The concept of society. With the word "society" we are constantly meeting in everyday life. In the media, the speeches of scientists and publicists are often mentioned about Belarusian, Chinese, American society. In the lessons of history, they talk about antique, medieval, bourgeois, modern societies, etc.
The word "society" is meaningful. It is derived from the word "common", which means "joint", "the same or mandatory for all", "united, solid". By society, this sense means a certain group of people who united to communicate and jointly implement any activity. Here, the word "society" can be replaced by the words "Organization", "Union", "Association" (Society of Knogolubov, Society for the Protection of Monuments of History and Culture, Society for the Protection of Animals, Joint-Stock Company, etc.
Having in mind the specific stage in the historical development of humanity, they speak about primitive society, the society of the Epoch of Enlightenment, modern society. Close to this is the use of the concept of "society" to characterize the qualitative originality of a particular organization of public life ("Traditional Society", "Consumption Society", "Information Society").
In the broadest sense, society is a part of the material world that has become alleged from nature and interacts with her. Understood in this way society It is a historically developing combination of relations between people who add up in the process of their joint activities. Arguing about society, it is very important to clarify, in which value is this concept.
In the process of developing scientific knowledge about society, several main approaches that are used for its research and explanation have been developed. First approach - naturalistic.It is associated with the development of natural science in the XVII - XVIII centuries. Based on natural science views, many of the past people argued that society and its device there is a kind of continuation of nature. The type of social device was considered the result of the impact on the lives of people of the geographical environment and other natural factors. In XVIIIV This point of view defended the French thinker Sh.Montackie (1689-1755). In the newest time, such views adhered to, for example, Russian historian L.N.Gumilev (1912-1992). This approach is also manifested in the understanding of society as a special living organism.
Cultural and historical The approach to the study of society is widely used at the end of the XIX - early XX century. Its formation is associated with the development of such sciences as history, cultural studies, anthropology. Within the framework of this approach, differences in natural and social processes are revealed. The life of society here is considered as the area of \u200b\u200bthe influence of moral, aesthetic and other spiritual values \u200b\u200bthat make up the basis of culture. The creator of the theory of cultural and historical types of public life was Russian scientist N. Ya. Danilevsky (1822-1855).
Of particular importance is the question of the integrity of society. Some thinkers believed that society is a simple amount of people living in it. Society is formed in this case as a result of the addition of abilities, behavior, actions of many individuals atoms. This approach arose in the philosophy of the new time. So thought, for example, English philosophers of the XVII century T. Gobbs, J. Locke.
Other scientists have considered society as a whole and argued that it cannot be reduced simply to the amount of individuals. This point of view on society is more fruitful, because people are in fact never separate "atoms". But this approach gave rise to another difficult question: what is this unity of people, what is the integrity of society?
Many thinkers (German philosopher of the 19th century Gegel, etc.), answering this question, were looking for the basis of the integrity and unity of society in his spiritual life. This approach to understanding society can be called idealistic. The story here is often considered as the process of movement towards the achievement of some higher spiritual goal.
There is I. material approach In the understanding of the foundations of public life. For example, German Thuents of the XIH century K. Marx and F. Engels believed that the basis of the life of society is the activities of people who ensure the satisfaction of their material needs. This activity is material production. Not denying existence in public life ideological or spiritual motives, the materialistic approach is based on the fact that the real material life of people determine their consciousness.
The materialistic and idealistic approaches to an understanding of the foundation of public life are not just opposite, but largely complement each other, because in our life there are really material, and spiritual parties, the promotional causes of activity, and they are closely related.
The main forms of the relationship of man and society.The society form people who are related to each other. They enter into certain relations with each other and perform different types of activities that are necessary for the life of society as a whole. Production activities are aimed primarily on the creation of items necessary for life, to change the natural environment and giving it the most useful people of qualities. It also calls for economic activities. Finally, a person contributes to the economic well-being of other people. At the same time, the well-being of each individual depends largely on the overall efficiency of the economy. To ensure it, it develops a division of labor in society, many different production processes are carried out that are serviced by banking, transport and other systems.
An important role is also played by science, without which in our days it is impossible to technical and generally economic progress. Modern economic activity is based on the knowledge obtained primarily by scientific means. Scientific research produces spiritual value - knowledge, but without it today it is no longer possible to effectively produce material goods. We essentially enter the stage of "Society of Knowledge" when the educational of people and their ability to work new, useful people, becomes the main economic resource.
Science is spiritual activity. Other types of spiritual activities are art, religion, morality. The results of these activities are not things, but knowledge, artistic images, moral ideals, ideas about the sacred, about the top of life. Each person is not only a material, but also a spiritual creature. It is inextricably included in the spiritual life of society, the member of which is.
Man in the process of vital activity is part of various communities of people. He is a member of the family, production team or creative association; It belongs to some age layer, to a group of people with a certain formation, to national community. It can also belong to a particular religious community. The area of \u200b\u200bsocial life associated with the relationship between small and large groups of people is called the social sphere.
Society's life needs to manage government agencies. Actions are subject to legal norms that establishes the state. Each person is a citizen of his state and is included in the political and legal life of the country. This is another sphere of society - political and legal.
All named here society Society - Economic, Spiritual, Social, Political and Legal - meaningful for every person. All people are somehow involved in their functioning. Of course, a person cannot simultaneously be a professional in many types of specialized activities. But in order to be a full-fledged member of society, it is necessary, apart from mastering a certain specialty, to know also the overall organization of the collaboration of people, its norms and rules, laws.
Socialization of personality. FROM decisions They call the process of assimilation by man a set of knowledge, norms of behavior, habits, allowing him to live in society or, as they say, be a full member of society.
Public communication permeates all the lives of every person, starting with his birth. The newborn is a helpless creature, and the parents are lovingly and carefully take care of him. This is also consisting of social debt - after all, society continues to exist due to the fact that their children come to replace their children. It means that children need to educate and train, instill knowledge, skills and skills necessary for independent life in accordance with the rules, requests and cultural traditions of society. Family and School are the very first, initial forms of human and society communications. They correspond to childhood and apprenticeship as the initial stages of human life. Of course, the relationship with his family is not rummaged in the future, and the study is usually not limited to the school. A person must receive a profession and qualifications so that it can include in the public production process, become a full participant in public life.
Arguing about other people as personalities, we usually "try on" the evaluation or requirements expressed. Evaluating yourself, assessing his personal qualities, a person is planning actions to develop its positive qualities or strengths, eliminating shortcomings. He is equal to someone, and someone does not want to be like. Other people are like a mirror in which we try to consider our own traits. It is very important, however, as we treat other people and to themselves. English writer XIX century. W.Teteria belongs to the words: "The world is a mirror, and it returns back to each person a reflection of his own person. Nook the eyebrows, and it will return to you a detrimental look, laugh with him, and it will be your joyful and kind companion. "
In the process of socialization, a person learns to perform different roles - in the family, at school, in communicating with unfamiliar people, etc. A person respects himself depending on how other people who are authoritative to him belong to him. This respect must be earned with the right behavior, responsible fulfillment of their duties, the maturity of positive personal qualities. Every person is not indifferent, which is personally personally, i.e. What person is he is. Reflecting and acting, accumulating life experience, a person changes as a person. Being a personality means aware of what is happening and be responsible for the made.
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Social relations
Chapter 1. Social Structure of the Company
1.1 Social Structure and Social Institutions
In sociology, the concept of social structure (ordered into one individual part of society) is interpreted in a wide and narrow sense.
In a narrow sense, the social structure is social stratification, that is, the distribution in hierarchical procedures of groups and layers allocated on any basis (economic, political, professional, etc.).
In a broad sense, the social structure is a set of social institutions, status relations, groups, layers, classes of this company.
The Social Institute is an organized system of relationships and social norms, which unites significant public values \u200b\u200band procedures that satisfy the basic needs of society. In other words, the social institute is called the interaction of people according to certain rules in order to satisfy significant needs. Examples of such interaction are the state, family, property, church, etc.
Signs of social institution
1. Special type of regulation. Ideally, the functioning of the Social Institute is distinguished by regularity, highly clarity, predictability and reliability. The functioning of the Social Institute is associated with the social control mechanism.
2. Clear distribution of functions, rights and responsibilities of participants in institutionalized interaction. Everyone must perform its function, it expects it to perform it surrounding.
3. Disclinment of requirements. Within the framework of the Social Institute, rights and obligations must be impersonal. That is, simplistic speaking, people in the structure of the institute may vary, but each of the newcomers will perform the same function that its predecessor carried out.
4. Labor separation and professionalization.
5. Social institutions (formal, "paper" part of the social institution.)
1.2 Classification of social institutions
1. Economic institutions are the most stable to be strict regulatory. They regulate social relations in the field of economic activity.
2. Political institutions - institutions related to power struggle, its implementation and distribution.
3. Institutes of Culture, Socialization and Life Supports - include the most sustainable, clearly regulated forms of interaction on the strengthening, creating and distribution of culture, socialization of the younger generation, mastering them by the cultural values \u200b\u200bof society (family, education, science, artistic institutions), system functioning Life support, directly related to the economy.
