Table 2 shows different points of view on the definition of the subject and the object of social policy.
table 2
Social Policy Objects and Subjects
|
A source |
Definition |
Characteristic |
|
|
Smirnov S.N., Sidorina T. Yu |
Social policy: textbook. M.: Publishing House "GU-HSE", 2007. |
TO subjectssocial policies include the legislative and executive authorities of various levels, employers in the state and non-state sectors of the economy, as well as trade union and other public organizations, other structures that affect the development and implementation of state social policy. Objectsocial Policy is the population of the country. |
At the same time, as an object of social policy, or social policy in a narrow understanding of its understanding are citizens (households), which, due to certain reasons, cannot provide themselves as sufficient for normal consumption, the level of income. The object of social policy in a broad sense is all citizens without exception (household). |
|
E.I. Bachelor |
Social work: theory and practice: studies. Allowance / d. ed. d. and. N., Prof.E.I. Bachelor, d. And. n., prof. A.S. Sorvin. M.: Infra-M, 2007.254 p. |
The subject is a carrier of objective and practical activity and knowledge (individual, social group), an activity source aimed at an object. The object is something opposing the subject in its subject-practical and cognitive activity. |
The object is perceived as a certain kind of practical social activity, and the subject is either the Party of (Part Party) of this facility (the social situation of the Client - Individual, Family, Community, Group), or (most often) the patterns of social policy. |
|
Sadden G.I. |
Social policy, social management and social management. - M.: Union, 2004. |
The subject is the main initiator of specific measures and activities aimed at life support. Object - population |
Subjects include the authorities of the Russian Federation, the authorities of the subject of the Federation and local authorities |
|
Volgin N.A. |
Social politics. M.: Exam. 2006. |
Subjects - People, institutions, organizations, social institutions. Objects - population |
Subjects include the state, government bodies, social organizations, social workers. To objects, various categories of the population: poor, elderly, disabled, etc. |
According to E.I. The idle object can be interpreted as something opposing the subject in its subject-practical and cognitive activity. It is not simply identical to objective reality, but is its part that interacts with the subject.
Holodova E.I. emphasizes three points important for understanding objects and subjects in social policy: their differences; Organic interaction, communication; Their ability to change places.
Further, it should be borne in mind that the concept of "object" can relate to the concepts and the "subject" and the subject. Object-subjects characterize mainly social policies as a practical type of activity.
When we consider social policy as science, we are dealing with object and subject relations. In this case, the object is perceived as a certain type of practical social activity, and the subject is either the Party of (Party) of this facility (the social situation of the client - individual, family, community, group), or (most often) the patterns of social policy.
When analyzing social policies as an educational discipline (more precisely, students, students, and subjects - teachers, scientists, and subjects are the subject (mainly). At the same time, object-subject attitudes are quite mobile here, especially when it comes to independent, research and other activities (including practices) of students (listeners).
The object of social policy in its wide interpretation is all people. This is due to the fact that the vital activity of all layers and groups of the population depends on those conditions that are largely predetermined by the level of development of society, the state of the social sphere, the content of social policy, the possibilities of its implementation.
It must also be borne in mind that every person at any time, in any period of his life needs to fully satisfy its needs and interests. At the same time, in each sphere of vital activity, they can satisfy unevenly: a rich man needs to preserve and promoting health, in a more relaxed atmosphere that is not related to the stressful situation; A healthy person may be poor, not able to realize its diverse installations; In any family, the relationship between spouses or between parents and children can be aggravated (this is especially manifested in the conditions of the crisis state of society), i.e. Each person to some extent needs support, help, protection.
The population is structured on a different basis, and it is distinguished by such people, such groups and layers, which, being in a difficult life situation, cannot be either altogether, or can only partially resolve their social and other problems. Therefore, considering social policies in its immediate, narrow meaning, we understand these groups, layers of the population, their individual representatives, individuals.
There are many of these objects. Let's try to classify them, taking into account the priority of the grounds for this classification:
health status that does not allow you to solve life problems yourself.
These are the following groups of the population: disabled (both adults and children), persons who have subjected to radiation impact, families in which there are disabled children, adults and children who have psychological difficulties experiencing psychological stresses inclined to suicidal attempts;
service and work in extreme social conditions.
This group of persons include participants in the Great Patriotic War and those equivalent to them, the workers of the rear during the Great Patriotic War (whose life situation is aggravated by older age and health status), widow and mother of military personnel who died during the Great Patriotic War and in peacetime Former juvenile prisoners of fascist concentration camps;
elderly, the retirement age of people, by virtue of which they found themselves in a difficult life situation, are single elderly people and families consisting of retirees (by age, disability and other grounds);
deviant behavior in its various forms and types.
These categories include children and adolescents of deviant behavior; Children experiencing ill-treatment and violence; found in conditions that threaten health and development; persons who returned from the places of imprisonment, special educational institutions; families in which there are persons abusing alcohol who use drugs;
hard, unfavorable position of various categories of families.
The population can be attributed to families with orphans and children who remain without parental care; low-income families; large families; incomplete families; families in which parents have not achieved adulthood; young families; bred families; families with adverse psychological microclimate, conflict relations, pedagogical inconsistency of parents;
special position of children (orphanhood, vagrancy, etc.).
On this basis, it is advisable to allocate the following groups: self-residing graduates of orphanages and boarding schools (until they achieve material independence and social maturity); orphaned or restless children without care; Needle-minded children and teenagers;
broadcasting, homelessness.
