The all-weather self-propelled anti-aircraft missile complex "ROLAND-2" with a radar tracking system was developed by Messerchmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (Germany) in conjunction with Aerospatiale-Matra (France) and is able to destroy the goals flying at speed to M \u003d 1.2 at altitudes from 15 m to 5.5 km and on the range from 500 m to 6.3 km. Initially, the complex was created for the needs of the Bundeswehr, however, in view of the explicit advantage of the new complex before the ROLAND-1, the command of the French army has decided to refit the part of its ROLAND-1 complexes in the Roland-2 option. Such an opportunity was provided for by the developers at the stage of creating the complex.
The ROLAND-2 SPC can be placed on various chassis: In France, the AMX-30 middle tank chassis, in the Bundesser - the chassis of the Marder infantry combat vehicle. The combat calculation of the SPC consists of three people: driver, commander and operator.
The layout of the ROLAND-2 SPC, as a whole, is similar to the layout of the ROLAND-1 SPC. On a unified rotating tower are installed: beams for placing rockets, antenna radar detection, antenna radar of the target and rocket, optical and infrared maintenance systems and antenna of the command transmitter. Inside the case of the starting setting, transmitters and receivers of radar detection of targets and radar RFS targets and rockets, a countable decisive device, a control panel, two revolving-type stores with eight rockets in transport and starting containers, a radio station, instrumentation and a power source are mounted. The guidelines of the containers with containers in the angular plane are automatically produced on the target support line, in the azimuthal plane - turning the tower.
From its prototype, the ROLAND-2 SPC is distinguished by the presence of RLS accompaniment of the target and rocket, which ensures the functioning of the complex at any time of the day, regardless of weather conditions.
SPK "ROLAND-2" leads shooting the same rockets as the ROLAND-1 SPC. The solid fuel rocket has its own weight of 62.5 kg, the weight of the fragoration-cumulative combat part is 6.5 kg, including 3.3kg of an explosive. In addition to the contact fuse, the BC also has a radio drive, providing triggering at a distance of up to 4 m from the target. The separation radius of 65 fragments is about 6 m. The rocket is located in a sealed transport and starting container (TPK) and does not require inspections and inspections. The weight of the oven TPK is 85 kg, the length is 2.6 m, the diameter is 0.27 m. The duration of the solid fuel starting rocket engine type Snpe Roubaix with a burden of 1600 kg is 1.7 s, it disperses the rocket to a speed of 500 m / s. Snpe Lampyre Marsh Rocket Engine has a duration of 13.2 s. The maximum rocket speed is achieved at the end of the engine. The minimum flight time required for the output of the rocket to the trajectory is 2.2 s. The flight time is maximum range - 13-15 s.
The guidance of the rocket on the target can be made using an optical infrared sight, while the deviations of Zur from the specified course are entered into a decisive statement, and the guidance commands are automatically transmitted on board the rockets by the commands by the command. It is also possible to guide with a two-channel monoimpulse radar of the maintenance of the target and rocket. The transmitter of this radar is assembled on magnetron. To reduce the effects of reflections from local items, the station uses Doppler filtering of reflected signals. The parabolic antenna is gyrostabirovated in azimuth and angle of space and has a 2 ° radiation diagram in azimuth and 1 ° at the corner of the place. The resolution of the range station is 0.6 m. In the process of combat work, it is possible to quickly switch the guidance modes, which significantly increases the noise immunity of the ROLAND-2 complex.
The support radar is mounted on the front side of the chassis, it is a two-channel mono-pulse Doppler station type Thomson-CSF Domino 30. One channel is accompanied by a target, and the second is captured by the microwave source (transmitter) on the rocket. After the start of the IR range finder, located on the accompaniment RLS antenna, is used to capture the rocket on the range of 500-700 m, since the narrow RLS of the maintenance of escorts on these distances is only formed. Information about the deviation of the rocket from the line of sight (antenna-target) is converted by a countable decisive device to the command to deviate rocket steering, as when working in optical mode.
In both modes, the initial automatic detection of targets occurs with the help of a pulsed Doppler Review RLS type Siemens MPDR-16 D-range, the antenna of which rotates at a speed of 60 rpm. Review RLS has the ability to detect also hanging helicopters. When the target is detected, it is recognized using the Siemens MSR-40015 (on the German chassis) or LMT NRAI-6A (French chassis), and then on the commander commander SPC it is captured.
