According to the social organization of society can be. Social organization

Among the elements of the society structure, an important place is owned by social organizations. Soc. Org. - a system of connections and relations that combine some number of individuals or groups of people to achieve certain purposes, i.e., an organization as an element of social. Structures. Social organization - One of the most complex social phenomena, which has its own specific structure. The main criterion for the structuring of social organizations is the degree of formalization, the ratio of formal and informal elements in them. Taking into account this criterion, organizations are different and informal. The formal organization in the literature is understood to understand the system (network) "of relations that are the officially established status structure, the program of activity and the totality of the norms and rules prescribed by this social organization." The basis of the formal organization is a division of labor associated with the specialization of the activities of officials. Each of them performs strictly defined functions in accordance with the position occupied. In his aggregate, these individuals constitute a special administrative apparatus, without which there is no formal organization. The main task of such an apparatus is to coordinate the actions of its members in order to preserve the organization. Formal. Organizes. incl. Exceptionally service links between individuals as vertically (submission, coented), so horizontally (cooperation). Bureaucracy is a form of organization of modern society, its management structures characterized by the strict regulation of relations between social institutions, groups and people, the strict hierarchy of power, an imperfaction of administrative activities, the existence of a privileged layer of employees who carry out power and domination in the organization . Unlike the formal, informal social organization is a spontaneously emerging system of social relations, norms, actions, which is the result of a long interpersonal or group communication. Informal relationships increase the effectiveness of the formal organization, since: a) smoothes a possible conflict between subordinates and superior officials; b) contribute to the cohesion of members of the organization; c) retain a sense of self-esteem of people, their individual integrity. Soc. Org. Har-Xia synergistic effect (the total energy of the organization exceeds the sum of the individual efforts of its subjects).

Typology social. Org-yy. A. I. Prigogin talking about four organizational formations in society: business, allied, andsocial organizations and settlements. Business organizations (enterprises, institutions) are primary organizational assemblies created by the state, local government, joint-stock companies, etc. For this organization, there may be state, municipal, private.

On the one hand, business organizations carry out social management and social control, on the other - work on the satisfaction of human needs in the field of production of consumption, recreation (recreation), treatment, education, education, socialization, etc. The second group of social organizations in their The "vertical" typology is allied, or public organizations. They are created to meet the diverse needs of people in communication, self-realization, and obtaining additional political legal, material and other possibilities of allied organizations are a form of public amateur and mass governments. Third type - associative organizations that have a number of signs of social organizations. But in general, it is rather social groups existing by mutual meeting the interests of their members. The feature of the functioning of associative organizations is the connectivity of the goals of each of the participants, in which it is not about their community and unity, but only that the purpose of one can act as a means to achieve the goal of another. Finally, the fourth type of social organization are settlements. As A. I. Prigogin believes, they have similarities with signs of organization similar to the Association and fulfill the important role of the association of people on any common territory for them to achieve the objectives of a particular nature.

Social management and management in organizations. The basis of the organization's functioning is the availability of management. With regard to a social organization, the concept of management is used in two aspects. First, we are talking about management in the organization itself. Secondly, it is refers to the management activities of the Organization in relation to any social communities, groups, processes, phenomena. Social administration itself is a targeted effect on society, its specific structures in order to regulate them, streamline, optimal development. Fundamentally abuse two methods of control as a focused impact: direct (through order) and mediated (through motivation and stimulation). However, the greatest effect of the organization is achieved when both of these methods are used as complementary. It has much depends on the management entity, including from the style of activity, which he seeks to apply in relations with managed people and structures (society, communities, social organizations). Management in the organization of incl. : Planning the activities, its foresight, organization of human and material and financial resources for its implementation, decision-making and disposal of orders based on them, adjustment and coordination of the actions of various participants in the management process, control over the achievement of the goals and the behavior of the members of the organization in accordance with accepted social norms. Speaking of management in an organization, it is necessary to imagine two types: external, centralized and internal, or self-government. The first view means managing organizations exempted from outside, that is, they are over their borders. A branch of the company located in Yekaterinburg is managed from its center located in Moscow; With all the advantages of centralized management (ferris latitude, accounting for the interests of the entire system, and not just this organization), it cannot know and take into account the full potential of this organization, to truly penetrate its needs to care. In this sense, the management carried out from the inside of the organization (self-government) is fruitful.

Soc. Org. - This is a system of relations that unite some number of individuals (groups) to achieve certain purposes. Within the framework of social Org. There are social. Groups, it draws them into the team. A. I. Prigogin determines collective As a group of people, together and coordinated, implementing a common goal.

Org. represents the highest level of development of social. Systems. In it, each member has its own position reflecting its position in the system of division of social labor; This is the institutional design of social. Differences formed in different spheres of vital activity.

Mandatory condition of social. Org. - Availability common goal.

The main features of the social Org.defining organizational order (prigox): 1) Org. At the same time, the means and tool for ensuring the functions of the association of people, regulating their activities for the fastest and efficient achievement of the goal; 2) This is a complex system of associated social. Positions and roles included in it members, cat. distributed according to the hierarchical staircase, respectively, roles and statuses; 3) Org. vertical are built (consists of control and controlled subsystems) and horizontally (regulated by the control system) based on division of labor; 4) the control subsystems form their mechanisms and means of regulation and control over the activities of various Org elements.

