Introduction

Public organizations and movements are non-state entities that unite people in their interests and professions. They have rich history. Already in the ancient world, along with the state, there were associations of representatives, as a rule, of course classes and free citizens. They also took place in the medieval period of the history of mankind. The basis of these associations was most often religious ideas (knightly associations, the Order of the Crusaders and so on).

Political parties, being the center of the political life of society, do not cover its activities of the whole manifold of public political processes. The activities of political parties seem to continue in the activities of numerous public organizations, in mass social moves.

Public and political organization and socio-political movement: general and special

Public movements and organizations differ in many signs: in their goals, the functions that they are fulfilled in relation to the interests of their members, as well as in relation to state power; at the place of activity; by types and methods of activity; According to the nature of the occurrence, according to the methods of the organization, and so on.

For example, according to the criterion, there are social and political movements and organizations of revolutionary and counter-revolutionary, reform and conservative, national-democratic, general-democratic, environmental. According to the areas of activity: economic, social, national, international, religious, scientific, educational and others. At the place of activity: Local, regional, national, international, in force in parliament (functions and other associations of deputies), within management structures, in the system of educational and scientific institutions, in a religious environment. According to the nature of the emergence: spontaneous and consciously organized; By the organization's method: clubs, associations, associations, unions, fronts; According to social composition: youth, female, professional. Mirchin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: course of lectures. Rostov., 1997. P. 302.

Whatever multi-solid social movements and organizations are, they all are somehow intended to perform two main tasks: a) the expression and implementation of group interests; b) ensuring the participation of members of a group or community in management public affairs and self-government, and therefore, in the implementation of the principles of democracy (democracy). From here and the deep reasons for the emergence of public movements and organizations: the dissatisfaction of the Group needs and interests through the activities of public authority institutions and political parties, the presence of the authorities that are not solved by the structures and management of economic and sociocultural problems.

The presence of a variety of social needs and interests in itself does not lead to the emergence of public movements and organizations. The factor of interest works precisely when, firstly, the state of unsatisfactory interests is fixed in public consciousness. Secondly, when there are certain ideas in the mass consciousness about the content of group interests and their satisfaction paths. Thirdly, the need is growing in a large part different groups and layers of the people participate in the adoption of the public political decisionsrelated to the implementation of interests. Finally, fourthly, in the presence of relevant democratic structures in the political system. In general, public and socio-political movements and organizations arise on the basis of socio-group interests, subject to the development of identity of certain or other public groupsimplemented in public activity related to the satisfaction of these interests. Ibid. With 303.

In complex hard times, people impregnated with ideological contradictions are first grouped in protest movements and organizations, then begin to exist folk fronts, associations, mass movements, and within systemic state, party, trade union and youth structures: independent trade union organizations, strikes, various groups deputies. In the future, the integration of movements and organizations formed both outside and inside political system. Moves such as: "Democratic Russia", "United Front of Workers" and others.

Habermas Jürgen, a famous German philosopher, sociologist and political thinker. In his writings paid huge attention social science, attached no less meaning. The problem of socio-political practice has reduced them to the problem of mutual understanding, the language of political power, party, social groups, and so on. In his ideas or in other concepts, there is a socio-political orientation. Also Habermas Jurgen attached great value ideological and political superstructure. He tried to find out what principles the action of domination is based on, abstractly represented as the relationship between Mr. and Slave. Withdrawing this scheme to all the issues of public life, he with its help tried to explain the mechanisms that should ensure the preservation and stability of society.

The main problem, in his opinion, is that the distribution of the surplus product is resting on the preferred assimilation of the socially produced wealth of the dominant layers of society. At the same time, an unequal distribution should have a "legalized" appearance and fixed in the system of legal norms. As soon as the faith in the legitimacy of the existing order for any reason is reduced, the force is released, latently hidden in the system of institutions, which can lead to sharp social disagreements, conflicts, crisis. To avoid such a development of events, it is necessary to establish an order that should be based on the corresponding distribution of power. Political encyclopedia / under. ed. G. Semigina - M., 1999. P. 575

In the 1980s, Habermas Jürgen developed ideas about instrumental and communicative action in the two-volume "Communicative Action Theory". Under the communicative action, Habermas understands such an impact of individuals, which is ordered according to the standards adopted for the mandatory. If the instrumental action is focused on success, then communicative - on mutual understanding of existing individuals, their consensus. It involves coordinating efforts. Ibid. From 575.

Also, according to his ideas, communicative action, is a tool social interaction and serves the formation of solidarity. Throughout the theoretical activities of Habermas, all similar themes crossed each other and became parts of the created by him and the constantly improved large-scale theory of communicative action.

In general, the concept of "socio-political movements" covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly in state and party structures, but are in one way or another to the subjects of political life, combining varying degrees Functions of cooperation, opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle towards state institutions and political parties. This concept covers a wide range of unification - from the direct impact on the adoption of political decisions, distinguished by a high level of organization, structure, up to a purely political, not having a clear organized nucleus. This variety is a certain difficulty in typing movements, the analysis of the causes of their occurrence, ideological and political position, social base, relationship with the authorities. However, it is possible to highlight the most general signs socio-political movements that distinguish them from the parties.

The ideological and political orientation of the movements is much wider, and the goals are much more and more specifically than that of the parties. This allows you to participate in the movement of people with different political views, but supporting a specific political goal, for which the solution is created and acting. This causes the ability of movements to acquire great scope.

