.
The most massive cumulative shells were used by the German army (for the first time in the summer-invent 1941), mainly from the guns of 75 mm and the Gaubitz caliber. Soviet army Used the cumulative shells created on the basis of trophy Germans, since 1942-43, including them in the ammunition of shelf guns and leads that had low initial speed. The English and American army used the shells of this type, mainly in the ammunition of heavy haubs. Thus, in World War II (in contrast to the present time, when the improved shells of this type form the basis of the ammunition of tank guns), the use of cumulative shells was quite limited, mainly they were considered as a means of anti-tank self-defense guns that had low initial speeds and a small Armor contact with traditional shells (regimental guns, musitics). At the same time, all participants in the war were actively used by other anti-tank funds with cumulative ammunition - Grenadas, airbabs, hand grenades.

Scrap-fougal shell (OF).
It was developed in the late 40s of the twentieth century in the UK for the defeat of the enemy armored vehicles. It is a thin-walled steel or steel cast iron projectile, filled with explosive (usually a tilt or ammonite), with a head fuse. Unlike the armor-piercing shells, the fragmentation-fugasic shells did not have a tracer. When entering the target, the projectile explodes, hitting the goal by fragments and an explosive wave, or immediately - a fragmentary action, or with some delay (which allows the projectile to get into the soil) - a fugasic effect. The projectile is intended mainly for the defeat of openly located and covered infantry, artillery, field shelters (trenches, wood-earthwood dots), unarmented and weakened technique. Well armored tanks and SAU are resistant to the action of fragantive-fugasic shells.
The main advantage of a fragant-fugasal projectile is its versatility. This type of shells is possible to effectively use against the overwhelming majority of goals. Also, the advantages include less cost than that of armor-piercing and cumulative shells of the same caliber, which reduces the costs of ensuring the fighting and training shooting. With direct hit in vulnerable zones (Tower hatches, motor separation radiator, knitwear groissing screens, etc.) of the tank can withdraw the tank. Also hitting the shells of large caliber can cause the destruction of light-organized techniques, and damage to heavily tanks, consisting in cracking of armor plates, the jamming of the tower, the failure of the instruments and mechanisms, wounds and contusions of the crew.

The appearance of tanks on the battlefield has become one of the most important events. military history last century. Immediately after this point, the development of means of combating these terrible machines began. If we look attentively at the story armored vehiclesIn essence, we will see the story of the confrontation of the projectile and armor, which continues for almost a century.

In this intransigent struggle, it was periodically overlooking that one, then the other side, which led or in complete invulnerability of tanks, or their huge losses. In the latter case, each time the voices of the tank death and the "end of the tank era" were heard. However, today the tanks remain the main shock force of the land forces of all armies of the world.

Today, one of the main types of armor-piercing ammunition, which are used to combat armored vehicles, are subcalibular ammunition.

A bit of history

The first anti-tank shells were conventional metal blanks, which, at the expense of their kinetic energy, punched tank armor. Fortunately, the latter did not differ in a big thick, and could even cope with her anti-tank guns. However, before the beginning of World War II, there were next-generation tanks (square, T-34, Matilda), with a powerful engine and serious booking.

The main world powers entered the second world War, Posing anti-tank artillery of caliber 37 and 47 mm, and finished it with implements that reached 88 and even 122 mm.

Raising gun calibers and the initial speed of the shell flight, designers had to increase the mass of the gun, making it more difficult, more expensive and significantly less maneuverable. It was necessary to look for other ways.

And they were soon found: cumulative and podkalibal ammunition appeared. The action of cumulative ammunition is based on the use of a directed explosion, which burns tank armor, the sub-caliber projectile also does not have a fugasal action, it strikes well protected target due to high kinetic energy.

The design of the sub-caliber projectile was patented in 1913 by the German factory krupp, but their mass use began much later. This ammunition does not have a fugasic effect, it much more resembles the usual bullet.

For the first time actively use the pillaber shells became Germans during the French campaign. Even more widely used similar ammunition, they had after the start of hostilities on the Eastern Front. Only using plottery shells, the Nazis could effectively resist powerful Soviet tanks.

However, the Germans experienced a major deficiency of tungsten, which prevented them to establish mass production of such shells. Therefore, the number of similar shots in the ammunition was small, and a rigorous order was given to the servicemen: to use them only against enemy tanks.