Efficiency social. Org. Explained to the emergence effect of synergiesThat is, an increase in additional energy exceeding the amount of the individual efforts of their participants.

Sovr. Ros. Sociologists allocate the following social types Org.: 1) business Org., Cat membership. Provides employees with means of existence (enterprises, corporations, firms, banks, etc.); 2) public Org., representing mass associations, membership in which allows to satisfy political, social, cultural, other needs (political parties, trade unions, etc.); 3) intermediate Org., Combining signs of business and public organizations (cooperatives, artel, partnerships, etc.); four) associativeorg. arising on the basis of mutual realization of interests (scientific school, clubs in interest, informal groups, etc.).

Typology org. by industry sign: industrial and economic, financial, administrative and administrative, research, educational, medical, sociocultural dr.

Most prison Typology Org: formal (focused on achieving enterprise goals, artificially and rigidly structured impersonal system for regulating business interactions, enshrined in regulatory documents) and informal (spontaneously emerging and operating in the org. at the level of small groups).

14. Sociological concept of personality. Personality structure

The problem of personality sociology is one of the most relevant themes of modern science, but still not yet sufficiently studied. The concept of "personality" is used both in scientific lithium and in everyday life. Sociologists are studying the most common, stable features assigned to it in the process of formation and manifested in socio-organized activities. From a sociological point of view, personality is simultaneously the product. relative and subject Society. Life.

The initial point in the study of this problem is to distinguish between the concepts of "man", "Individual", "individuality", "personality". These terms are close, but not identical. Human - The concept is the most common, it is "the highest stage of living organisms on Earth", the creature is biosocial. Individual It is understood as a person in itself, without interaction with other members of the SOC. Community. Individuality It can be determined as a set of features that distinguish one individual from the other, the differences are carried out at a very different levels - biochemical, neurophysiological, psychological, social, etc. personality"Is introduced to underline the non-law (social) essence of man and individual, i.e. The focus is on social start. Personality can be described and understood only in the system of relationships that make up between people.

In sociology personality is defined as: 1) The system quality of the individual, determined by its inclusion in public relations and manifested in joint activities and communication; 2) the subject of social relations and conscious activities.

The main characteristics of the personality are the value orientations, the directority, morality, morality . Value orientations – A certain system of values, formed in the process of familiarizing a person with its surrounding reality due to the active entry and the inclusion of a person in this reality. Personality orientation - These are emotional, cognitive and behavioral components of the human attitude towards the circumstances of life. The direction of the individual includes a combination of sustainable interests, inconsistencies, beliefs and motives that determine the nature and purposefulness of human activity. Moral - Manifestation of the potential versatility of a person in establishing relations to other people and to itself on the basis of awareness of the social sense of decisions, actions and activities. Morality - the external feasibility of the behavior and actions of the individual as a member of the social group and a specific system of general requirements and behaviors, mandatory for each member of this company.

Personality has three interrelated structures.

Neurophysical structure - genetic, natural substantial functional qualities and abilities, biogenic, psychophysical, psychomotor properties of the individual, developed in the process of vital activity and providing an individual-specific style of behavior and human activity. They are reflected in its temperament, the type of indivisory nervous activity, in the individual style of behavior.

Social Structure Determined by the social roles and experience of human activity in a certain social environment, the accumulation of knowledge, skills and skills of social interaction and is supported by the Energy of the Individual.

Mental Structure - the highest level of personality, information complex of spiritual aspirations, value orientations and morality, including the direction of personality, individual attractions, desires, interests, inclinations, ideals, convictions, ethical principles and human worldview.

The development and formation of the personality is fundamentally connected with the development of the culture of society and personal culture of the individual. Culture is a set of historically developed ideas associated with the satisfaction of the vital needs and embodied in expediently produced spiritual and material values \u200b\u200bthat determine the image and style of public life of people.

Ticket number 15. Carpulatova Inna

Social status - The situation occupied by the Individual or the social group in society or a separate subsystem of society. It is determined according to a specific society specified by the signs, which can act as economic, national, age and other signs, is divided into skills, skills, education.

Each social status implies certain rights and obligations. A person can have several status, but most often only one defines its position in society. This status is called the main thing, or integralmost often due to position (for example, director, professor). Social status is reflected both in external behavior and appearance (clothing, lexicon and other signs of social and professional affiliation) and in the inner position (in installations, value orientations, motivations, etc.).

Prescribed status - Belonging to a person, regardless of the effort and merit of the person. It is determined by ethnic origin, the place of birth, family, etc.

Acquired (achieved) status Determined by the efforts of the person himself (for example, a writer, scientist, director, etc.). Natural and professional official statuses are also distinguished.

Natural status Persons involves significant and relatively sustainable human characteristics (men and women, childhood, youth, maturity, old age, etc.).

Professionally official - This is the basic personality status, for an adult, most often that is the basis of integral status. It records social, economic and production and maintenance (banker, engineer, lawyer, etc.).

Social status denotes a specific place that is occupied by the individual in this social system, therefore is a structural element of the social organization of the Company, providing social relations between subjects of public relations. These relations, ordered in the framework of the social organization, are grouped in accordance with the socio-economic structure of society and form a complex coordinated system.

