Inalienable element of any democratic society are social and political organizations and movements. The social and political organizations are voluntary associations of citizens arising on their initiative and to implement their interests. Basic characteristic features public organizations The following are:

1. The lack of power relations and the inability to make mandatory decisions and require their implementation.

2. Unlike political parties, they do not set the goal to master the state power, but their activities can acquire political in nature.

3. These are voluntary organizations of citizens who have arisen on their initiative.

4. The state does not interfere with their activities, but regulates it in accordance with applicable law.

Public and political associations are valid on the basis of the following principles :

• voluntary;
• a combination of personal and public interests;
• self management;
• equality of participants;
• legality;
• publicity.

Social and political movements - associations, coalitions, unions of various public groups to jointly solve their problems.

Social movement:

• may be structurally not issued;
• can combine organizations of various political orientation;
• as a rule, it is temporary in nature (to solve certain tasks).

IN razvitia Public Movement the following is allocated stages :

Stage I Stage

• nucleation of ideas;
• the appearance of activists;
• development of common views;

Stage II

• promotion of views;
• agitation;
• attracting supporters;

III Stage

• clearer formation of ideas and requirements;
• development of socio-political activity;

• registration into the socio-political organization or party and participation in political life and the struggle for power;
• if goals are achieved or there are no prospects for their achievement, the movement fades.

Social and political movements can be divided into:

• national (within one country);
• regional;
• continental;
• world.

Among socio-political organizations, trade unions occupy a special place. Trade union - This is a non-state public organization of people of labor of the same profession or employed in one industry.

Maintenance functions of trade unions :

• economic protection I. social interests workers;
• cultural education and upbringing;
• socialization of workers;
• representing the interests of employees on their labor and life.

The most active socio-political and democratic movements are the following:

1. Women's movement.

2. Anti-war movement.

3. Ecological movement

4. Human rights movement

5. Youth traffic

6. National Movement

In addition, there are:

• non-aligned movement;
• movement against racial and national discrimination;
• movement for establishing a new economic order;
• movement of peasants for land and social rights;
• pacifist movements of scientists, doctors, lawyers and other movements.

Thus, the political life of society is rich and diverse. An important role in it belongs to parties and social and political movements and organizations.

22 . Groups of interests, their essence and main characteristics.

Groups of Interest - Associations of individuals created to defend the powerful significant interests and influence the power in order to make conversational solutions for them. The main difference from the parties - these groups do not participate in power, but have an impact on it. 2 types:

Groups of general significance (have a humanistic orientation) - Environmental

Groups of specific interests (settling specials of interests - professional), sectoral, confessional, religious. The activity of these groups is the damage of the X TRC.

Methods of impact on power:

Lobbism - directly directed to the presentation of efforts to promote its interests (implemented by formal and informal contracts). Effect itself. There is a direct impact on the subject. In the US, the law on lobbiz existed since 1946 in the Russian Federation there is no such.

Organization of propaganda contacts in the media; organization of mass shares to attract attention; Using PR; Support in the election of certain persons.

Using threats, blackmail, bribing, strike, rally, protest, terrorist promotions.

Separate, ethical groups of interests that have the greatest impact on power.

24. Political ideology, its essence and function.
Political ideology - This is a system of ideas, views, concepts for political life, ways to explain the world of politics, which are based on values, orientation on certain political phenomena, processes, structures. Levels of political ideology:

1. Theoretical and conceptual is the formulation of the main provisions that reveal the interests and ideals of the social group, the nation and the state (doctrine).

2. Program-political - development of programs, manifestos, slogans, which constitute a ideological basis for making political decisions and mobilizing the masses (program).

3. Actualized is the degree of development by citizens of the goals and principles of this ideology, the measure of their incarnation in practical actions (political practice).

Ideology schematizes reality, simplifying and coating it, as a result, is a tool to manipulate public consciousness.

Functions of political ideology:

1. Educational and educational - the introduction into the consciousness of the specified estimates of the past, present and future, for which people should navigate in the sphere political relations. Construction of group values.

2. Propaganda - the creation of a positive image of a political line conducted, its compliance with interests social groups, nation, states.

3. Integrating - cohesion of society on the basis of national, patriotic or group values.

4. Mobilization - stimulating targeted actions of citizens to perform the tasks.

Types of political ideologies:

1) Conservatism. MAIN Values: State, Church, Family, Private property. Strengthening states of the state. Against state capitalism, radical reforms and extremism. Society is inherent inequality. Society varies evolutionally.

2) Liberalism. MAIN Values: Democraticism, Individualism, Human Rights Guaranteed, Private property, Economic freedoms. The absolute value of human is the boring of the volume and spheres of state activities. Political equality of all people. Society varies with reforms. ABOUT

3) Radicalism. Determined change in existing social and political institutions.

Political consciousness.

Political consciousness - This is a combination of ideas and feelings, views and emotions, assessments and installations that express the attitude of people to the accuracy and desired policies that determine the ability to participate in the management of the affairs of society and the state.

Political consciousness is one of the main forms of public consciousness, it arises together with the advent of statehood, political power.

The essence of political consciousness lies in the fact that this is the result and at the same time the process of reflecting and mastering the political reality, taking into account the interests of people.

Functions political consciousness:

2) regulatory (gives landmarks with the help of ideas, ideas, beliefs, etc. relative to political participation);

3) cognitive (the need for the knowledge of the person of various parties to the world of politics)

4) ideological (the need for cohesion of political parties, nations and states, in preserving the conquered power positions)

5) estimated (contributes to the development of relations to political life, to specific political events);

6) communicative (Ensuring the interaction of policies with the institutions of power)

7) integrating (promotes the unification of social groups of the Company based on common values, ideas, installations);

8) cognitive (helps people to learn political information, analyze the surrounding political reality);

9) prognostic (creates the basis for the foresight of the content and nature of the development of the political process, allows you to obtain information about future political relations);

10) educational (the ability to influence political behavior in accordance with certain goals, ideals)

11) mobilizing (prompts people to politically oriented behavior, to participate in the socio-political life for the defense of their interests, to unite with their like-minded people in the party, movement, other associations).

In the depth of reflection of reality, the following levels of political consciousness are distinguished: ideological (formed by certain social groups based on a focused study of the political process and has such features as integrity, systematicization, the ability to predict, conjugate the development of concepts, ideas, concepts, embodies in declarations, programs, etc.); psychological (It is formed on the basis of the life of life everyday experience of people and has such features as inconsistency, superficiality, non-systemation, emotionality, etc.).

Depending on the subjects, political consciousness may be:

- massov (expresses public opinion, mood and action of masses);

- group (summarizes the installation and motives of the political behavior of specific classes, layers, elites);

- individual (Contains a system of information, motivational and value components that ensure the cognition of policies and participation in it).

In concentrated form, political consciousness is contained in mass ideologies.

Political consciousness - System education having various levels.

1. State The level on which the development and substantiation of official policies are being developed. At this level of political consciousness, existing political orders and management principles are most consistent.

2. Theoretical The level is represented by various kinds of concepts, ideas, views that are political. Policy awareness at the theoretical level allows:

a) put and solve the most important political goals and objectives - as fundamental (strategic) and current (tactical);

b) identify funds and methods to achieve them;

c) identify directions and ways of organizational and political support for the solution of the crowned problems;

d) develop conceptual approaches to social control over the implementation of political decisions and targeted programs;

e) Correction a policy, taking into account the data of practical experience.

3. Empirical Level is based on direct practice, participation in the political process of various social communities. This level reflects the political reality in the form of sensations, illusions, experiences, representations.

4. Ordinary. This level is inherent in pronounced socio-psychological features: sentiment, feelings, emotions. This gives him special dynamism, the ability to persistently respond to changes in the political situation.

25. Conservatism and neoconservatism. Conservative ideas in Russian society. Under conservatism is a political ideology that advocates to preserve the existing public order, mostly moral and legal relations embodied in the nation, religion, marriage, family, property.

The new Russia had two past - the pre-advisory and Soviet. Therefore, the interpretations of conservatism among researchers of this ideological flow various. So Russian conservatism, who adopted a state-socialist nature, closely swayed with National Patriotism, is the opposite of Western conservatism.

Conservatism is more expressing collectivist beginnings public LifeSo he is close to the mentality of Russians. For Russian conservatives, equality is vital values, social justice, State support. Equality is understood in a socialist, redistribution sense and is not in equality of opportunity, but in equality of results. Therefore, a bet on state paternalism is made as the main instrument of order and distribution of material and spiritual benefits.

In the political consciousness of conservative Russians, private ownership is not associated with social activity, responsibility, desire for development, and exploitation.