To check the combat vehicles of the complex (except Zur), serves control and verification equipment, which for 10 seconds detects malfunction.
The rates of the complex (from the alarm to start zur) during the shelling of the first goal of 8-12 seconds. Preparation processes for starting and starting Zur, occupying about 1 sec, automated. Taking into account the time for recharging and preparing the start of the subsequent rocket, the shooting pace is 2 secrets / min.
In Germany, anti-aircraft missile shelves of cabinet subordination are armed with anti-aircraft complexes "ROLAND-2". Each regiment has six fire batteries for six launchers each. In the French army, the complexes "ROLAND-2" are equipped with anti-aircraft missile shelves of the division and cabinet subordination (there is eight "ROLAND-1" SPC and eight SPK "ROLAND-2"). It is believed that each regiment is able to ensure reliable air defense unit with an area of \u200b\u200bup to 100 km2 or on a route of a length of up to 20 km.
Tactical and technical characteristics of the ROLAND-2 SPC:
Firing distance, M: minimum - 500, Maximum - 6200-6300;
The height of the target of the target, M: minimum - 15, the maximum - 5500;
Rocket "Roland":
Starting mass, kg: 66,5;
Length, mm: 2400;
Wingspan, mm: 500;
Maximum case diameter, mm: 160;
Maximum flight speed, m / s: 560;
Startup on the chassis "Marder":
The weight of the launcher, kg: 32500;
Crew, people: 3;
Pressure on the soil, kg / cm2: 0.93;
Length, M: 6,915;
Width, M: 3,24;
The height in the march position (the antenna is complex), M: 2.92;
Clearance, m: 0.44;
Maximum speed on the highway, km / h: 70;
Power reserve, km: 520;
The height of the overcome obstacle, m; 1.5
Short description
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Self-propelled SPC "Roland", developed since 1961, together with France and Germany, was first created as non-disgraced, semi-automatic (Roland I SPC). At the expense of retrofitting (which increased the cost of the complex by 40%) is developed by the All-University, automatic-semi-automatic version "Roland II".
Both modifications of the SPC were tested in 1971, the supply of them in the troops is planned in 1974-1975 RR.
Work is underway (the term of completion is scheduled for 1974) to accommodate the Roland II complex on vehicles of various displacements. This modification of the SPK is called "Roland IIM".
Roland SPC is intended for the shelling of targets flying at a speed of up to 440 m / s in the height range from 0.015 to 3 km on the range from 0.5 to 6 km. The estimated probability of damage to one rocket target flying at a rate of 300 m / s, not less than 0.5 at the probability of direct hit 0.16-0.25.
The combat facilities of Roland I complexes (Fig. 46, a) and "Roland II" are placed in the body of a self-evidence, as well as inside the rotating tower and on it.
Their detection and target design systems are the same and include: radar detection, the means of selection of moving purposes, identification means and means of targeting.
The pulse-doppler discovery radar has a range of 15 km. Its antenna rotates regardless of the tower of a self-tower at a speed of 60 rpm. On the march, the antenna can be fixed in a hiking. Time detection target no more than 4 seconds.
The means of targeted in the unwilling part of the sample, include a countable decisive fire control unit and the control panel, serviced by the SPC commander.
The control panel has a circular view indicator screen with an applied scale, which displays the air situation, which makes the commander to choose the target for the shelling. The formation, location and movement on the display icons screen provides a countable decisive fire control device that receives information about the air atmosphere from radar detection.
The commander selects a target for shelling by combining the marker with its mark on the indicator screen. This leads to an automatic reversal of the tower in the direction that allows you to start work with the management of Zur.
To unload the commander (no need to follow the screen all the time) there is a sound alarm - when the target appears, the alarm is distributed. Removal or target approximation is fixed by tone of the signal.
The means of controlling Zur, mounted mainly in the tower, include: RLS accompanying targets and zur (in Roland II), a binocular optical sight, an infrared direction finder (goniometer), a countable decisive device for developing teams of guidance and a radiocomand transmission station on board Zur (All-in both modifications of the SPC).