Social organization of societies can be presented in the form of a complex, interrelated system of social statuses occupied by individuals, which are as a result of this, members of society, citizens of the state.

Social role - A model of human behavior, objectively asked by the social position of the individual in the system of social (public and personal) relations. Or - the behavior that is expected from a person who occupies a certain status. Modern society requires an individual to constantly change the model of behavior to perform specific roles.

Types of social roles are determined by a variety of social groups, activities and relationships in which the person is included. Depending on social relations, social and interpersonal social roles are allocated.

Social roles associated with social status, profession or activity (teacher, student, student, seller). These are standardized impersonal roles based on rights and obligations, regardless of who executes these roles. Socially-demographic roles are distinguished: husband, wife, daughter, son, grandson ... A man and a woman are also social roles, biologically predetermined and imply specific behavioral methods enshrined by public norms, customs.

Interpersonal Associated with interpersonal relations, which are regulated on the emotional level (leader, offended, neglected, idol family, beloved, etc.).

In life, in interpersonal relationship, each person performs in some kind of dominant social role, a kind of social role as the most typical individual image, habitual for others. Change the usual image is extremely difficult both for the person himself and for the perception of the people around him. The longer period of time there is a group, the more commonly becoming for those surrounding the dominant social roles of each group of group and the more difficult to change the familiar behavior for the surrounding stereotype.

The main characteristics of the social role are allocated by the American sociologist Tolkott Parsons.

Scale of the role Depends on the range of interpersonal relations. The larger the range, the greater the scale. For example, the social roles of spouses have a very large scale, since a wide range of relationship range is established between her husband and wife. On the one hand, these are interpersonal relationships based on the manifold of feelings and emotions; On the other hand, the relationship is governed by regulatory acts and in a certain sense are formal. Participants in this social interaction are interested in the most different sides of each other's life, their relationship is practically not limited. In other cases, when the relationship is strictly determined by social roles (for example, the relationship of the seller and the buyer), the interaction can be carried out only on a specific occasion (in this case - purchases). Here, the scale of the role comes down to a narrow circle of specific questions and is small.

Method of receiving a role It depends on how inevitable is this role for a person. So, the roles of a young man, old man, men, women are automatically determined by age and human floor and do not require special efforts to acquire them. There may be only the problem of compliance with your role, which already exists as a given. Other roles are achieved or even conquered in the process of human life and as a result of targeted special efforts. For example, the role of a student, a researcher, professor, etc. This is almost all the roles associated with the profession and any achievements of a person.

Formalization as a descriptive characteristic of the social role Determined by the specifics of interpersonal relationships of the carrier of this role. Some roles suggest the establishment of only formal relationships between people with tough regulation of the rules of conduct; Others, on the contrary, are only informal; Third can combine both formal and informal relationships. Formal relationships are often accompanied by informal, in which emotionality is manifested, because a person, perceiving and evaluating the other, manifests a sympathy or antipathy. This happens when people interact some time and relationships become relatively sustainable.

Motivationdepends on the needs and motives of man. Different roles are due to various motifs. Parents, taking care of the welfare of their child, are guided primarily by a sense of love and care; The head works in the name of the case, etc.

Ticket number 16. Essence and main stages of the socialization process.

Socialization- The process of assimilating the individual samples of behavior, psychological installations, social norms and values, knowledge, skills that allow him to function successfully in society.

Primary socialization

A family. Primary socialization is very important for the child, as it is the basis for the rest of the socialization process. The family is played most in primary socialization, from where the child and draws ideas about society, about its values \u200b\u200band norms. For example, if parents express an opinion that has the nature of discrimination, relative to any social group, then the child can perceive such an attitude as an acceptable, normal, well-established in society.

School. Secondary socialization occurs outside the house. Its foundation is a school where children have to act in accordance with the new rules and in the new situation. In the process of secondary socialization, the individual is already attached to a small group, but to a large one. Of course, the changes occurring in the process of secondary socialization are less than those that occur in the primary process.

Armchair socialization is a "rehearsal" of future social relations. For example, a young couple can live together before marriage to have ideas what family life will be.

Resocialization is the process of eliminating the previously established models of behavior and reflexes and the acquisition of new ones. In this process, a person is experiencing a sharp break with his past, and also feels the need to study and be exposed to values \u200b\u200bthat are radically different from the prevailing. Resocialization occurs throughout the human life.

Work. Organizational Socialization is the process of acquiring the skills and knowledge by a person necessary to fulfill its organizational role. Passing through this process, "newcomers" will learn about the history of the organization, in which they work, about its values, the norms of behavior, jargon, get acquainted and learn about the peculiarities of the work of their colleagues.

Group Socialization is socialization within a particular social group. So, a teenager, conducting more time with his peers, and not with parents, more effectively adopt the norm of behavior inherent in the group of its peers.

The theory of gender socialization argues that an important part of socialization is the study of the role of a man and a woman. Gender Socialization is the process of assimilating the knowledge and skills necessary for a particular gender. Simply put, boys learn to be boys and girls learn to be girls.

Soc. Organizations are complex interrelated social. Systems. This is an element of social structure, a system of relations uniting individuals to achieve certain purposes.

