In the first post-war decade in the world, a two-way system of international relations was established. This is the time when the global confrontation between the two superpowers - the United States of America and the Soviet Union, as well as the confrontation between the two military-political organizations - the North Atlantic Alliance and the organization of the Warsaw Treaty.
In the countries of Eastern Europe, the Warsaw Agreement was signed. It happened in 1955. Its main task was to monitor these states, as well as in ensuring security and peace in Europe. According to the Treaty, assistance to participating countries was assumed in the event of a military threat, carrying out interconnection in crisis situations and the formation of a joint commanded by the armed forces.
Warsaw Agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance signed Albania, Hungary, Bulgaria, Poland, GDR, Romania, Czechoslovakia and the USSR 6 years after NATO formation. It should be noted that the cooperation of these states existed long before the signing of the document. The fact is that in most of them, after the end of the war, the communist system of government management was established, which the Soviet troops remained on the territory of Eastern Europe were consistent. And until the signing of the contract, all relations between them were carried out on the basis of friendship and cooperation agreements. In 1949, the Council of Economic Mutual Assistance was formed, which included originally Bulgaria, the Soviet Union, Hungary, Romania, Poland and Czechoslovakia, and later other countries.
At the same time, after 1953, in some of the countries of Eastern Europe, there were signs of mass discontent caused by the ambiguous policy of the USSR. So, in Czechoslovakia and Hungary passed mass demonstrations and strikes. And in the GDR they were so numerous that the Soviet leaders had to introduce tanks to suppress the performances of workers, displeased by a worsening standard of living. When I. Stalin died in 1953 and new leaders came to power, they were taken by a number of trips to the countries of the Socialist Camp. The result of them and was the signing of the Warsaw Agreement. It included almost all Eastern European states, with the exception of Yugoslavia, which adhered to neutrality. The signing of this document was brought primarily the emergence of military threats as a result of ratification of the 1954 Paris agreements, which assumed the creation of the Western European Union and the accession of Western Germany to the North Atlantic Alliance.
The signing of the above document issued the creation of the organization of the Warsaw Agreement - the military-political organization of socialist European states. Its creation has become a kind of response to the formation of NATO, which was aimed against the socialist camp.
The goals of the Warsaw Treaty assumed the security of the participating countries. It consisted of the preamble and eleven articles. According to his conditions and the Charter of the United Nations, all the state-signed state documents were obliged to refuse or refrain in international policy from threats or direct use of force, and in the case of armed conflict - to assist all available means.
Also, the participating countries were obliged to act in order to strengthen cooperation and friendly relations for the further development of cultural and economic relationships, while respecting the national sovereignty, and not interfere with each other's internal politician. But at the same time it should also be noted that membership in the organization was not always voluntary, and rare attempts to get out of it severely stopped (such examples of Hungary, Czechoslovakia and Poland).
The highest body of the organization of the Warsaw Agreement was also created - the Political Advisory Committee, the main tasks of which included consultations on controversial issues that arose as part of the implementation of the contract.
But the activities of the ATS were very controversial and not always successful. It is important to recall that in its confrontation with NATO there were two large crisis, which almost became the cause of the Third World War: This is the Berlin and Caribbean crises.
The cause of the Berlin crisis of 1959-1962 was the mass relocation of the inhabitants of East Germany to the West Berlin. In order to put an end to unauthorized resettlement, a famous Berlin Wall was built in one night, where checkpoints were installed. But such actions caused even greater discontent of the population, there were huge crowds of those who wanted to leave the limits of Soviet Berlin near the CAT. This led to the fact that Soviet and American tanks were concentrated near the Brandenburg gate and the main checkpoints. As a result, the opposition of the two states ended with the fact that the Soviet authorities were forced to take their tanks from these positions.
Another crisis situation originated in 1962 in the area of \u200b\u200bthe Caribbean, putting the world at risk of starting a nuclear war. It all started with the fact that Americans posted their missile base in Turkey. The Soviet Union could not leave it unanswered, so secretly posted their missiles on the island of Cuba. When in the United States of America, it became known about this, a real panic began there, since the actions of the Soviet leadership were perceived as the beginning of preparation for war. Fortunately, everything was not so bad: the Soviet troops brought their rockets from Cuba, Americans - eliminated their base in Turkey and gave an obligation not to take any action against Cuba.
In addition to these conflicts, there were many other crisis situations within the organization itself. The main reason for them was the desire of some countries to better life and the desire to free themselves from the influence of the Soviet Union. Such crises can be attributed to the uprising in Hungary, which occurred in 1956 (Operation "Vortex"), attempts to conduct reforms in Czechoslovakia in 1968 ("Prague Spring", Danube Operation). They all were solved with the help of Soviet tanks.
Do not forget about the war in Afghanistan 1979-1989. In 1979, there was a new leadership due to military coup to power, which had the intention to build a model of a socialist state, for a sample taking the USSR. Such a policy caused discontent with the population, as a result of which Afghan President Amin was forced to appeal to the Soviet Union for help. What happened further - everyone knows. Introduction to the Afghan territory of the Soviet limited contingent, which should only keep the situation under control. As a result - 10-year war and international isolation of the Soviet Union.
In 1985, in connection with the expiration of the term of the Warsaw Treaty, he was extended for 20 years.
When restructuring began in the USSR, the changes occurred in all foreign policy activities of the country. The Soviet leadership did not prevent the "velvet" revolutions in Eastern European states in 1989-1990. In 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, and a year later, two Germany were merged into a single state. For the Union, this meant the loss of a faithful ally.
The impetus for the beginning of the collapse of the military Soviet empire was the signing of the Budapest Treaty of 1991 by three countries - Poland, Hungary and East Germany. This document failed under the existence of the organization of the Warsaw Treaty.
The Warsaw Agreement itself causes many questions. So, for example, what did the Soviet Union become directly acquired with its signing? IN lately Many historians tend to think that it was a well-thought-out political move N. Khrushchev, who sought to create a joint organization to ensure collective security. The Soviet leadership began to understand the fact that NATO begins to threaten the military power of the USSR and its advantage in the European territory.
However, if we talk about the superiority of the West really existed at that time, it consisted only in the methods of intimidation using nuclear. As for conventional weapons and technology, the indisputable advantage was on the side of the Soviet Union. Moreover, this, according to many experts, was the reason for the emergence of the North Atlantic Alliance.
America with its allies immediately at the end of the war began to disarmament and massive dismissal of servicemen, but the USSR did not hurry with it. Yes, and the Americans could feel safely until 1957, when the first Soviet artificial satellite was launched and thus arose a threat to the withdrawal of nuclear weapons into orbit.
Whatever it was, the Warsaw contract ceased to exist, however, just like the USSR. But the inspiring confrontation between the United States and Russia remains preserved.
On May 14, 1955, in Warsaw at the meeting of the heads of government of Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic (GDR), Poland, Romania, the USSR, Czechoslovakia and Albania1, a treaty on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance was signed, which became a story as a Warsaw treaty. It was calculated for 20 years, and for those participants who for the year before the expiration of the term will not claim his denunciation, the treaty remained in force for another 10 years. In 1985, the Higher State Fatings of the countries participating in the Warsaw Treaty signed the Protocol in Warsaw on the extension of the Treaty for another 20 years with the possibility of maintaining its strength for the next 10 years.
The goal of the Warsaw Agreement was the adoption of measures to ensure its safety and peacekeeping in Europe. In accordance with the UN Charter, the Contracting Parties were obliged to refrain from the threat of force and resolve international disputes with peaceful means.
The political advisory committee (PAC) was the highest political authority of the organization of the Warsaw Treaty (ATS). He considered general issues related to the strengthening of defense and to the United States of the United Armed Forces (ABS), which constituted the basis of the military organization of the ATS.
The Joint Command included the Commander-in-Chief of ABS, the head of the OWS headquarters, the Deputy Commander-in-Chief. Marshal of the Soviet Union I. S. Konev (1955-1960) became the first commander-in-chief of ABS.
The contingent of troops and forces allocated by each country in the composition of the ASS, in peacetime, remained subordinate to their national commanders, and their activities were regulated by the relevant laws, the provisions and the military charters of their countries. At the beginning of the aggression, the dedicated troops and forces were intended to join coalition groups.
The OWS headquarters was formed in May 1955. He initially consisted only from Soviet generals and officers and until 1969 was a structural unit of the General Staff of the USSR. The first chief of the headquarters of the OVS was the Army General A. I. Antonov (1955-1962). In 1969, an independent headquarters of ABS was established, which became a worker body of the Committee of Ministers of Defense (CMO) ATS.
Since the consent of the Governments of the ATS participating States in the Allied Army, representatives of the Commander-in-Chief of ABS were sent. The prominent Soviet military leaders were appointed to these positions, who provided the national commanders to help prepare troops (forces) allocated in the composition of ABS, and were a link between the combined and national commands and.
The structure of the ATS and OVS bodies with the expansion and deepening of the cooperation of the Allied countries were constantly improved. On March 17, 1969, the Provision on the Committee of Ministers of Defense, a new provision on the United Armed Forces and the Joint Command, as well as the provision of the military council, and the Agreement on the organization of a unified air defense system and other documents were approved at the PAC meeting.
The KMOs entered the Ministers of Defense of the Allied States, Commander-in-Chief and Chief of OVS Headquarters. This was a consultative body that developed recommendations and proposals for military military issues and made them for consideration by the PAC or the governments of the Allied countries.
In the new position on the united armed forces, the political and military obligations of the Allied States, the basic rights and obligations of national commands regarding their troops (forces) were reflected, isolated to the composition of ABS, as well as the basis for planning the operational use of troops.
In this regard, the role of the headquarters of ABS significantly increased significantly, and the circle of tasks solved by them was expanded. The OWS headquarters became completed at the expense of generals, admirals and officers of the Allied Army on the principle of proportional representation, which is more complied with new requirements.
For the organization and management of the Air Defense system, the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of ATS PVA was appointed, commander of the Unified Air Defense System of the Warsaw Agreement Marshal of the Soviet Union P. F. Batitsky (1969-1978).
The technical committee of ABS began to operate, designed to solve problems related to the development and improvement of weapons and military equipment, their standardization and unification. The committee was completed from representatives of all allied armies. He was headed by the Deputy Commander-in-Chief of ABS for Armediation, Lieutenant General I. V. Stepanyuk (1969-1975).
To ensure greater participation of the management team of the Ministry of Defense of the ATS participating States in a collective discussion of the fundamental issues of the ASUs, a military council was established as part of: Commander-in-Chief of ABS, Head of the OWS Headquarters and Deputy Commander-in-Chief of ABS from Union Army, Commander of the Unified Air Defense system, Head of Technical Committee and Secretary of the Military Council.