RLS auto repair targets and zur is used to ensure all-weather shooting complex. Its antenna is located under the antenna radar detection. Accompaning Zur contributes to the defendant (Radiomayak) placed on its board.
An optical sight is used in unbalanced shooting for manual accompaniment target. It has two increasing degrees: six- and twelvethic. Simulation with human participation has shown that the sight can provide manual support of a fart-point target with a rms of mean-square error 2-3 m.
The infrared direction finder, mounted in the sight and coaxial with it, is used for non-vertical shooting. It serves to measure the angular mismatches between the flying zur and the optical axis of the sight, directed by the operator on the target. For this, the direction finder automatically accompanies the rocket traceser, passing the results into the counting device of the guidance.
According to information from the RLS accompanying the goal and Zur (at all-weather shooting) or from the sight and direction finder (in case of non-vertical shooting), the decisive device develops teams to guide ZUR according to the "Objective covering" method.
These commands through the antenna of the radio command transmission station at a frequency of over 11,500 MHz are transmitted on board Zur.
The starting setting of both modifications of the "Roland" SPC with variable starting angles into two rockets in the transport and starting containers. It is mounted on independent horizontal axes on the sides of the tower in the form of two beam holders for containers. The guidelines of holders with containers in the angular plane is automatically coaxially coaxed with the line support line, in the azimuthal plane - turning the tower.
Automatic installation of the launcher is executed within 10 seconds by the commander command by capturing a beam-holder (which pre-recesses the released container) of the next container from the store. These operations beam holders can be made independently of each other.
Shops have two. They are located on the sides in the Samochode Corps. Everyone accommodates four containers from Zur, providing hydraulic equipment to their vertical movement for the next charge.
Zur "Roland" is united for both modifications of the complex. It is a supersonic, single-stage, crusher, has gas-dynamic control, is equipped with a starting (with an intense case) and Marsh Republic of RDTT. Its flight on the maximum range and height occurs when the engine is running (active flight).
The weight of zur in the cylindrical fiberglass container is 85 kg (tolerate its two people). The starting weight of the rocket is 64 kg, the length is 2.4 m, the body diameter is 0.16 m, the span of the tail surfaces in flight is 0.5 m.
Still aerodynamic surfaces are open in flight springs. The tail surfaces are strengthened at an angle to the longitudinal axis of Zur, which ensures its rotation at a speed of 5 rp / s.
The combat part of the rocket weighs about 5.8 kg. It is a design with radially arranged cumulative charges and is equipped with three types of explosion devices: shock and two non-contact - infrared and radio visitor (the last for all-weather shooting). There is a lack of non-contact fuses from the surface of the earth (water) when shooting for targets flying at extremely small heights.
The onboard radio receiver is made on transistors. Its antennas are mounted in the rear parts of tail aerodynamic surfaces.
Starting RDTT with an intense casing has two nozzles. Its fuel (13.2 kgf) is placed around the gas circuit of the marching engine. For 2 seconds, it disperses zur to a speed of about 580 m / s.
Marsh Republican RDTT (weight of fuel 13.7 kgf, the time of operation is about 10 seconds) has one nozzle. Deviation of the jet of gases expiring from this nozzle provides gas-dynamic flight control Zur.
In 1967, it was reported that in Germany for missiles of this type, work is underway on the EDS of the ampule filling fuel.
The rocket placed in a sealed transport and starting container does not require inspections and inspections.
The combat calculation of self-propelled SPR "Roland" consists of three people: driver, commander and gunner.
To check the combat vehicles of the complex (except Zur), serves control and verification equipment, which for 10 seconds detects malfunction.
Scheme of the sequence of work and interaction of combat APC "Roland" as follows.
The detection radar leads a circular overview of the space when finding a complex on site or in motion.
With the sound signal about the appearance of the target (goals) in the RLS zone of the detection, the SPC commander starts monitoring the marks on the circular view indicator screen. By turning on the kit, the target identifies the target, selects one of them for the shelling, combining the marker with its mark on the screen. For a more accurate shooting, gives a short stop command, although it is possible to shoot and in motion.
In case of non-vertical shooting of the "Roland" (I and II) complexes, manipulating the handle, produces a search for a goal, mainly in the angular plane, using a smaller increase in the sight (4 second search time). The goal is "captured" into the sight, and the gunner leads her manual accompaniment until the rocket is met with her, gradually changing the increase of sight to the maximum.