In the USSR, mass production of subcalibular ammunition began in 1943, they were created on the basis of trophy German samples.

After the war, the work in this direction continued in most leading weapons powers in the world. Today, podkalibal ammunition is considered one of the main means of defeating armored goals.

Currently, there are even pyline bullets, which significantly increase the range of shooting of smooth-bore weapons.

Operating principle

What is the high armor-piercing action, which has a pyline shell? What is it different from the usual?

Podkalibernal shell is a kind of ammunition with a battle-affected portion of a lot of times less than the caliber of the barrel from which it was released.

It was found that a small caliber projectile, flying at high speed, has greater armoredness than large-caliber. But in order to get high speed after a shot, a more powerful cartridge is needed, and it means that an instrument of more serious caliber.

It was possible to resolve this contradiction by creating a projectile that the striking part (core) has a small diameter compared to the main part of the projectile. The podcasting projectile does not have a fugasic or fragmentation effect, it works on the same principle as the usual bullet that affects the goals due to high kinetic energy.

The sub-caliber projectile consists of a solid core made of particularly durable and heavy material, housing (pallet) and a ballistic fairing.

The diameter of the pallet is equal to the gauge of the weapon, it serves as a piston when shelling, overclocking combat part. On the pallets of podcaliber shells for rifle guns are installed leading belts. Typically, the pallet has the shape of the coil and is made of light alloys.

There are armor-piercing subcalibular shells with an intense pallet, from the moment of a shot and before the defeat goal the coil and core act as a whole. This design creates serious aerodynamic resistance, significantly reducing the flight speed.

Shells are more perfect, which, after the shot, the coil is separated due to air resistance. In modern pyline shells, the stability of the core in flight provides stabilizers. Often the tracer charge is installed in the tail part.

The ballistic tip is made of soft metal or plastic.

Samoa an important element Podcastberry projectile is undoubtedly a core. Its diameter is about three times less than the cabin caliber, for the manufacture of the core are used alloys of high-density metals: the most common materials is tungsten carbide and depleted uranium.

Due to the relatively small mass, the core of the subcalibered projectile immediately after the shot accelerates to a considerable speed (1600 m / s). When hitting the armored leaf, the core pierces the relatively small hole in it. The kinetic energy of the projectile partially goes to the destruction of the armor, and partly turns into thermal. After armor breakdown, the hot shards of the core and armor go into the breast space and distributed by fan, hitting the crew and internal mechanisms cars. At the same time, numerous foci of ignition arise.

As the armor passes, the core is stepping and becomes shorter. Therefore, a very important characteristic that affects armor-proof is the length of the core. Also on the efficiency of the sub-caliber projectile affects the material from which the core and the speed of its flight is made.

The last generation of Russian subcalacer shells ("Lead-2") is significantly inferior to American analogues in armor-proof. It's connected with large length affecting the core, which is part of american ammunition. An obstacle to increasing the length of the projectile (and, it means, both armor-proofs) is the device of the automata of the Russian tanks.

The core armoredness increases with a decrease in its diameter and with an increase in its mass. This contradiction can be solved if you use very dense materials. Initially for agrowing elements Such ammunition was used tungsten, but it is very rare, roads and is also complicated in processing.

Delined uranium has the almost the same density as tungsten, moreover, is a practically free resource for any country in which there is an atomic industry.

Currently, podkalibal ammunition with a core from uranium are in service with large powers. In the US, all such ammunition are equipped with uranium cores only.

Delined uranium has several advantages:

• under the passage of the armor, the uranium rod self-sharpening, which provides better armoredness, tungsten also has such a feature, but it is less pronounced;
• after the breakdown of the armor, under the action of high temperatures, the remains of the uranium rod flashed, filling the prechanic space to poisonous gases.

To date, modern pyline shells have almost achieved their maximum efficiency. It is possible to increase it only by increasing the caliber of the tank guns, but for this you will have to significantly change the design of the tank. In the meantime, in leading tank-based states, only engaged in modifications of machines released at the time of the Cold War, and are unlikely to go to such radical steps.

In the US, developing active-jet shells with the kinetic combat part. This is the usual projectile, which immediately after the shot turns on its own acceleration unit, which significantly increases its speed and armor-proof.