In motions, as a rule, there is no unified program, the charter. They are distinguished by the inconstancy of the number of participants. Moves usually do not have strong center, uniform structure, discipline. The core of movements can be both independent initiative groups and committees or commissions created by parties. They rely on unorganized masses, can also be supported by various public organizations and autonomous associations of some parties. In general, the basis of movements are solidarity and voluntary of their participants. Political science: textbook for universities / ed. M. Vasilika. M., 2006. P. 104

Social and political movements seek to influence power, but they themselves, as a rule, do not seek power.

There are many types of socio-political movements:

• - in terms of relations to the existing system of movement are conservative, reform and revolutionary;
• - according to an ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;
• - on the national basis - national liberation, for self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc.;
• - on demographic sign - youth, student, etc.;
• - on scale - international, regional, in the country, state, republic;
• - According to methods and methods of action - legal illegal, formal, informal, focused on peaceful or violent action.

Social and political movements perform important functions:

• - the interests, mood of wide heterogeneous segments of the population are condensed:
• - put forward goals, develop ways to achieve them;
• - create a large political force focused on solving a specific political task;
• - Guilty by mass performances, organize non-violent, and sometimes violent performances.

The second half and especially the end of the 20th century is characterized by the growth and effort of the role of socio-political movements, which indicates the involvement a huge number People in politics.

There are various options for the relationship between socio-political movements with parties.

Independent social and political movements do not enter into any relations with the parties. This is happening when the participants in the movements, having some political interest, at the same time not satisfied with the activities of the parties. Many participants in the movements do not want to associate themselves with the party. Ibid. P. 105.

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or battery block in order to involve wide masses of non-partisan in the fight for the political task.

Parties can take control, head of movements (for example, behind the echrical mass protest performances, the social environment of which are the least socially protected layers, can stand parties that adhere to the strategy of destabilization of the public system). Ibid. P. 105.

Having succeeded in solving the tasks set, political movements usually cease their existence (so happened, for example, with a movement against the placement of winged missiles in Europe and others), but in some cases, when the tasks are too complex, their solution requires long-term efforts, access to The levers of power, political movements acquire signs of the party and are transformed into it (for example, it happened with the movement of "green"). Thus, social and political movements can be the initial stage of the formation of the party, and, becoming a party, they can maintain the name "movement". However, this is not at all the mandatory result of the evolution of movement. Political movements do not displacing the parties, do not turn into the stage of their formation.

There are several reasons for people's interest in social movements and organizations. First, in last yearsAnd maybe in recent decades, political parties are increasingly losing their authority among the wide masses and especially among young people. People sometimes annoying the gloriousness and political games of party leaders who often use confidence of ordinary parties in their personal interests - at all costs to power. They see people from the side and do not want to join this or that party, do not want to be a exchanged coin in political games.

In addition, membership in the political party obliges to discipline, demands to vote in elections only for the candidate of his party. People, and primarily young people, more to the wide democracy of public organizations, their genuine self-governess. A person can freely move from one organization to another, participate in any mass movement, without communicating his hands with any of them.

Secondly, mass public organizations And movements are attracted to their ranks of numerous supporters in what they do not adhere to any ideological concept in their activities. Ideology - a lot of political party. And people often do not see the proc. Neither in one ideology. Their main content are political problems, the issues of power, and not the material interests of ordinary people, their daily needs.

For mass movements and organizations, today the desire to go beyond the framework of existing ideological systems, to comprehend the realities of the modern world, to put forward alternative ideas and concepts, adequately reflecting the vital problems of modernity.

Look for an alternative to development paths modern civilization Makes the current reality itself, which is evaluating many prominent scientists - and social scientists and naturalists - is increasingly in a dead end, to a universal catastrophe: thermonuclear, ecological, food. The awareness of this expands the circle of participants in alternative movements. Vorobiev K.A. Political science: tutorial For universities. M., 2005. P. 225

Thirdly, the increase in the interest of the wide masses to social movements and organizations is determined by the fact that these movements are faster than the novelty of the social situation, faster respond to changing the situation, more fully take into account the daily, the momentary needs of the people in their requirements. Political parties to a certain extent associated party ideology, which cannot quickly change, it retains stability for relatively long period time.

Social and political movements and organizations, depending on their connection with the political system, can be institutionalized (formal) and non-relationalized (informal). The first, if so to speak, is recognized as a political system as it compound element and operate in accordance with the complex of formal rules. The second arise and act outside the system, according to the rules not prescribed to it. These are the so-called informal organizations. However, in socio-political life, everything is subject to dynamics. Mutuals of public organizations are also possible. Some informal movements and organizations are converted into formal and even in political parties. Such is the dialectic of many informal organizations in the former USSR.

United Nations (UN) - international Organization sovereign statescreated in 1945 at the conference in San Francisco on the initiative of the leading state Parties Antihytler coalition based on voluntary association their efforts. UN was born as a result of the great victory over fascism. The foundations of its activities and the structure were developed during the 2nd World War (1939-1945). Semigin. Decree. op. P. 86.