In the future, the structure of the governing bodies of the OVS has not changed significantly and only the decision of the PAC of November 23, 1978. The posts of deputy commander-in-chief of OVS were introduced: the Aviation Colonel-General A. N. Katrich (1978-1986), according to Navy - Admiral V. V. Mikhailin (1978-1983). Thus, the OVS has become inclusive of not only the ground forces and air defense troops, but also air force, naval fleets.
Eastern European countries, the Allied USSR have had armies that have had both common features and peculiarities due to the specifics of national military construction.
Bulgarian folk army. The construction of the Bulgarian People's Army (BNA) was carried out in accordance with the provisions of the National Military Doctrine. The BNA included: ground forces; air defense troops and air force; Navy. Bulgaria also had border, construction and railway troops.
The recruitment of the BNA was carried out in accordance with the Law on the Universal Military Service, according to which all citizens of the country that have reached the age of 18 and the applicable health reasons were called for a valid military service for a period of 2 years.
Officer staff for BNA were preparing in military schools. The junior commander for all types of Sun and childbirth of the troops was preparing sergeant secondary schools, and stock officers are a special school.
Hungarian People's Army (Hungarian defensive forces). The Hungarian People's Army (VNA) consisted of ground forces, Air Force and air defense troops. Military duty extended to all citizens of the Hungarian People's Republic of Male from 18 to 55 years. The period of valid urgent military service was 18 months. The term of military service of officers and generals - up to 60 years.
The personnel of VNA was divided into ordinary, sergeants, under-officers, ensigns, officers and generals. Sergeants, as a rule, were preparing out of the urgent service in classroom units, and at the end of the service they were given the right to conclude a contract for the superior service. Podofizeta was published from persons who have seen military service with his profession and have passed special training at the training bases of the species and childbirth of the troops. The officer corps prepared in the highest general, engineering and aviation schools. Officers of all kinds of troops have increased their knowledge of the Miklos Zriny in the Military Academy.
National People's Army of the German Democratic Republic. The National People's Army (NNA) included 3 types of Armed Forces: Ground Forces, Air Force and Air Defense Forces, People's Navy. They, in turn, were divided into the kind of troops, special troops and services.
Universal military duty extended to all citizens of the republic - men aged 18 to 50 years. When mobilization and in wartime, women aged 18 to 50 years could be called to the service.
NNA servicemen were divided into categories: military servicemen of urgent military service; soldiers, non-community service officers and officers who served in the army under the contract; Personnel overs officers, ensigns and officers.
Future officers received education in the highest military schools. The Military Academy named after Friedrich Engels in Dresden was the main military-school institution. A significant part of NNA officers studied in Soviet military schools.
Polish army. In its composition, the Polish army had: Ground troops; Forces Air Force and Civil Air Defense; Navy. The territory of the country was divided into 3 military districts: Pomeranian, Slena and Warsaw.
According to the Law on Universal Defense for the Defense of 1967, the Citizens of Poland who have reached the 19th-year-olds were called for 2 years. The Polish army had highly qualified military personnel.
The army's personnel composition treated: sergeants (under-officers); Horuzhie (ensigns); officers; Generals. The personnel composition of the Navy was divided into the younger and older subophice-ditch, the Horounzhiy Navy, Navy and Admiral officers.
The officer of the Polish troops was preparing in the 4th military academies, 8 senior officers with a 4-year-old training course and centers for the preparation and improvement of military personnel, and podofizeta composition - in professional sub-fi-chili schools by type of Sun and childbirth forces. Part of the police officers of Polish was trained in military educational institutions of the Soviet Union, GDR, Czech Republic and VDR.
Army of Romania. Sun Romania was the basis of the National Defense System. In submission of the Ministry of National Defense were: Ground forces; Country air defense troops; Air Force; Navy.
The personnel of the army was divided into military servicemen; servicemen with a shortened service life; Permanent personnel, which included: Corps of officers, military craftsmen, subofiters, as well as army employees, military school cadets.
Czechoslovak People's Army (CNA). It contains ground forces, Air Force and air defense troops. The territory of the country in the military administrative attitudes was divided into 2 military districts - West and East.
CNA was completed in accordance with the law adopted in the country on universal military duty. The procedure for the passage of the service was mainly the same as in other armies of the WDD countries. University students were called upon an urgent service after graduation.
Officers for teams, technical and rear posts were preparing at the Military Academy and Higher Military Schools. The corpus of the ensign workers was completed with military personnel who completed the Middle Military Schools or special courses, as well as superforgeless and military reserves with general secondary education.
Within the framework of the ATS, coordinated planning for the development of the Sun of the participating countries was carried out, joint teachings and maneuvers were conducted. Military Commonwealth of Socialist countries was not fragile. In 1956, Soviet troops posted in Hungary and introduced from the border military districts, participated in the excess of the country of armed uprising of pro-Western groups of the population, displeased by the policies of the ruling Hungarian workers in Budapest and other cities. In 1968, the political crisis in Czechoslovakia broke out, to overcome which the troops of other participating countries of the Warsaw Treaty were introduced into the country (USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR and Poland).
In connection with the 90s occurring at the turn of the 90s. XX century Deep change in the USSR and Eastern Europe, the State party of the Warsaw Treaty During the Moscow Meeting of the PAC on June 7, 1990, they decided to abolish the military bodies and the ATS structures by March 31, 1991. In Budapest, on February 25, 1991, an extraordinary and last meeting of the OVD PAC, On which the Protocol was unanimously adopted and signed a protocol on the termination of military agreements concluded within the framework of the ATS, and the abolition of its military structures from March 31, 1991.
For over 30 years of "Cold War", the huge NATO tank armies and the Warsaw Treaty Tank Army were ready to turn Europe into a kind of battlefield near Prokhorovka, only in an unimaginable large scale. Fortunately, the presence of a nuclear retained the parties from the unleashing of the bloody slaughter. Although history does not tolerate the subjunctive inclination, many people often ask questions "and what would happen. if..?"
The Army Tank Park of the Warsaw Agreement was huge. It was estimated that he had 53,000 Soviet tanks and about 12,000-15,000 Eastern European tanks. However, not all of these cars were planned to be applied in a possible military conflict. Greater share was the old machines T-54a and T-55, which were in the divisions of the second echelon, stationed in the central part of the USSR. In the event of the beginning of the fighting, they could be transferred to the West, but they could not participate in the first fights. In addition, a significant grouping of the Soviet troops was stationed in the region of the Chinese border, but the equipment of the Far Eastern parts was a little better than the parts in Central Russia.
The troops of the countries of the Warsaw Treaty were a rather dead picture. In general, they were divided into the Northern Group: GDR, Poland, Czechos. - and "South Group": NRB, VDR and SRP. The army of the Northern Group countries were better equipped and due to the geographical location of the countries, they were intended to play a prominent role in the alleged conflict. Romania was a dubious ally, and weak Bulgaria could not offer any essential help. Much attention was paid to the equipment of the armies of Eastern European countries. NATO intelligence officers made desperate attempts to determine the equipment of Polish, German and Czechoslovak divisions, however, the results were minimal. The Soviet command took into account the experience of the Great Patriotic War, when the Soviet weapon was entirely equipped with the Polish army. Therefore, the Soviet command was not interested in the equipment of the union armies, how many combat readiness.
Soviet tanks can be divided into three generations. Machines of the first generation - T-54a and T-55 - were 38% of the Soviet Army Park and 85% of the Allied Army Park. Each decade, a program was held on the alteration of old tanks, which received new laser rangefinders, improved fire management systems, as well as additional armor-screen. The converted old tanks almost did not meet in the Soviet divisions of the Western group of troops, but they were abuse, for example, on the border with Turkey. Tanks of the second generation - T-62 - accounted for about 24% of the number of the Soviet Army tank fleet. In the armies of other countries of the Warsaw contract, these cars were practically absent. Tank T-62 did not constitute a radically new machine, these were improved T-55, armed with a more powerful gun.
The first third generation tank was T-64 tank, which was about 18% of the total number of the Soviet Army Park. In terms of its characteristics, the T-64 was at the level of modern Western Tanks M-60, Leopard 1 and ChiefTain, but somewhat inferior to them in the power of the gun. The T-64 release stopped in the early 80s. In a possible war between NATO and the Warsaw treaty, the Soviet tanks T-64 would be the most common. Tank T-72 was a simplified and reduced version of T-64, while preserving the combat characteristics of its predecessor. T-72 became the first tank of the new generation, supplied by the Soviet Union in the Allied Army. In addition, the T-72 license issue has established in Poland and Czechoslovakia. Tanks T-72 were Kolo 16% of the number of Soviet tank troops and about 5-10% of the number of Eastern European armies. The last new tank that appeared before the collapse of the Warsaw Treaty was T-80. It was the further development of the T-64 and T-72 line, however, it is difficult to compare with modern Western Tanks M1 Abrams, Leopard 2 or Challenger. T-80 tanks were less than 10% of the Soviet fleet and were concentrated mainly in parts deployed in East Germany.
Soviet tank troops were so numerous that the old cars had to be used to equip them. In order to fully re-equip the Soviet Army with new tanks would require at least 20 years. Of course, old tanks periodically passed upgrades, although it did not solve all the problems. Soviet tanks have high speed, good armor and powerful weapons, not yielding to the Western samples in these parameters. But in the design of Soviet tanks, the desire to create a technological and cheap car suitable for mass production was clearly visible. Therefore, at the individual level, the Soviet tanks were inferior to American, which was previously compensated by numerical superiority.
Group of Soviet troops in the GDR
The main shock grouping of the Soviet troops in Eastern Europe was a group deployed in the territory of the GDR. The group was equipped better than any other union. In peacetime, it consisted of 8 mechanized and 11 tank divisions, combined as part of the five armies. In addition, the composition of each army had a separate tank regiment. A total group has 5,700 tanks, another 2,000 cars were in the first echelon reserve, training shelves and other auxiliary parts. The staffing schedule of the Soviet Tank Division numbered about 330 tanks, the staff schedule of the mechanized division - 220 tanks. The group of the group was constantly updated. The most mass tanks were machines T-64A and T-64B, which made about 65% of the number of park. In 1981, the newest T-80 tanks began to receive, whose number achieved 15% over time. The oldest tank of the western group of troops was T-62, which made about 15% of the park. These cars were mainly in separate tank shelves, curriculums, etc.