For the Western Conservative, such values \u200b\u200bare important as the Code of Honor, respect for work, estate and professional pride. The Russian conservative organically and naturally perceives the "solidarity" of people, which was a prerequisite for the elementary survival of many of them.

Conservative trends are very strong in the political consciousness of Russians. From the point of view of G.P.Artemova and O.V.Popova, the most significant empirical signs of the orientation of people on conservative values \u200b\u200bin the conditions of modern Russia can be attributed as follows:

Confidence is that the order is more important than freedom, and justice is more important than human rights;

Loyalty to traditions and rejection of radical reforms;

The conviction is that the interests of the state are higher than interest separate citizen;

Installation on a strong state as a factor in ensuring order and well-being;

Recognition of the need for social inequality;

The assumption of the possibility of limiting certain citizens' rights to achieve state goals.

Cardinal changes in culture require a long time, as the conservative spirit has deep roots in the thousand-year-old russian history. The statement of conservative thinking contributes to historical crises, sharply reduce the space in which liberalism is conditionar, which causes it to adapt to changing conditions.

IN post-war periodWhen conservatism was forced to turn to a more subtle and complex apologetics of the capitalist lifestyle, new forms of this ideology arose. Significantly softer treating state regulation and to the participation of the population in management, these ideological flows strongly raised the issue of strengthening the legality, state discipline and order, did not recognize the initiated reforms. Conservatives, in the desire to revise the idea of \u200b\u200bdemocracy from their own positions, they were also offered to even supplement the election of popular representatives by nomination to the authorities of the most "decent" (from the point of view of the authorities) of citizens.

The recent decades laid a clear desire of conservatism, on the one hand, to the irrational ideas of the reaction (for example, "new right" in France), and on the other - to a greater inclination to liberal values. The second direction of the evolution of conservative ideas was most clearly manifested in neoconservatism - ideological flow, formed as a kind of response to the economic crisis of 1973-1974, massive youth protest movements in Western Europe and expanding the influence of Keynesian ideas.

Neoconservatism proposed the society the spiritual priorities of the family and religion, social stability based on the moral integrapion of the citizen and the states and their mutual assistance, respect for the right and distrust of excessive democratization, strong state order and stability.

The main responsibility for preserving in these conditions of the human start was imposed on the individual himself, which should first of all rely on its own strength and local solidarity of fellow citizens. Such a position was supposed to support life and initiative in it and at the same time prevent the transformation of the state in the "Doyle Cow", corrupting a person using a person.

Neoconservatism has absorbed the features of the conservative ideology and the image of thought, which today were able to protect a person on the new technological turn of the industrial system, to determine the priorities of the individual and public programs Vital activity, outline the appearance of politics capable of withdrawing a society from the crisis. Moreover, neoconservatism was synthesized on such an ideological basis with many humanistic representations not only liberalism, but also socialism, as well as a number of other exercises.

II. The emergence and main stages of political science development.

II. Regulatory legal support for organizing physical education of students

II. Basic approaches to political relations in political theory.

II. Transformation in the training system of nursing staff.

Political parties; Public organizations and movements

§ 1. Party as a political institution

The concept of "public association"

An important place in the political system of society is occupied by a variety of public associations of citizens - political parties, trade union, youth and female organizations, mass movements, associations, funds, unions, etc. The basis of this kind of public formations is the awareness of their members of the community of their interests and aspirations to their practical implementation through the association and organization. The right to unification is the fundamental human right and a citizen and means the right to free and independently selection by citizens of any forms of non-state activities.

To characterize a wide range organizational forms public activity In scientific literature and legal acts are used by the concept " public associations"Under the public association means voluntary formation that arose as a result of the free will of citizens united on the basis of community of interests. Among public associations, such basic groups of formations, such as political parties, public organizations and social movements are distinguished. Possessing a number of general signs (voluntaryness, premeditation of the creation , self-identity, etc.), these types of public associations differ among themselves with their goals, tasks, degree of organizational formulation. Political parties play a particularly important role in the system of power relations.

Origin and essence of political parties

Political parties and party systems are a product of long historical development. The term "party" comes from Latin partisWhat does a part of something whole, the side of any phenomenon or process. This concept has already been used in the ancient world to designate groups of political allies seeking a common goal. However, political factions, alliances that occurred at a slave-owned and feudal strictly can only be called parties, these were amorphous, temporary formations that could not play any significant role in socio-political life.

The emergence and development of parties and party systems in the current sense of the word is associated with the era of bourgeois revolutions, with the emergence and development of parliamentarism as a form of organization and implementation of state power. In the genesis of the party as a political institution, according to the generally accepted political science of the classification of M. Weber, three stages: the aristocratic group is a political club - a mass batch.

Thus, in England, the predecessors of modern conservative and liberal parties were the aristocratic groups of Tory and Vigov, which arose in the second half of the XVII century, the differences between which were originally religious, dynastic. In the 30s of the XIX century. Tory and Vigi have formed political clubs - respectively, Carlton Club and Club reforms, which in their activities focused on parliament. In the United States, after the declaration of independence, the party groups of foles and antifederalists arose. In the Convention of Revolutionary France, political clubs of the Girondists, Jacobinians, Montaginarov acted.

Prototypes of modern political parties (groupings and clubs), existing in the XVII - early XIX centuries, were significantly different from today's parties in their functions, ways to organize and activity. Small in numbers, they acted, above all, in the walls of the parliament and relied on a narrow layer of "elected" citizens. The lack of centralized leadership, the weakness of organizational relations was replenished with the generality of the views of their members.

Qualitative changes in the nature of political parties occurred in the XIX century as a result of expansion of election law and the emergence of an organized labor movement. The gradual removal of valuable restrictions, the reforms of electoral law in many countries have significantly expanded the electoral corps. The fight for the masses causes the bourgeois parties to abandon the closure, go beyond the parliament to provide a permanent ideological and political impact on voters.

A significant contribution to the development of the political party as the Institute has made a labor movement. It created a classic type of party with mass membership, a network of local organizations, a periodic congress, charter, membership fees. Workers' parties arose from parliamentary way - on the basis of the trade union, cooperative movement, workers and intellectual circles. One of the first working parties was the "Universal German Union", created in 1863 at the end of the XIX - early XX centuries. The working movement was located for two currents - the revolutionary and reformist, on the basis of which two main groups of parties of the working class arose - communist and socialist.

At the beginning of the XX century. Christian-democratic and other confessional parties arise. With the development of the national liberation movement there are various party in their class essence, aimed at the national liberation of oppressed peoples.

The evolution of the party as a political institution was accompanied by the theoretical meaning of this phenomenon in socio-political thought. For a long time in political theory, there was a steady tradition of anti-partisome - negative, at best of the restrained attitudes towards parties. It was based on the idea of \u200b\u200bthe state as a expressive of national sovereignty and a common will. Parties were perceived as carriers of "private interests", a source of crisis and a split of society. Only gradually, as the parliamentary, constitutional fundamentals were developed, bourgeois statehood, the party strengthened their political and legal status. In the late XIX beginning of the XX centuries. The problems of political parties were mediated as a separate direction of political science. The work of M. Ostrogorsk, J. Brys, R. Michels, who are considered to be the founders of modern partologies to be considered the greatest fame.

The scientific literature has developed various approaches to understanding the essence of political parties and their definition. Ideological direction Considers the party as a ideological community, the Union of ideological like-minded people who unite common views, interests and beliefs. Such an understanding of the party takes the beginning in the liberal concepts of the past. B. Konstan defined the party as "the association of people recognizing the same political doctrine."

Organizational approach He emphasizes, above all, the organizational and structural aspect of the parties of the party. Party signs are allocated as the presence of a special structure, the duration of existence, the relationship between organizations, work with supporters, etc. Functional approach Spends a study of political actions, the roles and tasks of parties in the political mechanism. A significant part of political scientists considers the decisive "selective" function of the party and focuses on the batch of party with the electoral process, its participation in the preparation and conduct of elections.

In Marxist literature, a socio-class approach is dominant to determine the essence of the political party. Under the party is meant "a political organization, expressing the interests of a public class or its layer, uniting their most active representatives and guiding them in achieving certain goals and ideals. Political Party - Higher form of class organization "(philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M. - 1983. - p.482).

All of the above approaches to the definition of the party reflect important moments for its lively and have a certain cognitive value. At the same time, they suffer from some one-sidedness and do not reveal the essence of the political party. Therefore, in the scientific literature, attempts are made to give a kind of "synthetic" party definition through the establishment of a whole system of signs, criteria. The political party can thus be characterized as an organized group of like-minded people, representing the interests of the people of the people and the goal of their implementation by the conquest of state authorities or participation in its implementation .