This group includes persons without a certain place of residence, registered refugees, forced migrants;
previous and postpartum state.
These are groups of pregnant women and nursing mothers, as well as groups of mothers who are on child care;
legal (and in connection with this social) The situation of persons undergoing political repression and subsequently rehabilitated.
The proposed division into groups is not the only one. It is possible to differentiate the specified groups of people more specifically or, on the contrary, highlighting wider categories - it depends on the purposes and objectives of the study, solving practical problems.
Subjects of social policy, to which people, institutions, organizations, social institutions, designed to solve (and decisive), those or other tasks, problems facing social policy, can be differentiated on various grounds, including taking into account the composite parts of the social policy: Practical activities, science and educational process (academic disciplines in the field of social policy).
Subjects of social policy are:
1) First of all, the organization, institutions, social institutions of society:
the state with its own structures in the form of a legislative, executive and judicial authorities of a different level. In this structure, the Ministry of Labor and Social Relations is played a special role, as well as executive bodies of social policy management at the regional level (social protection authorities, regions, republics, autonomous formations), cities, local administrations;
various social services: territorial centers of social assistance to family and children; Socio-rehabilitation centers for minors; centers for helping children who remain without parental care; Rehabilitation centers for children and adolescents with disabilities; Social shelters for children and adolescents; centers of psychological and pedagogical assistance to the population; Emergency psychological centers on the phone and others;
administration of state enterprises, organizations, institutions, universities, etc. and their divisions;
2) Public, charitable and other organizations and institutions: trade unions, branches of the children's Fund, the Red Cross Society, private social services, organizations, etc.
Non-state charitable organizations in Russia are, in particular, Chelyabinsk Foundation "Hospis", "Sunshikovko" - Chelyabinsk city public organization of children with disabilities with a violation of the psyche, Regional Charitable Foundation "Socilla", etc.
Currently, in the country, charity activities are carried out in accordance with the Federal Law "On Charitable Activities and Charitable Organizations", which provides legal regulation of this activity, guarantees support for its participants, creates a legal basis for the development of charitable organizations, in particular the establishment of tax breaks;
3) People involved in practical social work professionally or on a public basis. In fact, they are representatives of the two specified subjects of social policy. At the same time, they can be divided into two groups: organizers and managers and performers, practical social workers who provide direct assistance, support providing social protection of clients, representatives of the already considered social policy facilities.
According to some data, there are about 500 thousand professional social workers in the world. Many graduate specialists have appeared in recent years in Russia. Untiplomed, but professionally engaged in social work specialists much more, especially in those countries (including in Russia), in which a new profession has been introduced relatively recently - "Social Worker".
Accurate data on how many people are engaged in social work on a social basis, no, but their number is great (it is believed that one social worker serves 10-15 people).
Social workers are a special group, since they must have certain professional and spiritual and moral qualities.;
4) teachers, as well as those who contribute to the consolidation of knowledge, skills, skills: heads of student practice, mentors, practical social workers and other employees who contribute to the passage of students (listeners) in various organizations, institutions, enterprises of the social sphere;
5) Social Policy Researchers. Scientific workers analyze the state of social work using various methods, develop scientific programs, record existing and emerging trends in this area, publish scientific reports, books, articles on social policy issues. The departments of leading universities of the country, laboratories, scientific institutions, dissertation advice on the protection of doctoral and candidate dissertations in the field of social issues are playing a major role in this process.
In Russia, several social research schools have almost already already been created: the philosophical, sociological, psychological, etc. Their representatives, developing social work, are paying particular importance to its individual areas.
The content of the concept of "social policy" is wide enough. This allows us to talk about different types of it - depending on the analysis objectives and aspects of consideration. The first type of typology is the nature and content of social policy. They depend on the degree of state intervention in the management of social processes. Based on this, all the types of state social policies in developed countries can be divided into two groups. The first conditionally can be called residual. In this case, social policy performs functions that are not able to implement the market. This is a social policy limited and covered by contingent, mainly passive and compensatory. Its conceptual foundations are formed under the influence of conservatism ideas. A typical representative of this option (with a certain degree of convention) is the American model. The second group is institutional. Here, social policy plays a crucial role in providing the population with social services and is considered as a more efficient socio-economic and political means than the system of private institutions. This is a more constructive, redistributive policy, which is experiencing the influence of social-democratic ideology. The typical representative is (also conditionally) the Swedish version of the social state. Both groups differ from each other without the presence or absence of certain components, but by their relationship and degree of state intervention in the social sphere, the degree of priority of social problems in the state's activities. The social role of the state in various countries is carried out in the range between these two types.
The most common type of typing is different approaches to the structure of social policy.
§ 1. The territorial-state type of social policy
The first approach to the consideration of the social policy structure is associated with the territorial-state structure of the Russian Federation: how social policy is carried out at each of the levels of the state device.
The activities of the state in social policy on the federal level creates conditions for its implementation at other levels. These conditions are primarily determined by the country's constitution, the main federal laws, the development and implementation of programs not only social, but also economic policies and all other types of its species. At this level, social minima and standards are developed and approved, on the basis of which the foundations of the social policy of the subjects of the Federation are being created.
Russia is not the only federation in the world. When analyzing the structure of social policy from the point of view of the territorial-government device, it can be concluded that its specifics and originality can be concluded. Part of the regions is extensive areas of the territory, with a significant population, developed by farms, not inferior in a number of parameters to many sovereign states or even superior to them. A specific point for our country is a combination of national and territorial entities.