In general, the UN activities are aimed at peaceful coexistence, for peaceful relations between states, to be more accurate, there is a UN Charter, whose goals are: maintaining international Mira and the security, prevention and elimination of the threat of the world and the suppression of acts of aggression, the settlement or permission of peaceful means of international disputes or situations that can lead to a violation of the world; development of friendly relations between nations based on respect for the principle of equality and self-determination of peoples; Implementation of international cooperation in permission international problems economic, cultural, and humanitarian nature and education of respect for human rights and basic freedoms for all, without distinguishing races, gender, language and religion; The implementation of the role of the Center in coordinating the actions of states aimed at achieving these goals. The Charter also provides for the principles of international cooperation, enshrined such moments as a conscientious resolution of disputes only by peaceful means. Ibid. With 87.

Common polit. traffic - This is the active part of society, expresses the interests of social groups of citizens and aimed at achieving political. goals.
Movement includes persons who are not satisfied with the activities of parties who do not want to limit themselves by their standards and programs that have no political interests. The difference between social and political movements from the parties:
1) the social base of movements is wider, motley (representatives of various social, ideological, national groups);
2) have one political. The concept, purpose and achieve a solution to one problem (reaching a goal, movement ceases existence);
3) movements are not long-term, as parties;
4) not seeking power, trying to influence it, "turn" to solving their problems (in the struggle for power is transformed into the party);
5) Center political activity Speakers the kernel - initiative groups, clubs, unions;
6) There are no hierarchy, permanent membership and documents (program, charter) in motion.
Mass democratic movements play a prominent role in public life. Types of socio-political movements:
- socio-political, economic, environmental, anti-war, scientific (on the field of activity); non-political (red cross, protection of monuments); Local, regional, general-tech, interstate (on-scale activities);
- revolutionary and counter-revolutionary, reform and conservative, nation-democratic, protest (for purposes);
- mass and elite (by the number of participants); left, centrist and right (on site in a political spectrum);
- professional, female, youth (according to social composition); consciously organized and spontaneous (by the nature of the occurrence);
- fronts, associations, associations (according to the organization's method); violent and non-violent (according to action methods)

Traits of public movements:numerous, broad social base, organizational and ideological amorphy, instability of the composition, spontaneity and spontaneity of actions The appearance of social movements is among the 19th century. In their formation and development, a number of stages are distinguished: the emergence of anxiety about an unresolved problem → The formulation of goals and objectives for resolving the problem → Agitation, recruitment of movements, propaganda of objectives, explanation of tasks, attracting sympathizers → Deployed program implementation → Motion attenuation operation Implemented or not carried out → elimination of movement or its bureaucratization and revival on a new basis.

Public movements differ from public organizations. Social organization - This is a voluntary association of citizens based on community of interests, which has a stable organizational structure from below to the top, fixed collective membership.
Features of public organizations: The presence of the device, structures, statutes, permanent membership, centralized leadership.
Public organizations grow from social movement. There are no clear boundaries between organizations and movements. Their goals, tasks, forms of action may coincide. They have similar functions: Participation in the formation of state structures, in discussion and acceptance polit. solutions, presentation and protection of the interests of citizens, the implementation of social control, the formation of public opinion.

End of work -

This topic belongs to the section:

Political science and educational discipline

Website read: Political Science and Science and academic discipline.

If you need additional material On this topic, or you did not find what they were looking for, we recommend using the search for our database:

What we will do with the material obtained:

If this material turned out to be useful for you, you can save it to your social networking page:

Tweet

All the themes of this section:

Political science and educational discipline
Political science of politics, the special sphere of vital activity of people related to power relations, with the state-political organization of society, political

Development of political ideas in the ancient East
The first class states arose in the countries of the Ancient East at 4 millennia BC. And the first political ideas associated with philosophical, religious, ethical reasoning thought were born.

Policy problems in Plato and Aristotle
Political ideas of Plato. Plato is a lot of political science. He first proposed his model of the political system. Meril politicians are the structure and interpretation of human life

Political thought of the era of the Middle Ages and Renaissance
In the Middle Ages dominated theological form of thinking. The teaching of the Thomas of Aquinas about the divine origin of the state and the authorities, the moral nature of the Board and other issues were noted

Political ideas of the Epoch of Enlightenment
In the era of the origin of capitalist relations in Western Europe, the development of political thought is associated with philosophers: Hobbes, Locke, Spinosa, Montesquieu, Voltaire, Rousseau. The founder of the theory of social

Marxist doctrine about society and politics
In the 30s and 40s of the XIX century. Socialists called themselves the disciples of Fourier and Saint-Simon, and the communists are followers of Babefa. In the 70s - 80s, Marx and Engels began to call their socialist teaching.

Political thought of the twentieth century
In 20V. Political science has become independent, stable, ceased to be a matter of individual thinkers. At the beginning of the XX, the American Political Science Association was created, in Europe - from the middle of

Modern political concepts and directions
Under modern directions Political sciences are understood by the problems of political. Runs, which are the subject of discussion and research. Representatives of the sociological direction are studying policy phenomena by

Electoral systems
The electoral system is a combination of rules, techniques and processes that provide and regulating the legitimate formation of the state. Representative bodies. Each country selective systems

State authorities in the Russian Federation. Analysis of the Constitution of the Russian Federation
The highest authority of the representative and legislative power of the Russian Federation is parliament - Federal Assemblyconsisting of two chambers: Lower Chamber - State Duma, the Upper - Council of Federation. They are operating

Types and main characteristics of political regimes
Political regime - The system of methods, methods and means of implementation is political, affects the type of board and the form of state system. The concept of "watered. Power" wider,

Entity and varieties of party systems. The formation of a multi-party system in the Russian Federation
IN different countries Act various number Parties involved in the struggle for political power. Depending on the position of parties in the political system of society, the interaction between them, types