The main distinguishing features of the political party are:

communication with a specific class, social layer, group or their combination, i.e. the presence of a social base;

possession of a specific program of activity reflecting the unity of the worldview and ideological principles of party members;

the presence of a formalized organizational structure (membership, subordination of organs, party apparatus, etc.);

installation to achieve political power and action on its practical embodiment.

Party's specificity as a political institution is an open struggle for political, state power. Whatever a specific goal set in front of him, be it building communism or protection ambient - She seeks to fight for power. This political party is different, first of all, from other species of public associations (public organizations and movements), which are also actively involved in political life, but do not seek direct control over government authorities.

Types of political parties

The world of political parties is extremely multipath. Understand this manifold helps typology of political parties. Type of party - This is a concept reflecting the most essential signs of a certain group of political parties. Various criteria are based on typology: a social base, ideological appearance, organization principles, methods of activity, etc.

In its class essence Parties are divided into bourgeois, petty-bourgeois, landlords, peasant, workers.

From the point of view of their ideological and political orientation Communist, Social Democratic, Liberal, Conservative Parties, as well as parties, relying on various religious and national doctrines differ.

In relation to the existing order , content of goals and tasks The revolutionary parties are distinguished (striving for the radical qualitative transformation of society), reformist (seeking to improve public life without structural fundamental changes), conservative (defending the preservation of sustainable forms of public life) and reactionary parties (seeking to restore the preceding public orders and structures).

At the place in the system of state power Parties are divided into ruling and opposition, under the conditions of activity - on legal, semi-free and illegal.

In accordance with the nature of membership, the principles of the organization Party are divided into personnel and mass. Personnel parties Different with a few, amorphous, free membership, organizational loin, decentralized structure. There is no system of official membership with relevant registration and regular payment of membership fees. The personnel party is focused on participation and victory in the elections. It relies not so much on the party mass, but on the party asset and party functionaries, as well as the financial support of the influential circles of society. The current republican and democratic party of the United States are most important to the type of personnel batch.

Mass party It seeks to engage in its ranks perhaps a greater number of members, since membership fees are the main source of financing. For the mass batch, a fixed membership, an even organizational structure, centralized nature, close and constant relations between members of the party are characterized. An example of mass parties can serve as communist and socialist parties.

The division of parties on personnel and mass is complemented by typology of parties to parliamentary and avant-garde by the nature of their activities . Parliamentary party The struggle for power connects mainly with elections to representative institutions. It implements its organizational activities mainly during the election campaign, seeking to conquer the maximum possible number of mandates and conducting its policies through parliament and government. Parliamentary factions of parties, deputies of various levels enjoy broad powers in solving all, including internal registry problems. Avant-garde party Does not limit its activities with the struggle for deputy mandates. It carries out wide extra-parliamentary activities, pays great attention to ideological and educational work, is formed on an ideological basis.

political Party Public Organization

Functions of political parties

The place and role of the party in the political system is determined in many respects of its functions. Functions reflect the main tasks and directions of the political party, its appointment in society. The most common functions of political parties include:

representation of social interests;

development of software installations, political lines of the party;

formation of public opinion, political education and political socialization citizens;

participation in the struggle for power and in its implementation, in the formation of the political system of society;

preparation and extension of frames.

As part of these functions, it is possible to allocate more private, specific tasks. The content, forms and methods for the implementation of the same functions may differ in parties of various types. There are also specific functions performed by those or other batches due to the characteristics of their development and position.

An important place in the activity of the party occupies representation of interest classes, social groups and layers. The content of this function is to identify, formulate and substantiate the interests of social forces, their integration and activation.

As mentioned above, genetically education of parties is due to the differentiation of society into classes and other social entities that have different interests. XIX - early XX centuries. - This is the time of the sharp selection of socio-class positions. This does not mean that the party system of society is an accurate copy of the socio-class structure of society. It has always been that there are various options for class policies: Social-Democratic and Communist - at the working class, liberal and conservative - at the bourgeoisie. The formation of national and religious parties emerging for the class framework indicates the multidimensionality of the social structure of society, the availability of various layers applying for an active part in political life as its subjects.

The last decades have brought significant changes in the content of the function of representation. Western political scientists believe that at the change of class parties from the middle of the XX century. The so-called "nationwide parties", or "parties for everyone" began to come. Such a party seeks to avoid identifying himself with the interests of any class or layer, but appears as an expressant of a common interest. In order to succeed, first of all in the election, the party must take into account the interests of the whole block of forces today. Parties are striving for the conquest of most votes and in accordance with this build their strategy and tactics, seeking to coordinate various interests. The appearance of the party forms now not so much class orientation as a certain type of policy.

This concept reflects the objective changes in the life of society, however, the term "party for all", as it seems to be impossible to understand literally: no party, since it represents one of the possible policy options, cannot satisfy everyone. Despite the expansion of the social base of parties, differences in them are preserved between them, both from the point of view of the forces they are primarily oriented and from the point of view of their overall ideological and political orientation.

The interests of various social groups are aggregated, expressed in the process of developing a political program and the implementation of the political course of the party. The following party function is connected with this - developing software installations , socio-economic and political strategy. Party, as a rule, has a long-term political program based on certain ideological principles. Even if the party does not relieve on any strictly pronounced ideological system, a certain ideological commitment is manifested in its specific activity and its values.

Pragmatic and ideological styles of the party activity are distinguished. Pragmatic parties are focused on the practical feasibility of actions, to find any opportunities to achieve specific goals. Pragmatic type parties avoid the adoption of dogmatized, applying for strict scientific and truth in the last instance of programs. As a program of such a party, it often advocates the election platform. Pragmatic parties do not impose strict ideological requirements for their members. Ideological restrictions do not play a significant role for them, and sometimes sacrifice with them in the conclusion of various kinds of agreements, the formation of coalitions, etc.

Ideological (or ideological, doctrinal) party Rely on a strictly defined ideological doctrine. They are characterized by setting up the relevant ideals and principles, the desire to simulate society with certain ideological installations and to move them into life.

Recognition by members of the party of its software installations is a necessary condition for the strength of intrapartequies. However, it is not excluded, however, the existence of various political factions in the party and the struggle between them. Idean-program differences have their limits, and their violation can lead to an organizational split and the emergence of new parties. At the same time, some parties (communist, for example) prohibit a fractional struggle as incompatible with the statutory goals and tasks. Experience shows that the prohibition of factional struggle is inefficient and leads to the ideological and political institution of the party.

Parties strive not only to develop and update various political doctrines, but also to their widespread in society. This is the publication of party materials, speeches of party leaders on radio and television, in press, at rallies and meetings. The party is interested in recognizing and supporting its political line with public opinion.

Ideological function The political party also implies the political education of its members and supporters, the upbringing of members of society in the spirit of certain values \u200b\u200band traditions, the introduction of citizens to political life and ultimately contributes to their political socialization.

Functional function The political party includes:

participation in the preparation and conduct of elections to state authorities and management;

parliamentary activity of the party, its work in party factions of parliament and local authorities;

participation in the preparation and adoption by government political decisions;

political recruiting, etc.

In modern democratic society Political parties in the struggle for power reject violent methods and focus on the electoral process. Elections are the main isna of rivalry of parties. IN competitive struggle The party is successful, the political course of which impresses most voters. Therefore, one of the main tasks of the party is to ensure support from voters, creating and expanding its electorate.

As a result of changes in social structure societies educational level population impact mass media Party losing a stable effect on voters. There is a "erosion of supporting parties", as determined american sociologists W. Krott and Jacobson. Many voters change their party commitment from elections to elections, or support candidates of different batches in elections of a different level, depending on how the latter promise to solve certain problems.

Parties that won deputy mandates form parliamentary fractions or party groups. The fractions make various proposals for consideration by parliament, preparing bills, advocate with the requests to the government, participate in the preparation of the agenda, possess other powers. Taking into account the number of parliamentary fractions from different parties, leadership and working bodies of parliament (commission, committees, bureaus, etc.) are formed.

In the West countries, the principle of autonomy of party factions in parliaments and municipalities, in accordance with which the factions are not directly subject to party authorities, including party congresses and conferences. They are in practice party programs and installations, conforming to specific conditions. But since the effective work of the parliamentary faction implies the presence of a certain internal discipline, the party fractions are often quite pretty hard rules behavior and even sanctions for their violation. For example, a solution that binds members of the fraction can be made at the plenary session of the fraction to vote accordingly (decision on "fractional coercion" and "voting discipline"). Along with the official coercion and other measures, the most effective are the prospects not to get into the number of party candidates in the following elections.