The factors that seriously affect the implementation of state, including social policies are the geographical and climatic differences in Russian regions, which impose their imprint to the conditions of activity and lifestyle of the population.
The most important circumstance is the number and socio-cultural peculiarities of a population of a particular territory, which form certain social expectations in relation to social policy, produce specific forms of social support.
In addition, in the conditions of crisis coagulation of the state and resources, the state as a whole federalism allows maintenance of the foundations of the life of the population within a certain territorial body and to associate the standard of living of the population with the results of its labor and the quality of regional leadership. Full autonomy in this question is unattainable and inexpex. As part of a single state, the inevitable redistribution of funds in favor of objectively poorer territories or strategically important regions occurs. There are socially unconditional regional differences associated with the peculiarities of the territorial location (for example, proximity to ports or other areas of resource export abroad) or the presence of export raw materials. However, the regional approach makes it possible to prevent a number of social difficulties and provide a relatively more prosperous existence of those territories in which the governments managed to support and expand the production, to maintain the employment of working people or organize new jobs, deploy adequate time requirements. Social assistance system and social services. A number of countries also demonstrate the consistent and successful use of local opportunities to minimize social difficulties for the population. Therefore, it is not by chance that an important role in the formation of social policy is given to the subjects of the federation.
Regional social policy is based on the needs of residents of this territory and is guided by the legislation of the subject of the Federation. This legislation must comply with the norms and principles of federal legislation. In practice, such coordination is not always carried out.
At the regional level, contradictions are manifested not only between the Federation and the region, but also between the region as a whole and its individual territories, between regional state administration and municipal government. Significant dimensions of a number of regions, a variety of conditions inside them lead to the fact that the overall approach does not always accurately reflect the needs of residents of each settlement or district within the region. Various economic and social circumstances require the application of specific social policy measures, technologies and techniques to maintain the vital activity of the population, ensuring its social development.
In general, regional social policies can not always meet the inquiries and expectations of individual individuals, reacting, first of all, for mass needs and interests. The most accurate needs of individuals, families and residential communities is responsible for social policy implemented at the municipal level.
Local self-government, as emphasized in the federal state support program for local self-government, in the system of the state system, "creates conditions for ensuring the vital interests of the population and conducts events for its social protection." Local self-government in the system of state and municipal authorities is designed to ensure a comprehensive solution to the issues of servicing the population, to contribute to the achievement of political and social stability in society.
At this level, the departmental disconnection of social support is overcome, a comprehensive approach to social services for the population is fully implemented. Here, the very extent, the manifestation of self-organization, amateurness of the population, attracting the efforts of non-governmental organizations. The activation of the social potential of self-help and mutual assistance is the additional resource that allows social policy at the local level even with extremely unfavorable external circumstances.
Thus, the development and implementation activities of the main areas of social policy will be effective only if all levels of power act in the unity of the goals and means, taking into account the integrated nature of social policy.
§ 2. Social Type of Social Policy
Another approach to the consideration of the social policy structure is a sphere. This approach has a number of features: 1) under the names "Social Sphere", "Production Sphere", etc. Means complexes include various, although internally similar activities managed by a number of governing bodies; 2) certain types of social services are implemented not only within the framework of one department responsible for them in their intention, but also within the framework of other structures (for example, educational activities are engaged not only by the establishment of the Ministry of Education and Science, but also units of the Ministry of Health and Social Development, Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications, etc., as well as a number of non-governmental organizations whose role in recent years is increasing); 3) There are departments that formally do not relate to the social sphere (for example, the Ministry of the Interior), but they are also of great importance for social development.
A sphere approach covers all the vital activity of society and all the functions of the state. As part of a sphere approach, the following elements of social policy can be considered: 1) policies in the field of social and labor relations; 2) policies in the field of public health; 3) socioecological policy; 4) education policy; 5) policy in the field of culture and leisure; 6) Housing policy.
Policy in the sphere of social and labor relations. The most important place in social policy should occupy the problem of socio-labor relations. In this direction, social policy is developing activities to promote employment, the development of social partnership.
In addition to the maintenance of existing and creating new jobs, one of the ways of employment of the population is the promotion of self-employment, the organization of small enterprises. And this is not only the sphere of services, in the usual understanding, but also intellectual services, and the development of new technologies.
Recognized throughout the world, the method of state assistance is unemployed is additional training or retraining to acquire a new specialty or specialization, more relevant time requirements. This activity should actively engage in employment services.
The specifics of the current state of the Russian Federation is the fact that employment, the presence of paid work does not guarantee the receipt of income equivalent to not only the minimum consumer budget, but even a shower subsistence minimum. The addition to the subsistence minimum is carried out at the expense of ultra-employment (second job, one-time, double rate, etc.), reducing consumption, sales of personal belongings, the sale of apartments, cottages, etc., which in some cases up to 50% of family income .
Of great importance is labor protection, which has always been treated as the most important areas of state activities, and in the conditions of the emergence of a plurality of private employers acquired special acute.
Social policy in the field of health care. Article 12 of the International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights states that States Parties recognize the right of every person to the highest achievable level of physical and mental health, for which specific measures should be taken in the field of health policy. These measures relate to medicine, external hygiene, anti-epidemic protection of the territory, the conditions of normal nutrition and healthy development of children. Thus, health protection policies can be carried out by the entire system of management bodies, and not only by health authorities.