With the All-weather shooting of the Roland II complex, the operations described performs automatically radar support for the target and zur.
As soon as the commander sees on the screen that the goal entered the start zone, he launches Zur, and he continues to monitor marks from other purposes, information about which is updated every second (with each turnover of radar detection antenna). Thereby saving time to the shelling of the next goal.
The rates of the complex (from the alarm to start zur) during the shelling of the first goal of 8-12 seconds.
Preparation processes for starting and starting Zur, occupying about 1 sec, automated. After 2 seconds after the departure of the rocket from the container, its aerodynamic surfaces are revealed and the Marsh Republic of RDTt starts working, providing the possibility of gas-dynamic flight control zur.
In case of non-vertical shooting, the infrared direction finder automatically accompanies the Zur traceser until it meets it with the goal. This ensures the development of the guidance commands, which are transmitted by the station transfer station on board Zur, where they are implemented.
With all-weather shooting, the direction finder also automatically performs the RLS of the accompaniment of the target and Zur.
If the battle part of the rocket did not explode from the target, Zur automatically self-independently, as soon as the fuel of the Martha RDTT will be fused. Self-destruction can be produced "and before a special radio command from the Earth.
The ship variant of the Roland IIM complex differs little from self-propelled "Roland II". It uses other stores (drum and mine with a lift), and they are adjusted to eight containers; The design of the container is changed (thermal insulation and protection of zur from radioactive radiation); Several changes in the launcher.
On the ship SPK "Roland IIM" is mounted in the tower (weight with a 8720 kg shop), served two calculation numbers. It is intended for autonomous
Combat use (mainly) and for use in cooperation with other armament of the ship by teams from the central point of the control of fire.
The Roland's anti-aircraft missile complex was developed jointly by France and Germany specialists to combat opponent's air equipment for a distance of 6 km at a flight height within 3 km. The basic chassis for the launchers of the complex served as the French battle tank AMX-30. In a single node on the start-up installation: RLS of detection of air targets (range of 15-18 km), RLS target support (available only in Rand-2 SPC, its range is adequate to the range of the above station), optical sight, computer guidance system Two automatically managed guides on which one rocket is placed. Inside the installation there are two drums (each with four rockets), a power source, a start-up control panel and control instrument. The combat mass of the installation is about 33 tons, the crew is three people (aerobody operator, commander operator and mechanic driver), there is protection against electromagnetic and infrared emissions. Taking into account the time for recharging and preparing the start of the subsequent rocket, the shooting pace is 2 secrets / min.
In the mid-1980s, anti-aircraft missile complexes of two types were in service with France's air defense systems: "Roland-1" SPR - for the defeat of air targets in conditions of good visibility and "Roland-2" - all-weather (from 180 SPM 100 are all-weather).
An anti-aircraft missile regiment of Roland SPC is designed to ensure the air defense of the compounds and parts of the first echelon of the army corps on the range of up to 6 km and altitudes up to 3 km. It can be used by the commander both in full, and rarely depending on the task being solved. As part of the Army Corps of France, there are two types of such regiments - an anti-aircraft rocket and anti-aircraft missile-artillery.
An anti-aircraft missile regiment consists of a battery of management and maintenance, four fire batteries. In the shelf of 980 people, 32 PU Zur "Roland", 32 armored personnel carriers VAB and 184 cars of various purposes.
An anti-aircraft missile-artillery regiment (Roland SPC and anti-aircraft artillery, Fig. 3) Includes battery and maintenance batteries, three fire batteries SPC and SSS battery. In the shelf there are 24 PU Zur "Roland", 12 30 mm of anti-aircraft self-propelled installations, 24 BTR VAB and 150 cars. The number of personnel of the shelf 980 people (in the shelves of both types it is envisaged to have two backup launchers Zur and two armored personnel carriers).
The main combat unit of the regiments are the batteries of the Roland Sprink, consisting of two platforms (in each four launchers). The platoon provides anti-heart defense (cover) of a plot of 100 km2 and up to 12 km route when marsham. Running launchers usually act on a distance of 3-4 km one from another. Each anti-aircraft missile regiment of Roland, according to Western Print, is able to provide an air cover of two shelves of the first echelon, leading offensive or defensive actions.