1.3 Social role and social status
Each person is at the same time a member of several social groups. In the group, he occupies a certain position, a position that implies certain rights and obligations and is called social status. A person has several social status as a rule, in society determines the position of a person one, the main (integral), social status. A certain social status generates human behavior characteristic of this social status (social role). As a person is part of different social groups, he activates various social statuses in different situations. Social role is the norm of human behavior of a certain status in a particular society, community, group. Role behavior is the expected human behavior occupying a certain social status. Role behavior in society is structured as follows - society, community, the social group faces the implementation of a certain role, as a result of which the performance of this role is standardized. As a result, each next "role player" expect behavior within the boundaries of established standards. But the degree of standardity of different roles in different situations is different.
The totality of all roles of a person is called role-playing. The diversity of social roles and their combination gives rise to personality personality. But at the same time, the diversity of social roles generates internal personality conflicts - the so-called role-playing conflict arises in the personality structure. Role-playing conflict - manifestation of acute contradiction between roles or various sides, elements of one role, when these roles or parties act as incompatible, excluding each other. For example, a woman building his own career forced less time to devote the family that in some communities and societies perceived negatively because it violates the social attitudes of this society (generality) to the priority system, in which a woman should pay a lot of time . The second example: a person who occupies a high position at work, in the family "walks in String" before his wife. The resolution of the role conflict is to harmonize the role structure of the person, as well as a certain structuring of the system of personal values, which would allow a more clearly creating a system of priorities at the level of a particular person. For example, a woman chooses creating a career with its own priority, meeting understanding from her husband who partly unloads it in the household.
1.4 Types of Social Status
1. The achieved social status is the status that a person receives in the process of life or thanks to a free choice, or thanks to luck and luck.
2. Ascribed social status is a status in which a person is born or who is appointed by him after time.
3. Mixed status - occurs when the achieved status turns into an attributed one over time.
1.5 Social inequality and social stratification
Social inequality (social differentiation) - are called differences generated by social factors: the division of labor, lifestyle, the peculiarities of the profession, etc. But the society is not only differentiated and consists of a variety of social groups, but also hierarchiene (from these groups a hierarchy is drawn up). The hierarchy in different signs (grounds) form the basis of social stratification. Social stratification is the differentiation of the totality of people in hierarchical procedure within a certain foundation (economic, political, professional, etc.). Many bases of social stratification can be distinguished. So, P.Sorokin highlights them 3: Economic, political, professional; M. Deber highlighted such a basis (view) of social stratification as prestige. A number of other foundations (species) of social stratification were also proposed: ethnic, religious, vital style, etc.
1.6 Social Mobility
Social stratification implies more or less free movement of individuals from some social groups to others. This movement is called social mobility. So, social mobility is any transition of an individual from one social position to another. The easier it is to carry out such a transition, the more open ("transparent") this basis of social stratification. 2 basic types of social mobility can be distinguished: vertical and horizontal. Under horizontal social mobility, or movement, implies a transition of an individual or social object from one social group to another, located at the same level in the hierarchical system; Under vertical mobility - movement of the individual or social object from one social formation to another. Depending on the direction of movement, there are 2 types of vertical mobility: ascending and descending, that is, the social descent and social lift. P.Sorokin allocates the following channels of social mobility: army, church, school, government groups, political organizations and parties, professional organization, enterprise, family, etc.
1.7 Historical types of stratification systems
Several historical types of social stratification can be distinguished. So, E. Hyddens highlights slavery, caste, classes, classes. It is in this order that the possibility for vertical social mobility in these types of social stratification increases.
1.8 Middle Class Place in Modern Society
The structure of a modern Western society reminds of the form of an elongated lemon. The main base of filling social structure in Western countries is the middle layers. In the event that it is necessary to emphasize the special role of medium layers in the social structure of Western society, the term "middle class" is used. Despite the fact that the middle class in Western European and American society is a guarantor of stability, it is much different in different western countries. It is very different in Western countries and the so-called decile ratio (the ratio of income level of 10% of the richest to 10% of the poorest.).
As a rule, the decing coefficient and the share of the middle class - the indicators are highly intersecting. The smaller the deceive coefficient is the less the share of the middle class in society, and vice versa. The smallest decile coefficient was observed in the Northern countries - Sweden, Finland, Norway. The largest of the developed countries in the United States, Portugal. Therefore, despite the best economic development of the United States among developed countries, the share of the middle class in the United States is noticeably lower than in Sweden, Finland and in a number of other European countries. (In the Nordic countries, the share of the middle class often raises in 90%).
The term "middle class" is interpreted in Russian sociology in different ways. The terminological uncertainty has largely arose due to the use of this concept in relation to the Russian society. What is considered to be the middle class in Russia? Replies to this question are diametrically opposed.
Extreme points of view are as follows:
1. The middle class was in the USSR and constitutes the majority of the population in modern Russia. Although he somewhat "asked" in the social structure, i.e. His position in the social structure was lower than in the USSR. In this case, the middle class is understood as synonymous with the median layers (layers constituting the majority of the population).
2. The middle class in the USSR did not exist. It does not exist in Russia, since the economic situation of the western representative of the middle class and the Russian applicant for this "title" is incomparable.
Social structure can be studied both in a static position recorded at a certain point in time and in dynamics, i.e. From the point of view of its change in time and space. If we talk about the social structure from the point of view of speaking, then it is necessary to pay attention to the following concepts: social action, social interaction and social change.
1.9 Social Action
The dynamics of social processes begins with social action. Social action is the simplest unit of social activity, the concept introduced into the Sociology of M. Weber to designate the action of an individual, which is aimed at solving its vital problem and consciously-oriented behavior of others. Not any action is social. Social action becomes when it is focused on other people. Social action encouraged by a certain need for a person who acquires the form of an ideal goal. Here is an internal impetus, its energy source. M. Deber allocated 4 types of social action. Celenerational, value-rational, affective, traditional.
1 The descriptive action is carried out on the basis of the goal that the individual set itself. He acts like that because it is confident that his action promotes it to the target target.
2 With a value-rational action, the individual primarily draws attention to its hierarchy of values \u200b\u200band on the values \u200b\u200bhe considers important. The action he builds on the basis of them.
3 Affective action is an action that occurs not from rational motifs, but due to sensual, emotional experiences.
4 Traditional action is an action that arises due to the fact that a person does not think before to make it. He does it traditionally, in habit.
Social action gives birth to social interaction.
1.10 Social interaction
Social interaction - systematic, regular actions of people aimed at each other and aimed at calling a response expected reaction, which is supposed to be a resumption of action that the interaction of people and community creates society and social relations.
Social interaction can be divided into social contact and actually social interaction. Social contact differs from a full-fledged social interaction by short-term displacement. For example, having come to the wardrobe, we stretch the coat of the wardrobe, we get a number, say "Thank you." It would also have been acted if there was another person in our place. Social interaction in the full sense of this word occurs when, firstly, contacts become systematic, long-term and directed by a particular person. Social interactions and give birth to full social relations.
The dynamics of social relations leads to the fact that social changes appear in society.
1.11 Social changes
Social change - any modification of the social organization of society in any of its social institutions, as well as in the social structure of society as a whole. Social changes can be revolutionary and evolutionary. It depends on the depth and speed of social change. The social revolution involves deep and rapid changes in the social structure. The evolutionary development of society implies a smooth and stretched change in time, respect for the main elements of the social structure, the inadmissibility of public shocks.
In modern Russia, the period of revolutionary changes seems to end. The social structure of Russia, undergoing colossal changes in 1986-1993, stabilized. In the economic foundation of social stratification, the lower layers are dominated, located at the traits and a little behind the poverty line. But the finally impoverished population is not so much. No fundamental changes in this regard are not expected. Numerous reforms implemented by the last right, liberal governments, this provision cannot change and apparently will not be able to continue, since the right, liberal governments do not have a priority task - fighting poverty. This provision is characteristic not only for Russia, it is typically practically for all states. This is due to the fact that different strengths in the development vectors are based on different segments of the population. Traditionally, the right is based on large and medium bourgeoisie, left - on hired workers. At the same time, some revolutionary changes in modern Russia as "top" and "bottom" are hardly possible.
Questions for self-control
1 What is a social institution? Give examples of social institutions.
2 What are the main features of social institutions?
3 What historical stratification types allocated Eh Hydedence?
4 What is social mobility?
5 What types of social mobility allocated n Sorokin?
Chapter 2. Social Groups and Social Communications
2.1 Concepts Social Group and Social Communication
The concepts of the social group and social community are the most debated in the sociological community. There are various views on the interpretation of both of these concepts, from which you can select the 2 most common:
1. Community is indicated as synonyms of social groups. In this case, sociologists, as a rule, do not consider the community as such, limited to a detailed analysis of the definition of the social group.
2. The concepts of the social group and social community differ quite different. What, in this case, experts understand under a social group and social community?
Social generality is a combination of individuals, characterized by relative integrity and acting by an independent subject of social action, behavior. For social communities, the presence of the most commondisorder signs.
Social generality is distinguished by a huge variety of species and forms. They vary significantly both in the quantitative composition and for the duration of existence. As a rule, generality can be allocated according to the system-forming features: territorial, ethnic, demographic and others. Different community play a different role in the historical development of a certain society. There are generality that do not have any impact on the historical development of society. They arise, there are a short time and disintegrate. For example, visitors to the cinema on a specific session, bus passengers. Other communities that act quite a long time can affect society to a much greater degree. For example, students.
2.2 Ethnicity
Under ethnic community, for example, understand the social community, which is allocated by ethnic sign, i.e. These are people of a certain nation or nationality with characteristic of this nation or nationality with habits, traditions and weight lifestyles. Ethnic community can play a significant role in the historical development of society - the conquest of land, the protection of its own territory - very often these events are associated with the active actions of one or another commonality. In addition, ethnic communities are always noticeable if they are outside the territory, which historically occupies this community. Then it forms a community on the principle of a certain ethnic "earthland" within a certain territory.