In this approach, it is reflected complex, not only medical, but also the social nature of phenomena health. Mandatory social minima, guaranteed by the state (minimum wages, minimum pension, etc.), should ensure the amount of funds necessary for the normal reproduction of labor and personality development.
Socioecological policy. The scale of the impact of society on the environment for the entire existence of the state is truly depressing. Doubtful slogan: "We should not wait for mercy from nature" led to the fact that now nature is waiting for mercy from us.
It is necessary to develop and exercise social policy in the field of ecology (socioecological policies) in the anti-crisis version.
The development of recreational activities, social tourism made it possible to find many countries to find a way out of the crisis experienced and achieve a high standard of living of the population.
An integrated approach to the relationship with the environment, the impossibility of complete cessation of anthropogenic impact on nature, the need to combine the development of labor employment and environmental protection determine the fact that socioecological policies are also the overall function of public administration.
Education policy. The right to education applies, according to the UN, among the most socially significant rights. Education makes a crucial contribution not only to the dissemination of knowledge, but also in the formation of the personality of students, the upbringing of individuals responsible for the needs of society.
In modern conditions, the development of education, its adaptation to the requirements of social reality and at the same time preservation of the traditions of the fundamental education accumulated over the decades and centuries of previous history, belong to the most important areas of social policy.
The policy of subjects of the federation in the field of education is defined both by federal and regional legislation and should be carried out on the basis of regional educational standards that meet the territorial specifics. Their goal is to ensure children and adult opportunities for both general and vocational education. The educational institution system covers various elements: from preschool education to postgraduate steps. This system includes various types of additional education.
Politics in the field of culture and leisure. Throughout all years of the history of the Soviet Union, the leisure infrastructure was aimed not only for the restoration of strength spent during the working time and entertainment, but also for education and education. Commercial success of leisure activities was secondary. On the contrary, the state highlighted significant funds for the creation and maintenance of the activities of theaters and film industry, stadiums and libraries, museums and houses of culture. Most of them provided their services for free or for the fee available.
Insufficient attention in the last decade to the cultural and educational side of leisure activities, the commercialization of this industry led to the population of our country experienced certain difficulties in access to a full-fledged rest. The ratio of occupied and free time has changed in an unfavorable side: people who have work seek to save it or find additional earnings. Therefore, it is reduced to relax on weekends, use vacation.
The structure of the free time has changed, the cost of time for the consumption of spiritual benefits (visits to theaters, concerts, museums, exhibitions, etc.) has significantly decreased. The number of young people interested in art involved in applied species, reading newspapers and magazines, fiction, decreased. The decrease in the majority of the population of economic opportunities for recreation is also associated with a reduction in traditional recreational areas by losing the resort zones in the Baltic States, in Ukraine, in the Transcaucasia. The loss of state or trade union financing entails the rise in prices for recreational services of Russian institutions. The refusal of a number of enterprises from financing their databases of recreation and recovery, the closure of many leisure institutions lead to a reduction in recreation infrastructure as a whole. Meanwhile, recreation is among the most important functions of social livelihoods. Without restoration of the spent forces, it is impossible to maintain labor activity or creativity or social development. Rest can also be viewed as a means of reducing social tensions.
Housing policy is an essential element of ensuring social development.
It should be noted that most of the types of social states hold housing policies, which causes the provision of low-income citizens of cheap municipal housing, thereby eliminating social tensions and creating conditions for a full-fledged recreation of the population, as well as restoring the ability to work.
§ 3. Demographic Type of Social Policy
In addition to the sphere approach, the structure of social policy can be built on the basis of its orientation to the socio-demographic groups of the population: social policy against children and adolescents, social policy against women, the elderly, etc. According to such a principle, the Presidential Program "Children of Russia" was built, Federal programs "Senior Generation", "Prevention of neglect and juvenile offenses". Social policy for certain categories of the population often has special budget financing and fairly regular allocation of funds. Such programs are developed in the regions.
However, the allocation of individual blocks in the structure of social policy has its own difficulties. It is assumed that the object of such a specific social policy is the most in need of the category of the population. A subjective understanding of social vulnerability does not always coincide with the objective content of this concept, especially at present, when it is difficult to allocate in our country a completely invulnerable category of the population.
So, it was customary to formulate a special social policy against women, and it is quite fair. However, today, a very vulnerable socio-demographic category is becoming in our country and men due to the extremely low average life expectancy, high mortality from unnatural causes, especially in able-bodied and degenerate age, unfavorable lifestyle and health.
The problems of the elderly population of Russia remain complex.
However, the realities of our lives show that the objectively the most vulnerable category in Russia are children, the serious social position of which imposes an imprint on the process of their development and then for the entire further life.
The concentration of attention on a specific category or group of needy citizens is caused to a large extent a deficit of socio-economic resources, the impossibility of organizing comprehensive social assistance, the desire to ensure the survival of particularly vulnerable layers. However, this approach explained in the crisis and lack of financial resources may result in the lack of a single social policy, crushing social efforts in certain areas, which limits their effectiveness. So, planning a social policy against the elderly and the elderly, we must not forget that the problems of the older generation are laid in childhood, rooted in a mature, working-time age and then manifest themselves in retirement years. Trying to influence only one link of this chain inexpedient. In addition, such an approach determines the activities built on the basis of social response: certain activities or sets of events in response to the existing difficulties. This approach is focused rather to survive certain groups of the population than on the social development of the entire society.
§ 4. Object and subjects of social policy
The entire complex mechanism of its implementation is focused on the fulfillment of the goals and objectives of the social policy, which is structurally represented as follows:
The main subject of social policy is a state represented by a set of all its bodies focused on regulating social relations.