Tank T-55A (M), Soviet Army, Kiev
In the late 80s, multicolor camouflage began to apply in the Soviet Army. The Soviet leadership of camouflage always mentioned a multicolor camouflage, but in practice it was almost not applied. The main color is olive number 2. It is a dark green paint, about the color approximately corresponding to American FS 34077. Initially, parts were used and old paints intended for other purposes. These were paints Black No. 2 (intended for painting of the chassis of vehicles), Bituminous Black No. 4 (for the color of steel surfaces, with the exception of the chassis), silver-gray No. 1 (for the outer surfaces of alloy steel parts), brown n ° 2 ( For carbon steel surface, incl. guns, yellow n ° 1 (for steel and aluminum parts of trucks). Special colors for camouflage began to use from the mid-80s. Most often enamels were used: Green ZIL-508M. Black CHV-714, sandbb-6, red-brown PCV-26, dark brown CHV-113 and white CHV-1. Camouflage schemes were traditional. On the main color (olive N ° 2) was superimposed red-brown (PFB-26) and black (CHV-714) stains. Tactical number is made by white paint. Order No. 50 (1982) prescribes to apply a tactical number to tanks, but the type of room can be accommodated to the type of camouflage. According to the charter, the numbers must be a height of 20-40 cm and 2/3 width from height. In summer, the numbers must be applied white paint, and in winter - red or black.
Tank T-55A (M) -Kladivo; Czechoslovak Army, 1988
Czechoslovak army used multicolor camouflage for 15 years. For camouflage, short-lived tempera
paint, since camouflage was applied for the time of summer teachings. The most popular colors: ocher and red-brown. Photos are known, on which it can be seen that the border between different colors is highlighted in a black border. The illustration shows a tank, which is a good example of a car of the Warsaw contract. The tank is equipped with additional armor superimposed on both sides of the tower, as well as the fire control system Kladivo Czech production and laser rangefinder (all this is placed above the gun barrel). Anneometer is mounted in the back of the tower. On the invoice arm, miniature Czechoslovak flags are depicted.
Tank T-64B, Central Group of Soviet Forces, Czechoslovakia, 1988
Although the Soviet land forces and used camouflage color on tanks, the camouflage had not all cars, such as this T-64B. The entire tank is painted with olive paint No. 2. For the rapid recognition of tanks, white stripes forming the cross are used for top view. The side shoulder of the cross can be seen in the illustration, and the longitudinal strip goes along the diametrical line of the tank through the windshield armor, along the tower (not taking the trunk) and then on the engine cover, this cross-shaped emblem was often used by the Soviet Army, including in 1940 in 1940 Baltic States, in 1945 during the Berlin operation and in 1968 in Czechoslovakia. Its advantage is that it allows you to quickly identify the tank not only from the Earth, but also from the air. In peacetime, a cross-shaped sign was also used during the exercise to denote the tanks of a conditional opponent. A traditional geometric signs are visible on the tank. The upper number indicates the regiment, and the bottom is the number of the tank itself. In the late 80s, the rule appeared prescribing the onboard boxes and fuel tanks on tanks T-64, T-72 and T-80. Usually it is an inscription on the SIP template (stock tools and appliances) and fuel. Both inscriptions are illustrated on the insert.
National People's Army GDR
The National People's Army GDR (National Volksarmee - NVA) had the closest contacts with the Soviet army. In the event of the beginning of the war, the German divisions simply would be included in the Soviet fronts. This was reflected in the level of the equipment of the Army GDR - NVA was equipped better than any other army of the Warsaw Pact countries.
NVA consisted of four mechanized divisions and two tank divisions. These parts were located along Soviet lines. The main tank of the army of the GDR was the T-55, which made about 80% of the park. The remaining 20% \u200b\u200baccounted for cars T-72B of the slingshot and T-72G, mainly Polish or Czechoslovak production. The share of new tanks has steadily increased.
Czechoslovak Folk Army
The Czechoslovak People's Army (CSLA) was also equipped well enough, primarily due to the developed defense industry CCHE. Since Czechans had a common border with Germany, the Soviet command paid a lot of attention to maintaining high combat readiness of the Czechoslovak army. Not all the Czechoslovak parts were fully equipped. This is primarily concerned with parts deployed in Slovakia. CSLA has become the first Eastern European army who has taken the modernization of its T-55 tanks. The first step was the equipment of these tanks by the fire control system "Kladivo". Next, the tanks began to equip the overhead armor. As part of the Czechoslovak army there were five mechanized and five tank divisions. In total, the Czechans had 2650 tanks, 80% accounted for T-55, and 20% - on T-72 of the slingshot and T-72. CSLA supported the Central Group of Troops of the Soviet Army, consisting of two tank and three mechanized divisions. Soviet troops in Czech Republic were located 1550 tanks: 20% - T-62, the rest - T-72 or T-64. In the case of the CSLA war, it would have to participate in two different operations. Part of the forces should have been acting against the NATO army in the territory of the Federal Republic of Germany, and the other part was to be in the reserve in case of the entry of Austria in the war.
Tank T-72g, 9th Tank Division GDR, 1987
The Army of the GDR did not use a multicolor camouflage in the summer. Only in winter on top of the standard dark green color stained with white washed paint. No official standards for the winter camouflage existed, everything depended on the tastes of the crew. Therefore, the camouflage of each tank was individual. On the inserts are the signs of the state affiliation of the GDR, Poland, Hungary and Bulgaria.
Polish national army
The People's Army of Polish (LWP) was the second largest after the Soviet army of the Army of the Warsaw Treaty. But the economic difficulties of Poland adversely affected the technical level of the army. In the event of a possible military conflict, the Polish army would play only a secondary role. Polish divisions were supposed to be used in secondary sections of the front: in Austria and Denmark. Polish troops numbered five tank and eight mechanized divisions, as well as several separate tank regiments. In total, Poland has 3100 tanks, of which 300 - T-72B of the slingshot or T-72g. On the territory of Poland there were only two Soviet tank divisions located 650 tanks, mainly T-62 and T-72.
Tank troops of the rest of the participating countries of the Warsaw Treaty
Army of the three remaining countries participating in the Warsaw Treaty, although they have had a noticeable amount of tanks, the overwhelming majority of their fleet made up old cars. The Hungarian army has 1500 tanks, of which only 100 were T-72, and the rest were T-54A and T-55. Hungary in a possible military conflict was to act against Austria. The Soviet 35th and 102nd mechanized divisions were stationed in Hungary under Kechkchemet and Sexfeherevar, and the 2nd and 5th tank divisions were stationed in Tataban and Veszprim. Thus, the grouping of Soviet troops in Hungary in numbers exceeded the entire Hungarian army and had almost 1,400 tanks, of which almost all were machines T-72.
The Romanian army was self-sufficient formation, and its participation in possible armed conflicts was very problematic. Romania has had eight mechanized and two tank divisions, the total number of armored vehicles was 1,300 tanks, of which almost all were old T-54A (or their Romanian variants of TR-580 / TR-77) or dubious on their combat values \u200b\u200bTR-800 tanks.
Bulgaria was further removed from the likely the theater of hostilities. Nevertheless, the Bulgarian army consisted of eight mechanized divisions and five tank brigades that had a sufficiently large number of tanks - 1900, of which only 100 were T-72. In the event of war, Bulgaria was supposed to act on the southern flank against Turkey and Greece. No serious forces of the Soviet Army in Bulgaria were not.
Soviet tank troops in the European part of the USSR
The troops of the Western Military District played the role of the main reserve forces in Eastern Europe. Tank and mechanized Western divisions were in a state of high combat readiness. At the same time, they were better equipped with the divisions in the depths of the Soviet Union. Moreover, the Western division was even better than the division of the western group of troops. The thing is. That in the territory of the USSR was provided with better secrecy than in the GDR or Poland.
The forces of the Warsaw Treaty, intended for the war in Europe
As mentioned above, the Warsaw Agreement had a huge impact potential, but it was not possible to use all troops at the same time. The Soviet command thoroughly hid his plans, so it is difficult to say exactly where and how the tank wedges were planned. The most likely plan for the development of events in the case of armed conflict in Europe was described in 1987 by the American Committee on the Study of Soviet Army (SASO). In the materials of SASO, it is argued that at the initial stage, the fighting would be carried out on three fronts, each of which would consist of two or four armies of the first line and the same army of the rapid reserve. At this stage, 15 tank and 17 mechanized divisions that have had 9,000 tanks would operate in Europe. On the first days, four more tank and five mechanized divisions (3000 tanks) were supplied. Thus, the first blows have 12,000 tanks. Immediately after the start of the war, the Soviet command had to transfer reserves to Europe. Thus, in the war in Europe, 56% of all Soviet tanks (53,350 pieces) would take part, excluding the machines located in Central Asia, in the Far East and in Leningrad. The forces of the first strike included about 12% of the entire fleet.
During the first ten years after the end of World War II, military organizations of only capitalist countries, the core of which were the USA arose and improved. In the mid-1950s. The situation began to change. Recall that the UN as an international organization was created as a barrier on the path of possible aggressors, to prevent the repetition of new wars, the main possible sources of which, at the time of its creation, were considered Germany and Japan. This circumstance was explained to the provision of almost dictatorial powers to countries that played a major role in the defeat of the anti-Hitler coalition. However, in the conditions of an increasingly aggravated "Cold War" between East and West, each of these blocks considered it possible to replenish its ranks with new members, regardless of their past. Agreement on denazification, demilitarization and democratization of Germany, achieved by Great Britain, USSR, the USA and France, were committed to oblivion. In 1947, the occupying zones were under the supervision of the United States, Great Britain and France, were combined and declared the republic called the FRG. In 1949, the USSR arrives in the same way - it creates another German state in the zone of its occupation called the GDR.
The strength of the circumstances and the will of the "Great" holding these two neoplasms, the behavior of which was determined in Washington and in Moscow, were on the edge of the Cold War. In the early 1950s Negotiations began to re-educate the Federal Republic of Germany and on its inclusion in NATO, allegedly as a counterweight of the USSR. The turn was so unexpected that even some countries of the West treated him with distrust. There were enough long discussions and negotiations on this issue, which ended with the signing of Paris agreements in October 1954. On these agreements, the occupation of Western Germany by American, English and French troops ceased. Their troops were not withdrawn from its territory, but from now on, NATO "Union Forces" function. Since May 1955, Germany became a full member of NATO, and its territory is an advanced bridgehead of the Military Alliance.