Political technologies
Political technologies - the scope of politicians associated with elective technologies, where development and implementation of methods of manipulation of public opinion. Technology

Ideology as a form of political thought
Ideology is a certain system of philosophical, scientific, artistic, moral, legal and other knowledge about the world and the role of a person in it. Allocate political, legal and religious ideologue

Anarchism, clericalism, nationalism and radicalism as a variety of political ideologies
Anarchism - a set of political flows, sentiments affecting political processes in turning points of history. Anarchism Rodonarchists were Max Styrner, Mi

Political activities and political participation. Political behavior and its types
Political activity - These are the interaction of organized and carrying out the power functions of individuals and groups. Characteristic features of political activities: concentrate

International Relations and World Politics
International relations are the sphere of interstate, interethnic communication. During the interaction of states and peoples that implement their interests, relations are formed: diplomatic, eco

National-state interests of Russia in the new geopolitical situation
The issue of interethnic relations in the territory former USSR - A complex and acute question, the only decisive question. Allocate three of its level. 1. Conflict of the disintegrating empire with

Global problems of modernity and complex nature of their permission. Political globalism
The global problems of modernity are a complex of political, economic, social, environmental problems of a global scale, the fate of the human organization depends on the solution.

Forecasting in politics. Political foresight
Political forecasts - Scientific knowledge of the future prognosis in politics is the prediction carried out on the basis of analysis and comparison of facts, evaluating the policies of forces and trends

Methodology of knowledge of political reality. Paradigms of political knowledge
Cognition in science is always a complex, long time and internally contradictory process. Initially, the researcher is formulated on the basis of the wound scientific knowledge certain

The concept and theory of elites, their origin, types and functions
P. Elite -Social group, minority separated from the mass of society due to exceptional opportunities in the possession of power involved in decision-making, the execution of power and impact on

Political parties, being the center of the political life of society, do not cover their activities of the whole manifold of social and political relations. Along with them, such varieties of social and political associations, as organizations and movements play a prominent role in the political process. - these are non-state associations of people created, as well as others social organizations, based on the coincidence of the interests and ideals of various social groups, in order to protect and implement them. Such unions have a rich history. Already in Ancient worldAlong with the state, in connection with the incompassion of socio-political interests, associations have arisen as representatives of business classes and free citizens. Public Education There were both the Middle Ages era. The basis of these formations most often amounted to religious ideas (knightly associations, the Order of the Crusaders, etc.).

Significant development of socio-political organizations and movements received in the industrial era, in the process of developing market relations, as a result of the liberation of people from the feudal-serpentic dependence and approval of bourgeois law. The working class, which at this time, the leading power of public transformations, was actively united in various public organizations, with the help of organized public movements, was achieving significant success in the struggle for improving the conditions of his life, for socio-political freedoms and rights.

Social and political organizations and movements in modern conditions have risen to the new level of development. They became massive, comprehensive. This is facilitated by the approval of a democratic trend in socio-political life, the development of a system of mass global communications, the emergence of global problems that pose a threat to the existence of human civilization. The growth and significance of public, non-governmental organizations and movements is also due to the fall in lately The authority of political parties among the broad masters and especially young people who do not perceive the demagogy and political games of party leaders, negatively relate to the zaideologicalness and inflexibility in the activities of political parties. The interest of people to participate in the activities of the Public political organizations and movements are caused by the fact that they are faster adapt to new social conditionsMore adequately react to changing the situation, the daily requirements and needs of people act quickly, informally. Today, in the activities of non-governmental public organizations, hundreds of millions of people participate in socio-political movements, and their influence applies to all parties to the life of the human community, on international relations, on domestic political processes in individual countries.

Public and political organizations and movementsaccording to the content, nature and goals of activity significantly different from political parties. Basic their difference is that they are not struggling like political parties, for the conquest of state power and participation in it, most often not opposed by the state, but strengthen the relationship with it, are the most important channel of his connection with civil society. Their activities are reduced to the influence and pressure on state authorities in order to take into account and implement these bodies of certain social groups, solving social and significant problems. In connection with the nature of the activities of social and political organizations and movements in foreign political literature, the concept of "group of interests", "pressure groups", "lobby", etc. is used to designate them as social phenomena. However, in accordance with the Patriotic scientific tradition, the use of the concepts "socio-political organization", "socio-political movement" is considered more acceptable. They significantly more strictly reflect the socio-political nature of the actually existing associations of people, their organizational and dynamic, activity aspect. Of course, in identifying the concepts of "group of interests", "pressure groups", "lobby" and "socio-political organization", "socio-political movement" and the real phenomena reflected with them, with a strictly scientific point of view, a certain simplification and rectinence is allowed .

Public and political organizations Folding and functioning in the political sphere of society, like other social organizations (socio-economic, vocational and creative, amateur) are the most important element of the structure of modern society. Their activities are mainly related to political and legal issues. public relations, the problems of the organization and functioning of the political process. Social and political organizations are voluntary associations of people who express the interests of that or other social group that have specific socio-political goals and their implementation by organized by the impact on state authorities. Characteristic features Public and political organizations are: the relationship and coincidence of the interests of their members; social and political purpose of activity; formal or informal structure; established rules, procedures and methods of developing and making decisions; The presence of a social control system ensures the interaction of members of the organization.