Specific subjects of social policy are:
Government agencies and institutions;
Local governments; about extrabudgetary funds;
Public, religious, charitable or other non-state associations;
Commercial structures and business;
Professional workers engaged in the development of social policy;
Volunteers;
Citizens (for example, through participation in civil initiatives, self-help groups, etc.).
Social state provides:
Movement towards achieving social justice in society;
The weakening of social inequality;
Providing each work or other source of existence;
Preservation of peace and consent in society;
Formation of a favorable life environment.
The object of social policy is almost the entire population of the country (with an emphasis on the social protection of low-income categories of the population in a difficult life situation). From another point of view, the object of social policy is the social processes themselves in society in all their meaningful diversity and various forms of manifestation.
The system of regulatory acts actively regulates the interaction between the subjects and the objects of social policy. When solving specific tasks, this structure is complemented by some other elements, the most important of which is social work.
For social policy, there are federal structures of legislative and executive authorities. The right of legislative initiative in accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, the President and the Government of the Russian Federation, which develop and make an approval of the Federal Assembly a significant number of the most important bills in the social sphere. Under the President of the Russian Federation, the Social Policy Council was formed, the Commission on Women, Family and Demography. The Russian Parliament employs social policy committees; For women, family and youth; According to labor and social support, which at the regulatory level form policies in this area. The main links of social development in Russia are federal ministries and departments: the Ministry of Health and Social Development, the Ministry of Education and Science, the Ministry of Culture and Mass Communications, etc.
An important place in the development and implementation of social policy is given to the subjects of the Federation. They have the right to their own lawmaking. The regions have special structures responsible for the implementation of state social norms and standards and complementing them at their own expense. The process of legislative consolidation and delimitation of powers between the federal and regional authorities is underway.
The social policy of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation in its structure and content combines national starts and regional peculiarities. The competence of the edges and the regions is quite wide, but not limited to the framework of the Constitution and the in-department legislation, but also the limited resource capabilities of the territory.
Subjects of social policy are also extrabudgetary social funds: the Pension Fund, the Social Insurance Fund, the Employment Fund, the Health Insurance Fund, the formation of which is conducted on the basis of permanent deductions as a percentage of the wage foundation. Currently, the issue of creating a single social fund is solved. There is an intensive development of non-state insurance and charitable funds, as well as non-governmental non-profit organizations (NGOs).
NGOs acts in three main directions. The first direction is associated with the distribution of donations in the event of natural disasters within charitable assistance; the implementation of various advisory services, including legal; Coordination of rural and urban projects that have a social orientation. This type of activity is typical for the Red Cross Society and Health Charitable Fund. The second direction of the NGO is the organization of workshops and enterprises at the local level to stimulate employment and participation in the population in the development of the local economy. Moreover, it allows NGOs not only to free up part of the profit for socially unprotected populations (disabled people, war veterans, single families, large families) and, thus, help them improve their living standards, but also use this profit for other initiatives. As the third direction of NGO activities, projects and programs are often carried out into practice, the implementation of which is not provided or not enough to the government. Examples of such programs may be family planning projects and sexual education.
Trade union and other public organizations, including political parties and social movements, are also a subject of social policy. Expressing the interests of certain segments of the population, trade unions documented relevant agreements on social support and the protection of individual groups of the population with state authorities and employers.
In addition, there is a group of passive subjects of social policy. These are banking, credit institutions, insurance companies that as assets accumulate, guided by the considerations of their economic benefits, begin to play an active role in social policy. An example is the activities of banks seeking to attract funds to the establishment of elevated interest on deposits, as well as the development of housing programs, disabled support programs and other social initiatives.
For the successful implementation of the main tasks of social policy, it is necessary to clearly represent the mechanism of its implementation. There are several technological phases of the implementation of the Social Policy Mechanism:
1. Deep and comprehensive scientific analysis and study of the actual social situation, identifying the main problems and major contradictions, prospects for the development of social relations.
2. Determination of the specific strategic and tactical objectives of social policy, methods and means of their achievement, based on existing material and financial, organizational and other possibilities.
3. Regulatory registration of a selected solution for solving a social problem - the adoption of federal laws, laws of constituent entities of the Russian Federation, other regulatory acts of legislative and executive power.
4. Administrative organizational and propaganda support for the implementation of social policy at the level of the federal center, in the regions and locally.
5. Control over the course and effectiveness of social policy and making adjustments to previous technological phases.
In social policy, you can also make two interdependent and interacting components: scientific and educational and practical organizational.
The scientific and educational component of social policy is the result of the analysis and understanding of the norms in society needs, the trends of the development of social processes, generalized the result and assessment of the previous course of the social policy of the state. It reflects the level of public opinion and mood, the degree of social stability of various segments of the population. All this analytical material makes it possible to organize public administration to develop the concept of social policy, formulate its main tasks and directions.
The practical organizational component of the social policy of the state is the direct embodiment of conceptual provisions, strategic tasks. The versatile organizational activities of public administration bodies in the social services system and work with the population subordinate to the tasks of social policy states are great importance.
The allocation of two specified components in the social policy is conditional. The absolutization of the scientific and educational component of social policy can lead to the exhaustion of its social sense, to the separation of people's vital needs. Excessive emphasis on the practical organizational side can lead to narrow practicism, the information of social policy to the measures of an organizational nature. Both components of social policy can only be considered in relationships.