Also, the Americans are developing a kinetic managed rocket, the striking factor of which is uranium rod. After a shot of a starting container, an overclocking unit is turned on, which gives an ammunition 6.5 Mach. Most likely, by 2020, sub-caliber ammunition will appear, which have a speed of 2000 m / s and above. This will lead their effectiveness to a completely new level.

Podcast Bullets

In addition to pyline shells, there are bullets that have the same design. Very widely similar bullets are used for 12 caliber cartridges.

Pilotine caliber bullets 12 have a smaller mass, after a shot, they receive greater kinetic energy and, accordingly, have a greater range of flight.

Very popular pyline bullets 12 caliber are: Pullet Polev and Kirovchanka. There are other similar ammunition 12 caliber.

Video about podcast ammunition

If you have any questions - leave them in the comments under the article. We or our visitors will gladly respond to them

This article will consider various types of ammunition and their armor-proof. Photos and illustrations of the traces of the reservoir remaining after the defeat, and the overall effectiveness of various types of ammunition used to defeat tanks and other armored vehicles.
When studying this issue it should be noted that the armor-proof depends not only on the type of projectile but also from the set of many other factors: a shot range, the initial speed of the projectile, the type of armor, the angle of inclination, etc. Therefore, for a start, we first give photographs of the shelling 70- MM Armor Different type. The shelling was 75 mm armor-piercing projectiles in order to show the difference in the resistance of armor the same thickness, but of various types.

The iron armored airproof had a fragile destruction of the rear surface, with numerous sleeps in the area of \u200b\u200bthe samples. The impact speed is selected in such a way that the projectile is stuck in the stove. The breakdown was almost achieved at the rate of the projectile just 390.3 m / s. The shell himself did not suffer at all, and would certainly work together, thoring through such an armor.

Iron-nickel armor, without hardening according to the Krupp method (i.e., actually - structural steel) - demonstrated plastic destruction with a classic "envelope" (cruciform handy of the back surface), without any traces of the formation of fragments. As we can see, the flow rate of the projectile close to the previous test does not even lead to through breaks (input No. I). And only the increase in speed of up to 437 m / s leads to a violation of the integrity of the rear arm of the armor (the shell does not penetrate the armor, but the through hole was formed). To achieve the result, similar to the first test, you have to bring the speed of the projectile meeting from the armor to 469.2 m / s (it will not be superfluous that the kinetic energy of the projectile grows in proportion to the square square, i.e. without a small one and a half times!). At the same time, the projectile was destroyed, his charging cameras revealed - he could no longer be able to work.

Armor of Krupp - the face-faced layer of high hardness contributed to the splitting of shells, while a softer base of armor was deformed by absorbing the projectile energy. The first three shells collapsed practically without leaving even tracks on the armored fruit. Shell No. IV in the velocity at the rate of 624 m / s was also completely collapsed, but this time almost squeezing the "plug" in its caliber. It can be considered that, with a further, even a small increase in the speed of the meeting will occur through breakdown. But to overcome the armor armor, the projecture had to give more than 2.5 times more kinetic energy!

Armor-piercing shell

The most massive type of ammunition applied against tanks. And as it is clear from the very name, it was created for the breakdown of armor. The armor-piercing shells on their device were solid dwarves (without the charge of an explosive in the housing) or shells with the Kamor (inside which the discontinuous charge was placed). The blanks were easier in production and hit the crew and the mechanisms of the enemy tank only in place of armor breakdown. The charming shells were more difficult in production, but when armor breakdowns in Camorrh exploded larger damage Crew and mechanisms of an enemy tank, increasing the probability of detonation of ammunition or arson of fuel.

Also, shells were ominous and stupid. Equipped with ballistic tips to impart the right angle when meeting with inclined armor and reducing the ricochet.