With similar "econditions" if they are large and strong forced, as a rule, the main ethnic community of this territory is also considered. The historically-established ethnic community on a certain territory is also called an ethnic. 4 The main historical forms of ethnic community: genus, tribe, nationality, nation. Rod is a group of blood relatives leading their origin on the maternal or father's line.
Characteristic features of the genus were primitive collectivism, the lack of private property, class division, a monogamous family. Tribe -Type of ethnic community of people and social organization of a reporting society. The main distinguishing feature (sign) is a blood-related link between its members. The characteristic features of the tribe are - the presence of a tribal territory, tribal self-consciousness, tribal self-government. Nature is a form of socio-ethnic community of people, historically as follows for a tribal community. If blood-related bonds are characterized for troplex associations, then for nation - territorial. Nation is a historically folding type of ethnos, the historical community of people characterized by the sustainable integrity of economic life, language, territory, some features of culture and life, psychological warehouse and ethnic (national) self-consciousness. The nation occurs during the transition of nationality to a higher quality level.
2.3 Inter-national relations
Ethnic relations are manifested in the interaction of various nations within a certain area of \u200b\u200bresidence. The friction in this relationship can be a prerequisite for interethnic conflicts.
Interethnic conflicts by nature are similar to conflicts between other communities. Therefore, the paths of permission of interethnic conflicts differ little from universal ways to resolve them (see this in more detail in the section "Social conflict" of this publication).
Ethnic conflicts are more or less reliable on the soil of nationalism and separatism.
Nationalism is an ideology based on the ideas of national superiority and national exclusivity and the interpretation of the nation as the main form of community.
Separatism - ideology, which is based on the desire of a certain generality (most often ethnic) to the separation, toogeneration and creation of its own states or other national-territorial entities in the states.
2.4 National Policy of the Russian State
The national policy of modern Russian society has a major goal in minimizing and localizing social conflicts.
Based on this purpose, Russian politics tries to solve 2 main tasks:
2) minimize ethnic contradictions between the indigenous population of territories and settlers of other nationalities.
In modern Russian society, the main reasons for ethnic conflicts are the following:
1) Factors of ethnic opposition of Russian and national ethnic groups Perestroika processes in a number of national republics led to power a nationalist elite. Representatives of this elite opposed themselves to the ethnic communities of the Russians in this territory. As a result, a rather similar situation arose in a number of republics, which for the most part did not come out of the state of the latent (hidden) conflict, but thus created decent tensions. A much more clearly, this situation was traced on the example of the collapse of the USSR and on the basis of several independent states. In several states, Russian and Russian-speaking ethnos have been practically ousted from the territory of these independent states. (Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan).
2) Economic factors expressed in the socio-economic inequalities of the regions. The poorest Russian republics are the republics of the North Caucasus. An extremely difficult economic situation in the North Caucasus, one of whose indicators is a very high rate of falling production into perestroika and post-pre-drawn years, a large number of unemployed, complicated by the high polyethnics of the republics and the competition of the Caucasian elites themselves contributed to the formation of a high interethnic voltage zone.
The mentality of the Caucasian peoples should be added to this. (Mentality - features of the individual and public consciousness of people, their life positions, cultures, models of behavior due to the social environment, national traditions, etc.).
One of the basic moments of the Menalitis of Caucasian peoples is the unconditional provision of their far from small, as a rule, families with means of existence. This can be distinguished as an additional inter-ethnic stress factor. All these factors provide a greater degree of inter-ethnic stress in the republics of the North Caucasus. (Dagestan, Karachay-Cherkessia).
3) Factors of social extremism of the national elite. (Extremism is a commitment to extreme views and measures, as well as the desire to achieve a goal using the most radical methods, including all types of violence, terror).
The curnt example of the development of this type of conflict is a conflict in Chechnya. The Chechen national elite, supported at a certain stage of the elite of the Russian, took a course on the construction of an independent Chechnya. Applying extremist methods, the national, Chechen elite began to displace the Russian-speaking population outside the republic. At the same time, the structure of the Russian-Chechen conflict was a huge ball of problems of ethnic, economic, political properties. As a result, the situation in Chechnya came out of the control of the federal government. There was a large-scale, outdoor ethnic conflict. At the same time, the Chechen ethnos himself is not one in opposition to the ethnic group Russian. Chechen ethnos strongly split. Along with the presence of an interethnic conflict, it is clearly there is an inta-ethnic conflict - between some Chechen communities and other Chechen communities.
2.5 Classification of social communities and social groups
Communication classification:
Mass
1) are structurally unexplosed amorphous formations with fairly suspended boundaries, with an indefinite qualitative and quantitative composition;
2) for them can be characterized by a situational way of existence;
3) they are inherent in the heterogeneity of the composition, intergroup nature;
4) They can be characterized by an association on some one feature or foundation.
Group (Social Groups)
The social group is a set of individuals, in certain ways interacting with each other, aware of their belonging to this group and recognized by members of this group from the point of view of others (R. Merton).
Social groups in contrast to mass communities are characterized by:
1) sustainable interaction that promotes the strength and stability of their existence in space and in time;
2) a relatively high degree of cohesion;
3) distinctly pronounced homogeneity composition, i.e. the presence of signs inherent in all individuals included in the group;
4) entry into wider communion as structural formations.
Classification of social groups:
I.1. Small - the presence of direct personal contact, interpersonal relationships.
1 Small group is quite a sufficient community of people in which public relations act in the forms of direct personal communication. This is usually a group of people, from up to 15 people who are combined with a common area of \u200b\u200bactivity: labor, communicating and knowledge, are in direct contacts, emotional relations, contribute to the development of group norms and dynamics of group processes. With more people, the group is divided into subgroups.
Distinctive features of a small group: a limited number of members, the stability of the composition, interactivity and information saturation of communication, an informal level of human perception by a person, an internal structure, a sense of belonging to the group.
for a small group, common patterns are characterized:
Availability for joint activities;
The interaction of each with each;
The presence in the group of organizing began in the person of the leader, the head or informal structure of relations;
The number of bonds increases in geometrical progression, while the number of subjects increases in arithmetic;
The presence of emotional interpersonal relations;
Development of a special group culture - traditions, norms, rules, standards, behaviors that determine the expectations of the group members in relation to each other; Deviation from group standards is usually allowed only by the leader.
2. Large groups that do not meet the conditions of small groups.
A large social group is structured, as a rule, as a social organization.
II. 1. Formal - with a strictly defined structure, rules and regulation of actions of members of this group in the event that this activity is related to the official status of a member of the Group. For the formal group, the presence of structure, rationalization of functions, separation of responsibilities. In the form of its organization, a formal social group is a social institution. Therefore, all the characteristics of the Social Institute (Functions, Signs, etc.) are used to the formal social group (see the Social Structure of the Company in the topic "Social Institutions" of this publication).
2. Informal - not having structures and total listed in the characteristics of formal groups. The interaction between the members of the Group is based on interpersonal relations on the initiative of the individuals themselves, the community of their interests, etc.
2.6 The role of social groups and community in history
The role of social groups and communities in society is completely different. Most social groups and communities do not leave significant traces in the history of societies. The exceptions are elite groups and communities, groups and communities directly affecting the political development of society as well as some groups and communities at the time of revolutionary shocks or serious crises, when random factors have random situation on the development of the situation. It is in this situation that community and social groups can "deploy" the situation in one direction or another. For example, during the development of the economic crisis in the USSR of the late 80s, such a community as miners played a major role. The overwhelming majority of coal mines of the USSR did not ship the coal on its region, so a serious energy crisis broke out, which, in turn, led to an increase in political instability in the country.
2.7 Group standards and sanctions
Social groups exist group values \u200b\u200band norms. Group values \u200b\u200bare shared by the social group (or society as a whole, if we are talking about social values) beliefs about the goals that need to be achieved, and those major routes and funds that lead to these goals. In other words, social values \u200b\u200bhelp answer the question of how to treat what is already there, and to what it may be.
Group standards are derived from group values \u200b\u200band are based on them. They are no longer on the question of attribute to the phenomena and processes occurring within the group and in society, but on the question of what and how to do with them. If group values \u200b\u200bdetermine the overall, strategic component of the behavior of the group, then group norms are specific settings for the behavior of a separate member of the group that determine the boundaries of the desired and admissible behavior of the individual in a particular situation in terms of this group. So, group norms are rules of conduct, expectations and standards governing human behavior in accordance with the values \u200b\u200bof this particular group. It is clear that the values \u200b\u200bof different groups are different. Compliance with these norms is ensured in the group by applying punishments and promotions. Forms of encouragement, like the form of punishment, each group has its own. The promotion may be an increase in the status of a member of the group, approaching the distinguished group "shrines", the group recognition of the special merit of the member of the group, etc. Forms of punishment are opposite. The extreme form of intragroup punishment is the elimination of a member of the group from this group.
If we talk about society as a whole, then, similar to group values \u200b\u200band group regulations, there are social norms and values \u200b\u200bthat regulate relations in society as a whole.