Signs of social. organizations:

1. Any organization has a target nature, created for certain purposes; Vollage activity of people

2. Hierarchical structure (for the rapid and efficient achievement of the target, members of the organization are distributed in the hierarchical stations on status and roles)

3. These are managed systems

4. Specialization and division of labor on the functional principle. Organizations are always built vertically and horizontally. Vertical structures have a control and controlled subsystem. The control subsystem coordinates the functioning of horizontal structures)

5. Availability of regulatory and control tools

6. Systemic integrity

7. Relative autonomy

8. Communication with the external environment

Typology social. organizations:

1. According to the method of subordination of members and the approval of internal control:

Forced (submission is based on physical violence or the threat of its use)

Utilitarian (general material interest)

Symbolic (the organization is based on the solidarity of the moral ideological root: religious organizations)

Bureaucratic (cruel administrative hierarchy, impersonal relationship, man is an element of an organization that fulfills its duties, individual responsibility)

Patennalism (sole leadership, hierarchy, personal nature of relationships leaving for office frames, collective responsibility, patronage subordinates)

Affiliates (hierarchy is not expressed, decisions take together, there is no hard control by vertical, the responsibility is individual, the head is a coordinator of activity)

3. According to the degree of formalization of values \u200b\u200band norms:

Formal

Informal

The formal organization arises, as a rule, after the appropriate administrative, political decision, it is based on the division of labor, it is inherent in deep specialization, the activities of such an organization are clearly regulated, due to legal norms. The separation of labor acts as a system of post statuses, and each of them is endowed with certain functions. Official statuses are strictly streamlined in such an organization, the Hierarchy of the head is created - subordinates. As a rule, the formal organization of impersonal is designed for individuals prepared to perform certain functions.

Informal organizations occur spontaneously or are created consciously to solve social needs. This is a spontaneously established system of social connections and interactions. Informal organizations, groups, associations compensate for the lack of functioning formal structures. A member of an informal organization is more independent in achieving individual and group purposes, has a greater freedom in choosing forms of behavior, interaction with other individual individuals. There are often no hard regulations, discipline, such a group is more stable, more plastic and is subject to change.

51 + 52. Subject of sociology of the customs service. Customs service as a social institution. Specialization of the functions of the customs service.

Customs - Social Institute. Social institutions - a historically existing, imperial-fixed form or a set of forms of public relations, having functionality (for example, family).

Functions of social institutions: - reproductive, - playing, - leisure, -economic, - socialization, - recreational, - other functions.

Customs Service is an imperic-fixed form with certain functions. Customs Service implements customs policies, affecting the economy. The customs service has an institutional character. Socialization of the functions of the customs service in modern conditions.

Aspects of social. character: - the social conditionality of the customs service is expressed in the functions of the customs in modern conditions; - Social efficiency of the customs service, the impact of customs activities on the economic situation.

Social organization - This is a union of people together implementing common goals and valid on the basis of certain rules and procedures. Signs of social organization: Target; Distribution of members of the organization on roles and statuses; division of labor and specialization of functions; Building a vertical (hierarchical) principle; the presence of specific means of regulation and control of the activities of the organization; Social system integrity.

The key element of the social organization is the goal.

Allocate mainly the following types of social organizations :

business organizationsmembership in which provides employees to the existence (enterprise, corporations, firms, banks, etc.);

public organizations,representing mass associations, whose membership allows you to satisfy political, social, cultural, spiritual, creative and other needs (political parties, trade unions, creative associations, etc.);

intermediate organizationscombining signs of business and public organizations (cooperatives, artel, partnership, etc.);

associative organizationsarising on the basis of mutual realization of interests (scientific school, clubs in interest, informal groups, etc.).

Typology of organizations by industry signs: industrial and economic, financial, administrative and management, research, educational, therapeutic, sociocultural, etc.

Social organization plays an important role in society. Modern person is a "human organization". The organization requires it orientation to a rational style of behavior, competence, knowledge and skills. In turn, the person can realize these qualities only within the framework of an efficiently working organization.

16. Bureaucracy as a special kind of social group. The inevitability of the bureaucracy features its attitude towards public domain and their own role in society. Principles of "ideal bureaucracy" M. Weber. The concept of adhocracy.

In sociology, under the bureaucracy, the impersonal management mechanism, based on the formal rational relations and the hierarchical system of power, is understood.

According to Weber, the dissemination of bureaucracy in modern society is inevitable. The development of bureaucratic power is the only way to cope with the administrative requirements of large-scale social systems. Weber binds the formation of a bureaucracy with the process rationalizationand considers it as the most rational and effective form of achieving management objectives based on the legally-rational type of legitimacy (domination). Bureaucracy for Weber - the "ideal type" of management oriented to the rational and effective implementation of tasks facing the organization. Weber's ideal type of rational bureaucracy differs in the following main features:

1. Strictly hierarchical structure;

2. Formal status submission;

3. Formal, impersonal rules;

4. Emotional neutrality of relationships.

The rational bureaucracy is considered by Weber as technically more perfect and effective than all previous forms of administration, since it is most predictable, accurate, impartial and high-speed. Modern sociology notes the limited and ineffectiveness of the bureaucracy. Adhocracy - The opposite of bureaucracy. Adhesocraticia ignores the classical principles of management, according to which everyone has a certain, permanent role, and represents a flexible organization, where individuals can freely use their talents if necessary.