In modern social life has developed wide spectrum socio-political organizations. The most important of them are youth, female, veteran, educational and propagandist, patriotic, human rights organizations. The main goal Activities of these organizations is the study, systematization and generalization of the socio-political interests of various social groups, presenting them to the state to take into account in its policies and practical implementation, the harmonization of these interests with public interests and goals. How organized social associations socio-political organizations perform such functions As the protection of the rights and freedoms of the individual, a person and a citizen, the development of political activity and self-identity of people, the involvement of citizens in the management of public and state affairs. To implement the goals of activity and its functions, socio-political organizations have certain resources (human, material, value) and means (institutions, media) use various strategies. The main strategies for the activities of socio-political organizations are direct impact on state bodies and officials and indirect impact on them through political parties, influential state and party officials, public opinion. Each of these strategies corresponds to its specific set. tactical techniques and methods of impact. Thus, the impact on the authorities and officials can be carried out through informing, counseling, threats, bribery, financing of election campaigns, etc. For the impact on political parties and public opinion, propaganda and agitation in the media, conviction, rallies, pickets, demonstrations, hunger strikes, etc. can be used. The use of those or other techniques and methods of impact on government agencies in the activities of public organizations depends on the developing socio-political situation, the level of development of organizations, maturity and activity of their members, social acute and public significance of the problem. Often, to enhance the pressure on the institutions of power, giving high social significance A particular problem whose solution depends on the state, socio-political organizations closely interact with political parties. Often in such situations they coordinate their actions with professional and other socio-economic organizations, with professional-creative and amateur associations of people who also play a prominent role in the political life of society.

The activities of socio-political organizations are carried out in the state established by the state, in compliance with constitutional legal norms and principles. The laws of any state do not allow the creation and functioning of public organizations, in whose activities are discrediting the existing political system, calls for violation of the unity and territorial integrity of the country, the propaganda of war, violence and cruelty, inciting any rosets between nations. However, this does not mean that in real life In some countries, public organizations do not arise, which seek to use illegal techniques and methods of pressure on the state, achieve certain political goals. Such actions are usually supposed. In democratic countries, they receive the appropriate legal assessment, and the activities of public associations that are allowed are prohibited. Extremely rare public organizations can act illegally.

A wide variety of socio-political organizations participates in the modern political process in Russia. Unlike Soviet

the period when socio-political organizations were represented by the only youth organization - VLKSM, a small number of veteran, female, propaganda-educational, patriotic organizations operating under the leadership of the CPSU, and rather the state rather than socially political, currently dozens function in the country And even hundreds of socio-political organizations. Many have been created and operate youth organizations of various focus, veteran organizations of participants in various wars and military conflicts, liquidation emergency situations, servicemen and stock staff and resignation of various powerful departments, organization of labor veterans different spheres Professional activities, a significant number of female, propaganda and educational and patriotic organizations. In Russian society, human rights organizations are actively functioning, defending the rights of various social groups and individual citizens. The activities of most modern socio-political organizations contribute to the development of the socio-political activity of people, democratization of the country's political life, is an effective communication channel of the relationship russian state With your citizens. However, some modern Russian socio-political organizations are still very few, you can say "chamber", do not play a prominent role in the country's social life, engaged in private issues. Sometimes, individual public organizations allow illegal destructive actions leading to conflict situations, socio-political excesses. All this means that currently further improvement of the organization and functioning of socio-political organizations in Russia, strengthening legal regulation Their activities in order to optimize the socio-political status of non-state public associations.

In addition to social and political organizations important role In political life, this kind of socio-political associations is performed socio-political movements.Compared with political parties, social and political organizations, which, as a rule, operate in individual countries, the socio-political movements on scale and scope can be local, national, regional and international, to have a broad social orientation, orient to various socio-political Ideals. Public and political movements are long joint actions of people, often separated by geographically aimed at achieving socially significant goals. Basic death Social and political movements are the wide social base and the diversity of social forces involved in them, the massability, the elementality of the nucleation, the incompleteness of the structure, the diversity of styles and forms of activity. Among the modern global and regional socio-political movements are allocated anti-war movements, democratization movements international relations, against the distribution of weapons mass destructionRask I.

national discrimination, terrorism, human rights and freedoms, political independence and national sovereignty, environmental and anti-globalist movements.Nationwide and local socio-political movements arise about the decision of the state actual problemsMustrable for the population and individual social groups of a particular country, its separate region, administrative-territorial education. This socio-political movement can be attributed movements in support of state and political institutions, well-known political leaders, social groups and citizens, social initiatives, development of IDPP and citizens, and political institutions, well-known political leaders, social initiatives and phenomena of the tolders and spheres of public life, the movement of parliament, government, government , leaders of the regions and cities, for the equalization of women in rights with men, against restrictions and violations of the rights and freedoms of individual social groups and formations, citizens, against infringement social interests Citizens in individual spheres of public life, etc.Social and political movements of different levels And the character often interacts in most different ways, can be combined into a single front.