The implementation of the government of the ruling party is expressed not only in the initiating and advisory role in parliament, but also in the formation and submission of executive bodies. Political parties are involved in the formation of the ruling elite, selection and arrangement of management personnel. They are institutions, in which political leaders and government figures are brought up.

The ruling party through its parliamentary faction, through its representatives in the state office participates in the adoption of political decisions corresponding to the interests of public groups represented by it. Party bodies and forums determine the goals and objectives of the party in such a way that their specific implementation in the form of draft laws and other state acts remains the prerogative of the parliamentarians themselves, as well as administrative bodies, economic apparatus, etc. The general practice in the context of democracy is such that the parties do not invade directly in state system. The ruling parties seek to avoid directly linking their policies with the actions of the government, local executive bodies, sometimes distance from them in order to take off responsibility for certain unpopular measures. Thus, the party and its bodies are "alienated" from the state and affect it only indirectly. As a result, party bodies and organizations retain a purely social character and perform their functions on a non-state basis.

The political party acts as a mediator between the state and civil society. Parties provide communication with state structures, the institutionalization of the political participation of citizens and the replacement of natural forms of socio-political activity of the population by organized, subject to control of forms. Through political parties, citizens put forward their group requirements for the state and at the same time receive from him to appeal to support in solving certain political issues. Thus, the parties are developing both direct and feedbacks of the people and the state.

This intermediary role of the parties is most fully manifested in a democratic society. In countries with totalitarian and authoritarian regimes, the role of the ruling parties comes far beyond such mediation. Due to the lack of real competitors in the struggle for power, the political monopoly of the ruling party is developing, which usurrates power-political functions. The ruling party becomes over the state, establishes control over it, and through it over civil society. The exit of the party beyond its functional destination, an attempt to replace state bodies destroys the socio-political nature of the party. Such an organization ceases to be a political party in his own sense of the word, and only external signs saves such.

Concept and types of party systems

In the process of its activities, political parties come into certain relations with each other, as well as with the state and other political institutions. In such interaction, they form a party system. Party system It is an unification of interconnected parties, striving for obtaining, holding and implementing power. This concept is covered, thus, a combination of parties existing in the country and the principles of relationships between them.

The nature and features of the party system of one or another country are due to many factors - the placement of socio-class forces, the degree of political maturity of society, the level of political consciousness and culture, historical traditions, national composition, religious situations, etc. The significant impact on the formation of the party system provides applicable legislation and, above all, electoral laws.

In accordance with this, various types of party systems are formed. Depending on the nature political regime We can talk about democratic, authoritarian and totalitarian party systems, in accordance with the dominant social values, socialist and bourgeois systems are distinguished, given the nature of the relationship between the parties and the state - competitive and non-competitive, alternative and non -ternative party systems. One way or another, all these typologies are associated with the division of party systems into multi-party, bipartisan and single-party in accordance with the number of parties that are actually involved in the struggle for power.

As the experience of political development, optimal form and condition democratic Development Societies are multiparty (bipartisan) systems. Their distinctive feature is the lack of a monopoly on the power on the part of one party and the existence of a real political opposition.

Multi-party system It is characterized by the presence of several political parties in the country, competing in the struggle for power. Multipalences ensures the most complete representation of the interests of various social groups, promotes competition and publicity of the political process, periodically updating the political elite of society.

Historical practice demonstrates several varieties of a multi-party system. Its concrete structure - party entrance - significantly changes from the country to the country. The classic multi-party system (Denmark, Belgium, Austria, the Netherlands) is characterized by competition of several political parties, none of which is not able to conquer most places in parliament and independently carry out power. Therefore, this type of multiparty is often determined as laying multiparty fragmentation . In these conditions, the party is forced to compromise, search for allies and partners in order to create a coalition majority.

Party coalition - This is an association, an union of political parties to achieve general political goals based on consensus, compromise and balance of interest. Traditionally, such varieties of inter-party coalitions are distinguished as electoral (formed for a period of election campaign), parliamentary and governmental. There are also distinguished lessulatory Coalitions in which parties enter when preparing for elections, and the validity of which is designed for all the legacy, i.e. The term of office of the elected body, and the conjunctural coalitions, which have been emerging after the elections and are often temporary.

Due to the instability of the executive power under the system of multi-party fragmentation in political practice, there is a tendency to transition to other party engines, guaranteeing greater stability and effectiveness of political power.

Some political scientists stand out as a special variety block or polarized multiparty . Here, there are several political parties who united in two or larger political bloc on the political arena. Attracting various parties to itself, the blocks contribute to the consolidation of political forces, overcoming the fragmentation of the political process. Parts build their election strategy and tactics, taking into account affiliation to one of the blocks. The outcome of the elections is determined, respectively, not so much by the force of each individual batch as the consistency of the actions inside the block. For example, in France, the block of the left forces, headed by the Socialist Party, and the Block of Right Party headed by the Association in support of the republic (ODA) oppose each other.

Multi-party system with dominant party (Domination) is characterized by a long stay in the power of one party in the presence of a low-efficiency opposition. The ruling party receives and holds the dominant position due to the weakness and spraying of its opponents, contradictions in the ranks of which do not allow them to form a solid opposition union.

For example, in Japan, from 1955 to 1993, the Liberal Democratic Party was in power, in India in the post-war period for a long time The power kept the Indian National Congress. In Sweden, the Social Democratic Workers' Party appears as a dominant party. Laying the domination allows you to form a stable one-party government, but the danger of cosiness, stagnation for the ruling party.

Bipartisan system

Bipartisan system It assumes the existence of two strong parties in the country, each of which is capable of self-adopting power and its implementation. When one of the parties wins the election, the other becomes the opposition, and so periodically they replace each other at the helm of power. Bipartism does not exclude existence in the country and other, less influential parties. They also participate in the political process, but really claim victory is unable.

Classic model The bipartisan system has developed in the United States, where the democratic and republican parties oppose each other. In the UK, the struggle for power is conservatives and leiborists.

Along with the classic bipartisan system, a modified bipartisanity option is allocated - system "two parties and a half " . It also competes among themselves large parties, but none of them has an absolute majority in parliament and to form a government should be included in the coalition with the Third Party. This third party plays the role of the balance, whose support provides the advantage of one of the leading parties. Such an entry was formed in Germany, where the role of the regulator between the SDP and XDS / HSU plays a free democratic party.

The formation of bipartisquosity is largely facilitated by the majority electoral system. Bipartism allows you to ensure the relative stability of power, because Creates a one-party government, free from the instability of coalition agreements. The bipartisan system, indicates the French political scientist R. - J. Schwartzenberg, simplifies the process of articulation and aggregation of interests, since each of the rival parties seeks to generalize, "reducing" the requirements of various social groups in order to maximize its electoral base (see: Schwarzenberg R. - J. Political Sociology. Part 3. - M. - 1992. - P.74). At the same time, bipartisquality is criticized for removing small, not too authoritative parties that express the interests of the minority from participation in making decisions.

It is impossible to give a priori preference and an unambiguous assessment of the effectiveness and democracy of one or another variety of many - and the bipartisan system. It all depends on the peculiarities of the country's historical development, established traditions, a specific political situation.

Single-party system

Single-party system It is characterized by a monopoly on the power from one party. There are no political competition in the one-party system. The ruling party does not allow other applicants next to the authorities. Although, with an authoritarian mode, legal existence, along with the dominant and other political parties, the latter are deprived of real independence, have a rather limited field of activity and recognize the leading role of the ruling party. Such a system has developed after World War II in a number of Eastern European countries - Bulgaria, GDR, Poland, Czechoslovakia, where the so-called allied parties played a minor role in political life.

Its specific features are inherent in single-party systems of some developing countries with authoritarian regimes. The role of the ruling party here comes down to the organization of mass support policy management policies. The party, being presented in the governing state bodies, is often acting as if on the "second roles", without participating directly in government management.

With totalitarian mode, there is only one political party, others are dissolved or prohibited. As a result of the splicing of party and state structures, the ruling party becomes over the state and implements a dominant role in it. The monopolization of the power functions of one party inevitably leads to a subjectivism and voluntarism in politics, to the predominance of team management methods, inverse relations between the population and the authorities and the alienation of the masses from politics.

Experience in the functioning of single-party systems in the XX century. showed their inefficiency and antidemocraticity. Currently, such systems are gradually going to the political arena as discrediting themselves. An example of this is the transformation of party systems in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe of the late 1980s - early 1990s.