17. The concept of the Social Institute, the main types of social institutions, their purpose

Social Institute - This is an adaptive device of society, created to meet its most important needs and regulated by the consolidation of social norms. The main institutions are in each society - from the most primitive to the most modern.

Depending on the purpose and tasks, the functions performed in society can be allocated main types of social institutions:

family and Marriage Institute;

economic institutions;

political institutions;

sociocultural and educational institutions(education, science, Art, religion, etc.).

There are certain features and signs characteristic of all social institutions: installation and patterns of behavior (for the institution of the family - attachment, respect, confidence; for the Institute of Education - the desire for knowledge); Cultural symbols (for family - wedding rings, marriage ritual; for the state - coat of arms, flag, anthem; for business - brand brand, patent sign; for religion - cross, icons); utilitarian cultural traits (for family - house, apartment, furniture; for business - shop, factory, equipment; for education - classes, library); Oral and written codes of behavior (for the state - the Constitution, laws; for business - contracts, licenses); Ideology (for family - love, compatibility; for business - freedom of trade, expansion; for religion - Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Protestantism, Buddhism, Islam).

The activities of the Social Institute are considered to be functional if it benefits society, contributes to its stability and integration.

Thanks to social institutions in society, stability is achieved, the predictability of the behavior of people, the sustainability of their social relations.

18. Social progress as a process and as an idea. Criteria of social progressiveness. The problem of social progress in the modern world.

No society stands on the spot: it either progresses or regresses. If the amount of positive changes in society exceeds the sum of negative, then they talk about progress. Otherwise takes place regression.

Social Progress - This is a global, world-historical process of climbing human societies from the state of wildness to the heights of civilization. Progress is a global process characterizing the movement of human society throughout history.

Progress and locale, and global. The gradual and jump-shaped types of social progress are distinguished. The first is called the reformist, the second - revolutionary. Reform - partial improvement in any field of life, a number of gradual transformations that do not affect the foundations of an existing social system. The revolution is a comprehensive change in all or most of the parties to social life affecting the foundations of an existing structure.

Reforms are called socialIf they relate to transformations in those spheres of society or sides of public life, which are directly related to people, are reflected at their level and lifestyle, health, participation in public life, access to social benefits (the introduction of universal secondary education, health insurance, benefits unemployment, etc.). They relate to the social situation of various segments of the population, limit or expand their access to education, health care, employment, guarantees.

Comparing the evolution of societies that human civilization in their development passes, scientists found out a number of laws. One of them - the law of acceleration of history. He testifies on the sealing of historical time: each subsequent stage takes less time than the previous one. The newest history is one thousandth of world history. But this is the most saturated with social, cultural, economic and political events.

Note that the term "organization" (from LAT. organiso.- I inform you, a slender type, arrange) is used in several values:

• as an element of the social structure of society;
• as a type of activity of any group;
• like the degree of internal ordering, consistency of the functioning of the elements of the system.

In sociology, the key concept will be the element of the social structure and is given such a definition: Social organization - a big social group formed to achieve certain goals (N. Smelzer)

For the first time, an American engineer took an attempt to create an organization's theory of the organization Federico Note that Taylor (1856-1915) Implementing in practice a system of standardization of labor techniques, he came to the idea of \u200b\u200btrap lines and conveyors. In such an organization, administration and management personnel who carried out control over the production process played a major role. Moreover, the most hardworking and initiatives, we note that Taylor proposed to stimulate through the material incentive system. By the way, this model should be noted that Taylor received the name "School of Scientific Management" or "Taylorism".

At the beginning of the XX century. French engineer Henri Fayol (1841-1925) developed the model of the Machine Organization. Its essence was that the organization itself was understood as an impersonal mechanism, a tool for solving socially significant problems, in a person, a person was exclusively a formal performer, an elementary cell in the management and control system. The task of the administration was exclusively to control, coordinate and planning the work of various units of the system. Fayol believed that the efficiency of the organization was determined by the unity of command and a clear division of labor.

All organizations are due to the standardization of activity and unity of management to one degree or another bureaucratic. The term itself "bureaucracy", Meaning the power of officials, was introduced into the scientific turnover of the French scientist de Gurna in 1745. And M. Weber. I first developed the sociological concept of the bureaucracy, allocated Seven basic characteristic features of a bureaucratic organization:

• the hierarchy of power in the form of a pyramid, which involves the responsibility of the lower officials to the superior;
• the activities of officials are governed on the basis of formally established rules and instructions ensuring uniformity and continuity of management activities;
• strict division of labor, and each function must be carried out by a competent and knowledgeable specialist working under the contract and carrying full responsibility for the qualitative performance of ςʙᴏ and duties;
• private life of officials is separated from the activities in the organization, they obey only the service debt and must be assessed as much as possible ("The ideal administrator works without anger and addictions");
• promotion (career) official on the service staircase is carried out depending on its professional abilities, level of qualification and experience;
• the activities of employees are based on the basis of service discipline and administrative control:
• officials are rewarded with constant monetary content (salary)

M. Weber considered modern bureaucracy with effective organizations, since the decisions are taken here not to arbitrarily, but for general criteria, professional training cuts out "talented amateurs" and raises the overall level of competence. Bureaucracy, giving fixed salary and strictly limiting functions, reduces corruption compared with organizations of traditional societies, the general criteria for assessing activities reduce the possibilities of personal and related links.