The leadership of the USSR perceived all this as a repetition of the history of the 1930s. And the re-equipment of Germany, which led to the Second World War, the occupation of the part of its territory, the death of about three tens of millions of people and decided to unite the armed forces of their allies. So, in 1955, 6 years after the formation of NATO, as an answer to the adoption of Germany in NATO, it is created Organization of the Warsaw Treaty (WD). May 14, 1955 Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, German Democratic Republic, Poland, Romania, USSR and Czechoslovakia sign Treaty on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance (Warsaw Treaty). He envisaged the creation of the military-political organization of socialist countries for collective self-defense. Article 1 of the Treaty pinned the obligation on its participants in accordance with the UN Charter to refrain in its international relations from the threat of force or its application and resolve its international disputes by peaceful means in such a way as not to jeopardize international peace and security. Contracting countries declared their readiness to participate in the spirit of sincere cooperation in all international promotions aimed at ensuring peace and security, " to achieve adoption by agreement with other states that wish to cooperate in this case, effective measures to universal reduction in arms and the prohibition of atomic, hydrogen and other types of mass destruction"(Art. 2).
According to Article 3, the members of the Internal Affairs were obliged to hold consultations " on all important international issues affecting their common interests", As well as every time," when, in the opinion of any of them, the threat of an armed attack on one or several States parties will arise." In case of such an attack, each State party to the contract in the exercise of the right to individual and collective self-defense in accordance with Article 51 of the UN Charter will be a victim of aggression " immediate assistance, individually and by agreement with other States Parties to the Treaty by all means, which are presented to it necessary, including the use of armed force».
Article 5 of the Treaty provided for the creation of a joint commanded by the Armed Forces, which will be allocated by its participants to maintain this command, as well as the adoption of other agreed measures necessary to strengthen their defense capability. Signing the country's contract was obliged not to take part in any coalitions or unions and not to conclude any agreements whose goals contradict the objectives of the VD. Article 9 of the Agreement proclaimed that he " open to join other states, regardless of their public and state system, which will express their readiness by participating in this contract to promote the efforts of peace-loving states in order to ensure peace and security of peoples».
The term of the contract was established in 20 years (Art. 10) with automatic extension for another 10 years, if the participants will not be announced a year before the expiration of this period. " In the event of a collective security system in Europe and conclude for this purpose, a pan-European collective agreement on collective security"What was obliged to strive to strive for the countries participating in ATS, the regional contract lost" its strength from the date of entry into force of the European Treaty"(Art. 11).
In the form of the organization of the Warsaw Treaty, NATO repeated almost everything: Joint governing bodies, a joint military command, headed by the Soviet Marshal or General, joint military bases. Here the USSR played the same role as the United States in NATO. But for the purposes and the degree of activity of the ATS differed from NATO.
The highest governing body with the right to make decisions and recommendations was Political advisory committeegathered at the level of heads of state and governments of the Warsaw State Heads, designed to coordinate all actions to ensure the defense capability of Member States other than the purely military. The solution of military tasks was responsible Joint command of the Armed Forces of the ATS with headquarters in Moscow. According to NATO countries, the states of the Warsaw contract also allocated small military contingents to fulfill the tasks in the common interests of the alliance, while maintaining command and management of the main part of their armed forces.
The Warsaw contract is unlikely to contribute to strengthening the defense capability of the USSR and its allies. He provided only a legal framework for the stay of Soviet troops in Eastern Europe. It is difficult to unequivocally assess the effect of their presence in the countries of Eastern Europe, part of which, by virtue of historical factors, was wary and even unfriendly to the USSR.
Soviet military contingents, in contrast to NATO, lived isolated from the local population, but the influence of the very fact of their presence in the Allys countries was significant. This could be seen on the example of Hungary. In the autumn of 1956, the Soviet troops, which were there, had a decisive influence on the course of events in this country. They were brought from Hungary at the request of the government I. Nadya, and then returned at the request of the government Ya. Cadar, playing a role in the "stabilization" of the provisions in Hungary in the next 30 years.
In August 1968, the Governments of the OVD countries had pressure on the management of the Communist Party and the Government of Czechoslovakia, who began reforming their countries with the goal, as declared to them, " give the socialism of the human face" When the official leadership of Czechoslovakia did not want to follow the recommendations of the WDD countries, the latter decided to directly intervene in the processes occurring in Czechoslovakia. The Armed Forces of Bulgaria, Hungary, the German Democratic Republic, Poland and the USSR were introduced into this country.
In 1985, the Warsaw Agreement was officially renewed for another 20 years, but socio-political processes started in the ATS countries accelerated its disintegration. The USSR, in accordance with international agreements, began to reduce its armed forces, primarily at the expense of continents deployed in Eastern Europe. Political regimes were changed in the OVD countries themselves. In October 1990, the reunion of Germany occurred, and in March 1991, the joint military functions of the ATS were ceased to be carried out, after which the organization, following Sato and Seato, ceased to exist. Officially, this happened July 1, 1991
The ATS, the kernel and the decisive force of which was the USSR, certainly provided a restraining influence on politicians who did not recognize post-war borders in Europe, especially between Germany and Poland, as well as between Germany and Czechoslovakia. The USSR himself won anything from the existence of ATS. On the contrary, he made the damage, worsening the relationship with his allies in World War II. After recognition in the beginning of Germany, and then other countries of the principle of non-heinsity of post-war borders in Europe (Helsinki, July 1975), the ATS turned into a NATO partner on the discharge of tension in the world. The change of political regimes in the countries of Eastern and South-Eastern Europe laid an end to its existence.
Modern Russia has demonstrated and continues to demonstrate its interest in establishing relationships of trust and comprehensive cooperation between all nations. Russian society is very wary of the expansion of NATO east by including even the former Soviet republics. In fact, the mind of many people protests against the fact that the former military bases of the ATS, created on the USSR and its allies and the purpose of strengthening the development of the ATS, suddenly turn into the NATO support bases, the main enemy of which for half a century the USSR officially was officially considered. Nevertheless, Russia revealed readiness to cooperate with NATO in all possible areas. In 1991, Russia began to participate in the work of Sass, in 1994 he joined the Partnership program in the name of the world and agreed to wider cooperation, which goes beyond this program. For this purpose, the Standing Joint Council of NATO - Russia was established, within the framework of which consultations and exchange of information are being exchanged in specific areas without committing joint decisions or joint action.
The practical cooperation between Russia and NATO was carried out in 1995 in the process of implementing the agreement on Bosnia and Herzegovina, when the part of the Armed Forces of Russia took part in the operations of NATO to restore peace, and then in ensuring stability. On May 27, 1997, the heads of state and government of NATO countries, the Secretary General of NATO and the President of the Russian Federation was signed in Paris " Constituency on mutual relations, cooperation and security between NATO and the Russian Federation » . This document obliges it to signed to establish closer relations not only in its own interests, but also in the interests of all states in the Euro-Atlantic zone. Russia collaborated with NATO and in the form of the participation of the Russian military contingent (under the command of General NATO Jackson) in Kosovo.
The continued cruel war in Chechnya and the events of September 11, 2001 in the United States contributed to the further rapprochement of the positions of the leadership of Russia and NATO countries. On May 28, 2002, the heads of state and governments of NATO countries, on the one hand, and Russia, on the other, adopted the Roman Declaration. It provided for the transformation of the NATO Council - Russia into the mechanism of not only consultation, achievements of consent and cooperation, but also to make joint decisions and joint actions on a wide range of security problems in the Euro-Atlantic region.
However, all this - measures dictated by the fact of preserving a specialized organization for the preparation and conduct of mutually fighter wars. Without such an organization, without the need for spending of enormous forces and means to maintain the defense capability of countries from possible aggression, the cooperation of peoples would be more sincere and indeed mutually beneficial. Therefore, NATO, which arose with the beginning of the exacerbation of the "Cold War" and most of the sources of this war, should cease to exist together with the disappearance of the reasons for its spawned and supported. Attempts to transform into the Institute of Peace and Cooperation, although they are noble and welcomed, unproductive, since such institutions that have already proven their effectiveness have long existed in the world.
The main goals of the international community, proclaimed in the UN Charter, are obvious: the establishment of comprehensive cooperation between the peoples in the name of progress in each country is separate and in the world as a whole. The exclusion of wars and threats of war as methods of solving international problems will make this cooperation with stable and effective. Termination of the activities of military political institutions designed to promote the arms race and strengthening international tensions will reduce the risk of wars and can become one of the important conditions for ensuring peace and safety on Earth.
Education background
After World War II, two great powers, the USSR and the United States were the most powerful in military and economic terms and gained the greatest influence in the world. As the world's fascism is disappeared, the initial contradictions of the anti-Hitler's union and the geopolitical interests of the Anti-Hitler's Union and the geopolitical interests of the coalition and the new split on hostile blocks. The incompleteness and neo-organization of the cardinal shifts that occurred after the war in the arrangement of the forces, the instability of their new balance pushed the great powers to incline it to their side.
The United States and the USSR adopted the theory of the two-pole world and became on the path of harsh confrontation. An influential American journalist then called conflicts between these Cold War Countries. The press picked up this phrase, and it became the designation of the entire period of international politics until the end of the 80s. "Cold War" was characterized by two essential signs: the arms race and the split of peace and Europe.
Warsaw contract 1955 On friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance, Albania (1968 - came out), Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR, Poland, Romania, USSR and Czechoslovakia on May 14, 1955 at the Warsaw Meeting of European States to ensure peace and security in Europe - after 6 years After the formation of NATO. However, the cooperation of the socialist camp countries existed long before: after World War II, in Eastern Europe, the government headed by the Communists headed, partly this was due to the fact that after the war in Eastern Europe, Soviet troops remained, creating a psychological background. Prior to the formation of ATS, relations between the states of the socialist system were based on friendship and cooperation agreements. In 1949, the Council of Economic Communications was established (the intergovernmental economic organization was established to promote the development of CEA members), which initially entered the USSR, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania and Czechoslovakia, and then a number of other countries.
In connection with some skewers in the relations of the USSR with its allies in Eastern Europe after March 1953, in some countries of the socialist camp, there were signs of mass discontent. There were strikes and demonstrations in some cities of Czechoslovakia, the situation in Hungary was aggravated. The most serious excitements in June 1953 in the GDR, where strikes and demonstrations caused by a deterioration in the standard of living of the population have led the country to the edge of the universal strike. The Soviet government was forced to introduce tanks in the GDR, which by the help of the police supplied the performance of workers. After the death of I. V. Stalin, the new Soviet leadership took a number of travel abroad, with the aim of negotiation and personal acquaintance with the leaders of the SOC. countries. As a result of these trips in 1955, the organization of the Warsaw Agreement was formed, which included almost all countries in Eastern Europe, except for Yugoslavia, which traditionally adhered to non-aligned policies. The conclusion of the Warsaw Treaty was caused by the threat of peace in Europe created by the ratification by Western states of the 1954 Paris agreements, providing for the formation of the Western European Union, remilitarization of West Germany and the inclusion of it in NATO.