§ 2. Public organizations and movements

Concept and distinctive signs of public organizations and movements

A prominent role in socio-political life, along with political parties, is played by public organizations and movements. Unlike parties, they do not apply for direct participation in the exercise of power and do not take on these obligations related to these. However, by implementing its specific tasks and functions, public organizations and movements solve problems of widespread social importance, a significant contribution to state, economic, socio-cultural construction is made. The formation of an extensive system of public organizations and movements is an indicator of development civil society, evidence of the manifold and structuredness of his interests.

Social organization - This is a voluntary association of citizens based on common interests, having a relatively sustainable organizational structure from the bottom of the back, fixed (decorated) individual or collective membership. The public organization is characteristic of the presence of a charter, a specialized management office, the relative stability of the composition, the material participation of members of the organization in the creation of its property base (membership, targeted contributions).

According to these features, public organizations include professional alliances, unions of entrepreneurs, cooperative, youth, female, veteran organizations, creative unions (alliance of writers, composers, theater figures, etc.), a variety of voluntary societies (scientific, technical, culturally -Purry, etc.). Given the territorial framework of their activities, local, regional, national, international public organizations allocate.

Under public movement It is understood as the joint activities of citizens pursuing certain common goals, but not having a clear organizational structure and fixed membership. Social movements are distinguished by massiness, a wide social base, organizational and ideological amorphy, instability of orientation and composition, often spontaneousness and spontaneity of actions. The relationships between the participants of the movement are predominantly ideological and political, and not an organizational nature.

The typology of public movements can be carried out on various reasons. According to targets and areas of activity, anti-war, environmental, female, youth movement, movement for racial and national equality, movement in protecting consumers, religious movements and many others.

In relation to the existing system, social movements are divided into revolutionary, counter-revolutionary, reformist, conservative, reactionary, according to methods and methods of action - for violent and non-violent.

Public movements can be formed on a different social basis. Some of them, for example, anti-war, environmental, national liberation movement, are an inter-class (extraclassic) character. Others have a pronounced socio-class character - workers, peasant, bourgeois movements, as well as the movements of the intelligentsia, farmers, small owners. Public movements can be grouped and in use-aging signs - youth, children's, female movement, the movement of pensioners, etc. According to a vocational sign, scientists, doctors, writers, etc. are created.

The division of voluntary associations to public organizations and movements is largely conditional in nature, and they are not always easily delimited. Public movements as the organizational principles are strengthened, often become the basis for the formation of public organizations and even political parties. Thus, the development of the environmental movement led to the creation of various kinds of environmental unions and associations, and then parties "green" in many countries. People's movements and fronts in a number of former republics of the USSR have evolved and took shape into national democratic parties.

Political role of public organizations and movements

As mentioned above, public organizations and movements do not set their goal to conquer and implement political power, do not achieve open control over it. They are engaged in political activities only inspired, as it is necessary to fulfill the tasks lying in another sphere of public life (economic, social, cultural). But although public organizations and movements do not set themselves directly political goals, their activities are objectively being political. Already the very fact of the use of citizens by constitutional law on union includes them in the orbit of political actions.

The degree of impact of various public formations for political relations is different. Some of them are working, trade union, national movement, etc. - have a significant impact on the political situation, others are practically not involved in political life. However, in modern conditions of the general politicization of society, none of the public associations can be completely eliminated from direct or indirect participation in the political process. The political role of public organizations and movements is to influence the process of making political decisions by state authorities and management at various levels, in more or less constant pressure on power structures.

Public organizations and movements act as peculiar groups of Interest and Pressure Groups . The concept of interest groups or interested groups was developed by American polytologists A. Bentley, D. Truman and others and has long been recognized in Western political science. According to A. Bentley, politics is the process of interaction and struggle organized in certain groups People for achieving their goals and interests. Groups of Interest - These are "voluntary organizations created for the expression and representation of the interests of people in them in relations with both other groups and political institutions, and within the organizations themselves" (the foundations of political science. M. - 1993. - Ch. II. - S. eight).

In group competition, a significant part of organized interests receives satisfaction through the channels of civil society. But in some cases, the implementation of the collective needs of the group members requires power solutions. If a group of interest seeks to satisfy their own interests by targeted impact on the institutions of public authority, it is characterized as a pressure group. The concept of "pressure group" reveals the dynamics of transformation of socio-group interests arising in civil society into a political factor. The effectiveness of the pressure group is largely depends on the resources they have (property, information, qualifications and experience, cultural influence, ethnic and religious bonds, etc.). Professional unions, entrepreneurs associations, co-operator, consumer unions, voluntary societies and other public associations (except political parties) are a kind of interest groups.

Functions of public organizations and movements

An important theoretical I. practical value It has identification of the functions of public organizations and movements, because it helps to understand their place in the civil society system and legal state, as well as show forms, ways to manifest their activity.

The main, common for all public organizations and movements of functions include:

) Detection and satisfaction of interests and needs members of the union. People are united in organizing and movement in order to meet certain specific needs associated with professional affiliation, age characteristics, individual inclinations, etc. These interests initially can act in a very uncertain, personal and emotionally painted form. Public organizations and movements convert such vague views and opinions into clear requirements, the programs of this union, thereby contributing to the articulation of the interests of their members. Along with political parties, public organizations and movements decide to a certain extent and the task of aggregation of interests, i.e. Coordination through discussions of a variety of private requirements and establish a certain hierarchy and priorities between them. This feature of social organizations and movements is of particular importance in the conditions of an undeveloped party system.

) Social integration and mobilization function Ensures the union and organization of members of the group and their supporters around the objectives of this formation. This function can have a wider context that goes beyond the scope of a particular public association. Public organizations and movements attract public attention to acute problems, put forward their solutions, achieve public support to their endeavors.

) Socialization function . Attracting its members to solve socially significant problems, public organizations and movements contribute to the formation of their active life position, increase political education and culture, attracting citizens to government and public affairs.

) Representative function Or the function of representation and the protection of the interests of its members in relationships with other political institutions. Public organizations and movements not only contribute to the awareness and expression of the specific interests and needs of their members, but also the commitment of the representation of these interests, bringing the requirements of the Group to the attention of state bodies, political parties ruling elite.

The impact of public associations to power structures can be carried out in two ways: through electoral representation (through electoral systems), direct, functional representation of organized interests. The main forms and methods of pressure of public organizations and movements to the authorities are the following:

direct nomination of their candidates for representative and executive authorities;

support, including financial; in the elections of close political parties and their candidates;

participation in the development, preparation of legislative and other regulations;

participation in the work of parliamentary commissions, interdepartmental committees, deliberative and advisory bodies, expert groups in various state bodies;

organization of propaganda campaigns in the media, collecting signatures under the relevant requirements;

strikes, rallies, demonstrations, etc.

Emphasizes the form of representation and protection of group interests as lobbying, or lobbying (from English. lobby - Culuars, corridors). Under the lobbism in the broad sense of the word understand any legal ways influence (pressure) on the state in order to protect special interests. In a narrower sense of the word lobbying means the direct interaction of a representative of a group of interests with the decision makers, both by formalized channels and structures and informal relations (meetings, conversations, consultations, telephone conversations, personal appeals). The task of lobbyists is to achieve adoption of desirable for a group of legislative and regulatory acts, receiving government subsidies, loans, etc., penetrating to this end to the institutions of state power.

In Western countries, there has been a wide network of specialized lobbying services - law firms, counseling offices, public relations agencies that provide intermediary services in establishing contacts between groups of interest and government agencies. In the United States and a number of European countries, lobbying activities are regulated by law and is under financial control. However, the nature of the lobbism itself as a political phenomenon eliminates the possibility of its complete control. Therefore, in the practice of lobbizm, cases of corruption, abuses, use of dubious, and sometimes illegal impact methods (blackmailing, bribing, threats, bribes) are not excluded.

) Another feature of public organizations and movements is function modeling of new socio-political structures , search and test of non-traditional forms of social connections. Voluntary associations by virtue of public, amateur nature are acting as an indispensable channel for social experiments, search and implementing new self-governmental forms. social activity population.

Social movements

Turnstanding moments of social development are characterized, as a rule, intense "surge" of the amateur activity of the masses. So, in the 70s, in the countries of the West, many more traditional associations came to replace new social movements. Their occurrence was due to exacerbation global problems Modernity, accession western countries In the new stage of the HTR, changes in the mass consciousness, in the value orientations of the Company, the crisis of confidence in state structures and traditional political institutions. Old traditional voluntary associations (trade union, youth, female, etc.), being integrated into the political system, were not ready to adapt to new reality. This is largely due to the formalization of their activities, overworking management structures, separation of the apparatus from ordinary masses.