Questions for self-control
1. What is social community and social group? What two extreme points of view on the definition of these concepts exist?
2. What types of social groups can be allocated?
3. Why do group values \u200b\u200band norms exist?
4. What is ethnic community?
5. What is the basis of the ideology of nationalism and separatism?
Chapter 3. Personality as a subject of social relations
3.1 The concept of personality
Personality -one of the central concepts in sociology. Philosophical concepts and psychological theories are noticeably influenced by the personality in sociology. Philosophy further operates the capacious concept of "man", which includes both biological, and reasonable, and cultural nature. Philosophers talk about a person "Generally", about his sense of life, about the role in the universe, etc. When philosophers say "personality", then most often they mean "man."
Psychology draws attention to individual differences in people - at temperament, character, behavioral features. Under the identity, psychologists understand the individuality.
In sociology, personality is the integrity of the social properties of man. Personality is a product of social development and inclusion of an individual into a system of social relations.
Personality subject of social, relationshipsit is characterized by a certain degree of independence from society, the ability to oppose himself to him. Personal independence is associated with the ability to control their behavior, which is impossible without self-consciousness, self-esteem.
When considering a person as object of public relationsthe emphasis is on the influence of society on its dependence on social and cultural expectations, social settings of the environment, where the person is formed.
3.2 Socialization of the person
Socialization is the process of assimilation of cultural norms and the development of social roles.Thanks to socialization, a person becomes a capable member of society.
Many creatures are born committed ready for independent life, that is, they are born by adults (for example, insects). Other creatures need a certain period to adapt in the world. This period is called childhood. It can be different lengths: birds - 1 season, in tigers, monkeys and elephants - a few years
But no one, except for a person, no socialization - the period when a person learns to live in society, in the world of public relations (and not only in its ecological niche, like animals). No social properties are innate. Feeling conscience, responsibility, honor, etc. Genetically not transmitted.
Socialization is not only school training, institute. Such training is only a formal acquisition of knowledge. The school cannot teach a person to be a good husband, a business partner, attentive parent, son, etc. This has to learn all your life in real, and not laboratory conditions. Each social role includes many rules, cultural norms, behavioral stereotypes that need to be developed. Mortification, a person acquires new roles (for example, father, chief) and must master them. Therefore, socialization goes all life.
It is clear that you can learn your life in society, just living in society. Several real cases are known when human cubs were isolated by him and they were brought up by the beasts (such "Mowgli" are called Faratic people). Mowgli behaved like animals - not four limbs moved, they experienced a strong fear of fire, did not laugh. When they were returned to the society of people, they found only the most elementary skills, but did not learn abstractly think, be friends, smile. They took possession of a speech consisting of no more than 30 words, and in human society lived no more than 10 years.
That is, the stay in the social environment and socialization play a crucial role in the transformation of a biological creature into public. This process means both a person in individual and personality.
The socialization process undergoes the stages that coincide with the main life cycles. This is a childhood, youth, maturity, old age.
Stages of socialization. Childhood and adolescence is the initial socialization, maturity and old age -conded socialization. The most important is the first stage, childhood, when the foundation of socialization is laid and a personality is formed by 70%. Therefore, children, isolated from society, die (as social creatures), and adults - no.
The socialization process is not unauthorized. People and institutions help him. Specific people responsible for socialization are called socialization agents. Institutions affecting socialization and guides to it - socialization institutions. When they talk about the family generalizable, call it the "institution" of socialization. And when they imply specific family members, they use the concept of "agents".
Select primary and secondary socialization.
There are two options for interpreting primary and secondary socialization.
The first interpretation option is next. There are primary socialization agents - parents, brothers, sisters, relatives, family friends, teachers, leaders in youth groups, etc. That is those who directlyaffects man. At the stage of secondary socialization, the institutions of socialization are largely beginning to influence the identity - the city, district, schools, universities, the army.
The second version of the interpretation is next. Primary socialization is the Socialization "score". Such socialization passes mainly in childhood, in the case when in the process of socialization, samples of behavior, values \u200b\u200bare absolutely new, i.e. No matter how "falling" on a blank sheet of paper. Secondary socialization is the same as resocialization - rebuilding samples of behavior, values, perception of certain processes. Secondary socialization begins in time later than the primary, and passes, as a rule, in adulthood. However, rigid two types of socialization to age - that is, to say that primary socialization takes place in childhood, and the secondary in adult is wrong, since in children and adolescents certain values \u200b\u200bcan change and, on the contrary, an adult can get some kind New experience in the already mature age.
3.3 Socialization and Education
The process of socialization depends on the social organization of society, from the values \u200b\u200bto which the Society is committed. For example, in societies with a type of hunting oriented and fisheries, the education of children is aimed at making them independent and independent. And agricultural and livestock types are focused on responsibility and obedience. And this is justified - after all, the success of hunting and fisheries more depends on the manifestation of individual initiative, from the ability to act on the situation, from independence. And in agriculture, patience and responsibility are important.
On the basis of the education of the child, 4 types of society are distinguished:
1) weak discipline and early and in late childhood;
2) strict discipline and in early and late childhood;
3) In early childhood, the discipline is strict, in the late - weak;
4) In early childhood, the discipline is weak, in the late - strict.
For example, the Japanese belong to the fourth type of society - they provide small children to the maximum of freedom and practically do not punish them. Site appears later, as we grow up. Older children, the Japanese are raised in the spirit of strict, requiring obedience to Confucian morality.
European societies up to 18th century practiced strict discipline at any age. It was believed that children's timewise was the basis of all vices.
After the 18th century, Europe turns into a third type, because The concepts of human dignity, the rights of a young man for an independent choice of life path, etc.
The upbringing model is due to sociocultural processes (in totalitarian society it is impossible to create a liberal socialization model). Specific performers, as a rule, cannot change this model on their own arbitrariness.
The process of socialization is closely associated with the stages of the moral development of the personality.
1. In early childhood, the child is guided by selfish motifs. He listens to avoid punishment or in exchange for specific benefits and encouragement.
2. At the next stage, children are focused on the "good child" model and seek to earn the trust of those whom they love. Installation is gradually being created: "Well what matches the rules." At this stage, moral consciousness is formed. People are aware of the rules of behavior in society, their necessity. A person begins to make actions, independently focusing on the already accepted, learned values.
3. But the freedom of behavior and self-regulation come (and often do not come) a lot later, when a person is aware of the conventionality of moral rules (relativism) and seeks to find higher principles, which is subordinated - according to his will - its behavior.
3.4 Interpersonal relationships and conflicts in interpersonal relationships
Interpersonal relationships arise through interaction phenomena. Social interaction is the mutual influence of phenomena and processes, persons or communities, carried out through social activities. Two main levels of interactions: 1) interpersonal interaction and 2) Interrelevice interaction. 1) Interpersonal interaction is interaction in which the social relationship of people is determined by their common interests, friendship, attachment, that is, relations are built at the personal level. 2) Interrelevice interaction is interaction that is based on the basis of social statuses, people carrying out social interaction, their social roles. After a certain time, the interval interaction can move to the interpersonal level, if people appear common interests that are not related to the status structure.
Interpersonal conflict - conflict between individual personalities. The special specifics of the interpersonal conflict, in contrast to the social conflict, does not exist. Therefore, we can talk about the typical of the interpersonal conflict as the social conflict. See more about structuring and resolving the conflict in the section "Social conflict"
Questions for self-control
1. What is socialization? Why is it necessary? What stages do it take?
2. What is primary and secondary socialization?
3. How does socialization on the type of society depend on?
4. How is socialization associated with the upbringing and stages of the moral development of the individual?
Chapter 4. Family in the Social Structure of the Company
4.1 Family as a social institution
Family is a group of people related to relationship relations or marriage, which ensures the upbringing of children and satisfies other significant needs.
The family is the main carrier of cultural samples inherited from generation to generation. It is in the family that a person learns social roles that receives the basics of education, behavior skills.
In most primitive societies (Tribes of Central Africa, many people of the North), the family is the only actually functioning public institute. There are no rulers, formal laws, specialized professions. The family fills all the lives of these people. All issues of the distribution of power, products, other values \u200b\u200bare solved within the framework of individual families or on the advice of several families.
The family is one of the main social institutions in society. With an increase in the size of the tribes, the need for a formal political organization appears. New institutions appear, which take part of family functions.
Like all institutions of society, the family is a system of adopted norms and procedures for the implementation of functions important to society.
4.2 Socio-demographic structure of society
In sociology and demographics, a division of families are taken on three types: small families are those where few children in terms of socio-psychological. For the emergence of primary group relations among two children is not enough, two only steam. A two-order family is a family consisting of two pairs - spouses and children, paired relationships in them cannot be considered strictly group, because Primary relationships are formed, starting with three members of the group. On the other hand, few children in the family can be from the point of view of population reproduction (demographic) - so that the previous generations are replaced by subsequent, it is necessary about 2.5 children per family or a quarter of two-bed families, and a third - three-fingered, 20% - four-finteers and 7% of pyddet and more, and 14% of childless and one-piece. The real structure of families from the departure in Russia, where the birth rate fell below 16 births per 1000 inhabitants - the boundaries of simple reproduction of the population - and reached 11.5 per 1000 in 1992, corresponds to an average of 1.59 children per family. This means the excessive predominance of small families from 1 to 16 years - such in the Russian Federation approximately 90%.
Large families with 5 or more children - where children are much more for replacement of generations - less than 1%. Middle families with 3--4 children, where children are enough for slightly expanded reproduction, about 9%. Thus, the structure of families resembling sharply distorted: large families in 15 are more than once less than it follows, the average - 5 times, then as one-day 5 times more, therefore the birth rate compensates for mortality. Moreover, in 1992, the mortality rate of 12.6 per 1000 inhabitants exceeded the birth rate, exposing the process of depopulation (degeneration of the nation), which began to spread the most agreed and accelerated mortality rates from the mid-70s that began in the 60s in Russia.