Control questions
1. Typology of social policy.
2. Describe the residual social policy. Give examples of states confessing such a social policy.
3. Describe institutional social policies. Give examples of states confessing such a social policy.
4. Give the characteristic of the territorial-state type of social policy.
5. Give the spherical type of social policy.
6. Give the overall characteristic of the demographic type of social policy.
7. Social policy facilities.
8. Subjects of social policy.
9. The role of the system of regulatory acts in the relationship is subject to the object of social policy.
10. Describe the phases of the implementation of the social policy mechanism.
11. Describe the scientific and educational component of social policy.
12. Describe the practical organizational component of social policy.
Literature
1. State power and local self-government in Russia. M., 1998.
2. Grigorieva I. L. Social policy and social reform in Russia in the 90s. St. Petersburg., 1993.
3. Zolotareva M. F. Federation in Russia: problems and prospects. M., 1999.
4. Small business and regional development in industrial countries. M., 1997.
5. International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights (New York, December 19, 1966) // USSR Air Force. 1976. No. 17. Art. 1831.
6. The position of families in the Russian Federation. M., 1998.
7. Resolution of the Government of the Russian Federation of December 27, 1995 No. 1251 "On the Federal Program of State Support of Local Self-Government" (with change and extra.) // SZ RF. 1996. No. 2. Art. 121.
8. Dictionary-Directory for Social Work. M., 1997.
9. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 3, 1996 No. 803 "On the main provisions of regional policies in the Russian Federation" // SZ of the Russian Federation. 1996. No. 23. Art. 2756.
10. Federal Device of Russia: history and modernity. M., 1995.
11. Playing E.I. Social policy: studies. benefit. M., 2001.
The majority of authors include:
1) the entire population of the country (including social community and groups);
2) social relations;
3) social phenomena and processes in society in all their manifolds and forms;
The most reasonable thing to consider the social sphere of society, because the main object of social policy is to consider the social sphere of society. It includes all the above elements.
Subjects of social policy – these are citizens and social groups, as well as the institutions, organizations and authorities interacting in the social sphere.
In determining the subjects of social policy in scientific and theoretical literature, we also do not find a copyright unanimity. There is no doubt that the main subject of social policy is a state that should provide:
· Movement to achieve social justice in society;
· Weakening of social inequality;
· Providing each work or other source of existence;
· Conservation of peace and consent in society;
· Formation of a human environment favorable for humans.
State social policy - this is the state of the state in the social sphere, pursuing certain goals, correlated with specific historical circumstances, supported by the necessary organizational and financial resources and calculated for certain financial results.
In the social policy of the transition period, a monopoly of the state is violated in the regulation of the social sphere, new subjects of social policy appear. During this period, social policy entities are:
· Government departments and institutions of social protection of the population;
· Public, religious, charitable and other non-governmental associations;
· Citizens themselves (civilian initiatives, for example, self-help groups);
· Local governments;
· Extrabudgetary funds;
· Commercial structures and business;
· Professional workers developing and implementing social policy;
· Volunteers.
The post-industrial period of the development of society, the transition to socially-oriented market relations allow today to identify new subjects of socio-political activity, whose influence on social and political processes is becoming increasingly significant. This is a private entrepreneurship; Business circles; public funds; a family; labor collectives; Political parties and movements.
Employers today are subject to social policy. In most cases, their role is limited because they are obliged to follow the general social rules that are established by state power structures.
There is a point of view in which: primary subjects are social groups and community, and secondary entities are institutions - "Public movements and organizations, power and management and other organizational structures that claim the interests of primary social actors - groups and communities." These institutions can be:
1) in legal attitude:
a) state and non-state;
b) legitimate (legal) and illegitimate (illegal).
2) in organizational terms:
a) more or less well-structured (political parties, trade unions, public organizations and movements, government impersonal management structures);
b) unstructured or practically unstructured-baths (inorganized social movements of the type of spontaneous performances and riots).
Social policy entities are participants in the interaction of social groups regarding their position in society.
Social policy entities are really independent and, moreover, actually existing social groups and, representing their bodies, organizations, institutions, structures.
Thus, the subjects of social policy are "split" or "double":
1. Primary subjects - Social groups:
a) active participants - existing social forces;
b) Passive participants are inorganized, potential, formal social forces.
2. Secondary subjects - bodies and organizations representing their interests.
The special group of subjects of socio-political activity today includes a modern socio-political elite:
· Political leaders;
· Management managers;
· Officials;
· Civil servants.
Social policy entities are also divided into:
· Resident, that is, those whose activities in the country on a permanent basis are determined by its constitution and other legislative acts;
· Non-residents, that is, international financial organizations that provide loans to the government of the country under certain, including social conditions, as well as foreign employers, obliged to comply with the requirements of the country's social legislation in which they function.
If in social policy, as in any politics, public interactions are defining, then in terms of understanding the content will be the question of who interacts with whom, who leads social policy.
The essence of politics in general and social policy is detected through the relationship between the sustainable elements of the social structure - social groups. The stability of such groups is reproduced due to the action of a complex of social conditions for their existence (the main of them was indicated).
Social groups, structural parts of the people (society) - undoubted reality. But these groups can act or inactivate, realize their interests and to aware, to organize for action in society or be politically not organized. In short, they can be active social forces (real policies). And may be passive inorganized participants in social processes (only potential, formal subjects).