New social movements are democratic protest movements with a wide social base, massability, new issues and requirements. The backbone of new social movements amounted to environmental, anti-war, non-physical movements, movement in defense of civil rights, etc. Despite the diverse social composition, the mosaic nature of concepts, the participants in these movements unites the critical attitude to many of the realities of modern society, the desire to find original solutions to global and some other other actual problems.

A feature of new social movements was the search for new forms, style, lifestyle, diversity and unusual forms and methods of social protest. So-called widespread alternative movementsFocus-oriented with traditional forms of social and political life and approval of new social development models. For this purpose, peculiar types of cooperatives, agricultural communes, housing communities, alternative enterprises, schools, clinics, etc. In its own example, they seek to realize a new system of humanistic, postmarialist values. Close to alternative movements and civil initiatives - The form of local, spontaneous collective self-organization of citizens to protect their interests and mutual assistance from the infringement of their solutions of power. Civil initiatives are fighting for satisfying any specific requirements and implement certain projects in the field of housing, education and upbringing, transport, urban development, culture, ecology.

As for the countries of the so-called "real socialism", there was a wide network of public associations, covering a significant part of the population. But in fact, public organizations and movements carried out the role of the appendage of the state car, the drive belt from the Communist Party to the masses and did not have a truly public, amateur nature. As society and the transformation of political systems in the USSR (CIS) and Eastern European countries, there are significant changes in the system of public associations. The growth of political activity of citizens found its expression not so much in updating the existing public structures as in the creation of new independent organizations and movements. The second half of the 80s was marked by the creation of a set of informal public formations - non-traditional, alternative organizations and movements that acted outside the framework of official structures, relying only on the initiative of the citizens themselves and not claiming official status. Their activities initially wore mainly local, cultural and educational, environmental character. But gradually there is a politicization of informal movement, its connection with wide folk performances. The education and activities of folk fronts, as well as the development of worker, environmental and other movements, was particularly important. In many cases, informal groups, the formation has become a prototype of new public organizations and even political parties.

Bibliography

1.Anufriev E.M., Forest P.A. Russian mentality as a socio-political phenomenon // Socio-political magazine. 2007. №3-7.

2.Vyazh E. Sociology of political relations. - M., 2008.

3.Ivanov V.N., Nazarov M.M. Political mentality: experience and prospects for research // Socio-political magazine. 2008. №2.

.Basics of political science. Tutorial for higher educational institutions. Part 2. - M., 2005.

.Political process: Main aspects and analysis methods: Collection educational materials / Ed. Meleshekina E.Yu. - M., 2001.

.Political science for lawyers: lecture course. / Under Ed N.I. Matusov and A.V. Malko. - M., 2007.

.Political science. Lecture course. / Ed. M.N. Marchenko. - M., 2006.

.Political science. Textbook for universities / near Ed M.A. Vasilika. - M., 2004.

.Political science. encyclopedic Dictionary. - M., 2003.

Any policies are carried out by groups of people united by the common goal and the norms of behavior adopted by them. As a result of such actions, ideology, political formation and beliefs receive the material form of existence, embodied. These organizations are called political, they will be described in more detail in this article.

What is a political organization?

If we talk simple wordsThe political organizations are a kind of public associations, the purpose of which is to implement political beliefs and interests, as well as relations with the authorities.

Among the features of such communities can be called internal stability, discipline and clear hierarchy. They have a leader, leader, as well as a number of people close to it. In addition to these people, such organizations have supporters and members whose number is rather stable and documented. They also have passive and active supporters. Active take direct participation in the life of the association, consist in it. And also express their beliefs and views openly at events. Passive are ready to support the organization in elections, but do not participate in her daily life.

Types of political organizations

Classify political organizations can be classified by many signs. For example, if we share them in relation to the state, then they are:

• State - directly the government itself, the central authorities and local government.
• Non-state - they include socio-political organizations, political parties, movements and other communities.

The following parameter for classification can be called a social characteristic, according to which political associations are divided into class composition or national.

But this is not all varieties that such organizations can be partitioned. They can be distributed in the degree of politicization: either completely political, such as a party, or community of citizens who have interests from other spheres of life. Also, they can also be divided by ideological sign - communist, liberal, conservative and many others. According to the degree of dissemination, political organizations are international, domestic and intra-edged.

What is a socio-political organization?

In science, the concept of political movement is defined as a community of citizens, which claims to provide an impact on the adoption of changes related to the social sphere, or, on the contrary, to counteract them. Socio-political organizations perform specific goals and objectives arising during the implementation of power in the political sphere. Among their functions, it is possible to designate social interactions, determining the procedure for the desired and achievable for a group, possession of information about the possibility of resolving conflict situations without going beyond the organization.

Public and political organization - what is it?

In any country with a democratic system, social and political organizations are an integral part. They arise due to civil exception and act as a force that has any influence on the authorities. From social movement, such communities are distinguished by the presence of fixed membership.

VLKSM as an example of a political organization

A typical example of a standard political organization may be the VLKSM. Decoding is the All-Union Leninsky Communist Union of Youth. Created as an ally and an assistant for the Communist Party, the VLKSM was a socio-political organization that did not claim the task of the struggle for power. Leninsky Komsomol For almost the first day of its existence, it was actively involved in the labor, economic, scientific, military and other activities of the country and had a lot, most often positive influence On these areas of life.

WLKSM, the decoding of the name of which includes the word "All-Union", shows how much this organization is distributed. You can judge her role in the life of every Soviet young man.

It should be noted that the VLKSM is preserved as a youth organization to this day, however, not at such a scale, as before. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe communist movement for young people has kept and continued the Communist Party. However, the name has changed: at first it was SCM - the Union of Communist Youth, and since 2011, the movement is called LKSM - the word "Leninsky" was added. But even if the Soviet times of the WLKSM was considered a reserve for the CPSU, and membership in it was mandatory, the similar modern political organizations are not compulsory and is unlikely to have some serious impact on the political life of the state. Rather, it is just a tribute to the memory of the traditions of past years.

Political organizations in Russia

At the time of 2015, 77 parties were registered in Russia, and this is the largest number of officially registered political organizations in the entire history of the state. There is almost the entire spectrum of ideological positions: from extremely left to extremely right beliefs. Political organizations are both parties and social movements and organizations. Among the whole, their diversity can be found and complained, and opposition communities, and even extremist prohibited by law.

Russian political organizations are presented in public authorities by several parties, each of which has its number of deputies. Their largest number belongs to the United Russia party, in second place - the Communist Party of the Communist Party, followed by them - the Fair Russia party and the Liberal Democrats from the LDPR, which can be called conservatives rather than liberals.

Big Leningrad Library - Abstracts - Public and Political Organizations and Traffic

Public and political organizations and movements

TOonroprian work

by discipline political science

"Social and political organizations and

movement »

Introduction

Public organizations and movements are non-state formation, and movements are non-state formations that unite people in their interests and professions. They have rich history. Already in the ancient world, along with the state, there were associations of representatives, as a rule, of course classes and free citizens. They also took place in the medieval period of the history of mankind. The basis of these associations was most often religious ideas (knightly associations, the Order of the Crusaders and so on).

The purpose of this test work on the topic "Public and political organizations and movements" is the disclosure of the meanings of the ideas of organizations and movements, their role in the life of civil society as a whole.

To do this, it is necessary to solve several tasks, namely:

1. Describe the importance of socio-political organizations and movements.

2. Describe the types of socio-political movements.

3. Consider the causes of socio-political organizations and movements.

Political parties, being the center of the political life of society, do not cover their activities of the whole manifold of social and political processes. The activities of political parties seem to continue in the activities of numerous public organizations, in mass social moves.

1. Public and political organization and socio-political movement: general and special

Public movements and organizations differ in many signs: in their goals, the functions that they are fulfilled in relation to the interests of their members, as well as in relation to state power; at the place of activity; by types and methods of activity; According to the nature of the occurrence, according to the methods of the organization, and so on.

"For example, according to the criterion, there are socio-political movements and organizations of revolutionary and counter-revolutionary, reform and conservative, national-democratic, general-democratic, environmental. According to the areas of activity: economic, social, national, international, religious, scientific, educational and others. At the place of activity: Local, regional, national, international, in force in parliament (functions and other associations of deputies), within management structures, in the system of educational and scientific institutions, in a religious environment. According to the nature of the emergence: spontaneous and consciously organized; By the organization's method: clubs, associations, associations, unions, fronts; According to social composition: youth, female, professional "Mirchin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: course of lectures. Rostov N / D: "Phoenix", 1997, p. 302.