A huge variety of family structures is formed when the task of classifying families, taking into account the change in the family in time from the start to the finish of family life. The introduction of the duration parameter, the experience of marriage and family, family changes in the course of life led to the concept of a family cycle of life or family life cycle. Perhaps the word cycle is inaccurate here, because Only when changing family generations, the same stages of the formation and decay of the family are repeated as socio-psychological integrity. But, unlike the dynamics of the relationship between family members, rapid changes in the state of the family atmosphere, the term cycle of family life is applicable to the characteristics of the repeatability of the processes occurring during a consistent change of the stages of the family functioning.
The development of the family cycle schemes represents an independent problem of family sociology (based on statistical data on the prevalence of certain stages of the cycle in the family structure of the population.) The family cycle is determined by the stages of parenting on family events from the beginning before the cessation of marriage. The family cycle can be formed at different bases: Yang Schepański highlights, subject to the lack of divorce, three phases: before the birth of a child, socialization to separation from the parents of adult children and the phase of the gradual decay of the marriage, other scientists increase the number of phases and their content.
Family functions in most societies are not enough from each other.
1. Sexual regulation function. With the help of the family, society organizes and regulates the natural sexual needs of people. Often after the establishment of a family chaotic intimate life turns into a stable marital relationship.
2. Reproductive function. One of the main tasks of any society is the reproduction of new generations. It is important that the children are physically and mentally healthy.
3. Socialization function. The family occupies a central place in the process of socialization. The family for the child is the primary group, the development of personality begins with it. A person remains the basic samples of behavior in early childhood forever.
4. Function of emotional satisfaction. The numerous needs of a person belongs to communicate with loved ones. Doctors believe that an important cause of difficulties in communication and even disease is the lack of love and heat in the family. Crimes more often commit those who were deprived of care in the family.
5. Status function. Each person brought up in the family receives statuses close to the status of his family members as an inheritance. These are belonging to a specific social layer, nationality, etc. Family carries the child's role to prepare the status, putting it appropriate interests, values, lifestyle.
6. Protective function. The family carries out the physical, economic, psychological protection of their members (although in different societies with different intensity). We are accustomed to the fact that, the assist of a person, we hurt the interests of his family.
7. Economic function. Family members lead a general farm. Family life rates include compulsory assistance and support for each family member if he has economic difficulties.
4.3 Family as a small group
In any society, the family has a dual character. On the one hand, this is a social institution, and on the other - a small group. The family has all the signs of a small group. It has a limited, well-defined number of members, the stability of the composition, the sense of belonging to each family member to this group, the usefulness of communication inside the group, the informal level of human perception by a person inside the family, the inner structure is also present in the family.
Historical types and forms of family relationships:
1) Family, depending on the representation of various generations in them, are nuclear (the presence of only two generations in the family: parents and children) and expanded (married couple, children, parents of spouses, other relatives). Urbanization processes in the modern world led to the predominance of a nuclear family.
2) According to the type of leadership and the distribution of family responsibilities, 3 types of family stand out:
1. Traditional, or patriarchal family. Under one roof, there are at least three generations, the role of the leader is given to the older man. For traditional families are characteristic:
1) the economic dependence of the woman from the spouse;
3) consolidation of female and male duties - husband-feeder, wife - Mistress.
2. Non-Creative Family. It retains installations on male leadership and delimitation of duties, but, unlike families of the first type, without sufficient objective grounds. Such a type of family is called exploitative, because along with the right to earn money, the woman receives the "exclusive right" at home work.
3. Egalitarian family (family equal). For a family of this type, a fair division of domestic duties is characterized, joint adoption of important solutions for family (in Western European countries, there are cases when a man takes a child care vacation).
3) by the criterion of importance of power:
1. Patriardial - the upper position in the authority is the father.
2. Matriarchal - the top position occupies a mother.
4) on the social position of spouses before marriage:
1. Homogeneous - spouses from close or identical social layers.
2. Heterogeneous - spouses from different social layers.
5) on the principle of inheritance:
1. Patriilineal. Hereditary rights are transferred to the paternal line.
2. Pricing. Hereditary rights are transferred by the maternal line.
6) by the number of children:
1) Large,
2) low-rise
3) childless.
4.4 Tendencies of the change and development of the family in modern society
The family is a fairly variable social institution. Changes in family relationships for a long time are very noticeable. There is a different classification of these changes. For example, the Russian sociologist A.G.Efendiev uses the following classification.
First, the family moves towards the traditional to modern. In traditionalism, the eyes of the family life organization of public life, the advantage of the values \u200b\u200bof kinship to the maximization of the benefits of the individual and on economic efficiency, is first rushed. Modernism, on the contrary, separates relationship from socio-economic and political life, replaces the interests of kinship to the economic purposes of the individual.
Secondly, the agrarian society has its own main economic unit, a family household, as a rule, all adults work at home and not for a fee, but on themselves.
The modernist model is associated with the division of the house and work, hired labor appears in large enterprises with individual payments, regardless of the status in family-related networks. It is important to emphasize that family production does not disappear at all (although such a tendency is observed), and ceases to be the leading, chief element of the economy, and in the urbanized regions, the consumer type of family is distributed, where public activities, in addition to genetic and physiological processes, is complemented by the consumption of submitted institutions The salary account extracted by family members behind the threshold of the house. However, due to the sociocultural division of family duties, women participating in the hired embracing work continue to conduct a household.
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The concept of a small group, its signs and borders. Definition of the social group, typology of social groups. The concept and classification of political regimes, characteristics and their main features. Definition and characteristics of the main types of social communities.
Social relations - This is a system of normalized interactions between partners about something that binds them (subject, interest, etc.). Unlike social interaction, social relations are a steady system limited to certain standards(formal and informal).
Social relations are divided into one-sided and mutual. One-sided social relationship is characterized by the fact that their participants invest different meaning in them.
For example, love from the individual can stumble upon contempt or hatred from the object of his love.
The reason that sometimes similar interactions differ from each other in content are values. Value in this context can be defined as a target desired event.
The fact that the subject X appreciates the Y object means that X acts so as to achieve the level Y or at least get closer to this level.
For example, the case when Alexander Macedonsky, who possessed power, wealth and prestige, proposed to take advantage of these values \u200b\u200bphilosopher Diogen Sinopsky. The king asked the philosopher to call the desire, to present any requirement that he immediately performs. But Diogen did not have needs in proposed values \u200b\u200band expressed the only desire: so that the king would move and not blocked the sun. Relationships of respect and gratitude, which was calculated by the Macedonian, did not arise, Diogen remained independent, as, however, the king.
The following elements can be distinguished in the relationship system:
elements of the system of relationships:
· subjects of communication - two individuals, two social groups, or an individual and social group;
· binder their linkswhich can be any subject, interest, the overall value, creating the basis of the relationship;
· certain duty system or installed functions that must be carried out by partners in relation to each other.
Among the entire diversity of social resources, there are those present in all other relations and are their basis. This is, above all, the relationship of social dependence and power.
For example, if we consider the relationship of love, it is obvious that the love of two people to each other involves mutual commitments and the dependence of one person from the motives and actions of another. The same can be said about friendship, respect, management and management, where the relationship of dependence and the authorities are most obvious.
Interconnectionthere are no static in society and community societies in society, but rather dynamic, it manifests itself in the interaction of people about the satisfaction of their needs and the realization of interests. This interaction is characterized by two main factors: 1) the very activity of each of the subjects of the Company, directed by certain motives (they are most often necessary to identify sociologist); 2) those public relations in which social constituents come in for the sake of meeting their needs and
interests.
We are talking about social relations as side of the functioning of the social structure. And these relationships are very diverse. In a broad sense, all social relations can be called social, i.e. inherent in society.
In a narrow sense social relationsspecify as specific relationships that exist along with economic, political and others. They develop between subjects, including between social groups, regarding the satisfaction of their needs in appropriate working conditions, material benefits, improvement of life and leisure, education and access to the subjects of spiritual culture, as well as in health care and social security. We are talking about the satisfaction of the needs in the field of the so-called social sphere of human life, the needs of reproduction and the development of their vitality and their social self-affirmation, which is, in particular, in ensuring the main conditions for their existence and development in society.
The most important part of the functioning of the social sphere of society is to improve the social relations arising here.
1 Types of social structures.Depending on the level of development of labor and socio-economic relations, various types have historically developed social structures.
So, social structure slave-owned societythe classes of slaves and slave owners, as well as artisans, merchants, landowners, free peasants, representatives of mental activity - scientists, philosophers, poets, priests, teachers, doctors, etc. It is enough to recall the vivid evidence of the development of scientific thought and the spiritual culture of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, a number of the countries of the Ancient East to make sure how great the role of the intelligentsia in the development of the peoples of these countries is. It. Conference and high level of development of political life in the ancient world, and the famous Roman private law.
Certificate of interest about professions and activities within the slaveholding in one of the countries of the Mediterranean:
In addition to slaves engaged in the work in the estates, there were governors, treasurers, gardeners, cooks, bakers, confectioners, heads of parade and ordinary utensils, clothing, sleeping bags, merrabists, porters, houses, masseuses, closers, dyeers, weavers, seams, shoemakers, Carpenters, blacksmiths, musicians, readers, singers, pisari, doctors, rebel grandmas, builders, artists, numerous servants without special professions.