Cumulative shell

Cumulative projectile. The principle of operation of this armor-piercing ammunition is significantly different from the principle of action of kinetic ammunition, which include conventional armor-piercing and pylineberry shells. The cumulative projectile is a thin-walled steel shell filled with a powerful explosive - hexogen, or a mixture of tomb with hexogen. In the front of the projectile in explosives there is a glasswood, lined with metal (usually copper). The projectile has a sensitive head fuse. In the collision of the projectile with armor, an explosive undermining occurs. At the same time, the metal of the facing is melted and crimped with an explosion into a thin jet (pest), flying forward with extremely high speed and penetrating armor. Racing action is provided by cumulative jet and armor splashes. The melon of the cumulative projectile has small sizes and melted edges, which led to a common misconception that argues that the cumulative shells "burn" armor. The penetration of the cumulative projectile does not depend on the speed of the projectile and the same at all distances. Its manufacture is simple enough, the production of the projectile does not require the use of a large number of scarce metals. The cumulative projectile can be used against infantry, artillery as a fragantive-fuzkanic shell. At the same time, numerous flaws were peculiar to cumulative projectiles during the war years. The technology of manufacturing these shells was not sufficiently worked out, as a result, their penetration was relatively small (approximately corresponded to the cutting of the projectile or slightly higher) and was distinguished by instability. The rotation of the projectile at high initial speeds made it difficult to form a cumulative jet, as a result, the cumulative shells had low initial speed, a small target shooting range and high dispersion, which also contributed to the non-aerodynamic form of the head of the projectile (its configuration was determined by the presence of a notch). The creation of a complex fuse, which should be sufficiently sensitive to quickly undermine the projectile, but rather stable not to explode in the trunk (the USSR was able to work out such a fuse, suitable for use in the projectiles of powerful tank and anti-tank guns, only at the end of 1944 ). The minimum caliber of the cumulative projectile was 75 mm, and the effectiveness of cumulative shells of such a caliber decreased. Mass production of cumulative shells required the deployment of large-scale production of hexogen. The most massive cumulative shells were used by the German army (for the first time in the summer-invent 1941), mainly from the guns of 75 mm and the Gaubitz caliber. The Soviet Army used cumulative shells created on the basis of trophy German, since 1942-43, including them in the ammunition of shelf guns and leads that had low initial speed. The English and American army used the shells of this type, mainly in the ammunition of heavy haubs. Thus, in World War II (in contrast to the present time, when the improved shells of this type form the basis of the ammunition of tank guns), the use of cumulative shells was quite limited, mainly they were considered as a means of anti-tank self-defense guns that had low initial speeds and a small Armor contact with traditional shells (regimental guns, musitics). At the same time, all the participants in the war were actively used by other anti-tank funds with cumulative ammunition - grenade launchers (illustration. No. 8), airbabes, hand grenades.

Podcast shell

Podcast career. This shell had a rather complicated design, consisting of two main parts - an armor-piercing core and pallet. The task of a soft steel is made of a soft steel, there was an acceleration of the shell in the barrel channel. If shell gets into the target, the pallet was crushed, and a heavy and solid oscillatory core, made of tungsten carbide, pierced armor. The projectile did not have a discontinuous charge, ensuring the purpose of the target of the core fragments and the broods of armor, warp to high temperatures. Podcast shells had significantly smaller weight, compared to conventional armor-piercing shells, which allowed them to accelerate in the gun barrel to significantly high speeds. As a result, the piercedness of subcalibal shells turned out to be significantly higher. The use of subcalibal shells made it possible to significantly increase the armor-proof of the existing guns, which gave the opportunity to strive even outdated tools more modern, well armored armored vehicles. At the same time, podkaliberny shells had a number of shortcomings. Their form resembled the coil (there were shells of this type and the streamlined form, but they were significantly less common), which deteriorated the ballistics of the projectile, in addition, the light shell quickly lost speed; As a result, at high distances, the armoredness of podkalibar shells fell strongly, turning out even lower than that of classic armor-piercing shells. Podcastberry shells worked poorly on inclined armor, because under the action of bending loads is solid, but the fragile core easily broke. The predimental effect of such shells was inferior to armor-piercing calibrous shells. Pilotable small-caliber shells were ineffective against armor objects that had thin steel protective shields. These shells were roads and are complex in production, and most importantly, in their manufacture, a deficient tungsten was used. As a result, the number of podcaliber shells in the guns in the guns during the war years was small, they were allowed to be used only to defeat highly armored goals in small distances. The first in small quantities of subcalibal shells applied the German army in 1940 during the fighting in France. In 1941, faced with well-armored Soviet tanks, the Germans switched to the widespread use of subcalibal shells, which significantly increased the projection capabilities of their artillery and tanks. However, tungsten deficiency limited the release of these types of shells; As a result, in 1944, the production of German subcalibal shells was discontinued, while the Most of the shells issued during the war years had a small caliber (37-50 mm). Trying to bypass the problem of tungsten, the Germans produced podkaliberny shells with steel core Pzgr.40 (C) and surrogate shells PZGr.40 (W), which is a palm of a podcast projectile without a core. In the USSR, there is enough mass production of pyline shells created on the basis of trophy German, began in early 1943, and the majority of the projectiles produced were 45 mm caliber. The production of these shells of larger calibers was limited to tungsten deficiency, and they were issued to the troops only with the threat of tank attack of the enemy, and for each shell consumed, it was necessary to write a report. Also, podkalibar shells were limited to English and American armies in the second half of the war.