The main advantage of the bureaucracy, according to Weber, - ϶ᴛᴏ High economic efficiency: accuracy, speed, knowledge, consistency of the management process, service secrets, unionage, subordination, minimizing conflicts and efficiency. Chief flaw - Ignoring the specifics of conflict situations, actions on the template, the absence of the necessary flexibility.

Based on all above, we come to the conclusion that bureaucracy for M. Weber - the "ideal type" of management focused on the rational and efficient implementation of tasks facing the organization. In reality, no actually existing organization can fully address the Weber model of the bureaucracy.

Despite numerous disadvantages, bureaucracy, according to a number of specialists, keeps the performance as a form of management and at present. We will have one of the tasks of modern management - to adjust the activities of bureaucracy in ςᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛςᴛʙi with the principles developed by M. Weber.

Russian sociologist A.I. Comely (r. 1940) allocates the following Signs of a modern organization:

• target nature;
• distribution of members of the organization on roles and statuses;
• division of labor and specialization of functions;
• building a vertical (hierarchical) principle;
• the presence of specific means of regulation and control of the activities of the organization;
• social system integrity.

The key element of the social organization is the goal. There are three interrelated Type of organizational goals:

• targets - Decorated as programs of general actions of the assignment, asked from outside the organization higher level;
• objective orientation - a set of goals implemented through the organization;
• objectives - Systems - Objectives dictated by the desire to keep the organization as an independent system.

All varieties of social organizations are classified by different criteria. So, the American sociologist. Etija divides all organizations for three main groups:

• voluntary, members of Kᴏᴛᴏᴩy are united on a voluntary basis (political parties, trade unions, clubs, religious associations, etc.);
• forced, members of the kum become forced means (army, prison, psychuclearity, etc.):
• utilitarian Clamp members are united to achieve common and individual purposes (enterprises, firms, financial structures, etc.)

Modern Russian sociologists allocate mainly the following types of organizations:

• business, membership in Kᴏᴛᴏᴩi provides employees to the existence (enterprise, corporations, firms, banks, etc.);
• publicrepresenting mass associations, membership in Kᴏᴛᴏᴩi allows you to satisfy political, social, cultural, spiritual, creative and other needs (political parties, trade unions, creative associations, etc.);
• intermediate, combining signs of business and public organizations (cooperatives, partnerships, etc.);
• associativearising on the basis of mutual realization of interests (scientific school, clubs in interest, informal groups, etc.)

The typology of organizations can be made by industry sign: Industrial and economic, research, administrative and administrative, financial, educational, socio-cultural, medical, etc.

Modern organizations have a complex control systemincluding the following characteristics:

• development of the organization management strategy;
• activities for manual management of the organization;
• obtaining, selection and distribution of business and socially significant information;
• rational distribution of organization resources;
• personnel policy;
• business negotiations;
• implementation of the principles of innovation management;
• distribution of advertising;
• planning and design work in the organization;
• control and coordination of employee actions.

This is not a complete list of functions of a specialist carrying out management activities. Today, such specialists will be key figures in the organization. At the same time, inside organizations may develop informal relations and relationships that arise the spontaneously as a result of long-term interpersonal and intragroup communication. Informal relationships serve as a voltage removal mechanism generated by a contradiction between individual interests and rigid rules of the formal organization, but sometimes they can have a negative impact on the organization's activities.

Based on all above, we conclude that a social organization plays an important role in the life of society. Under the figurative expression of the American sociologist U. White, Modern person - ϶ᴛᴏ "Man Organization".At the same time, the organization requires it orientation to a rational style of behavior, competence, knowledge and skills. For ϶ᴛᴏ. Sociology is designed to solve social problems of optimizing the conditions for the effective functioning of organizations.

Types of social organizations

Allocate two main types of organization - formal and informal. They are distinguished by each other the degree of formalization of all the connections that exist in it, interactions and relationships. At the same time, in practice, both a formal aspect and informal are present in organizations.

Formal aspect of the organization - The main thing that distinguishes the organization from other social phenomena. Organizancy implies the presence of a stable form, a rigid hierarchical framework of relationships. The formal nature of the social organization will stay in the presence of a constant status structure, a complex of formalized norms, sustainable separation of responsibilities and powers.
It is worth noting that the basis of formalization will be a functional division of labor. In ςᴏᴏᴛʙᴇᴛςᴛʙi, the system of division division is consigned and fixed on the formal

the level of differences in statuses. Statuses are streamlined hierarchically, the similarity of functional tasks and between them are setting the relationship-subordination.

Informal aspect of the organization It will experience in the mandatory presence of ςʙᴏ-like "background" in it, which constitute a moral and psychological atmosphere, interpersonal relations, implicit leadership, sympathy and antipathy of people. Between the "shape" and "background" there are always complex dialectic relationships of a non-inspirerable interconnection.

The crystallization of the formal structure of the social organization is the process of insigitization. In the course of the process, the formal structure acquires an independent existence that does not depend on a particular individual and its will. It is because of such a "independence", it is so detached from the individual, which ceases to respond to individual variability, loses any psychology, turning into social as such.