This largely typical picture eloquently testifies to the level of separation and specialization of labor in ancient slave-ownership societies, about their professional and social structures.
Social Structure feudal societyit is clearly visible in the development of European countries of the Calpalistic era. It was the relationship of the basic classes - feudal and fortress peasants, as well as estates and various intelligentsia groups. These classes, wherever they arise, differ among themselves by their place in the system of public division of labor and socio-economic relations.
Special place in it occupy estate.In domestic sociology, classes are paid little attention. Let us dwell on this issue more.
Clauses are social groups whose place in society is determined not only by their position in the system of socio-economic relations, but also established traditions and legal, acts. This determined the rights, duties and privileges of such estates as secular feudals and clergy. In France, the classic sample of the division of a feudal society for estates, along with the two specified classes of the ruling class, there was an unprivileged third estate, which included peasants, artisans, merchants, representatives of the emerging bourgeoisie and proletariat. Similar estates existed in other countries.
In Russia, there were such estates as nobility, clergy, peasantry, merchants, burghers. The leading of these classes is a nobility, which now speak a lot and write, appeared in the XII-XIII centuries. As part of the feudal military agent (yard people), which was in military service in the Russian princes. From the XIV century These yard people (nobility) began to receive for their service land - estate. In the XVII century The nobility was the main mass of Russian feudalists, in the interests of which the serfdom was issued, approved by the Cathedral Molding of 1649 in the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich - Father Peter I.
Many for the noble class did Ekaterina II. Its in 1775, the privileges of the nobility were fixed by the so-called humble diploma. In the same year, the organ of the noblestal government was approved - the noble assembly, which existed until 1917, the noble meetings were collected once every three years and solved the urgent questions of the life of this class. There were provincial and county noble collections that were elected the leaders of the nobility, corrections and other officials who were engaged in the affairs of the nobility.
After the reform of 1861, the position of the nobility was significantly weakened, but it remained the main support of the royal power. To solve its economic problems "in the conditions of the formation of a bourgeois society, the nobility had his noble bank, which issued preferential loans to nobles on the security of land. Since 1885, he was called the noble land bank. The nobility and its land tenure were eliminated during the October Revolution of 1917. one
Currently, the Russian noble estate makes attempts to revive.
The essence of such classes as the clergy, the peasantry and merchants, more or less clear the wide range of our people. As for the Meshchansky class, it appeared in 1775 on the basis of the Dectery of Catherine II. It was the former landing people --remenniki, small merchants and homeowners. The decree shared the trade and industrial population on the merchant and boucher. Messengers were united at the place of residence in community with the right of self-government 2.
In the later stages of the development of the feudal society, bourgeoisie and proletariat appeared.
A complex social structure has capitalist society,especially modern. As part of its social structure, there are primarily different groups of bourgeoisie, the so-called middle class and workers. The presence of these classes is generally recognized by all more or less serious sociologists, politicians and state leaders of capitalist countries, although some of them make various clauses regarding the understanding of classes, erosion of the boundaries between them, etc.
Especially much refers to the middle class of the bourgeois society. It is characterized by it very peculiar. It includes small and medium in income level entrepreneurs, farmers, merchants, highly paid workers and employees. The middle class includes the majority of the population of industrialized capitalist countries based on the level of its income. This approach has the right to exist. It has its own logic, especially since the major bourgeoisie and most workers in the middle class are not included. However, there are other interpretations of the classes of the same bourgeois * society, which rely on their place in the system of public division of labor and property relations.
A leading role in the economy and socio-political sphere of capitalist society is played by monopoly bourgeoisie, including large industrialists, businessmen, bankers, monopolizing the main sectors of the economy not only in their countries, but often beyond their limits that have created major transnational corporations. The relationship between the bourgeoisie and the working class is still the main link of the social structure of the capitalist society. There are also classes of large land owners (latifundists) and peasants, including farmers. Depending on the number of extended hired labor and income level, farmers are acting as more or less wealthy peasants or as representatives of small and medium, and sometimes large agricultural bourgeoisie. The intelligentsia is still played, including scientific and technical, humanitarian (teachers, doctors, lawyers, etc.), creative (writers, artists, composers, artists and other representatives of intelligentsia working in the sphere of spiritual culture), as well as occupied in the field of state
activities.
Construction experience socialist societyin the countries of Central, Eastern Europe and Asia revealed the main directions for the development of its social structure. The main elements were considered the working class, a cooperative peasantry, an intelligentsia, preserved in some of these countries (Poland, China) by the sections of private entrepreneurs, as well as professional and demographic groups and national communities. In connection with the substantial deformation of socio-economic relations, the social structure of society was also deformed. This applies primarily to the relationship between the social groups of the city and the village, including between the industrial workstation and the peasantry.
The violent collectivization essentially destroyed most of the enterprising and productive peasantry, and the nonequivalent exchange of industrial products on the agricultural is constantly led to the deterioration of the living conditions of the rural population, including collective farmers, workers and employees of state farms and rural intelligentsia. The essential totalitarian regime referred to the entire intelligentsia, mainly as serving the interests of workers and peasants layers, little believed to her own interests, and sometimes, showing her open disrespect, forced her best representatives to serve their goals. All this caused a huge damage to the development of intelligentsia. It was not the master of the situation and the working class, on behalf of which the ruling bureaucracy carried out its dictatorship.
The whole society was subordinated to the established administrative-bureaucratic system and the huge apparatus of officials, who, in fact, forced all social sections of society to serve its economic and political interests. It is clear that the restructuring of social relations that began in the mid-80s in a number of socialist countries was initially supported by the majority of the societies precisely because it proclaimed its intelligence of deformations also in the development of social structure by establishing harmonic relations between all social groups, the most Full and fair satisfaction of their needs and interests.
7.3. Social groups
As noted, the social structure of all society is a rather complicated education. In addition to classes, classes, the intelligentsia, the role of which in the modern era of the scientific and technical revolution and the multiple complication of public life is constantly increasing, everything is louder and persistently declare themselves demographic groupsas young people and women seeking to improve their position in society, fully realize their interests. It is known what the ultimately acquired national relations. In the context of updating the Company, each nation and nationality seek to implement their economic, political and spiritual interests.
To analyze the social structure of society, it is possible to come true on the one hand. We are talking about the allocation of large and small social groups in it, firstly, developing objectively, i.e. Ultimately, regardless of the consciousness and will of people, secondly, which are emerging during the conscious and organizing activities of the participants of the historical process.
To the first one can attribute the following social groups, including classes, estates, professional, demographic, as well as national communities; To the second - political parties, trade union and youth organizations, scientific societies, clubs for interests and even groups of friends.
Among these social groups and organizations, formal and informal organizations can be distinguished. Formalthe organizations act more often on the basis of the charters and programs adopted by them (say, political parties), have their permanent coordinating and governing bodies. IN informalthere are no organizations all this, and their actions are carried out mainly on the basis of personal contacts, by organizing meetings, conferences, rallies, mass movements. They are created to achieve quite definite goals - current and long-term.
In Western sociology, highlighted functional groups,combined depending on the functions performed and social roles. These are professional groups engaged in political, economic and spiritual activities, groups of people of different qualifications, groups occupying various social statutes - entrepreneurs, workers, employees, representatives of the intelligentsia, finally, groups of urban and rural residents, as well as socio-demographic groups. The beginning of a serious sociological study of the functional activity of various social groups put in due time E. Durkheim,it was then continued in the works of its followers in European countries and in the United States. Especially it should be noted the works of American sociologists T. Parsons, R. Mrthonand other representatives of structural and functional analysis in modern sociology.
The efforts of many sociologists are aimed at studying the so-called small groups.They are formed on the basis of the emergence of more or less permanent and close contacts between several people or due to the collapse of a large social group. Often both of these processes occur simultaneously. It happens that a number of small groups appear and operate as part of a large social group.
The number of people in small groups ranges from two to ten, rarely larger. Sociologists call the optimal dimensions of small groups: seven people plus-minus two. In such a group, the socio-psychological contacts of the people who are incoming in it, often concerning the significant moments of their life and activity. A small group can be a group of friends familiar or a group of people associated with professional interests working at the factory, in a scientific institution, in the theater, etc. Performing production functions, they at the same time establish interpersonal contacts, characterized by psychological harmony and overall interest in anything.
Such groups can play a large role in the formation of value orientation, in determining the direction of behavior and activities of their representatives. Their role in this may be more significant than the role of large social groups or media. Thus, they constitute a specific social environment affecting the identity that sociology should not bypass their attention. Studying people's interaction in small groups, sociologist reveals many genuine motives for their behavior and activity.
American sociologists played a big role in learning small groups Ch. Kuli, E. Meio, J. Homans, J. Morenoand others. Outstanding Russian teacher A. S. Makarenkohe emphasized the important role of small groups of adolescents and young men in the upbringing of their peers. In recent years, domestic sociologists have increasingly treated with the analysis of small groups.
7.4. Social mobility
The characteristic section of the theory of the social structure of society is the problem social mobility.We are talking about the transition of people from some social groups and layers (strata) 1to other, for example, from the urban layer to rural, and vice versa. The social mobility of the population is influenced by such circumstances as a change in living conditions in the city or countryside, receiving people of new professions or a change in the type of activity (let's say, the Entrepreneur devoted himself entirely to politics). All this represents an important moment of functioning of the social structure of society.