The essence and objectives of the contract
At the meeting, on May 11-14, 1955, it was also decided to establish the United Command with the armed forces of the State Parties to the Agreement. This decision was envisaged that general issues related to the strengthening of the defense and to the United States Member States of the Agreement are subject to consideration by the political advisory committee, which will apply the relevant decisions. The contract consisted of preamble 11 and articles. In accordance with his terms and charter of the UN state, the participants of the Warsaw Agreement pledged to refrain in their international relations from the threat of force or its use, and in the case of an armed attack on any of them, to attack the state immediate assistance to all means that they will be introduced to them , including the use of the Armed Forces. Members of the Warsaw Treaty Organization pledged to act in the spirit of friendship and cooperation in order to further develop and strengthen economic and cultural ties among themselves, following the principles of mutual respect for independence, sovereignty and non-interference in each other's internal affairs and other states. The term of the Warsaw Agreement is 20 years with automatic extension of it for 10 years for those states that a year before the expiration of the term will not be transferred to the Government of Poland a statement on denunciation of the Warsaw Treaty. It is open to joining other states, regardless of their public and state system. The Warsaw Agreement will lose force in the event of the creation of a collective security system in Europe and the conclusion for this purpose of a pan-European treaty.
OVD clearly defined its goals:
coordination of foreign policy efforts to combat the security of participating states, for the preservation and hardening of peace and security in Europe and all over the world;
cooperation of States Parties in the field of defense for the joint protection of their sovereignty and independence, the most effective essay by any aggressor attempts of imperialism.
In essence, the Warshavsky treaty legalized the presence of Soviet troops in member countries, because They practically did not have heavy weapons, and the USSR thus secured its Western borders.
Warsaw treaty
Treaty on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between the People's Republic of Albania, the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Hungarian People's Republic, the German Democratic Republic, the Polish People's Republic, Romanian People's Republic, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics and the Czechoslovak Republic.
Contracting parties.
Reaffirming his desire to create a collective security system in Europe based on participating in it of all European states, regardless of their public and state system, which would combine their efforts in the interests of ensuring peace in Europe, taking into account at the same time the situation that has been created In Europe, as a result of the ratification of Paris agreements, providing for the formation of a new military group in the form of the "Western European Union" with the participation of remilitarian Western Germany and with the inclusion of it in the North Atlantic unit, which increases the danger of a new war and creates a threat to the national security of peace-loving states, being convinced that In these conditions, the peace-loving states of Europe should take the necessary measures to ensure their security and in the interests of maintaining peace in Europe, guided by the objectives and principles of the Charter of the United Nations, in the interests of further strengthening and developing friendship, cooperation and Mutual assistance in accordance with the principles of respect for the independence and sovereignty of states, as well as non-interference in their internal affairs, decided to conclude a real agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance and appointed their authorized:
The Presidium of the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Albania - Makhmet Shehu, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Albania, the Presidium of the People's Assembly of the People's Republic of Bulgaria - Vlodko Chervenkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the People's Republic of Bulgaria, the Presidium of the Hungarian People's Republic - Andrass Hegedush, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Hungarian People's Republic, President The German Democratic Republic - Otto Grotevol, Prime Minister of the German Democratic Republic, the State Council of the Polish People's Republic - Yuzf Tyrankevich, Chairman of the Polish People's Republic, the Presidium of the Great National Assembly of the Romanian People's Republic - George Georgiu-Dezh, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Republic of Romanian People's Republic, the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics - Nikolay Alexandrovich Bulganin, Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the SSR Union.
President of the Czechoslovak Republic - William wide, Prime Minister of the Czechoslovak Republic, who, submitting his powers found in due form and perfect order, agreed on the following:
Contracting Parties are committed to the joint joint joint to refrain in their international relations from the threat of force or its application and allow their international disputes by peaceful means in such a way as not to jeopardize international peace and security.
Contracting Parties declare their willingness to participate in the spirit of sincere cooperation in all international actions aimed at ensuring international peace and security, and will fully give their strength to the implementation of these goals.
At the same time, the Contracting Parties will seek adoption, by agreement with other states that wish to cooperate in this case, effective measures to universal reduction in weapons and the prohibition of atomic, hydrogen and other types of weapons of mass destruction.
Contracting Parties will consult among themselves on all important international issues affecting their common interests, guided by the interests of the strengthening of international peace and security.
They will immediately consult among themselves whenever, in the opinion of any of them, the threat of an armed attack on one or several member states will arise, in the interests of ensuring joint defense and maintenance of peace and security.
In the case of an armed attack in Europe on one or several member states of the contract by any state or group of states, each State Party to the Treaty in the exercise of the right to individual or collective self-defense, in accordance with Article 51 of the Charter of the United Nations, will have The state or states undergoing such an attack, immediate assistance, individually and by agreement with other member states of the contract, by all means, which are necessary to it necessary, including the use of armed force. States Parties to the Treaty will immediately consult relatively joint measures that need to be taken to restore and maintain international peace and security.
The measures taken on the basis of this article will be reported to the Security Council in accordance with the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations. These measures will be discontinued as soon as the Security Council will take measures necessary to restore and maintain international peace and security.
The Contracting Parties agreed to establish the combined command of their armed forces, which will be allocated by agreement between the parties to conduct this command acting on the basis of jointly established principles. They will also take other agreed measures necessary to strengthen their defense capability in order to protect the peaceful labor of their peoples, guarantee the inviolability of their borders and territories and to protect against possible aggression.
In order to implement the consultations provided by this Agreement between the contracts of the contract and to consider issues arising from the implementation of this Agreement, a political advisory committee is being created, in which each State party will be submitted by a member of the government or other particularly appointed representative.
The Committee may create subsidiary bodies that will be necessary.
Contracting Parties undertake not to take part in any coalitions or unions and not to conclude any agreements whose goals are contrary to the objectives of this Agreement.
Contracting Parties declare that their obligations under current international treaties are not in contradiction with the provisions of this Agreement.
Contracting Parties declare that they will act in the spirit of friendship and cooperation in order to further develop and strengthen economic and cultural ties between them, following the principles of mutual respect for their independence and sovereignty and non-interference in their internal affairs.
This Agreement is open to the accession of other states, regardless of their public and state system, which will be prepared by participation in this Agreement to promote the efforts of peace-loving states in order to ensure peace and security of peoples. Such an accession will come into force with the consent of the States Parties to the Treaty after transfer to the deposit of the Polish People's Republic of the Document of Accession.
The present agreement is subject to ratification, and the ratification will be transferred to the storage of the Government of the Polish People's Republic.
The agreement will enter into force on the day of transfer to the storage of the last ratification. The government of the Polish People's Republic will inform other states - participants in the Treaty on the transfer of each ratification letter.
This Agreement will remain in force for twenty years. For Contracting Parties, which for the year before the expiration of this period will not be transferred to the Government of the Polish People's Republic of the State Denunciation Statement, it will remain in force over the next ten years.
In the event of the creation of collective security and conclusion in Europe, a pan-European collective security agreement for this purpose, the Contracting Parties will steadily, this Agreement will raise its strength from the date of the entry into force of the European Treaty.
Compiled in Warsaw of the Fourteenth of May 1955 in one copy in Russian, Polish, Czech and German, all texts have the same force. Certain copies of this Agreement will be sent to the Government of the Polish People's Republic to all other participants in the contract.
In the certificate of which the authorized signed this Agreement and put the press to it.
OVD activities
From ATS conflicts (USSR) with NATO (USA), two most important, which almost led the world to the Third World War are: Berlin and Caribbean crises.
Berlin crisis 1959-1962 was caused by the mass flight of Eastern Germans in West Berlin. To stop these riots, in just one night, the Berlin Wall around West Berlin was erected. On the border, checkpoints were installed. The construction of the wall caused even more tension, which resulted in the appearance of a crowd near these items wishing to leave the Soviet sector of Berlin. Soon the Brandenburg gate, the main checkpoints, concentrated Soviet and American tanks. The Soviet-American confrontation ended with the discharge of Soviet tanks from these borders.
The Caribbean crisis broke out in 1962 and put the world on the edge of the nuclear war. It all started with the fact that the United States has placed their missile database in Turkey. In response to this, the USSR secretly posted its middle range rockets in Cuba. In the United States, having learned about it, a real panic began. The actions of the USSR were regarded as a preparation for war. The conflict was allowed by the conclusion of Soviet missiles from Cuba, American - from Turkey and the US commitment not to resort to any actions against Cuba.
Inside the ATS itself, in addition to Berlin, there were other crises caused by the desire of Socialist countries in Eastern Europe to better life and liberation from Soviet influence: an uprising in Hungary (1956, the operation "Vorthern"), depressed by Soviet Tanks and attempts by reforms in Czechoslovakia "Prague Spring "(1968, Operation" Danube "), as depressed by the introduction of five neighboring socialist states into the Czech Republic.
It should also be noted the Afghan war of 1979-1989. In 1978, in Afghanistan, the government came to power as a result of a military coup to power, who had its goal to build socialism in the country with a sample of the USSR. This caused mass discontent in the country and then the President of Afghanistan Amin asked for military assistance from the USSR. In Afghanistan, the "limited contingent" of Soviet troops was introduced. The Afghan war lasted 10 years and ended with failure. An unleashing of this war caused a wide wave of criticism. The USSR was in international isolation, and the internal protests began within the country.
Disintegration of OWD
With the beginning of restructuring in the USSR, the entire foreign policy of the country has changed. The Soviet Union began to declare the commitment to the principles of collective security and respect for the sovereign right of peoples to choose a path of development. The USSR did not prevent peaceful ("velvet") revolutions of 1989-1990 in Eastern Europe. On November 8, 1989, the Berlin Wall fell, the Brandenburg Gate opened. In 1990, the union of Germany occurred, although it meant the elimination of the GDR - the formerly faithful Soviet ally.
The motor of the collapse of the Soviet military empire was three states of Central Europe - Poland, Hungary and East Germany. Budapest Protocol 1991. He summed up under the existence of the military organization of the Warsaw Treaty. Representatives of Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and Romania left their Moscow residences.
On June 30, 1991, the last meeting of the heads of states and governments, which signed the final document on the dissolution of the ATS, which existed 36 years. From 1991 to 1994, the gradual conclusion of Soviet troops from Czechoslovakia, Hungary, GDR and Poland began. So in the history of the Warsaw Treaty, the final point was set.
In December 1991, the leaders of Russia, Ukraine and Belarus (countries - the founders of the USSR) announced the termination of the United States of the Allied Treaty of 1922 and signed documents on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The collapse of the USSR marked the end of the "Cold War".