Classic functionalism (T. Parsons, R. Merton, A. Etzi) considers the formal organization as a self-sustaining system, self-sufficient in ςʙᴏ and objectivity. The main thing is that it distinguishes the organization from all other types of groups - ϶ᴛᴏ conscious goal. The organization is created with a concrete, clearly aware of the goal and consciously plans the actions of the members of the members. Etity indicates the natotal nature of the organization for society: "We are born in organizations, raised in it, we dedicate work in the organization a significant part of the existence ... It is important to know that most of us in it dies, and when the funeral comes, the biggest From the organizations - the state - should issue a burial permission. "

The degree of organizationalness of social relations and everyday life is maximum in industrial society. The emergence of large forms of production and capital at the end of the XIX century. I demanded the decisions of the following questions: how to rationalize the labor process and the management of production, how to achieve the goals and at the same time to satisfy the needs of the participants of their achievement. The answer to these questions tried to give F. Tyllor in the management concept of bureaucracy and M. Weber in theoretical concept

bureaucracy. Both concepts united faith in the possibility of an ideal social organization, which can provide uninterrupted, ideally coordinated labor activities and the same perfect management. The pledge of everything is ϶ᴛᴏgo, according to Weber, the principle of rationality became followed.

According to Concepts M. WeberThe formation of the formal structure of society is its organization - occurs on the basis of progressive rationality. Material is published on http: // Site
The more mature society becomes, the more rational it seeks to organize. It is worth noting that it is income from irrational ideas and traditions. It makes a bureaucratic organization based on professional management, stability and a rigidly fixed hierarchy.

Describing the "perfect type", i.e. Not an existing actually theoretical model of bureaucracy, Weber allocated seven major distinctive features characterizing a bureaucratic organization:

• division of labor, enshrined in formal regulations or laws (list of job responsibilities);
• vertically hierarchical order of submission;
• the presence of a public office, or the Office, where written documents reflecting the organization's activities are stored, a business correspondence is being carried out; complaints are accepted;
• the presence of the official procedure for the preparation of officials;
• the presence of full-time employees, the permanent day of the organization engaged in the issues of the organization;
• the presence of official rules governing the operation of the organization, the distribution of weekends and working days, hours of break, reception of visitors, etc.;
• the loyalty of each employee in relation to the organization as a whole, the adoption of its rules, the interests of the whole.

By the way, this formal regulatory system is aimed at that, the validity of individuals included in the organization were maximally predictable, easily coordinated and simply controlled.

Weber believed that the limit development of the bureaucracy should ensure the absolute efficiency of management, the ideal speed and coherence of the functioning of the social mechanism. Its advantages are impersonality, alienation from the individual, the unambiguousness of the relationship, since it is rather a rigid abstract scheme, a naked drawing, the main advantage of the clarity will be clarity. It is important to note that at the same time Weber noted the disadvantages of bureaucratic management, such as the lack of flexibility necessary for adequate response to non-standard situations, the pattern of thinking and actions, which entails the inability to allow the possibility of unforeseen the consequences of any action that do not fit into the template.

Of the historical practices and later research of sociologists (for example, R. MSTON, which showed the inevitability of "unforeseen consequences"), it became clear that it could not be in principle an ideally functioning formal organization. The formal organization of Rigidna, while the lively social reality of the changeable and always richer and diverse a bureaucratic scheme. Moreover, the formal organization operates exclusively to the roles - the boss, subordinate, secretary, the auditor - and does not see the real people behind them, since it cannot take into account the individuality of individuals, their psychology, interpersonal relations arising between them. It is worth noting that it is acting a simple and clear logic and so impersonal in the mechanical inertia, which generates the "dead shower" phenomena and piercers.

Modern sociology of organizations critically perceives Weber's theory of bureaucracy. T. Parsons, A. Gouldner and many other sociologists see the basic contradiction in the fact that the real person on the top of the bureaucratic pyramid does not always have sufficient special knowledge. His formal leader's status gives him great authority within the organization, while professional authority and competence belong to the informal leader. In addition to the formal hierarchy, it is informal next to the formal hierarchy, and such a state can become a source of permanent conflicts.

A bureaucratic organization can be an obstacle to creative searches and innovations. According to the French sociologist M. Krozye, creativity is possible in such organizations where there are norms that encourage innovations, but the construction of a bureaucratic organization, oriented on uniformity and unquestioning subordination to higher structures, does not provide the necessary ςʙᴏbody to introduce innovation.

The system of bureaucratic control encourages non-independence of thinking, but conformity and discipline, a bureaucratic organization will be a positive factor in solving simple tasks and incompatible with the creative process.

The solution of complex tasks involving a high degree of uncertainty and unpredictability of conditions requires a different management organization.

In the bureaucratic organization, the own interests of individuals are transformed into universal interests and objectives of the organization as a single subject. This determines the leveling of an individual-creative start in the name of the preservation of the bureaucratic structure. Excluding above said, with such a fusion of the interests of the target of the hierarchy, are identified with the interests of the organization as a whole. Ultimately, the purpose of the bureaucracy becomes preserving the material and other privileges of the ruling elite, which has established a system of social regulation and in general the management status quo.

In Western sociology, a different typology of organizations has been developed, which includes various models of organizations proposed by foreign researchers. Let's explore the most famous.

Organization as a labor process (Tyotoarism), the basis of Kᴏᴛᴏᴩu is the "Man - Labor" block. The behavior of the employee, according to the model, is completely determined from the outside of the rationalized scheme.