The reasons that enhance social mobility include a change in public opinion regarding the prestige of those or other professions and as a result of this, a change in professional interests among various groups of people. For example, a larger number of people show interest in business, political and scientific activities and much less to agriculture. So currently the situation in many countries, including in Russia.
Interest in the nature and content of labor and living conditions may vary from generation to generation, and maybe this happens more and more often, in people of one generation. As a result, more intense is the process of moving people from one professional and social layer to another.
The study of social mobility is important not only for scientists, but also for statesmen. It is necessary to fully imagine a real picture of social movements, to know their causes and main directions so that in the limits necessary for society to control these processes, consciously affecting them in the interests of preserving not only the necessary social dynamics, but also the stability of society and improving the lives of people.
7.5. The problem of civil society
The problems of social structure and social mobility are most directly related to the problem. civil society.This problem was supplied by European thinkers of the XVIII century, and later deeply developed Hegel.He distinguished the concepts of civil society and the state, characterized civil society as relatively independent of the state the scope of the implementation of private needs and interests.
Civil society acts on Hegel, as the interaction of the subjects of these needs and interests, carried out on the basis of private property and universal formal equality of people. In other words, civil society was interpreted as a system of social relations based on private ownership and right. It was about the formation of a bourgeois society, in which institutions of private property and the right received great space for their development.
The problem of man and citizen as a carrier of relations of private property, civil rights and freedoms was published. "Property and personality," hegel wrote in the section "Civil society," - possess the recognition of law and significance in civil society, "and the right should act as a total one. The idea of \u200b\u200bthe general profitability of the right is essentially the idea of \u200b\u200ba rule of law. Hegel meant again the bourgeois state, developing on the basis of the comprehensive manifestation of private ownership of the means of production and its products, which is protected by law, the entire system of law.
Hegel called the main elements of civil society: 1) social needs and subjects; 2) departure of justice; 3) police and corporations that seek practical implementation of laws and acts of justice 2.
Whose interests are primarily implemented in civil society? Responding to this question, Hegel wrote that it comes first of all about the interests of the person, each of which is equal to the law, as well as the interests of the main, in his opinion, classes: the farmers, to whom he attributed the nobles and peasants; industrial classes - manufacturers, artisans, merchants; The so-called universal class - officials. The latter protect the universal interests of all classes, the interests of society 1.
As can be seen, Hegel clearly puts and solves the question of the relationship between the socio-economic and legal spheres of civil society, the interaction of subjects of social needs and interests, private property and law. All this is very important for understanding the problem of civil society and for the practical solution of this problem in modern conditions.
About civil society wrote K. Marx,considering that civil society is the area of \u200b\u200bsocial relations, which is the main content of the historical process. Together, he wrote that "the anatomy of civil society should be sought in political economy" 2. It is not by chance, for, according to the logic of Marxism, the fundamental sphere of life of society, which is determining all other spheres and experiencing their influence on themselves, is the sphere of socio-economic relations of people, which is just the main link in the development of civil society.
Comprehending the idea of \u200b\u200bcivil society and taking into service that it was left by the preceding thinkers in the field of the theory of this issue, it is necessary to take into account modern realities and the current state of developing this problem. Apparently, it would be correct to consider
civil societyas the interaction of all large and small social groups available in the society, including classes and their comprehensive social groups, professional and demographic groups, as well as national communities.
Activities and, accordingly, the interests of both the objectively emerging social groups and layers of society and those functional groups and organizations that are created by the people themselves to implement their political, economic, social and spiritual interests are to be taken into account.
Of course, the functioning of all these groups has its own economic, political and spiritual framework. The economic basis, of course, is not coming down to private property relations, but also includes corporate, joint-stock ownership, collective property of cooperatives and public organizations, as well as state ownership in those areas of the economy, where its preservation is appropriate and necessary.
All listed forms of ownership of the means of production (and not only on them) are functioning in modern capitalist and socialist countries. The challenge is to develop and improve civil society on this economic basis, in which every citizen could freely and creatively express themselves, satisfy its needs in accordance with the benefit that he brings other people and the whole society. Moreover, any person in implementing its rights should be comprehensively protected by applicable laws and law enforcement agencies. The state should serve all people, protect their rights and civil liberties. In turn, every citizen must fulfill his duties to other citizens - close and distant, state and society. With such a formulation, the problem of improving civil society is organically linked to the problem of creating and improving the activities of the legal state. Both of these problems should solve our society.
7.6. Actual problems of development of the social structure of modern society
This refers to the formulation of these problems in relation to the development of the social structure of Russia. Until recently, the social composition of the USSR and all the republics of it was represented mainly by the working class, the peasantry and intelligentsia. In all republics, the working class was the majority of the population. The second largest social group was, as a rule, a group of employees and intelligentsia.
How optimal was such a social structure of the population, it is not easy to judge. In any case, she did not provide the proper dynamics of the development of society. The new social groups developing new social groups add dynamism to society, although the directions of their social activity sometimes disagree with the interests of other social groups and societies. The feasibility of enriching the social structure of society through the emergence of new social groups, first of all entrepreneurs, farmers, doubt cooperators does not cause. But it is necessary to enrich and intensify the activities of long-existing social groups, above all workers, peasants and intelligentsia. Today it is a fundamental socio-economic problem of the development of Russia, and other states that come earlier in the USSR.
From among new social groups, new categories of cooperators, farmers and representatives of individual labor activity in cities and rural areas should be noted. But first of all, it is necessary to mention entrepreneurs employed in the field of industrial, more financial and intermediary business, as well as owners of joint ventures. These social groups are currently actively operating in Russia. The running processes of the denationalization of property and its privatization multiplies the number of collective and private owners, most in the field of trade, services and intermediary activities.
All this significantly changes the social structure of modern Russian society and intensifies the processes of social mobility of the population. True, so far, the newly named new social groups of society are not a few and the influence of many of them on the development of the economy is weak. Miserer is to contribute to the economy of domestic businessmen. The same can be said about farmers. Nevertheless, new forms of business and entrepreneurial activities are developing. And this will lead to an increase in the number of relevant social groups and, consequently, further changes in the social structure of society. This, apparently, will occur in other republics of the former USSR - now sovereign and independent states.
Two main trends in the development of the social structure of modern society can be noted: 1) active process of social differentiation of society, the emergence of new social groups and segments of the population; 2) around the world's integration processes in the economy, which inevitably affects the social structure of society. Working conditions, its nature and maintenance of representatives of various social groups are converges. Consequently, the conditions for their life and the structure of interest are converges. All this leads to their socio-economic, and often spiritual and political consolidation.
In Ov social politicsstate figures must take into account both trends that are organically interrelated and dialectically interact with each other. This is necessary for the conscious impact on the development of social structure and social dynamics in society and to some extent to the scientific management of these processes.
Social policy is a policy aimed at regulating relations between all social groups of society. The main thing here is to increase the material well-being of all social groups and segments of the population, ensuring the normal conditions of their livelihoods and compliance with social justice. Solving these problems is the main content of social policy.
Of course, representatives of the state, political parties and movements can be and there are differences in understanding these problems and how to solve them. However, the main and most profound goal of a truly democratic social policy is to harmonize relations between all social groups. The wisdom of social policies in the authorities of political forces should be to create such conditions for the vital activity of social groups in which their interests would be most agreed, develop and implement the optimal mechanism for coordinating these interests in socio-economic and political relations. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the effect of objective social laws and specific conditions for the development of society at a time.
Questions for repetition
1. Expand the content of the concept of the "Social Structure of the Company".
2. What does the concept of "social relations" in a narrow and broad sense?
3. Describe the main types of historically established social structures.
4. What is social stratification and social mobility?
5. Give the characteristic of the main signs of civil society.
6. Indicate the most characteristic signs of the development of the social structure of modern society.
8. Ethnic Sociology
Ethnic sociology studies a very complex sphere of national-ethnic relations. These relationships concern almost all parties to the lives of various ethnic communities. In addition, they are often very intricate and contradictory. They express natural and socio-psychological qualities of ethnic communities, or ethnic groups. Let us try to understand the essence of these phenomena and reflecting their concepts, as well as the content of national-ethnic relations and the historical trends of their development, in the content of the so-called national issue and its decision in modern conditions.
8.1. Ethnic community. Ethnos. People. Nation
Ethnic community -this is a group of people who are interconnected by common origin and a long joint existence. In the course of a long joint vital activity of people, general and sustainable features that distinguish one group from another were developed within each group. Such signs include the language, the peculiarities of household culture, the developing customs and traditions of the people or the ethnos (in various languages \u200b\u200band in the scientific literature, the terms "people" and "ethnos" are used as synonyms). These signs are reproduced in ethnic self-awareness of the peoplein which he is aware of his unity, first of all - the community of its origin and thus its ethnic relationship.
At the same time, he distinguishes himself from other peoples who are peculiar to their origin, their own language and their culture. Ethnic self-consciousnessthe people sooner or later manifests itself in all of his self-awareness, in which its origin, inherited traditions, understanding their place among other peoples.
1 types of ethnic communities. The most ancient ethnic communities include tribesthe life and activity of which were based on birth and social connections. Each tribe possessed signs of ethnic community: they differed from each other by their origin, the language that had established customs and traditions, material and spiritual culture - from primitive to relatively highly developed. Each tribe formed its ethnic self-awareness. It possessed ethnonym(title). The tribes are a form of an organization of a primitive bind system, which in various historical epochs existed on different continents of the Earth. They currently exist in some parts of the Asian, American, African and Australian continents.