The subject of social policy is really independent and more actually existing social groups and representing their bodies, organizations, institutions, structures. In addition to the social groups themselves, policies include organizational structures and representing their interests. It turns out that the subjects seem to be split (double). "Original" (primary) Subjects are the social groups themselves. And secondary (as if generated by primary practical action in politics) are organs, organizations, etc. representing their interests.
For example, pilots, writers, scientists, miners are different socio-professional groups. They created their organizations:
Trade union of the flight composition of civil aviation;
Union of writers;
Academy of Sciences, Pitmen's trade union.
Class political organizations, unions, associations, movements are created. And all these are social policies, its subjects.
A peculiarity of the totalitarian society of the USSR was passivity, the formality of many subjects. Trade unions, Komsomol, women's advice, local councils, but they acted as much as well. Performed prescribed from above. For
such a monopoly on power Many subjects acquire, decorative appearance, are actually not subjects. Russia is trying to go to democracy from totalitarianism. If it were possible, civil society would have arisen. Civil society - the type of public device. A distinctive feature of which is the real multi-sizedness of public, economic, social, cultural, political life. In civil society, there are many subjects of the subjects (centers) of training, adoption and implementation of decisions. Their interaction is governed by the laws of the country and international acts.
In the most advanced form, civil society exists in the form of democracy. The dictatorial form of government significantly deforms civil society, generates trends and the danger of its fascia. In the fascist (totalitarian) society, multipleness, as already noted, is decorative or absent even formally.
Subjects of social policy are citizens and social groups as well as those representing their institutions, organizations and authorities actively actively interacting in the social sphere, i.e. Forming, preventing and defending the interests of citizens and social groups in this area.
End of work -
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Social problems, social policy and social justice
Social policy and middle class formation .. The process of formation and development of the middle class refers to the number of basic .. Scientific and practical interest in the problem of the middle class sharply increased in the beginning g really move and ..
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2) Ensuring the political sustainability of power.
3) Ensuring such a distribution of power in the farm, which would be recognized most equitable.
4) establishing such a system of distribution of economic resources and results of economic activity, which mainly suits the overwhelming majority of the population, which implies, first of all, the implementation of the principle of social justice.
5) Ensuring the society and the state of the necessary and sufficient level of environmental safety.
6) providing society and the state of the necessary and sufficient level of social security of both the population as a whole and every social group. At the same time, the working conditions and living conditions are meant as objects of social protection.
7) Ensuring the consumption of major benefits at the level of social standards for all segments of the population, which is achieved both through wages and through the provision of various social transfers.
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From the point of view of the functioning of the economic system, social policy plays a double role.
First, as it is economic growth, the accumulation of national wealth, the creation of favorable social conditions for citizens becomes the main goal of economic activity, and in this sense, the goals of economic growth are concentrated in social policy; All other aspects of economic development begin to be considered as a means of implementing social policy.
Secondly, social policy is a factor in economic growth. If economic growth is not accompanied by an increase in welfare, then people lose incentives for effective economic activity. At the same time, the higher the economic development stage achieved, the higher the requirements for people providing economic growth, their knowledge, culture, physical and moral development. In turn, it requires further development of the social sphere.
State social policy provides for solving the following tasks:
1) Ensuring equal opportunities in the implementation of the right to education and share in public well-being through the equitable distribution of income and property (capital).
2) a decrease in unwanted differences due to the market between rich and poor in income and capital.
3) ensuring greater freedom, justice, respect for the dignity of man, ensuring the development of the personality, active participation in public life and the right to share responsibility to society.
4) Further improvement of social and political tools and regulations governing the existing device in order to ensure basic social rights and expansion of social security network.
It should be noted that the possibility of solving certain problems of social policy is determined by the resources that the state can be sent to their solution. In turn, the resource base depends on the overall level of economic development of the country. Therefore, specific tasks of social policy are closely related to the economic development of the country.
The nature and content of social policy depends on the degree of state intervention in the management of social processes. Depending on this, all the types of state social policies in developed countries today can be divided into two groups.
The first conditionally can be called residual. In this case, social policy performs functions that are not able to implement the market. This social policy is limited to its scale and covered contingent, mainly passive and compensatory. Its conceptual foundations are formed under the influence of conservatism ideas. A typical representative of this option (with a certain degree of convention) is the American model.
The second group is institutional. Here, social policy plays a crucial role in providing the population with social services and is considered as more efficient in the socio-economic and political sense than the system of private institutions. This is a more constructive and redistribution policy. From a conceptual point of view, this group has the most influence of social democratic ideology, and its typical representative (also conditionally) is the Swedish version of the social state.
Both groups differ among themselves without the presence or absence of certain components, but by their ratio, as well as the degree of state intervention in the social sphere, the role of redistribution processes, the degree of priority of social problems in the activities of the state.
There are several models of social policy distinguish:
According to the subject of social responsibility:
* Liberal model
* Corporate model
* Public model
* Patennist model
According to the participation of the state in the implementation of social policy:
* Charity model
* Administrative model
* Stimulating model
The liberal model involves the principle of personal responsibility of each member of society for his fate and the fate of his family. The role of state structures in the immediate implementation of social policy is minimized, the main subjects of social policy are citizens, family and various non-state organizations - socially insurance funds and the third sector associations. The financial basis for the implementation of social programs is private savings and private insurance, and not the funds of the state budget. Therefore, when implementing this model of social policy, the equivalence principle is implemented, relevant, assuming, for example, a direct relationship between the amounts of insurance premiums and the volume and cost of social services obtained in the social insurance system, and not the principle of solidarity, which implies the redistribution of income from one person in favor of another .