Fougaling shell

A fragic feus projectile. It is a thin-walled steel or steel cast iron projectile, filled with explosive (usually a tilt or ammonite), with a head fuse. Unlike the armor-piercing shells, the fragmentation-fugasic shells did not have a tracer. When entering the target, the projectile explodes, hitting the goal by fragments and an explosive wave, or immediately - a fragmentary action, or with some delay (which allows the projectile to get into the soil) - a fugasic effect. The projectile is intended mainly for the defeat of openly located and covered infantry, artillery, field shelters (trenches, wood-earthwood dots), unarmented and weakened technique. Well armored tanks and SAU are resistant to the action of fragantive-fugasic shells. However, the hitting charges of large caliber can cause the destruction of light-organized techniques, and damage the heavily-rolled tanks, consisting in cracking of armor plates (illustral №19), the jamming of the tower, the failure of the instruments and mechanisms, wounds and the crew contusions.

Literature / Useful materials and links:

• Artillery (State Military Publishing People's Commissariat of the Union of the SSR. Moscow 1938)
• Textbook Sergeant Artillery. ()
• The book "Artillery". Military Publishing House of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. Moscow - 1953 ()
• Materials of the Internet

What amazed tanks in addition to grenade launchers and the FIGRs? How does an armor-pier gun amusement? In this article we will talk about armor-piercing ammunition. The article that will be interesting to both teapots and those who understand the topic, was prepared by the member of our team Eldar Ahundov, who already reins us interesting reviews on arms theme.

History

Armored shells are designed to defeat the objectives of protected armor that follows from their name. They first began to be widely used in sea battles In the second half of the 19th century, with the advent of ships protected metal armor. The effect of simple fragantic fuhas shells on armored goals was not enough due to the fact that when the projectile explodes, the explosion energy does not concentrate in some one direction, and dissipates into the surrounding space. Only part shock wave It acts on the armor of the object trying to punch it / rumbles. As a result, the pressure created by the shock wave is not enough for breakfast breaks, but some deflection is possible. As the armor thickening and hardening the design of the armor, it was necessary to increase the amount of explosives in the projectile by increasing its size (caliber and TD) or develop new substances that it would be expensive and inconvenient. This is by the way applies not only to ships, but also to ground armored vehicles.

Initially, with the first tanks during the First World War, it was possible to fight with fragmentation fecal shells as the tanks had anti-thin thin armor with a thickness of only 10-20 mm, which was also connected by rivets, because at the time (beginning of the 20th century) welding technology One-piece armored corps of tanks and armored vehicles has not yet been worked out. It was enough 3 - 4 kg of explosives with direct hit to derive such a tank in order. In this case, the shock wave simply rushed or indulged in thin armor inward the machine, which resulted in damage to the equipment or the death of the crew.

The armor-piercing projectile is a kinetic means of defeating the target - that is, ensuring the defeat due to the energy of the strike of the projectile, and not an explosion. In armor-piercing shells, the energy is actually concentrated on its tip where a sufficiently large pressure is created on a small area of \u200b\u200bthe surface, and the load significantly exceeds the strength of the reservation material. As a result, this leads to the introduction of a projectile in armor and its breakdown. The kinetic ammunition was the first mass anti-tank agent, which serially began to be applied in various wars. The stroke energy of the shell depends on the mass and its speed at the time of contact with the goal. Mechanical strength, the density of the material of the armor-piercing projectile also represent critical factors on which its effectiveness depends. For many years, wars were developed different types Armor-piercing shells, differing in design and for more than a hundred years there is a constant improvement of both shells and booking of tanks and armored vehicles.