Social and political movements, as a rule, do not have an unambiguous, comprehensive program and clear principles of action. They form and develop in connection with the desire of people to realize any socially significant goal for them on the basis of such concepts as "justice", "democracy", "equality", "freedom". Movement usually consists of an initiative nucleus (avant-garde), which can be a political party, a socio-political organization, a block of parties and organizations, a socio-active group of people and motion participantsConsolidated around the kernel. In the formation and development of social and political movements are usually held three main stages. In the first stage, in response to the emergence of the needs of public life, the idea of \u200b\u200bforming a socio-political movement is emerging, its core and activists are developing, the goals and objectives of the movement are being developed. In the second stage, the goals and objectives of the movement are promoted, extensive campaigns are carried out, supporters among different social groups and segments of the population are involved. In the third stage, specific suggestions and requirements for the institutions of power to solve public problems are carried out organized mass actions in various forms on the implementation of the extended goals and tasks. In the process of the development of socio-political movements, there may be various options for their evolution. On the one hand, acquiring clear organizational formsThey can transform into a socio-political organization and even a party to engage in the fight for participating in the state power, and on the other hand, as a result of achieving the goal and tasks, or the absence of the prospects for their achievement, the movement will fade away from the political scene.

In modern conditions, socio-political movements occupy their niche in the global political process, in the political life of individual countries, have a noticeable impact on socio-political relations. In the 80s - early 90s of the 20th century, a significant role in the political life of the USSR, for example, folk (national) movements and fronts were played. They represented mass socio-political movements in support of the democratization of society, for the revival of peoples, gaining economic independence and state independence. Subsequently, most of these movements evolved into the political parties of the national-democratic focus.

Socio-political movements at the national and local levels function in modern Russia . However, most of these movements are not massive, their role in the Russian political process is minority, and the necessary response of state authorities often lacks the requirements and proposals. The weakness of modern socio-political movements in Russia, the ineffectiveness of their actions is explained, above all, the inadequate level of the political culture of people, the absence of strong ties between various social groups and education russian society and inadequate understanding of them of a particular situation in the country, region. Negatively affect the socio-political movements of ambitiousness and selfishness of leaders and initiative groups, the passivity of the majority of political parties and socio-political organizations, the lack of constructive proposals on their part of the issues of emerging problems. Overcoming these reasons is a prerequisite for strengthening the role of socio-political movements in the political life of Russian society.

The diversity and activity of socio-political organizations and movements characterizes the process of formation and development civil society, democratization of political life, approval and development public self-government. The activities of socio-political organizations and movements contribute to the consent of socio-political forces in society, affects the choice of priorities and public development goals.

Public and political associations are a necessary element of all developed public systems, the indicator of their maturity. Even more than 150 years ago, the French thinker A. De Tokville noted that "in democratic countries, the ability to create associations - primary social life; The progress of all the rest of it depends on the progress in this area. "

The most important varieties of socio-political associations in modern conditions are political parties, social and political organizations and movements. Each of these species of socio-political associations has its own characteristics, structure, specificity, nature and objectives. IN general System social relationship Political parties, socio-political organizations and movements represent the mechanism of interaction between the state and civil society, are institutional stakeholders who are actively affecting the political life of society, the content and direction of the political process. Thanks to the activities of political parties, socio-political organizations and movements designed to reflect, express and protect the various social needs and interests of people, the sustainability and effectiveness of state power, stability and progress of society are largely achieved.

Control questions

1. Give the definition of the concept of "Political Party". Name the main difference between the political party from other socio-political associations.

2. Highlight the foundations of the classification of political parties and name their main types. What are the difference between the ruling and opposition political parties?

3. Describe the main types of party systems. Which one and why, in your opinion, is in modern conditions the most optimal?

4. List the legal norms of the organization and activities of political parties in modern Russia, enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and the Federal Law of the Russian Federation "On Political Parties".

5. Name features, main techniques and methods of social and political organizations. What are modern socio-political organizations operating in Russia, do you know?

6. Word backgrounds and factors for the emergence and existence of socio-political movements and expand their role in the modern world.

Literature

Volobueva A.N. Political parties in the system public power Modern Russia. - Kursk, 2005.

Dupetse M. Political parties. Per with Fr. - M.: Academic project, 2002.

Constitution Russian Federation. - M.: Axis - 89, 1998.

About political parties. Federal Law of the Russian Federation // Meeting of the Legislation of the Russian Federation, 2001. - № 29. - Art. 2950.

Parties and elections: Reader // P. Red and Sost. N.V. Anokhina, E.Yu. Melesquin. - M.: Inion RAS, 2004.

Political Parties of Russia: Past and Present: Sat. Articles // P. ed. M.V. Walking. - St. Petersburg: Publishing House of St.ku, 2005.

Serebryannikov V.V. Power structures and political parties // Power, 1999. - № 11.

Public movements and organizations differ in many signs: in their goals, the functions that they are fulfilled in relation to the interests of their members, as well as in relation to state power; at the place of activity; by types and methods of activity; According to the nature of the occurrence, according to the methods of the organization, and so on.

"For example, according to the criterion, there are socio-political movements and organizations of revolutionary and counter-revolutionary, reform and conservative, national-democratic, general-democratic, environmental. According to the areas of activity: economic, social, national, international, religious, scientific, educational and others. At the place of activity: Local, regional, national, international, in force in parliament (functions and other associations of deputies), within management structures, in the system of educational and scientific institutions, in a religious environment. According to the nature of the emergence: spontaneous and consciously organized; By the organization's method: clubs, associations, associations, unions, fronts; According to social composition: youth, female, professional "Mirchin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: course of lectures. Rostov N / D: "Phoenix", 1997, p. 302.