Dictionary "What is in world politics"
Organization of the Warsaw Treaty (WD)
Soviet Union was created under the leadership of the Soviet Union in 1955. The agreement on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance was signed on May 14, 1955 at the Warsaw Meeting of European States to ensure peace and security in Europe by the leaders of Albania, Bulgaria, Hungary, GDR, Poland, Romania, USSR and Czechoslovakia for a period of 30 years. In 1985
Warsaw treaty
The contract has been extended for another 20 years. According to the treaty, the parties, the signatories, were obliged to refrain in their international relations from the threat of force or its application, and in the case of armed attack on any of them, to attack the state immediate assistance to all means, which they will be necessary, including the use of the Armed Forces .
The creation of the Department of Internal Affairs was the military-political response of the Soviet Union to expand the NATO block to the East. In 1954, the West ratified the Paris Agreements of 1954, providing for the formation of the Western European Union, conducted a remilitarization of Western Germany and the inclusion of Germany in NATO. As a result, the creation of ATS in Europe for three decades a confrontation of two military blocks arose. The internal task of the ATS was the preservation of power in the countries of Central Europe in the hands of the Soviet Communist regimes.
Political leadership of the ATS conducted a political advisory committee, which united the heads of the Member States of the Organization. Military Guide made a joint command of the armed forces, which, according to tradition, headed Marshal of the Soviet Union. The first commander was the hero of the Great Patriotic War Marshal I.S. Koniev.
The command of the command was Russian. All the main documentation of the ATS prepared in Russian.
In the framework of the ATS, the Military Council of the United Armed Forces was also established. The presence of an ATS provided a legal basis for the participation of Soviet troops in the suppression of an anti-communist uprising in Hungary in 1965. In 1968, military contingents of the State party participants took part in the events in Czechoslovakia, suppressing "Prague Spring". In the same 1968, the participants of the Bucharest Meeting of the ATS, as well as the PAC meeting in Sofia, strongly condemned the US Armed Intervention in Vietnam.
Taking into account the fact that in the total military potential of the countries of Europe, the OTD participants was not comparable to the military potential of the USSR, the essence of the ATSP was in the nuclear "umbrella" of the USSR over European socialist countries and the possibilities of Soviet Sun use the territory of allies. The creation of ATS legitimized the placement of Soviet troops in Central Europe. In the mid-80s. A grouping of Soviet troops in 380 thousand people was placed in the GDR., In Poland - 40 thousand, in Czechoslovakia - 80 thousand, in Hungary - about 70 thousand soldiers. At the end of the 50s. The opening of the naval base on the Adriatic Sea (Albania) was preparing. In the framework of the ATS, the USSR Ministry of Defense has begun to control the Armed Forces of the countries - police participants, re-reagent them. An exchange of intelligence information was established. Within the framework of the ATS, a constant re-equipment of the military of the countries of the Warsaw Treaty was carried out, in the planned mode there was a retraining of the officer. Wide exchange of military experience was deployed.
The most important part of the activities of the ATS was the broad cooperation of special services and various special units that make up the main support of the ruling regimes in the countries participating in the organization.
In line with the diplomatic efforts of the USSR to prevent global nuclear conflict, the ATS was positioned as a defensive unit, whose activities are directed against possible aggression from NATO.
Regularly conducted large-scale teachings of joint groups of troops. The latter of which the most massive was held in 1982 - "Shield-82".
The ATS was not deprived of internal contradictions and problems. In 1961, due to political and ideological disagreements, between Moscow and Tirany Albania ceased to participate in the activities of the ATS, in 1968, Albania issued a way out of the organization. In the 70s and 1980s, Romania demonstrated its special position in the activities of the Department of Internal Affairs. Periodically, the allies in the activities of military-technical information were discovered in the NATO member countries.
Within the framework of the ATS, the decision was not taken by consensus. The organization was under the complete control of the Soviet leadership, in the Military Plan - the General Staff of the USSR MO. Within the framework of the ATS, a policy of bilateral multi-level integrated military-political integration of the socialist countries of Central Europe from the USSR was carried out, the establishment of severe control over the army of the countries of the Soviet Union. The effectiveness of this policy was demonstrated in 1981, when the Armed Forces of the Polish People's Republic actually fulfilled police functions, having relocated one from the need to intervene in the internal affairs of Poland, following the example of 1968 in Czechoslovakia.
After the fall of the "Berlin Wall" and the waves of "velvet" revolutions in the countries of Central Europe, the organization of the Warsaw Treaty lost its ideological foundation. Management of the USSR in the late 80s of the 90s. I considered the OVD with the remnant of the "Cold War" and excessive load. The rapid conclusion began with the Soviet troops from Germany, and then from other OVD countries. The liquidation of the organization turned out to be a formal fact. On July 1, 1991, the parties belonging to the ATS were signed a protocol on the termination of the contract. Countries - Former members of the Internal Affairs committed themselves to not declassify the archives of the ATS, but not all of this obligation fulfilled.
Suzdaltsev Andrei Ivanovich
Nina Evgenievna Bystrov
candidate of Historical Sciences (Moscow),
senior Researcher of the Institute of Russian History of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Warsaw contract: to the history of the creation and decay
The Warsaw Agreement, as is known, was signed on May 14, 1955. He existed for a long time - a little more than 36 years old, but had a noticeable impact on the post-war reorganization of the world. About how it was created and what caused his decay, this article tells.
From allies to opponents
The path to a new world order for which humanity in the XX1 B was entered., It turned out to be very difficult. Echo long-year confrontation is heard so far. And the lessons of the first post-war decade of the middle of the twentieth century. It is clear that it is important to build relationships between states so that they remain partnership and cooperation relations based on mutual interests and mutual confidence in which they were between allies on the anti-Hitler coalition during World War II. The absence of such confidence and such interests between them in the postwar years, supplemented by the ideological and political confrontation, and became the source of the deepest crisis in the relations of the USSR with Western countries. Of the big war between them managed to avoid, but the world was long in the ice of the War Cold.
Among the most important factors of increasing contradictions between the USSR and Western countries, a special place was taken by the situation in Eastern Europe, where, after the elimination of Hitler's domination, the sphere of Soviet control was formed and regimes of people's democracy were established. From these countries and began to form a socialist military-political unit led from the USSR. In the West, the construction of a secure world order was seen in the Single Anglo-American Union, based on the principles of democracy and a market economy, in the East - in the Union of Slavic peoples, based on the "Guiding and Guiding Role of Communist Parties" and the planned national economy. It was obvious to everyone: if the former allies could not agree on further cooperation, these worlds would resist each other.
The formation of opposite military-political blocks has led the placement of former allies both by geopolitical and economic problems, covered by ideological floors and on fundamental issues of reorganization of the post-war world. The Manifesto of the Cold War is taken to be considered to be a speech of Winston Churchill in Fulton in March 1946. Although Churchill accused the Soviet Union in expansionism and the seizure of all Eastern Europe, stating the iron curtain, dropped from Shattin on Baltic to Trieste on the Adriatic, the main thing in his speech It was still the conclusion about the need for a close political and military union between the United States and the British Empire. True, the idea of \u200b\u200bopposing two camps in Churchill's speech, of course, was present. But the speech itself was rather a declaration of the "Cold World", but not the beginning of the Cold War.
Nevertheless, expand the scope of its maximum influence sought to east and the West. And the escalation of tension in regional directions, the growth of mutual distrust and suspicion accelerated the transition of their relationships from allied to hostile to a much greater extent than Fulton's speech Churchill. The prerequisite for the creation of opposing military-political blocs was the "Marshall Plan" (1947),
which envisaged Europe's economic recovery with American help and under the supervision of the United States.
The Soviet Union, of course, was interested in obtaining American loans for post-war reconstruction, but not at the cost of refusing from its sphere of influence in the zone of "People's Democracy". Economic assistance program Europe could destroy the entire system of Soviet control over countries of Eastern Europe. And in fact, the plan was presented in such a way that the participation in it of the USSR and Eastern European countries looked very problematic. This confirms the recognition made by Mr. Hoffman, the administrator for the implementation of the Marshall Plan, that "without this plan, most of Europe would be under the domination of the Kremlin" and "that the plan suspended the Kremlin's promotion to the Atlantic Ocean" 1.
Stalin considered the real purpose of the Marshall Plan Strengthening the Western Block and the isolation of the Soviet Union. Therefore, the USSR not only rejected the plan, but did not allow him to spread it to Eastern European countries. "Reliable" an obstacle to this was the education in September 1947 in the Sklen's Porembe (Poland) of the Communist Communist Communist Parties, which "sent" internal socio-political processes in Eastern European countries in the direction desirable for Soviet leaders. A rod of formation of the Soviet bloc was the folding of a system of bilateral political, military, economic and cultural and ideological ties between the countries of Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union, which became their block center. By 1949, 35 interstate agreements on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance between the USSR and the Eastern European countries were already concluded, which were legally secured by this block.
With the creation of the Western Union, concluded in March 1948 in Brussels, the economic split of Europe was deepened and the first in the post-war history of the military unit, which was considered as a german of a wider military-political organization of the West. In the same year, the first open opposition of two systems was also an attempt by the blockade of West Berlin. Then N.S. Khrushchev will call it the desire of Stalin "to prove the capitalist world with a bayonet." However, the blockade forced the Soviet leader to make sure that such means to put pressure on Western countries is impossible. She only accelerated the creation of NATO.
Increased the desire of the West "Celling" from the Soviet Union and the first split in the socialist camp - the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict. Stalin regarded the position of Joseph Barz Tito and his associates, dissatisfied with the efforts of Moscow to achieve unconditional subordination to the Eastern European countries, not believing with their indigenous national interests, as a hostile and achieved the exclusion of the Communist Party of Yugoslavia from Informburo, and Yugoslavia himself "excavated" from the socialist. He accused Tito even in the breakdown of the Soviet five-year plan, oriented on deliveries, including from his country. Communist leaders of the states of Eastern Europe, becoming involuntary accomplices of the Antiugoslav campaign, contributed to the tightening of Soviet control and over their own countries. There were not limited to the cleaning of "unreliable elements", but they went to serious repressive measures. Mortal sentences "Tito Agents" were issued by Laslo Rica in Hungary, Rudolf Slansky in Czechoslovakia, Kochi Dzodze in Albania, Trakycho Kostya in Bulgaria. So the Soviet-Yugoslav conflict became not only the internal affair of the Soviet bloc, but also an element of the confrontation of the East and the West.
And yet by the end of the 1940s. The last century, the Soviet leadership managed to solve its military-political task, creating a buffer zone of external security, and at the same time political and ideological, conducting the export of the socialist revolution to Eastern Europe, expanding the boundaries of the communist bloc. So the Soviet system, concentrated on the countries of Eastern Europe, laid in those
post-war years prerequisites for their future crises and ultimately collapse of the entire communist system.