Information sources
A.Tolin "Artillery anti-aircraft installations". Foreign Military Review No. 1, 1985
(Germany, France)
In 1964, the French company Aerospatiale and the German Messenchmitt-Bolkow-Blohm (MVV) began working together to create a set of air defense intended for the destruction of targets at small heights. In the future, the complex got the name "Roland". The French company Aerospatiale became the head performer of the non-versatile version of the complex "ROLAND 1", and MVV (the current name of the company - DASA) began to develop the All-weather version of the complex - "Roland 2". Now a joint company, and this is Euromissile (Eurobake), offers on the market of the rocket of this system and the current version of the complex - "Roland 3".
The first tests of the Roland complexes for the German armed forces were held in 1978, they went to replace 40-mm anti-aircraft guns of L / 70 type Bofors. In 1981, the German Armed Forces officially received 140 air defense systems "Roland". The first combat payments were preparing at the School of Air Defense in the city of Rendsburg in 1980. In 1981, the 100th regiment of the German army began re-equipment, then in 1982 re-re-remedied by the 200th regiment and in July 1983 - 300- I regiment. Every regiment had one control battery, three
fire batteries (each 12 fire nodes) and one battery provider. In the German army, the Roland complex is located on the Marder 1 chassis, manufactured by Thyssen Henshel.
In December 1983, the Roland 3 complex (stationary version) was chosen to protect NATO airbases (USA and Germany) placed in Germany. In total, 95 fire nodes were delivered, of which 2 were covered with 3 US airbases, 60 - 12 German airfields, the remaining 8 fire nodes were used to teach. All 95 complexes served German combat calculations. 20 complexes "Roland" were intended to protect the three airfields of German aviation Germany.
Deliveries of the Roland complex by types of Armed Forces
Subsequently, the complex was installed on the all-terrain vehicle (wheel formula 8x8) of the company MAN, which had a number of advantages, such as a new triple cabin. In February 1988, AEG supplied the first fire management system in German Air Union. A total of 21 sets were supplied.
SPK "ROLAND 3"
Two-coordinate races with a linear-frequency modulated signal can be distinguished by a helicopter aircraft, as well as detect anti-cancent missiles (ARM - Anti-Radiation Missile) and hung helicopters. The maximum angle of space in the view of the space is 60 ° from the smallest heights to the height of B km. Range of range detection range with effective reflective surface 1 m 2 ranges from 46 to 60 km.
The antenna is mounted on a mast, hydraulically raised to a height of 12 m. The fully antenna system is unfolded and is in combat readiness in 15 minutes.
Two jobs are deployed in the operator section of the stationary version of the complex, one - to analyze the air situation, the second - for operational management. Two other sections are an electronic complex and a complex of protection systems with a cooled transmitter, air conditioning.
The command item (FGR) detects targets (this allows the "Roland" complex not to include its own survey races, thereby increasing its vitality), processes information on the target and displays it on the air situation indicator with the indication of the threat type. Commander of the command post chooses one of his means of defeat. Up to 40 rocket and anti-aircraft systems may be closed on the CP. Branched radio network and cable lines allow you to transfer all the information on the target (issuance of target designation) on the selected weapon system so that timely detection and capture of the goal for escorting occurred. The target designation and the exchange of information with the selected fire system are transmitted over radio or wired communication lines. SEL SEM 80, SEM 90 or field phones are used to transfer speech information. The data exchange cycle is two seconds.
For the joint combat use of the Roland and Gepard complexes in the German armed forces, the HFlaafusys type is used. It includes races on the armored chassis Marder 1 ICV with a hydraulic tower (folded in half). From above placed a rotating antenna of races, allowing three times to increase the range of direct visibility. The calculation of this command center consists of four people. Equipment - Indicator and electronic equipment radar MPDR 3002-S 2D E-band, requester "Alien" type DII 211 (former MSR400 / 9), two operator workplaces, a computing system for an analysis of the air situation, communication system, power supply, cooling Systems and hydraulic equipment. There is a private navigation system for accurate top acceptance.