With a liberal social policy model, the state takes responsibility for the preservation of only minimal incomes of citizens and for the well-being of the least weak and disadvantaged segments of the population. But on the other hand, it will mostly stimulate the creation and development of various forms of non-state social policy in society, for example, non-state social insurance and social support, as well as various ways to increase their income citizens. The main advantage of the liberal model is the orientation for the disclosure of the abilities of members of society (primarily to productive and creative labor) in the interests of the growth of their consumption, and partial redistribution of resources in the interests of social support for those who need people in need. Citizens who constantly participated in their contributions in compulsory social insurance systems (primarily pension), the level of income on the occurrence of insurance cases (for example, the achievement of retirement age) is reduced slightly. The consequence of the economic and social self-realization of citizens is the independence of the majority of them from the state, which is a factor in the development of civil society.
The disadvantages of this model are manifested in significant differences between the levels of consumption of economically strong and economically weak citizens; The values \u200b\u200bof social payments carried out from the state budget, on the one hand, and social insurance systems - on the other hand. These differences for various categories of people take place and in case of obtaining social benefits from the same sources of financing.
An important point of the liberal model of social policy is rooted in the individual and public consciousness of a sense of high personal responsibility for their social well-being and attitude to the state not as the only source of social benefits, but as a guarantor of their rights and freedoms.
The corporate model involves the principle of corporate responsibility that a maximum of responsibility for the fate of their employees carries a corporation, an enterprise, an organization or institution where this employee works. The company, stimulating workers to make the maximum labor deposit, offers it various types of social guarantees in the form of pension provision, partial payment for medical, recreational services and education (advanced training). In this model and the state, and non-governmental organizations, and citizens also carry out the share of responsibility for social well-being in society, but the enterprises that have their own branched social infrastructure, their own social insurance funds play a major role.
The financial basis in the corporate social policy model is the funds of enterprises and corporate social foundations, therefore, employers are played with a major role, for whom social policy is a significant element of the employment management system (human) resources.
The social model involves the principle of solidarity responsibility, that is, the responsibility of the whole society for the fate of its members. This is a redistributive model of social policy, in which the rich pays for the poor, healthy for the patient, young behind the old. The main public institution that exercise such redistribution is the state.
The state budget and state social and insurance funds are served by the financial mechanisms of redistribution, the funds of which go to ensure a wide range of state social guarantees, speaking for the population mainly in free (gratuitous) form. The principle of solidarity implies implementation in several planes: solidarity between various social groups and sectors of society, between various generations, as well as between the state, enterprise and the employee through the tax, budget deductions and insurance premiums.
The paternalistic model involves the principle of state responsibility. The state is centrally and totally assumed responsibility for the socio-economic situation of citizens and the use of any administrative levers to achieve social goals. All other possible subjects of social policy (enterprises, public organizations) operate either on behalf of the state or under its control. The financial basis of the Patennist Model is the funds of the state budget and budgets of state-owned enterprises.
This model implements the principle of equality in the consumption of material and social goods and services, as well as their accessibility, which ensures the achievement of a high degree of social alignment.
The advantage of social policy of paternalism is the so-called "confidence in tomorrow" for the main part of the population. As excluded as a social phenomenon of unemployment. The size of remuneration and social benefits is known in advance, a list of free guarantees in health care, education, other areas of social life. Stable are the prices of goods and essential services. The development of the intellectual potential of the nation, which, however, in many cases remain unclaimed. The state protects the economic and social rights of ideologically obedient citizens in the field of labor and employment, but often to the detriment of economic efficiency.
The disadvantages of this approach refers, first of all, the shortage of goods and services, including goods and services. The state is forced to intervene in the sphere of their distribution, replacing the money back in separate sectors of the consumer market by the turnover of this or that method of the documented rights to acquire goods and services. Hardly controlling the ratio between labor measure and consumption measure, the state does not allow development in a significant scale of economic activity in the non-state sector of the economy, which could lead to an uncontrolled increase in income.
Charitable model - When the state due to specially accumulated resources creates certain "backups" to the market in the form of a state system of social support and thus helps to level individuals, the most acute negative social consequences of the market functioning. The funds for charitable assistance carried out by the state add up mainly from private donations to state charity funds and on the maintenance of state social institutions, as well as partly on the means of state treasury.
The administrative model assumes direct, active state interference in the market and is the nature of administration. The condition for the implementation of this model is the presence of developed systems for the redistribution of income under the control of the state, as well as mechanisms for interfering in the processes of pricing, tariff regulation, employment.
The state forces the organization of the private and public sector to carry out social functions, for example, forcing them to make compulsory deductions to social funds, pay wages not lower than the established level, etc. From the point of view of economic efficiency, most social functions for the private sector are unfavorable, therefore in society Many of the anti-estimulas of economic development is activated - a heavy tax burden on the manufacturer to ensure a large amount of social transfers, state regulation of prices to the detriment of the interests of manufacturers, artificial deterrence of unemployment by supporting ineffective jobs, the development of a significant share of the state of the state from the active economy in the considerable sector of the social sphere.
The stimulating model involves an indirect, and not direct participation of the state in solving social problems, when the state asks society external to the market and other public subjects "Rules of the game" (legal, credit and financial, tax).
This is expressed in the creation of such taxation and public support systems that make advantageous for all business entities and investments in both separate social projects and programs and in the social sphere as a whole.
A similar social policy model can be implemented in a high level of economic development, a developed infrastructure of civil society and market economy.
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