Logic blocks
By 1949, military-block logic enthusiasm. The West created the Military Political North Atlantic Alliance. The East block, without having such a developed economic, political and military basis, in order to create its military-political alliance, organized a closed economic system - the Council of Economic Complex. And in May 1955, the bloc confrontation received its formal completion - Germany entered NATO, the design of the North Atlantic Union was completed and the so-called Eastern NATO was created - the organization of the Warsaw Treaty.
NATO and ATS became unique phenomena in the field of international relations. Moreover, if NATO and now retains its key role in solving military problems of international security, the history of the ATS has already been completed.
Creating the organization of the Warsaw Treaty
Although, it is necessary to recognize the history of its origin, attempts to reform and decay still have not yet been studied. There is no answer to the obvious question: why the military-political organization of the Eastern Block was not created in 1949 as opposed to the formation of the North Atlantic Alliance?
The reason for this, apparently, can be considered that the "Marshall Plan" for the countries of Central and Eastern Europe did not exist. Mechanisms of multilateral cooperation both in the economic and military-political field only originated, there were no other political framework on which Eastern NATO could be created. The social structure of the countries of the People's Democracy was not stabilized. The peoples of these countries did not have confidence in their political system, their new ruling layer - party-state nomenclature. In 1949 there was no willingness nor the confidence that the military-political organization of the Eastern Block would be similar to the North Atlantic Union. In addition, it was still incomprehensible, in which the activity of the newly created Western military unit will be published. Yes, and for such a union, there was neither sufficient economic potential, no technical means nor reliable military personnel: most of the team composition of Eastern European armies amounted to representatives of the old officer corps who did not show the desire for the restructuring of their armies and who did not confesses the leaders of their countries, Neither the Kremlin. The major development of the armies began only in the early 1950s. At that time, Eastern European troops were integrated into Soviet combat orders and reorganized according to the Soviet model. According to the USSR Foreign Ministry, by the end of 1949 187 specialists were sent to Eastern Europe to provide technical assistance, 61 - a military adviser, 18 civil advisers and specialists2. In 1950, only 1,000 advisers from the USSR3 were sent only to Czechoslovakia to organize its armed forces. Soviet military advisers
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Warsaw contract 1955
Cooperation between the countries of the Warsaw Treaty
It was not exhausted by joint defense issues, it also covers the problems of further development and strengthen economic and cultural ties.
It should be indicated on the fundamental difference between the organization of the Warsaw Treaty from the imperialist blocks of the NATO type, the ZES, etc.
First of all, in contrast to aggressive NATO, the SES to such groupings of states, the Warsaw Agreement pursues pure defensive purposes. This feature of the contract follows from the very nature of the socialist states participating in it and is an expression of their peace-loving foreign policy.
The social system of the Member States of the Warsaw Agreement has led to another feature. The imperialist unions in the interests of their organizers are large imperialist states - are built on the principle of domination and subordination, which is found the brightest manifestation in Paris agreements. The Warsaw Agreement proceeds from the principles of sovereign equality of all its participants, mutual respect for independence, sovereignty of states, and non-interference in their internal affairs.
In addition, as opposed to imperialist pacts, in particular, Paris agreements, the Warsaw Agreement fully complies with the UN Charter. In the preamble, it is indicated that, when concluding the Warsaw contract, its participants were guided by the objectives and principles of the UN Charter. Indeed, the maintenance of international peace and security, the development of friendly relations between nations, the implementation of international cooperation in the field of economy and culture is the proclaimed objectives of the UN, and the same goals are prosecuted by the Warsaw Treaty.
Its members pledged in accordance with the UN Charter to refrain in international relations from the threat of strength or its application and allow their international disputes by peaceful means. Article 4 of the Agreement, which provides for the assistance of all participants to the state that has been armed with an armed attack is recorded in accordance with Art. 51 UN Charter, fixing the inalienable right of states on individual or collective self-defense.
Finally, it is necessary to indicate another important difference between the Warsaw Agreement and the agreements concluded by the imperialists. While aggressive NATO and the Zes are announced by their creators of the "equally thinking" states and exclude the possibility of free accession to them from other states, the Warsaw Agreement on Friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance is open to accession to it, regardless of their public and state system. . In this particular, the Warsaw contract is manifested by its defensive nature to the same extent that the closed nature of imperialist blocks indicates their aggressiveness and focus against other countries.
Conclusion of the Warsaw Treaty
Participants continued to be a stubborn struggle for creating a collective security system based on participating in it of all European states. In art. The 11 of the Treaty states that in the case of the conclusion of the European Collective Security Treaty in Europe, the Warsaw Agreement will lose its strength.
At the Geneva Meeting of the heads of government of the USSR, USA, England and France, held from July 18 to July 23, 1955, the Soviet Union nominated new proposals for creating a collective security system in Europe. These proposals took into account the real situation that established by the time. The most important factor in it was still the existence of military groupings of states in Europe. Soviet proposals were nominated taking into account the fact that the governments of the Western powers have not yet wanted to eliminate the military blocks created by them - NATO and the Zes. Under these conditions, the USSR proposed the creation of a collective security system to dismantle for two periods. During the first one, the duration of which on Soviet proposals was determined in two or three years, the North Atlantic Treaty of April 4, 1949 continued to exist, Paris agreements of October 23, 1954 and the Warsaw Agreement on May 14, 1955, but their Participants must commit themselves to not apply armed force and resolve all possible disputes by peaceful means. In the second period, in accordance with the Soviet proposals, the state would have to take on their entire obligations arising from the creation of a collective security system. At the same time, both the North Atlantic Agreement and the Paris Agreements and the Warsaw Agreement would be ceased.
Since further discussion of the issue of collective security in Europe and the achievement of relevant agreements required a certain time, and the situation established in Europe showed the need to make urgent measures to strengthen peace and security of peoples, the Soviet delegation at the Geneva meeting nominated another sentence: to conclude a contract between states - Participants of the groups existing in Europe.
The mainly mainly in the proposed delegation of the USSR Agreement is the obligations of NATO member states and the ZES, on the one hand, and the Warsaw Treaty, on the other, do not apply the armed force against each other and consult in the event of a difference between them and disputes that could create Threat to the world in Europe. In the proposal of the USSR, the temporary nature of this contract was emphasized. He was replaced by another agreement on the creation of a collective security system in Europe.
The adoption of the Soviet proposal undoubtedly contributed to the discharge of international tensions and would be a certain step towards the creation of a collective security system, which is the most important way to strengthen the universal world. But due to the position of the Western powers, none of the issues discussed at the meeting of the heads of government, the agreement could not be achieved. It was only decided to continue their consideration.
At that held in October - November 1955, the Soviet delegation was also represented by the Soviet delegation, the Soviet delegation again proposed to conclude a pan-European treaty with the participation of all European states and the United States. As in the Previous Geneva Meeting, the Delegation of the USSR proposed to make the creation of a collective security system in Europe in two periods. However, representatives of the Western powers in their speeches demonstrated the unwillingness to part with the military groups created by them. Given this circumstance, the representative of the USSR on October 31, 1955, confirming the conviction of the Soviet government in the fact that the creation of such a security system in which all European states, as well as the United States, and the United States would participate in Europe, would increase the world's strengthening of peace in Europe. Conclusion of a security agreement with the participation of a narrower number of states.
This proposal was to a certain extent synthesized the provisions of the Soviet projects of the European Treaty and the Treaty between the groups existing in Europe and at the same time significantly different from each of them. The security agreement provided for the participation of a smaller number of states and for the period of its actions allowed the preservation of the North Atlantic Treaty, Paris Agreements and the Warsaw Agreement. The draft Treaty of Safety In Europe, the draft agreement proposed by the Soviet government has been reminded by the Soviet Government as proposed by the Soviet government at the Geneva Meeting of Government Heads The draft treaty between the Western Grouping of States and the Organization of the Warsaw Agreement. But, in contrast to him, the security agreement in Europe envisaged the provision of the necessary assistance, including military, any State party in the event that it had been subjected to an armed attack.
In the Soviet proposal about the conclusions of the Safety Treaty in Europe, it was envisaged to replace it in the future by a broader contract, simultaneously with the adoption of the North Atlantic Treaty, Paris Agreements and the Warsaw Agreement would have lost. Thus, the conclusion of the contract first for the part of Europe of the USSR considered as a basis for creating a subsequent pan-European security system with the elimination of existing military groups.
In an effort to find ways to agreed and at least a gradual solution of security in Europe, the Delegation of the USSR at a meeting of foreign ministers in Geneva on November 9 again proposed to conclude a contract between the groups existing in Europe. But this time, as at the Geneva meeting of the heads of government, the Soviet initiative did not meet support from representatives of the Western powers. OPI refused to accept Soviet projects and at the same time did not put forward their proposals that would be aimed at providing European security.
The Geneva Meeting of Foreign Ministers once again convincingly demonstrated the presence of two lines in the international relations: the efforts of the Soviet Union and other peace-loving states aimed at strengthening peace and ensuring the security of peoples, the Western powers openly opposed the policy of maintaining international tensions, preparation of the War.
Friendship and cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States
The Soviet Union and other socialist countries with the support of the progressive public of the whole world and further continued efforts to preserve and strengthen the world, while giving great importance to creating a collective security system. "Peaceful conditions for the development of European peoples - it was said in the Declaration adopted by States Parties to the Warsaw Treaty in January 1956 in Prague at a meeting of the Political Advisory Committee, it may be best to create a collective security system in Europe, which would replace existing in Europe Military groupings. " The declaration was proposed to conclude the appropriate agreement initially between part of European states, including the USSR, the United Kingdom, France, as well as the United States.
On the same days, the Soviet government took another important step in order to strengthen the world: it offered to conclude an agreement on friendship and cooperation between the Soviet Union and the United States.
The ruling circles of the Western powers rejected all Soviet proposals aimed at combining state efforts to defend the world's affairs. The proposals of the USSR were solely important, because they showed the real path to preventing a new war, contributed to strengthening the struggle against the imperialist policy of creating aggressive blocks.
Soviet positions played a big role in the fight against Paris agreements. Proposals for the German issue. The USSR proceeded from the fact that the union of Germany is the case of the Germans themselves, other countries could contribute to their policies to rapprochement or, on the contrary, the further alienation of German states. While Paris agreements have created serious barriers to the German unification, Soviet proposals were aimed at rapprochement of German states. By the way, the implementation of the Soviet proposal to create a collective security system would be able to unite Germany not only because the organization of collective security in Europe would be achieved by the overall discharge of international tension, but also because between the two German states would have a rapprochement, since they related to the appropriate contract, they would have to cooperate both with other states and among themselves. Therefore, the approval of the UK Prime Minister G. Makmillan that the Soviet proposal regarding the collective security treaty allegedly was based on "on the continuing section of Germany", it does not have any soil. It was just an excuse, to which representatives of the Western powers resorted whenever the Soviet Union offered to conclude an agreement on the creation of a collective security system.