The first armor-piercing shells were an all-length solid shell (dweller) breaking the armor of the power of the blow (a thickness of approximately equal to the projectile caliber)

Then the design began to become more complicated and the following scheme was popular for a long time: the rod / core from solid tempered alloyed steel was covered in a soft metal shell (lead or soft steel), or a light alloy. The soft shell was needed to reduce the wear of the trunk of the gun, as well as due to the inappropriateness to make the entire shell of completely from the tempered alloy steel. The soft shell was frozen when hitting the inclined barrier thereby preventing the ricochet / slipping of the projectile by armor. The shell can serve both at the same time fairing (depending on the form) reducing air resistance during the projectile flight.

Another design of the projectile involves the absence of a shell and only the presence of a special cap of a soft metal as a tip of the projectile for aerodynamics and to prevent the ricochet when hitting the inclined arm.

Device of pyline armor-piercing shells

The projectile is called podkalibel because the caliber (diameter) of its combat / armor-piercing part - 3 is less than the caliber of the gun (A - the coil, b - streamlined form). 1 - Ballistic tip, 2 - pallet, 3 - armor-piercing core / armor-piercing part, 4 - traceser, 5 - plastic tip.

The shell has encouraging rings made of soft metal, which are called leading belts. They serve to center the projectile in the barrel and the stem industry. The obturation is the sealing of the trunk channel when shot from the gun (or weapons in general), which prevents the breakthrough of powder gases (overclocking the shell) into the gap between the shell itself and the barrel. Thus, the energy of powder gases is not lost and is transmitted from a possible maximum.

Left- The dependence of the thickness of armormen from its angle of inclination. The stove thickness B1 inclined under some angle, and has the same resistance as the thicker plate B2 is at a right angle to the movement of the projectile. It can be seen that the path that should break through the shell increases with an increase in the tilt of the armor.

On right - stupid shells A and B at the moment of contact with inclined armor. Bottom is an oshogol skimmer shell. Thanks to the special form of the projectile, it is clear its good engagement (snacking) about inclined armor that prevents a ricochet. Ostrogolic projectile is less susceptible to the ricochet due to its acute form and very high contact pressure when hitting armor.

Agrowing factors If such shells hit the target - flying at high speed fragments and fragments of armor from the inner side, as well as the flying projectile or part of it. Especially suffering from the equipment on the trajectory of armor breakdown. In addition, due to the high temperature of the projectile and its fragments, as well as the presence of a large number of easily flammable items and materials inside the tank or armored machine, is very high risk of fire. The image below is demonstrated as it happens:

The relatively soft case of the projectile is visible, crushed during the strike and the hardwear core punching armor. On the right is visible a stream of high-speed fragments with inner armor as one of the main agrowing factors. In all modern tanks The trend of the maximum dense placement of internal equipment and crew is traced to reduce the size and mass of tanks. back side This medal is that when armor is almost guaranteed, any important equipment or a member of the crew will be damaged. And even if the tank is not destroyed, then it usually becomes unable. On modern tanks and armored vehicles are installed non-combustible anti-skid piping on the inside of the armor. As a rule, this material based on kevlar or other high-strength materials. Though he does not protect the shell from the core itself, but it delays a part of the armor of the armor, thereby reducing the damage applied damage and increasing the vitality of the machine and the crew.

Above, on the example of armored vehicles, the banking action of the projectile and fragments is visible with the appropriate and without it without it. To the left you can see fragments and the shell itself punched armor. On the right set by a piping delays most Broadcasting fragments (but not the shell himself) thereby reducing damage.

An even more efficient type of shells is the charming shells. The charming armor-piercing shells are distinguished by the presence of kamors (cavities) inside the projectile filled with explosive and detonator of slow motion. After breaking down the armor, the projectile explodes inside the object, thereby significantly enhancing the damage caused by fragments and the shock wave in the closed volume. In essence, it is an armor-piercing fugas.

One of the simple examples of the chart of the chamber

1 - Soft ballistic shell, 2 - armor-piercing steel, 3 - explosive charge, 4 - bottom detonator, working with a slowdown, 5 - front and rear leading belts (borders).