Tests of standard radar on the TUR chassis were completed at the end of 1988, and they began on the first prototype at the end of 1981
Supplies to the Roland complex
Note. In addition to 3770 rockets of the Roland 2 complex, mod.5 Germany has about 1030 RO.LAND 3 missiles that are in service with the Air Force.
Currently, the Roland 2 complex is able to destroy the goals flying at speeds to ML, 2 at altitudes from 10 m to 5.5 km and on the range from 500 m to 6.3 km.
The complex has optical and radar combat operation modes. In the process of combat work, it is possible to quickly switch the modes.
In both modes, the initial detection of the target occurs with the help of a pulsed Doppler Review RLS of the Siemens MPDR 16 D-band type rotating at a speed of 60 rpm / min and automatically detecting the target.
RLS has the ability to detect also hanging helicopters. When the target is detected, it is identified using the Siemens MSR-40015 (on the German chassis) or LMT NRAI-6A (French chassis), and then it is captured on support or RLS accompaniment (radar mode), or using an operator using an operator using the operator Optical system (optical mode).
In the optical mode, the rocket is prevailing the operator aiming line as follows. The sight measures the angular target rate, the IR range is determines the deviation of the rocket relative to the guidance line. Using this data, the computer calculates the required guidance commands that are transmitted to the radio rocket. The signals are accepted by a rocket, and the corresponding deviation of its steering wheel occurs.
The support radar is mounted on the front side of the chassis, it is a two-channel mono-pulse Doppler station type Thomson-CSF Domino 30. One channel is accompanied by a target, and the second is captured by the microwave source (transmitter) on the rocket.
Complex "Roland-3" on the basis of the American caterpillar conveyor M548
After the start of the IR range finder, located on the RLS Accounting Antenna, is used to capture the rocket on the range of 500-700 m, since the narrow ray of the support radar is only formed on these distances. The second channel of accompaniment is designed to guide the rocket by transferring commands to its board. Information about the deviation of the rocket from the line of sight (antenna-target) is converted by a computer to the command to deviate rocket steering, as when working in optical mode.
As mentioned above, it is possible to switch from the optical guidance mode to radar and back. In these situations, the goal must be accompanied by fire nodes. Thereby significantly increases the noise immunity of the Roland complex.
Two-stage solid fuel rocket has its own weight of 66.5 kg, of which the combat part is 6.5 kg, including 3.3 kg of explosive, which detonates from contact or non-contact fuses. The maximum stripping radius of 65 fragments is about 6 m plus the impact effect of the explosive wave. The rocket has a cruising velocity M1,6, the length is 2.4 m, the scope of the wings - 0.5 m, its diameter is 0.16 m. The rocket is in the container (TPK), which is used to start it. The weight of the exhaust TPK is 85 kg, the length is 2.6 m, the diameter is 0.27 m.
The duration of the SNPE Roubaix solid fuel missile accelerator with a product of 1600 kg is 1.7 s, it disperses the rocket to 500 m / s.
SNPE LAMPYRE rocket engine has a load duration of 13.2 s, is located ahead of the accelerator, turns on 0.3 s after the ease of the accelerator. The maximum rocket speed is achieved at the end of the engine. The minimum flight time required for the output of the rocket to the trajectory is 2.2 s. The maximum flight time is 13-15 s.
Two rockets are constantly ready for the launch, and the remaining 8 rockets are located in the stores of the revolving type (in each 4 rocket).
The upgraded rocket of the Roland 3 complex has an increased flight speed (570 m / s compared with 500 m / s) and lesion range (8 km instead of 6.3 km). It was adopted in 1989 and while maintaining the former sizes of the rocket has a combat part weighing 9.2 kg, which contains 5 kg of explosive and 84 fragments to increase affecting action.
The improved contact fuse is connected to a new fragmentary combat part that has a maximum speed of separation of fragments of 5000 m / s (increased by 2.5 times compared to the Roland 2 rocket). This increases the striking radius of fragments. The maximum flight time is approximately 16 s, the weight of the rocket is 75 kg, and in the composition of the container - 95 kg.
The time of the new rocket accelerator is determined by the minimum effective lesion range (500 m), but at the same time, the maximum height of affected goals was increased by 500 m, and it constitutes 6 km. Also increased the value of the overload of the target (up to 9g), in which the rocket will destroy it on the far boundary of the lesion zone.