The Soviet government resolutely supported the proposal of the GDR on the formation of a confederation of two German states.
The Soviet Union ranked a fundamentally different from the position of Western powers, with respect to the further stay of foreign troops in Germany. While the Paris Agreements are essentially fixed the occupation regime in Germany for many years, the USSR, based on the Leninist principle of recognition of sovereign rights for all nations, it has repeatedly offered to bring foreign troops from the territories of Germanic states.
On November 27, 1958, the Soviet government submitted to two German states and the Western powers of the proposal to eliminate the remains of the occupation and the transformation of Western Berlin into a demilitarized library city.
Organization of the Warsaw Treaty
On January 10, 1959, the Soviet government took a new step, submitting a draft civil contract with Germany for consideration of states and the world community.
The conclusion of the State Treaty with Austria, the establishment of the USSR's diplomatic relations with Germany, and then with Japan - all of these international actions undertaken during the period under review on the initiative of the Soviet Union were the contribution of our state to strengthen peace and strengthen mutual confidence between countries and peoples.
The approval and support of progressive forces around the world received a consistent struggle of the Soviet Union for universal disarmament, for the unconditional prohibition of atomic and hydrogen weapons. With regard to various states, two lines were especially distinctly designated. The Soviet Union, together with other peace-loving states, with the support of the progressive public, tirelessly advocated a significant reduction in weapons and armed forces for the prohibition of atomic and hydrogen weapons. At the same time, the US imperialist circles and their European partners in every way preventing the conclusion of the disarmament agreement.
It is known that on March 31, 1958, the Supreme Council of the USSR adopted a resolution on unilateral termination by the Soviet Union of Tortiensomic Trials and Hydrogen Hydrogen. However, the Western powers did not follow this example, on the contrary, they continued the arms race, including the West German Revenches in it.
Active foreign policy, the consistent struggle of the Soviet state against the threat of a new war exposed to the peoples of all countries the dangerous nature of the western coupling on the location of aggressive military blocks with the participation of West German Revenches. During the preparation and ratification of Paris agreements and in the years following this, in all European countries, and, first of all, in those governments of which they put their signatures under the Paris agreements, a complete heroism of the struggle against the progressive forces against Europe's split policies for warrant groups states, against the revival of militarism in Western Germany and including it into aggressive blocks.
With the exposure of the safety of peoples melting in this policy, there was a wide movement of supporters of the world. The World Council of the world, having collected PA of its next session, held on November 18-23, 1954, turned to peoples with a call to resist the ratification of Paris agreements and demand the immediate discovery of negotiations between all European states regardless of their system. Representatives of various social groups of the European population took part in the fight against the new conspiracy of the international reaction.
On December 11, 1954, the European Meeting of Public and Political figures opposed Paris agreements was opened in Paris. It participated about 150 delegates from 15 European countries: France, England, Germany, Italy, Greece, Norway, Danil, and others. Among the participants of the meeting were such prominent figures as former French Prime Minister Daladier, a member of the English Parliament Silvermen, the Italian deputy Parliament Lombardp, Dean of the theological faculty in Bonn Hans Ivand, etc. invited to the meeting of public figures of the Soviet Union, Poland, Romania, Bulgaria and Hungary could not arrive in France, since they did not receive entry visas.
The European Meeting condemned the Paris Agreements and encouraged public opinion, politicians, governments and parliaments of the respective countries to reject them. It was another expression of the protest of people common sense and goodwill against the Armament of Germany, fixing the split of Germany, the preparation of a new war.
Especially persistent resistance to imperialist policies, the expression of which the Paris agreements appeared, had a working class of European countries. This is understandable. "The working class, which mainly supplies soldiers," wrote V. I. Lenin, and on which material sacrifices are mainly falling, in particular, the natural enemy of wars, as wars contradict the goals pursued by them: the creation of a socialist principle of economic principle Building, which actually implements solidarity of peoples.
On December 9, 1954, the seventh session of the General Council of the World Federation of Trade Unions was opened in Warsaw. The next day, the General Council of the WFP adopted the appeal to the workers of Europe, one of the most vivid documents of the fight against the Paris Agreement. In this document, the relevance of the working class of various countries to Paris agreements is expressed. It was indicated on their destructive peace and democracy. In the appeal, a passionate appeal to all workers to men and women of Europe to unite efforts in the struggle against Paris agreements and their consequences for the creation of a pan-European collective security system.
Creation of the Council of Economic Mutual Assistance (CEV). Creating a socialist camp and ATS.
Council of economic mutual assistance. General economic intergovernmental
organization of Socialist countries - Council of Economic Mutual Assistance -
established by representatives of Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, the USSR,
Czechoslovakia at the International Economic Meeting, held in
Moscow in January 1949 Subsequently, CMEA members were also: Albania - with
1949 (since the end of 1961
Warsaw contract collapsed due to betrayal
one-sided stopped participating in work
council authorities), GDR - from 1950, Mongolia - from 1962, Cuba - from 1972,
Vietnam - since 1978
As a result, by the beginning of 1989 more than 400 million people created about 12%
world production, lived in centralized countries
planning, that is, in economic systems, where the decision on production
and employment was taken, as a rule, at the government level. Contrary to
some measures for reforming, the Government of the Soviet Union and
eastern European countries liberated by Soviet troops during the second
world War, still managed its economy mainly
directives from the Center, and not using the market mechanism.
However, by the end of 1991, the situation has changed. Communist governments
moved their powers or were lowered, and the Soviet Union himself collapsed
on individual states. Most Eastern European countries and former
soviet republics made economic reforms, intending
transform your economy into the market economy of the Western Sample.
Few economists doubted that in the long term, the transition to
market economy will raise productivity and life level in these
countries. It is widely recognized that centralized planning has proved that
it is a less efficient system than the development of the economy with
market laws. Some countries of Eastern Europe, like the Czech Republic and Eastern
Germany, before the fall of the communist regimens of the Board was considered
advanced industrial areas, but even there it was found that they have
there were outdated factories, poor quality goods and services, problems with
environment. Return to the market in these once prosperous
areas, instilled hope for rapid growth, perhaps even on "economic
miracle "comparable to the restoration of Western Europe after the Second World War
Creation of ATS.
The leading role in most Eastern European countries was played by local communists who operated under the strong influence of Moscow. In the situation of the beginning of the Cold War, Stalin and his supporters moved to tough power methods of influence on domestic political processes in Eastern European countries. In 1948-1949 Communists pushed out of the leadership of representatives of other political forces, the socialist transformations begins following the example of the USSR. The attempt by the leadership of Yugoslavia, headed by a strong, volitional leader, Barz Tito, act independently caused the angry reaction of Stalin and led to the rupture of Soviet-Yugoslav relations.
In 1955, the organization of the Warsaw Agreement (ATS) is a translation-political block of European socialist countries. Treaty on friendship, cooperation and mutual assistance, signed in the capital of Poland Warsaw, issued the creation of a military union of European socialist states under the leading role of the Soviet Union. The conclusion of the contract became a response to the accession of Germany to NATO.
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President M.S. Gorbachev, losing power in the USSR, was not able to direct the development of the situation in Eastern Europe. Former socialist countries sought to destroy the latest tools for the influence of Moscow. On February 25, 1991, a general agreement was reached at the meeting of foreign affairs and defense ministers in Budapest, a general agreement on termination from April 1, 1991, the activities of the Military Organization of the Warsaw Treaty. On July 1, 1991, by decision of the Political Advisory Committee of the ATS in Prague, the organization of the Warsaw Treaty was completely eliminated. Several earlier, on June 27, 1991, the Agreement on Samorem Sav was signed in Budapest.
In 1990, representatives of former socialist countries began to make statements about the intention to interact more closely with NATO countries and, in perspective, to seek associate membership in this block. In July 1990, the Summit of the NATO Council was held in London, on which the Declaration was adopted about the need to cooperate with former socialist countries and a formal invitation to visit NATO headquarters in Brussels was made public.
Conclusion of the Schengen Convention
The process of European integration, meanwhile, was his guy. A few months before the unification of Germany, June 19, 1990, Benilyuks countries, France and Germany concluded a new convention on the regime of the intersection of state borders in the castle of Schengen (Luxembourg).
It was based on the Schengen Agreement on the gradual cancellation of inspections on the internal borders, signed by the same countries in 1985. It was calculated for five years and provided for the replacement of systematic checks of vehicles crossing the internal boundaries of countries who joined him, visual observation of vehicles without They are stopped at checkpoints. The document did not require ratification and was essentially a recommendation. But he gave the beginning of the Schengen Process.
The 1990 Schengen Convention was a lengthy document. She confirmed the principle of the free movement of the citizens of the European Community within the zone formed by the external borders of the states who joined it, and established uniform requirements for the issuance of entry visas to foreigners who, having received a single "Schengen" visa to entry into one of the countries participating in the agreement, had the right to travel For all other countries of this zone without restrictions.
In November 1990, Italy joined the Schengen Convention, in 1991 - Spain and Portugal, in 1992 - Greece, in 1995 - Austria, as well as in the order of experiment - France. On December 19, 1996, its action was distributed to Denmark, Sweden and Finland, as well as Norway and Iceland. Outside the zone of a single European visa regime remained Britain and Ireland.
Although the Schengen Convention was signed outside the European Community and it was originally joined by all EU countries, it was made a serious step towards creating a single European space in socio-economic and humanitarian (♦) spheres. In Western Europe, a special psychological climate was formed, which contributed to strengthening sentiment in favor of rapprochement of Western Europeans.
Signing of the Moscow Treaty for Reducing Strategic Offensive Arms (START-1)
Noting the weakening of the power of M.S. Gorbachev, the US administration began to fear for the outcome of negotiations on the conclusion of an agreement on controlling strategic arms with the Soviet Union. Despite the unfavorable situation within the USSR, in July 1991, US President J. Bush arrived in Moscow. On July 30-31, 1991, the next Soviet-American Summit took place, during which an agreement was signed on reducing strategic offensive arms (START-1). According to the Treaty of the USSR and the United States should have reduced their nuclear arsenals for 7 years so that each Party has no more than 6 thousand.
Warsaw treaty
units. True, in reality in accordance with the "rules of the credit" of warheads located on heavy bombers, the USSR could have about 6.5 thousand warheads, and the United States - 8.5 thousand. The implementation of agreements was difficult due to unpredictable developing events in the Soviet Union.
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