Whatever multi-solid social movements and organizations are, they all are somehow intended to perform two main tasks: a) the expression and implementation of group interests; b) ensuring the participation of members of a group or community in the management of public affairs and self-government, and therefore, in the implementation of the principles of democracy (democracy). From here and the deep reasons for the emergence of public movements and organizations: the dissatisfaction of the Group needs and interests through the activities of public authority institutions and political parties, the presence of the authorities that are not solved by the structures and management of economic and sociocultural problems.

The presence of a variety of social needs and interests in itself does not lead to the emergence of public movements and organizations. The factor of interest works precisely when: "... First, the state of unsatisfactory interests is fixed in the public consciousness; secondly, certain ideas in the mass consciousness about the content of group interests and their satisfaction are satisfied; Thirdly, the need for a significant part of various groups and layers of the people participate in the adoption of social and political decisions related to the implementation of interests; Finally, fourthly, in the presence of relevant democratic structures in the political system. In general, public and socio-political movements and organizations arise on the basis of socio-group interests, subject to the development of the self-consciousness of certain public groups implemented in public activity related to the satisfaction of these interests "Mirchin D.P. Fundamentals of political science: course of lectures. Rostov N / D: "Phoenix", 1997, p. 303.

In difficult, difficult times, people impregnated with ideological contradictions are first grouped into protest movements and organizations, then there are already folk fronts, associations, mass movements, and within systemic state, party, trade union and youth structures: independent trade union organizations, aged, Different groups of deputies. In the future, the integration of movements and organizations that have formed both outside and within the political system are occurring. Moves such as: "Democratic Russia", "United Front of Workers" and others.

Habermas Jürgen, a famous German philosopher, sociologist and political thinker. In his writings paid great attention to social science, attached no less to the language. The problem of socio-political practice has reduced them to the problem of mutual understanding, the language of political power, party, social groups, and so on. In his ideas or in other concepts, there is a socio-political orientation. Also, Habermas Jurgen attached great importance to the ideological and political superstructure. He tried to find out what principles the action of domination is based on, abstractly represented as the relationship between Mr. and Slave. Withdrawing this scheme to all the issues of public life, he with its help tried to explain the mechanisms that should ensure the preservation and stability of society.

"The main problem, in his opinion, is that the distribution of the surplus product is resting on the privileged assimilation of the socially produced wealth of the dominant layers of society. At the same time, an unequal distribution should have a "legalized" appearance and fixed in the system of legal norms. As soon as the faith in the legitimacy of the existing order for any reason is reduced, the force is released, latently hidden in the system of institutions, which can lead to sharp social disagreements, conflicts, crisis. To avoid such a development of events, it is necessary to establish an order that should be based on the corresponding distribution of power "political encyclopedia. In 2 tons / nat. Societies. - scientific fund; Hands. Project G.Yu. Semigin; Scientific. - Red. Soviet: before Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Thought, 1999, pp. 575 .. Non-state public movement Organization

In the 1980s, Habermas Jürgen developed ideas about instrumental and communicative action in the two-volume "Communicative Action Theory". "Under the communicative action, Habermas understands such an impact of individuals, which is ordered according to the standards adopted for the obligatory. If the instrumental action is focused on success, then communicative - on mutual understanding of existing individuals, their consensus. It implies the coordination of the effort "political encyclopedia. In 2 tons / nat. Societies. - scientific fund; Hands. Project G.Yu. Semigin; Scientific. - Red. Soviet: Prev. Council G.Yu. Semigin. - M.: Thought, 1999, pp. 575.

Also, according to his ideas, the communicative effect is a means of social interaction and serves to form solidarity. Throughout the theoretical activities of Habermas, all similar themes crossed each other and became parts of the created by him and the constantly improved large-scale theory of communicative action.

In general, the concept of "socio-political movements" covers various associations of citizens, associations, unions, fronts that are not directly in state and party structures, but are in one way or another to the subjects of political life, combining in varying degrees of cooperation, opposition and criticism, opposition and struggle towards state institutions and political parties. This concept covers a wide range of unification - from the direct impact on the adoption of political decisions, distinguished by a high level of organization, structure, up to a purely political, not having a clear organized nucleus. This variety is a certain difficulty in typing the movements, the analysis of the causes of their occurrence, ideological and political position, social base, relationship with the authorities. At the same time, it is possible to allocate the most common signs of social and political movements that distinguish them from the parties.

The ideological and political orientation of movements is much wider and vague, and the goals are much more and more specifically than the parties. This allows you to participate in the movement of people with different political views, but supporting a specific political goal, for which the solution is created and acting. This causes the ability of movements to acquire great scope.

In motions, as a rule, there is no unified program, the charter. They are distinguished by the inconstancy of the number of participants. Movements usually do not have a strong center, a single structure, discipline. The core of movements can be both independent initiative groups and committees or commissions created by parties. They rely on unorganized masses, can also be supported by various public organizations and autonomous associations of some parties. In general, the basis of movements are solidarity and voluntary of their participants.

Social and political movements seek to influence power, but they themselves, as a rule, do not seek power.

There are many types of socio-political movements:

• - in terms of relations to the existing system of movement are conservative, reform and revolutionary;
• - according to an ideological basis - liberal-democratic, conservative, socialist;
• - on the national basis - national liberation, for self-determination of the nation, cultural and national autonomy, etc.;
• - on demographic sign - youth, student, etc.;
• - on scale - international, regional, in the country, state, republic;
• - According to methods and methods of action - legal illegal, formal, informal, focused on peaceful or violent action.