Organization - Machine, considering the organization as an impersonal mechanism built from formalized relations, statuses, goals in the form of a multi-level administrative hierarchy. It is such a system that assumes complete controllability, controllability, a person in it does not appear in specific manifestations, but exclusively as an abstract "man in general" (A. Fayol, L. Urvik, etc.)

Organization - communitywhere the main regulator is accepted in the organization of the norm of behavior. It is important to know that informal relationships play a big role in the form of quite often informal associations. Such organization satisfies the social needs of the individual (in communication, recognition, accessories) and controls its behavior (through Ostracism, condemnation) by the way, this naturally arose system is poorly amenable to management acting by the previous methods. It is worth noting that it represents the "organization in the organization" and the only effective management method for carrying the inclusion in this system (E. Mao, F. Rotlisberger, etc.)

Socyotechnical model Organizations based on dependence within group ties from production technology. With all this, there is also the impact of the socio-psychological organization of the group for performance.

Interactive model, considered as a system of long interactions between employees. Individuals contribute to the organization their own expectations and values \u200b\u200bdepending on the situation, affecting the goals and structure of the organization. As a result of formal and informal interactions and a significant influence of the latter, a large uncertainty arises for management, risk for decisions (C. Barnard, Saysen, J. March et al.)

"Natural" organization (Based on the ideas of T. Parsons, R. Merton, A. Etzity, etc.) The functioning of organizations is considered as an objective, self-prevailing process, in which the subjective start will not be prevailing. Under the organization within the framework of the model, the model is understood as the homoeostatic state of the system, which allows it to self-support when exposure to from outside or from the inside. It is important to know that a large role in the functioning of the organization is not specifically planned, natural factors. This approach allows us to consider the organization as a specific social phenomenon, developing on its own, few known laws, as a result of which numerous unforeseen situations arise.

Bureaucratic model Organizations M. Weber, close to the model organization, is based on the concept of rationalization ("bureaucratization") of human behavior in organizations.

Types of social organizations

We study the typology of social organizations on social systems. Do not forget that the most important demosocial organization dobindrial society was a family. It is worth noting that it was governed by the laws of ordinary law and functioned on the basis of the system of customs, traditions, rites, harsh submission to the boss - Father. IN Industrial European society family has become a social institution, regulated by love, morality, right. When moving K. post-industrial Society family turns into a social group, losing the institutional features. This once again shows a complex dialectic connection between the social group, the Institute and Organization.

Economic Organizations - ϶ᴛᴏ Agricultural, industrial, transport, construction, etc. Enterprises engaged in the production, distribution, consumption and exchange of material social benefits and services. Their activities are accompanied by the system of stock exchanges, banks, savings kiss, etc. Financial organizations. Production and financial organizations provide operation and development Economic System societies. It is worth noting that they differ in state (Asian) and market (European) societies.

IN Market Production and financial organizations are created by enterprising owners of production tools for the production of some goods and profit. It is worth noting that they are united gradually in holdings, trusts, corporations, banks, forming a market economy of the world. In public societies, such organizations are created by state power - for example, gas in the USSR. It is worth noting that they are part of the industry monopolies-ministries, forming the state economy of the country.

The company contains a production management body (Directorate, production and economic bureaucracy), which develops a charter, a plan, chooses funds, controls the activities of the enterprise. The company functions on the basis of the division and coordination of the labor of many professional groups regulated by moral, administrative, etc..

Do not forget that the most important Political The organization of the Company will government, Kᴏᴛᴏᴩaya contains in itself: 1) legislative, executive, judicial branches; 2) the state apparatus (management apparatus, or bureaucracy (officials)); 3) legal norms (constitution, laws, job descriptions), determining the rights and obligations of authorities and their representatives; 4) Real resources of power: finance, buildings, weapons, communications, prisons, etc.

State power is created and improved throughout the post-first history of mankind. The objectives of the functions of state power will be protected from other states (or attack on them), maintaining order, organization of economic life. It is worth noting that it is a hierarchical system of managing society led by a monarch or president, parliament, government, etc. By the way, this system acts on the basis of rigid differentiation of statuses and roles. The status and role system supports the system of legal, administrative, moral, material regulators (values, norms, traditions, etc.)

Spiritual The system of society contains ideological (church, party, etc.), artistic (creative associations, etc.), educational (school, university, etc.), scientific organizations (Academy of Sciences, etc.). ) Social institutions prevail in this system of society, and not the organization. This means that relations between the management bodies and manageable institute organizations are determined by non-administrative and legal norms, but ideologies, mentality, morality (conscience, duty, etc.) in the Soviet society - as a variety of totalitarian - CPSU, Academy of Sciences and T . p., were in more organizations than institutions.

The type of social organizations depends on the historical era. In the post-industrial (post-economic) epoch, there are currently advanced countries now, the post-industrial (post-economic) transnational corporations (TNC) are characterized by the following features: 1) their activities are not based on command-administrative management, strict statuses and role hierarchies, and on a modular scheme when small associate groups of workers work on the basis of the general worldview, mentality, installations; 2) the property of workers becomes the process of creativity, and not its condition, as a result of which the dependence of the leadership and owners of corporations from employees occurs; 3) Employees in such corporations perceive work as creativity, i.e., activities encouraged by spiritual (self-realization) interests.