The preparation time for the first rocket launch is six seconds, for the second start, depending on the type of purpose, it is necessary from two to six seconds. Recharge time of the rocket from the revolving store is six seconds. New ammunition rockets can be charged for 2-5 minutes.
If you need to cover airbases or other important objects, eight Roland complexes can be combined into a single air defense system, as is done in Germany. Up to 6 complexes "Roland" can interact with each other, forming a network of mutual cover. Anti-aircraft drugs and portable SPCs can take information on all purposes detected and accompanied by the Roland complex.
In 1988, the French and German Ministry of Defense adopted a program for the modernization of air defense systems "Roland" in order to extend their operation until 2010
It is planned to replace an existing optical sight to the optoelectronic integrated Glaive sight, providing the third mode (IR) of the work of a setting complex, as well as simplifying the human and machine interface by using microprocessors placed in the cabin, and computer equipment known under the BKS-system sector.
In 1992, Euromissile created the prototype of the air defense complex - "Roland M3S", which was intended for export. He was offered to Thailand and Turkey to create an air defense system at low heights.
The Roland M3S complex has the Dssault Electronique Rodeo 4 (or Thomson-CSF) radar and can be served by one person, although two people are required to maintain long fighting.
The operator can select any detection mode, for example, radar, TV or optical. The standard weapon of the Roland M3S complex consists of four Roland missiles, combat and disposed on the starting unit. Other types of missiles are used, such as two Matra missiles. Four Rockets of CRKK "Stinger" can also be mounted or new Rockets VT-1 complex "Crod".
The complex "Roland" was in the National Guard of the US Army, but was removed from the combat composition in September 1988
The complex "Roland" is in service with a number of countries. Brazil received 4 complex "Roland 2" Marder from Germany along with 50 rockets. In 1984, the Spanish Ministry of Defense chose the "Roland" complex to equip its mobile batteries of a small air defense unit, a contract was signed to integrate and co-produce this weapon system (9 non-suspension complexes and 9 all-weather on the AMX-30 MW chassis with 414 rockets).
Argentina used in the Falkland War of 1982 to protect the city of Port Wall from the UK air strikes of the United Kingdom stationary version of the Roland complex. It was released from 8 to 10 missiles and shot down by one SEA Harrier aircraft and two 454-kilogram bombs. During the landing of the British troops, the complex was captured intact.
Iraq also used its Roland complexes in the war against Iran.
Number of "Roland" complexes in different countries of the world
In November 1986, the Army of Qatar placed an order for three batteries of three complexes in each. One battery used the chassis of the AMX-30 type, and the two remaining - stationary type. The supply and training of combat settlements ended in 1989. In the early 1991, the Roland complex (on the chassis and stationary) was used by Iraq in the 1991 war against coalition forces (the "Storm in the Desert" operation). It is believed that "ROLAND" complexes have shot down two Tornado aircraft.
Tactical and technical characteristics of missiles
"Roland 2" "Roland 3" maximum lesion range, km 6.3 8.0
Defeat height, km: maximum 5.5 6.0
minimum 0.01 0,01
Length, m 2.4 2.4
Diameter, m 0.16 0,16
Wingspan, m 0.5 0.5
Mass, kg 66,5 75.0
Mass of combat part, kg 6.5 9.5
Type of combat part of a fragant-fuz
with contact and non-contact fuses Method of guiding missile team guidance
Maximum speed, m / s 500 570
Charging time (from shops), from 6 6
Tactical and technical characteristics of the chassis type "Marder 1"
Crew, person 3
Boat weight, kg 32 500
Pressure on the soil, kg / cm 2 0,93
Chassis length, m 6,915
Chassis width, m 3,24
Height (with a folded antenna), m 2.92
Clearance, m 0,44
Maximum speed on the highway, km / h 70
Fuel, L 652
Maximum range, km 520
The height of the overcome obstacle, M 1.5
Gradient, hail. 60.
Power supply, 24 Armament Paired launcher "Roland"
with two rockets, 7,62 mm machine gun
Lieutenant Colonel-engineer F. Viktorov
In the plans for further extension of the fire power of the land forces, the American command pays great attention to creating the latest means of combating low-fat air targets, in particular anti-aircraft missile systems (SPC) of a low-range.