Whatever multi-solid social movements and organizations are, they all are somehow intended to perform two main tasks: a) the expression and implementation of group interests; b) ensuring the participation of members of a group or community in the management of public affairs and self-government, and therefore, in the implementation of the principles of democracy (democracy). Hence the deep reasons for the emergence of public movements and organizations: dissatisfaction with the Group needs and interests through the activities of public authority institutions and political parties, the presence of economic and socio-cultural problems unreserved structures.

The presence of a variety of social needs and interests in itself does not lead to the emergence of public movements and organizations. The factor of interest works precisely when: "... First, the state of unsatisfactory interests is fixed in the public consciousness; secondly, certain ideas in the mass consciousness about the content of group interests and their satisfaction are satisfied; Thirdly, the need for a significant part of various groups and layers of the people participate in the adoption of social and political decisions related to the implementation of interests; Finally, fourthly, in the presence of relevant democratic structures in the political system. In general, public and socio-political movements and organizations arise on the basis of socio-group interests, subject to the development of the self-consciousness of certain public groups implemented in public activity related to the satisfaction of these interests "Mirchin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: course of lectures. Rostov N / D: "Phoenix", 1997, p. 303.

In complex hard times, people impregnated with ideological contradictions are first grouped in protest movements and organizations, then the folk fronts, associations, mass movements are already beginning to exist, and within systemic state, party, trade union and youth structures: independent trade union organizations, strikes, different groups deputies. In the future, the integration of movements and organizations that have formed both outside and within the political system are occurring. Moves such as: "Democratic Russia", "United Front of Workers" and others.

Habermas Jürgen, a famous German philosopher, sociologist and political thinker. In his writings paid huge attention social science, attached no less meaning. The problem of socio-political practice has reduced them to the problem of mutual understanding, the language of political power, party, social groups, and so on. In his ideas or in other concepts, there is a socio-political orientation. Also, Habermas Jurgen attached great importance to the ideological and political superstructure. He tried to find out what principles the action of domination is based on, abstractly represented as the relationship between Mr. and Slave. Withdrawing this scheme to all the issues of public life, he with its help tried to explain the mechanisms that should ensure the preservation and stability of society.

"The main problem, in his opinion, is that the distribution of the surplus product is resting on the privileged assimilation of the socially produced wealth of the dominant layers of society. At the same time, an unequal distribution should have a "legalized" appearance and fixed in the system of legal norms. As soon as the faith in the legitimacy of the existing order for any reason is reduced, the force is released, latently hidden in the system of institutions, which can lead to sharp social disagreements, conflicts, crisis. To avoid such a development of events, it is necessary to establish an order that should be based on the corresponding distribution of power "political encyclopedia. In 2 tons / nat. Societies. - scientific fund; Hands. Project G.Yu. Semigin; Scientific. - Red. Soviet: Prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Thought, 1999, pp. 575 ..

In the 1980s, Habermas Jürgen developed ideas about instrumental and communicative action in the two-volume "Communicative Action Theory". "Under the communicative action, Habermas understands such an impact of individuals, which is ordered according to the standards adopted for the obligatory. If the instrumental action is focused on success, then communicative - on mutual understanding of existing individuals, their consensus. It implies the coordination of the effort "political encyclopedia. In 2 tons / nat. Societies. - scientific fund; Hands. Project G.Yu. Semigin; Scientific. - Red. Soviet: Prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Thought, 1999, pp. 575.

Also, according to his ideas, the communicative effect is a means of social interaction and serves to form solidarity. All over theoretical activity Habermas, all similar themes crossed each other and became parts of them created by him and the constantly improved large-scale theory of communicative action.

In general, the concept of "socio-political movements" covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly in state and party structures, but are in one way or another to the subjects of political life, combining in varying degrees of cooperation, opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle towards state institutions and political parties. This concept covers a wide range of unification - from the direct impact on the adoption of political decisions that differ high levels Organizations, structure, up to a purely political, not having a clear organized nucleus. This variety is a certain difficulty in typing the movements, the analysis of the causes of their occurrence, ideological and political position, social base, relationship with the authorities. However, it is possible to highlight the most general signs socio-political movements that distinguish them from the parties.

The ideological and political orientation of movements is much wider and vague, and the goals are much more and more specifically than the parties. This allows you to participate in moving people with different political viewsBut supporting a specific political goal, for which the solution is created and the movement is created. This causes the ability of movements to acquire great scope.

In motions, as a rule, there is no unified program, the charter. They are distinguished by the inconstancy of the number of participants. Movements usually do not have a strong center, a single structure, discipline. The core of movements can be both independent initiative groups and committees or commissions created by parties. They rely on unorganized masses, can also be supported by various public organizations and autonomous associations of some parties. In general, the basis of movements are solidarity and voluntary of their participants.

Social and political movements seek to influence power, but they themselves, as a rule, do not seek power.

There are many types of socio-political movements:

From the point of view of relations to the existing system of movement there are conservative, reform and revolutionary;

According to an ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;

On national sign - national liberation, for self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc.;

On demographic sign - youth, student, etc.;

Scale - international, regional, in the country, state, republic;

According to methods and methods of action - legal illegal, formal, informal, focused on peaceful or violent action.

Social and political movements perform important functions:

The interests, mood of wide heterogeneous layers of the population are condensed:

Put forward goals, develop ways to achieve them;

Create a large political force focused on solving a specific political task;

They lead mass performances, organize non-violent, and sometimes violent performances.

The second half and especially the end of the 20th century is characterized by growth and effort the role of socio-political movements, which indicates the involvement of a huge number of people in politics.

There are various options for the relationship between socio-political movements with parties.

Independent socio-political movements do not enter into any relations with the parties. This is happening when the participants in the movements, having some political interest, at the same time not satisfied with the activities of the parties. Many participants in the movements do not want to associate themselves with the party.

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or battery block in order to involve wide masses of non-partisan in the fight for the political task.

Parties can take control, head of movements (for example, behind the echrical mass protest performances, the social environment of which are the least socially protected layers, can stand parties that adhere to the strategy of destabilization of the public system).

2. Traditional and new types of socio-political movements, organizations. Their speaker

Having succeeded in solving the tasks set, political movements usually stop their existence (so happened, for example, with a movement against placement winged rockets In Europe and others), but in some cases, when the tasks put forward are too complex, their solution requires long effort, access to the levers of power, political movements acquire signs of the party and are transformed into it (for example, it happened with the "green" movement). Thus, social and political movements can be the initial stage of the formation of the party, and, becoming a party, they can maintain the name "movement". However, this is not at all the mandatory result of the evolution of movement. Political movements do not displacing the parties, do not turn into the stage of their formation.

There are several reasons for people's interest in social movements and organizations. First, in recent years, maybe in recent decadesPolitical parties are increasingly losing their authority among the wide masses and especially among young people. People sometimes annoying the gloriousness and political games of party leaders who often use confidence of ordinary parties in their personal interests - at all costs to power. They see people from the side and do not want to join this or that party, do not want to be a exchanged coin in political games.

In addition, membership in the political party obliges to discipline, demands to vote in elections only for the candidate of his party. People, and primarily young people, more to the wide democracy of public organizations, their genuine self-governess. A person can freely move from one organization to another, participate in any mass movement, without communicating his hands with any of them.

Secondly, mass community organizations and movements are attracted to their ranks of numerous supporters in that they do not adhere to any ideological concept in their activities. Ideology - a lot of political party. And people often do not see the proc. Neither in one ideology. Their main content is political problems, the issues of power, and not the material interests of ordinary people, their daily needs.

For mass movements and organizations, today the desire to go beyond the existing ideological systems, to comprehend the realities in a new way modern Mira, put forward alternative ideas and concepts, adequately reflecting the vital problems of modernity.

Search for an alternative ways of development of modern civilization forces the very reality itself, which, according to many prominent scientists - and social scientists and naturalists, is more and more in a dead end, to a universal catastrophe: thermonuclear, ecological, food. The awareness of this expands the circle of participants in alternative movements.

Thirdly, the increase in the interest of the wide masses to social movements and organizations is determined by the fact that these movements are faster than the novelty of the social situation, faster respond to changing the situation, more fully take into account the daily, the momentary needs of the people in their requirements. Political parties are in a certain extent associated party ideology, which cannot quickly change, it retains stability for a relatively long period of time.