The charming shells are not used today as anti-tank, since their design is weakened with an internal cavity with explosives and is not intended for breaking through thick armor, that is, a tank caliber projectile (105 - 125 mm) is simply collided when a collision with modern frontal tank armor (equivalent 400 - 600 mm armor and above). Such shells were used widely during the Second World War since their caliber was comparable to the thickness of the armor of some tanks of that time. In the sea battles of the past, a charming shells were used from a large caliber of 203 mm and to a monstrous 460 mm (Yamato battleship battleship), which could well pierce thick ship steel armor comparable in thickness with their caliber (300 - 500 mm), or a layer of reinforced concrete and stone a few meters.

Modern armor-piercing ammunition

Despite the fact that after World War II, various types of anti-tank missiles were developed, armor-piercing ammunition remain one of the main anti-tank agents. It is despite the undeniable advantages of missiles (mobility, accuracy, the possibilities of homing, etc.), there are also armoring shells on their advantages.

The main advantage of them is the simplicity of the design and, accordingly, production, which affects the lower price of the product.

In addition, the armor-piercing projectile, in contrast to the anti-tank missile, has a very high speed of a flow to the target (from 1600 m / s and above), it is impossible to "leave" from it, in time, smulving or hiding into the shelter (in a certain sense When launching a missile is such an opportunity). Moreover, anti-tank shell It does not require the need to keep the target on the sight, as many, although not all, the FIGR.

Against the armor-piercing projectile, it is also impossible to create radio-electronic interference due to the fact that there are simplicable there are no radio-electronic devices. In the case of anti-tank missiles, it is possible to specifically create such complexes as "curtains", "Afghanit" or "barrier" *.

Modern broadcasting shell used in most countries of the world is actually a long rod made of high-strength metallic (tungsten or depleted uranium) or composite (tungsten carbide) alloy and rolling towards a target from 1500 to 1800 m / s and higher. The rod at the end has stabilizers called plumage. Abbreviated the projectile is called Bops (armor-piercing opened pyline shell). You can also call the BPS (armor-piercing podkalibernal shell).

Almost all modern armor-piercing ammunition shells possess the so-called. "Operation" - tail stabilizers. The reason for the appearance of the Operate shells lies in the fact that the projectiles of the old scheme described above after the Second World War exhausted their potential. It was necessary to lengthen the shells for greater efficiency, but they lost stability when big Length. One of the reasons for the loss of stability was the rotation of them in flight (since most of the guns were with cutting and reported rotational movement). The strength of the materials of that time did not allow to create long shells with sufficient strength for breaking through thick composite (puff) armor. The shell was easier to stabilize not with rotation, but a plumage. An important role in the appearance of a plumage was also played by the emergence of smooth-bore tools, which could accelerate up to higher speeds than when using rifle guns, and the problem of stabilization in which began to be solved with the help of a plumage (the topic of rifled and smooth-bore tools, we will be touched in the following material).

Especially important role In armor-piercing projectiles, materials play materials. Tungsten carbide ** (composite material) has a density of 15.77 gr. / Cm3, which is almost twice as high than steel. It has a large hardness, wear resistance and melting point (about 2900 seconds). IN lately Especially widespread, heavier alloys based on tungsten and uranium were obtained. Tungsten or depleted uranium have a very high density, which is almost 2.5 times higher than that of steel (19.25 and 19.1 gr. / Cm3 versus 7.8 gr. / Cm3 at steel) and, as a result, larger mass and kinetic energy while maintaining minimum sizes. Also, mechanical strength (especially for bending) is higher than that of tungsten carbide. Thanks to these qualities, it is possible to concentrate more energy in a smaller volume of the projectile, that is, increase the density of its kinetic energy. Also, these alloys have tremendous strength and hardness compared even with the most durable existing armored or special steel.

The projectile is called podkaliber because the caliber (diameter) of its combat / armor-pierce part is less than the caliber of the gun. Usually the diameter of such a core is 20 - 36 mm. Recently, shell developers are trying to reduce the diameter of the core and increase its length, whenever possible to save or increase the mass, reduce resistance during flight and as a result, increase the contact pressure at the point of impact with armor.