Social and political movements perform important functions:

• - the interests, mood of wide heterogeneous segments of the population are condensed:
• - put forward goals, develop ways to achieve them;
• - create a large political force focused on solving a specific political task;
• - Guilty by mass performances, organize non-violent, and sometimes violent performances.

The second half and especially the end of the 20th century is characterized by growth and effort the role of socio-political movements, which indicates the involvement of a huge number of people in politics.

There are various options for the relationship between socio-political movements with parties.

Independent socio-political movements do not enter into any relations with the parties. This is happening when the participants in the movements, having some political interest, at the same time not satisfied with the activities of the parties. Many participants in the movements do not want to associate themselves with the party.

The creation of some movements is initiated by a party or battery block in order to involve wide masses of non-partisan in the fight for the political task.

Parties can take control, head of movements (for example, behind the echrical mass protest performances, the social environment of which are the least socially protected layers, can stand parties that adhere to the strategy of destabilization of the public system).

Among the variety of social movements, the following typology is distinguished, using a socio-class feature as a criterion: - Movements having a pronounced class character;

• - Movements having a pronounced interclass character, or extraxislass (national liberation anti-class, environmental, etc.).
• - Movements expressing the interests of the social layer, a clearly separate professional group (intelligentsia, military, doctors, lawyers create their own social movements). In this case, the layers or groups can act like the class, i.e. Create political movements expressing their group aspirations.

In relation to the existing system, it is allocated: conservative, reformist, revolutionary, counter-revolutionary movements.

Depending on the extent, the form of the organization's organization is distinguished: natural (existing, as a rule, not long); Weakly organized (massive democratic movements are highly organized (protruding with common ideas reflected in the programs legally executed, have the structure and functions regulated by the relevant documents).

Consequently, public organizations and movements refer to the subjects of policies. We can talk about their political subjectivity when they are capable of conscious actions aimed at meeting the needs and interests of social groups, we will glad about political processes. The significance of public organizations and movements is closely related to their political role in society. "Public organizations and movements in the political system are clearly allocated, first of all, as organizations of non-government or exemption, differing from other elements of the political system with the non-party activity and a broad social base. Public organizations and movements, being the foundation of civil society, became a factor in public changes, a means of public control, make order in public life. The political role of public organizations and movements is determined by the situation when the requirement of specialization is growing organizational structures States and there is a growing expectation from both the state, and various groups of the population that public organizations and movements can promote democratization and counteract the bureaucratization of political life.

Typology Public movements can be carried out on various reasons. According to targets and areas of activity, anti-war, environmental, female, youth movement, movement for racial and national equality, movement in protecting consumers, religious movements and many others.

In relation to the existing system, social movements are divided into revolutionary, counter-revolutionary, reformist, conservative, reactionary; According to methods and methods of action - for violent and non-violent.

Public movements can be formed on various social basis. Some of them, for example, anti-war, environmental, national liberation movement, are an inter-class (extraclassic) character. Others have a pronounced socio-class character - workers, peasant, bourgeois movements, as well as the movements of the intelligentsia, farmers, small owners. Public movements can be grouped and in use-aging signs - youth, children's, female movement, the movement of pensioners, etc. According to a vocational sign, scientists, doctors, writers, etc. are created.

Dividing voluntary associations to public organizations and movements is largely conditional nature, and not always easily delimit them. Public movements as the organizational principles are strengthened, often become the basis for the formation of public organizations and even political parties. Thus, the development of the environmental movement led to the creation of various kinds of environmental unions and associations, and then parties "green" in many countries. Folk moves and fronts in a number former republics The USSR evolved and took shape into national democratic parties.

Functions of public organizations and movements

An important theoretical and practical importance is to identify the functions of public organizations and movements, since it helps to understand their place in the civil society system and legal state, as well as show forms, ways to manifest their activity.

The main, common for all public organizations and movements of functions include:

• 1) Detection and satisfaction of interests and needs members of the union. People are united in organizing and movement in order to meet certain specific needs associated with professional affiliation, age characteristics, individual inclinations, etc. These interests initially can act in a very uncertain, personal and emotionally painted form. Public organizations and movements convert such vague views and opinions into clear requirements, the programs of this union, thereby contributing to the articulation of the interests of their members. Along with political parties, public organizations and movements decide to a certain extent and the task of aggregation of interests, i.e. Coordination through discussions of a variety of private requirements and establish a certain hierarchy and priorities between them. Special meaning This feature of social organizations and movements acquires in the conditions of an undeveloped party system.
• 2) Function social integration and mobilization Ensures the union and organization of members of the group and their supporters around the objectives of this formation. This feature can have a wider context that goes beyond the scope of a particular public Association. Public organizations and movements attract public attention to acute problems, put forward their solutions, achieve public support to their endeavors.
• 3) Socialization function. Attracting their members to solve socially significant problems, public organizations and movements contribute to the formation of their active life position, increase political education and culture, attracting citizens to government management and public affairs.
• 4) Representative function Or the function of representation and the protection of the interests of its members in relationships with other political institutions. Public organizations and movements not only contribute to the awareness and expression of the specific interests and needs of their members, but also the commitment of the representation of these interests, bringing the requirements of the Group to the attention of state bodies, political parties ruling elite.

Public movements, participating in public political activities, can perform the following functions:

• - to participate in the formation of state structures;
• - to participate in the discussion and making of political decisions;
• - to represent and protect the interests of citizens;
• - exercise social control;
• - form public opinion, etc.