Social and political movements and organizations, depending on their connection with the political system, can be institutionalized (formal) and non-relationalized (informal). The first, if you can say, are recognized as a political system as its component element and function in accordance with the complex of formal rules. The second arise and act outside the system, according to the rules not prescribed to it. These are the so-called informal organizations. However, in socio-political life, everything is subject to dynamics. Mutuals of public organizations are also possible. Some informal movements and organizations are converted into formal and even in political parties. Such is the dialectic of many informal organizations in the former USSR.

"United Nations (UN) - international Organization sovereign statesCreated in 1945 at the Conference in San Francisco on the initiative of the leading state participants of the anti-Hitler coalition on the basis of a voluntary association of their efforts. UN was born as a result great Victory above fascism. The foundations of its activities and the structure were developed during the 2nd World War (1939-1945) "Political Encyclopedia. In 2 tons / nat. Societies. - scientific fund; Hands. Project G.Yu. Semigin; Scientific. - Red. Soviet: Prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Thought, 1999, p. 86.

In general, the UN activities are aimed at peaceful coexistence, for peaceful relations between states, to be more accurate, there is a UN Charter, whose goals are: maintaining international Mira and the security, prevention and elimination of the threat of the world and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or permission of peaceful means of international disputes or situations that can lead to a violation of the world; development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; Implementation of international cooperation in the resolution of international problems of economic, cultural, and humanitarian nature and education of respect for human rights and basic freedoms for all, without distinction of race, gender, language and religion; The implementation of the role of the Center in coordinating the actions of states aimed at achieving these goals. The Charter also provides for the principles of international cooperation, enshrined such moments as a conscientious resolution of disputes only by peaceful means.

3. Public and political organizations and movements in Russia: history and modernity

Significant development, public organizations and movements received in bourgeois society, especially with access to the historic arena of the working class - people liberated from the serf feudal dependence and received by law freedom to unite into various public organizations. With the help of organized social movements of the most different orientation, the working class has sought tangible results in the struggle for improving the conditions of his life, for social freedoms and political rights.

"Social organizations and movements after World War II rose to a new level of its development. They became massive. This was facilitated by the strengthening of a democratic trend in the socio-political life of peoples, the rise of the national political life of peoples, the rise of the national liberation struggle, and especially the struggle for peace, against the threat of a new world war. Today, the scope of social, non-governmental organizations and mass movements such that they are covered by almost all parties to life human society. Hundreds of millions of people are consisting of hundreds of millions, they provide a powerful impact on international relations, on the domestic political processes of states "Vorobiev K.A. Political science: Tutorial for universities. - 2nd ed. Spread. And add. - M.: Academic project, 2005. P. 286 ..

In connection with the course of time, the crashes of previous ideals occur, propaganda occur, primarily for media media. The worldview of people is also changing, the views on the past can change dramatically in the opposite direction, since everything is inconvenient in life. The destruction of youth organizations, first of all, the WLKSM. With all the shortcomings in the work of the Komsomol in soviet timeThis was an organization that fucked young people, protecting her interests, organizing boys and girls for useful and interesting things. The creation of new socio-political organizations, the decision of local and local problems strengthens the sense of understanding, contributes to the growth of the authority of organizations.

Public organizations are characterized by the system of links and the similarity of the interests of members of the members, the method of developing and making decisions to implement common goals. In Russia, there are movements such as: LDPR led by one of the founders of V.V. Zhirinovsky, "Apple" (G.A. Yavlinsky), etc.

Currently, the most popular movements are: "Green", anti-globalists, anti-war, female, democratic youth and others. All these movements are international. Each country has a lot of massive movements of the national scale, reflecting a specific environment that develops in it. Many public movements and organizations in recent years have emerged in the territory of the former USSR, including in Russia.

A characteristic feature of modern mass community movements and organizations is that they are usually either directly related to politics or indirectly affect the quality of the activities of political institutions.

Public and socio-political movements and organizations, unlike parties more than once, people in their social composition. They arise both from class and on a class-like and interclative basis. So, if the working movement is class, then the trade union movement is interclasses.

Associations, organizations arise, as a rule, spontaneously due to the emergence of specific interests and needs in citizens. This is how different organizations of entrepreneurs, farmers associations, charitable and other organizations arise. Some part of these organizations with the satisfaction of the relevant need may stop existence. However, the overwhelming part of them becomes permanent, gaining strength and authority over time.

Conclusion

There is an increase and strengthening of the role of socio-political movements, which indicates the involvement of a huge number of people in politics. There are various options for the relationship between socio-political movements with parties, but independent social and political movements do not enter into any relations with the parties. This is happening when the participants in the movements, having some political interest, at the same time not satisfied with the activities of the parties. The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or battery block in order to involve wide masses of non-partisan in the fight for the political task.

People on a voluntary basis are united in associations (associations, unions, organizations, centers, clubs, funds, etc.), associations that make up civil society reflect the widest palette of economic, family, cultural, legal and other values \u200b\u200band interests of citizens. The specificity of all these associations forming civil society is that they are not created by the state, but by the most citizens. These associations exist autonomously from the state, but within the framework of existing laws in the state.

Thus, the activities of public organizations and movements are a real indicator of the process of formulating the democratization of the political system, civil society, as well as the development of self-government.

Bibliography

1. Political science: Textbook for universities / under. ed. MA Vasilika. - M.: Lawyer, 1999.

2. Vorobiev K.A. Political science: Tutorial for universities. - 2nd ed. Spread. And add. - M.: Academic Project, 2005.

3. Mirror D.P. Fundamentals of political science: course of lectures. Rostov N / D: "Phoenix", 1997.

4. Maltsev V.A. Fundamentals of political science: Textbook for universities. - M.: IRTR RSPP, 1998.

5. Political science: studies. / A.Yu. Melville [and others]; M.: Moscow state Institute international relations (university) of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia, TK Velby, Publishing House of Prospect, 2004.

6. Political science: tutorial For universities / Scientific editor A.A. Radugin. - 2nd ed., Pererab. and addition. - M.: Center, 2001.

7. Political encyclopedia. In 2 tons / nat. Societies. - scientific fund; Hands. Project G.Yu. Semigin; Scientific. - Red. Soviet: Prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Thought, 1999.

Public and political organizations and movements are voluntary formations resulting from the free will of citizens who united on the basis of common interests and goals.

Party also includes this group, but strongly stand out. Only they put a clear goal of achieving power, the use of power. Only parties have a rigid structure and a clear scheme to achieve power. Other public organizations are less politicized.

In contrast, these movements and organization do not put Before you the goal to master the state power. The number of socio-political organizations and movements greatly exceeds the number of parties.

Typology of socio-political organizations and movements

By area of \u200b\u200bactivity:

1_RSPP - Russian Union of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs

2_Profoons

3_ Sports Unions

4_The Creative Unions and Association

5_Inign Planned organizations

6_Exological movements, etc.

By the degree and form of organization:

1__sthine

2_Slaboogenicized

3_s high degree of organization

By time of existence:

1_Kratovimery

2_Greet

Polish sociologist and political scientist Evgeny Vitra believes that almost all socio-political organizations and movements take place in their development a number of stages:

1_ Creating motion backgrounds. Real problems and contradictions are the basis of discussion and the emergence of active individuals offering solutions to these problems. The general vision of the problem is produced.

2_Vorkioteling ideological and organizational foundations. The movement forms a clear position, creates a program, conducts organizational congresses or performances of traffic managers in print or television.

3_standia agitation. For any organization, the mass is key to success.

4_stadia deployed political activities. The work of the party begins. This stage depends on the goals set. If the goals are achievable, the stage can last long if the goals are unattainable or difficult to achieve, the stage can be stretched for a very long time.

5_standium attenuation of movement. Movement or organization may cease to exist when the goal is completed or is false / unattainable; under pressure of power; When there are no funds to continue the fight, etc.

IN lately (20-30 years) In many countries of the world, the so-called alternative movements (AD) received the greatest distribution. These are new social movements seeking to find original solutions to global and some other topical problems: distribution nuclear weapons, resources, ecology, war and peace, quality of life. The figures of these movements declare that old political structures are ineffective and unable to solve global problems.

These movements are unpopular in Russia and popular in Europe. In alternative movements, people are involved, as a rule, not having economic difficulties. Age - from 18 to 35 years old, citizens, middle-class representatives, school students and students. The level of education is high.

The most active and organized alternative movements:

1_Exological (Greenpeace, World Fund wildlife and etc.).

2_Anten and anti-nuclear.

3_VAGE in defense of civil rights.

4_organization of supporters of an alternative lifestyle.

5_Feminist.

6_The detention of pensioners.

7_The consumer.

Daughter moves are extremist, for example, ecological - PETA.