Uranium ammunition has 10 - 15% greater breeding with the same size due to interesting features Alloy called self-drawing. The scientific term of this process is "ablative self-sharing". When the tungsten projectile passes through the armor, its tip is deformed and flattened due to huge resistance. With flattening, its contact area increases, which further increases the resistance to the movement and as a result suffers from the poverty. When the uranium projectile passes through the armor at speeds, more than 1600 m / s His tip is not deformed and is not flattened, but simply destroys parallel to the movement of the projectile, that is, peeled with parts and thereby the rod remains always sharp.

In addition to already listed affecting factors of armor-piercing shells, modern BPSs have a high incendiary ability in breaking armor. This ability is called piroform. - It is the self-ignition of the projectile particles after the breakdown of armor ***.

125 mm BOPS BM-42 "Mango"

The design is a tungsten alloys core in a steel shell. Visible stabilizers at the end of the projectile (plumage). White circle around the rod is a closet. Right BPS is equipped (recessed) inside the powder charge and in this form comes in tank forces. Left the second powder charge With the cast and the metal pallet. As can be seen, the whole shot is divided into two parts, and only in this form it is placed in the machine charging of the Tanks of the USSR / RF (T-64, 72, 80, 90). That is, at first, the charging mechanism will reduce the BPS with the first charge, and follow the second charge.

The photo below shows the parts of the area at the time of evidence from the rod in flight. A burning traceser is visible in the bottom of the rod.

Interesting Facts

* The Russian System "Curtain" is designed to protect tanks from anti-tank managed missiles. The system determines that a laser beam is induced to the tank, determines the direction of the laser source, and gives a crew signal. The crew can make a maneuver or hide the car in shelter. The system is also connected to the flue rocket launching device, which create a cloud reflecting optical and laser radiation, thereby knocking down the launch of the FRCT from the target. There is also interaction "Curtains" with spotlights - emitters that can be interfered in the anti-tank rocket device when they are directed to it. The effectiveness of the "Curtain" system against various FEDRs of the last generation is still questionable. There is a controversial opinion on this account, however, the best, as they say, its presence than the complete absence. On the last russian tank "Armat" has a different system - so-called Comprehensive system active protection "Afghanit", which, according to developers, is able to intercept not only anti-tank rocketsBut also armor-piercing shells flying at a speed of up to 1700 m / s (in the future it is planned to bring this indicator to 2000 m / s). In turn, the Ukrainian development "barrier" operates on the principle of an ammunition under the side of the attacking projectile (rocket) and the message of a powerful impulse in the form of a shock wave and fragments. So, the projectile or rocket deviates from the initially specified trajectory, and is destroyed to the meeting with the aim of (or rather its goal). Judging by the technical characteristics, most effective this system It may be against the RPG and the FIGR.

** Tungsten carbide is applied not only for the manufacture of shells, but also for the manufacture of heavy-duty tools for working with particularly solid steel and alloys. For example, a alloy called "Win" (from the word "victory") was developed in the USSR in 1929. It is a solid homogeneous mixture / alloy of tungsten carbide and cobalt in a ratio of 90:10. Products are obtained by powder metallurgy. Powder metallurgy is the process of obtaining metal powders and the manufacture of various high-strength products with pre-calculated mechanical, physical, magnetic, and other properties. This process allows you to get products from mixtures of metals and non-metals, which are simply impossible to connect with other methods, such as fusion or welding. The mixture of powders is loaded into the form of a future product. One of the powders is a binder matrix (something like cement), which will firmly connect all the smallest particles / grains of powder with each other. As an example, nickel and cobalt powders can be brought. The mixture is pressed in special pressure presses from 300 to 10,000 atmospheres. The mixture is then heated to a high temperature (component from 70 to 90% of the melting point of the binder metal). As a result, the mixture becomes more dense and reinforces the connection between the grains.

*** Piroform is the ability of solid material to self-ignition in air in the absence of heating and being in a small-core state. The property can manifest itself when hit or friction. One of the materials well satisfying this requirement is depleted uranium. When armor breaks down, the core is just in a small-dressed state. Add to it the same high temperature in the place of breaking through armor, the blow itself and friction of the many particles and we get perfect conditions For ignition. The tungsten alloys of the shells also add special additives to greater appearance. how the simplest example Foroforms in everyday life can be brought silicon lighters that are made of cerium metal alloy.