The simulation of combat operations conducted by foreign specialists has shown that the air defense of the land forces is more effective if it is the basis of anti-aircraft missile systems, which are used in conjunction with anti-aircraft artillery and fighter aircraft.
In foreign press, it is reported that the SPC currently consisting of American land forces is not effective in the fight against air targets flying at extremely low altitudes, and small-caliber anti-aircraft guns and portable zuro systems like "Red a ah" are inappropriate to use for firing More than 2000 m. Therefore, in order to create a solid zone of air defense, it is considered necessary to have a SPC, affecting targets flying at altitudes from extremely small to 6 km and on the range of up to 10 km. According to the US Army specialists, such complexes must meet the following basic requirements: in any conditions, ensure a high probability of damage to all air targets, the speed of which M \u003d 2, and the effective reflection surface of more than 0.1 m2; To be in constant readiness to evaluate the air situation and detect goals while driving; have an identification equipment "your own strangers"; Possess low reaction time, high mobility and aerotransportability. In addition, it is required that the maintenance of such complexes is simple, and their serial production is relatively cheap.
Work on the creation of the SPC, which meets the above requirements, in the United States under the ShORAD program (Short Range Air Defence), which provides for the purchase in European countries of the newest samples of a small range, conducting their comparative tests, the choice of a better option and improving it in accordance with The latest requirements of the Pentagon, as well as mass production and supply of the selected system of troops.
American experts conducted comparative tests of the Franco-West German SPC "Roland" 2, French "Crod" and English "Rapier". The best results at the same time showed the complex "Roland" 2. As reported in foreign press, from the seven real launches Zur "Roland" 2 six were successful. The equipment of this complex ensured the detection, identification and maintenance of more than 600 air targets flying with speeds of 25- 400 m / s at altitudes from several tens of meters to 3 km.
After completion of comparative tests, the "Roland" 2 is chosen 2, and its production was charged with Hughes and Boeing firms. In January 1975, the Pentagon concluded with them the first contract for the amount of $ 180.6 million. According to this contract, during the 1975-1977, the complex is assumed to improve and conduct its comprehensive tests. The company "Hughes" was instructed by the manufacture of electron-optical sight, radar detection of air targets, radar of escort and other electronic equipment, as well as assembly Zur. Boeing must produce a launcher, fire control unit, command transmitter, combat part and rocket housing, indication systems and ground-based equipment for maintenance of the complex.
American experts plan to mount the SPK on the M553 Wheel Machine M553 with a lifting capacity of 8 tons. Analog computer will be replaced digital and add a miniature computer to calculate the range to the target and determining the launch moment of the rocket. Silent and verification equipment must comply with American standards. In the equipment will be used by the identification instrument of "its foreign" MK12 In addition, the weight of the SPC should not exceed 9 tons, which will allow it to be transported by one helicopter.
An order for mass production of a new SPC is planned to be issued in the second half of 1977, the receipt of the SPC in the troops is expected in 1978-1979. The leaders of the Pentagon believe that for the US land forces it is necessary to put 300 complexes and 6,000 missiles. It is assumed that the cost of the ShORAD program will amount to $ 1.45 billion, of which $ 133.4 million is intended for development and testing. It includes the amount of France and FRG for the acquisition of a license for the production of the complex and interest on the contracts signed by American firms. The program is fulfilled - ten years.
During this program, the Pentagon expects to expand military cooperation with France and FRG. In particular, it is assumed that the US ground troops will take part in the tests of the SPC together with FRG and France specialists on American and European polygons. The first joint tests of the "Roland" SPC will begin in 1976 at the Army Polygon Fort Bliss (Texas). It is planned to host nine launches of missiles on solitary and flying to the targets, in February 1976, tactical tests of the SPC were to begin in the French landfill. On the final test phase in the fall of 1977, 20-40 launches of rockets for supersonic goals in complex meteorological conditions and in the conditions of active radio persecution for these tests of the United States are distinguished by the MQM-34D landfill and targets, and European countries and rockets to them.
Foreign experts believe that the modified version of the Roland Pros 2 will be accepted by the land forces of other countries participating in the NATO aggressive block.
Foreign Military Review, 1976 , №3, p. 42-44
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