With the decomposition of the primitive-communal system disintegrates and tribes. With the transition to K. civilizationin which the birth, but social relationships between people, the tribe gave way to another type of ethnic community to the fore, people.All nations as ethnic community at the stage of civilization (whether the peoples of ancient Greece and ancient Rome, Egypt, India or China, and in later periods - the peoples of France, Germany or Russia) have always been different and differ today with their special socio-ethnic signsincluding the peculiarities of its origin, language, culture, ethnic self-consciousness, etc.
In contrast to the tribes peoplesthey achieved in the era of civilization of incomparably greater social and ethnic consolidation and higher (several orders of magnitude, as the ethnographers, historians, linguists and other specialists fix) the development of their language, material and spiritual culture. It was at that time that the national characters of many nations began to develop, which found their expression in their national consciousness and self-awareness. In other words, the tribes were replaced by the emerging ancient peoples - - - nationsreached its heyday in subsequent historical epochs.
The formation of nations, which began with the decomposition of a tribal system, ended with the development of machine production and the capitalist market, taking all the districts and areas of a country in a single economic organism. The intensification of economic communication inevitably stepped up the political and cultural communication of people, which led to the consolidation of them as nations, the flourishing of culture and national nature.
Such an approach is somewhat different with the approach to the problem of the development of historical communities of people, according to which primitive-communal tribes developed in nation, and the latter in the nation. At the same time, nation and nation were endowed in essence and the same signs, and differed among themselves according to the degree of development of these signs, it was emphasized that with the time of the nationality they become nations.
A similar, as it turned out, in many respects, the artificial criterion of the distinction of nations and nations did not receive any evident scientific substantiation. It remains unclear what ethnic community, whether, for example, Kyrgyz, Chechens, Yakuts, can be considered a nation, and what kind of nationality and how to determine the moment of processing of nationality to the nation.
One of the famous domestic ethnographers M.V. Hooksit is not relatively arguing that, for example, Lenin consumed the terms "nation", "nationality", "(nationality", "people" as synonyms and that the opposition of nations and nationalities was introduced by Stalin in 1921 in theses "On the next challenges of the party in National Question. "According to Kryukov, it was" theoretically insolvent and practically harmful. "For artificially gave rise to new inter-ethnic contradictions related to the fact that not all ethnic community considered a fair arbitrary attribution of some of them to the nations, and others. . Like many other ethnographers, hooks a few years ago offered to return to the use of the phrases of the "peoples of the Soviet Union", just as it is marked in a well-known "Declaration of the Rights of Russia" 1. In the same time, the term "peoples" replaces the terms " nation "and" nation ", the difference between which is purely conditional.
Nation.In domestic and foreign literature, you can meet a lot of judgments about the nations as ethnic communities that have formed zadolomo capitalism. So, french scientist J.E. Renan(1823- 1892) believed that the nation existed at the beginning of the Middle Ages, "starting from the end of the Roman Empire or, better, since the decomposition of the Empire of Karl's Great ... 1.
What is the nation? Responding to this question, Renan rightly argued that the nation cannot be reduced to one or another race.Race points out "to blood relations", and the nation can be inserted in the process of joint life and "mixing" representatives of different races. "The biggest countries are England, France, Italy are those in which the blood is the most mixed" 2. It is this circumstance that characterizes the nation of these countries. Truly there is no nation, all the representatives of which would only relate to one race.
Nations combine natural and social properties. In any case, the nation cannot be reduced exclusively to natural phenomena, as some scientists do. Even if we assume that one of the essential signs of the nation is the generality of its origin from some ancestors 3, then in this case it should be borne in mind that the nation does not at all reduce this feature. As other signs of Renan, as well as the German historian K. Kautsky(1854-1938) and other researchers call the community of language, territory, economic life 4, which, according to K. Kautsky, began to take shape in the XIV century., I.e. In the Middle Ages, and ended in capitalism.
One of the signs of the nation renan calls the generality of the interests of the 5 people in it. The community of interest is determined by Renan, the general living conditions, the generality of history and fate and is a powerful factor in the formation and development of the nation. Over time, a more or less rich spiritual world of the nation is formed, uniting all of its representatives. "The nation is a soul," says E. Renan 6. Spiritual signs of the nationmany thinkers mark. So, French sociologist and social psychologist Leboon(1841-1931) He proceeded from the fact that "each people possesses the mental system as sustainable as its anatomical abilities." From this "mental system", there are feelings of the people, his thoughts, beliefs, art, as well as various kinds of institutions governing its social life. Lebon spoke about the "soul of the people" and that "only she ... retains a nation" 2. The soul of the people is its morals, feelings, ideas, ways of thinking. When the morals deteriorate, the nation disappear, argued Lebrone. At the same time, he referred to an example of an ancient Rome. Romans, according to him, had a very strong ideal.
This ideal is the greatness of Rome - absolutely dominated over all souls; And every citizen was ready to sacrifice his family for him with his family and his life.
This was the power of Rome. Subsequently, the desire for luxury came to the fore, debauchery, which weakened the nation. "When the barbarians appeared at his (Rome. - Auth.)the gate, his soul was already dead "3.
The idea of \u200b\u200b"soul of the people" as "souls of the nation" supported and developed a German psychologist and philosopher Wilhelm Wyandt(1832-1920). He rightly argued: to understand the soul of the people, it is necessary to know his story. Useful, according to him, there will be knowledge of ethnology, art, science, religion, language and customs 4.
Austrian sociologist and politician Otto Bauerindicated the natural and cultural signs of the nation. He wrote that the nation as a "natural community" proceeds from "physically determined heredity, through which children are transferred to the properties of parents" 5. However, the main distinctive signs of the nation of Bauer considered its language and culture. "The generality of origin without cultural community always forms only races and never creates a nation," he argued 6. The national consciousness is interpreted by him as awareness of the fact that people converge among themselves "in possessing well-known cultural values", as well as in the direction of their will, which is the features of them national character.Theoretically, the National Consciousness is awareness that I and my tribesmen are the essence of the products of the same story 1.
Developing a very relevant theory of national-cultural autonomy today, Bauer saw the main task in "making a national culture ... the property of the whole people and so, the only possible way(italics our. - Auth.)rally all members of the nation in the national-cultural community. "
Summarizing said, it can be argued that
nation -this is a special historical community of people characterized by the generality of its origin, language, territory, economic structure, as well as a mental warehouse and culture, manifested in the community of its ethnic consciousness and self-consciousness. National in any of its manifestations is associated with the unique ethnic characteristics of the nation. This relationship can be expressed to a greater or lesser extent, but it always takes place. Thus, economic or political relations acquire the national content of smoothly as much as they are related to the decision of the ethnic problems of the life of nations. Behind these limits, they may be socio-class or some other relations, but not national. The same can be said about moral, aesthetic and other relations. National character they acquire when they social content is organically connected with ethnic,"Complete" with him.
In the future, we will use the terms "ethnos", "people", "nation" as synonyms, i.e. Equalized in meaning, say the Russian people there is a Russian ethnos and a Russian nation. The volume and value of these phenomena and expressing their concepts and terms are essentially the same. The same refers to the Ukrainian, Kazakh, Georgian or French and German peoples (ethnic groups, nations), appropriate concepts and terms. Currently, many scientists, including very good, demonstrate this approach to this issue. How identities use the concepts of "ethnos" and "people" L.N. Gumilev 1. V.A. Tishkov,the famous ethnograph scientist, instead of the concepts of "nationality" and "nation" to use one concept - "People" 2.
Concept nationalityindicates ethnic signs not only by the whole nations, compactly residing in certain territories, but also of all its representatives, wherever they live, including in the territories of other peoples and states.
8.2. National Ethnic Relations
As noted, national relations are always associated with the solution of certain ethnic issues related to the conditions for the survival and development of certain ethnic groups (peoples), including the problems of territories, language, spiritual life, traditions, culture, preservation of their "identity, etc. By virtue of this, they act as national ethnic relationsand the concepts of "national relations" and "national-ethnic relations" are essentially identical.
The objective prerequisite for the emergence and development of national relations is the existence of individual nations (ethnic groups, peoples), differing in their ethnic characteristics, starting with the features of origin relating to their historical and modern homeland, and ending with the peculiarities of the language, culture, ethnic consciousness, etc. National relations do not exist, as it were, in its pure form, in the separation from other public relations, they are woven into these relationships (political, spiritual, language, economic, environmental) and refractible in the content and forms of manifestation of these relationships. All these relationships may acquire a national character if the ethnic problems of the existence of certain peoples are resolved in the process of their implementation or if economic, political and other problems are solved in the context of national-ethnic problems. In other words, the social and ethnic aspects of the life of nations and national relations are organically interrelated.
National relations are usually integrated, because they concern the regulation of many parties to the relationship between peoples (ethnos). They enter into one or less rich spiritual content, since the subjects entering them inevitably demonstrate their ethnic consciousness and self-awareness, sometimes quite strong passions inherent in the mood of feelings and minds. At the same time, various kinds of illusion, delusion, prejudice and myths are often manifested. This is one of the features of the manifestation of national-ethnic relations between nations.
Relationships in society is the necessary scope of personality development. Humanity cannot exist outside of social relations: a person becomes a man only if he contacts him like. Watching children, for a long time living outside of human society, shows that a person becomes an animal if he communicates with animals only. The person is only because he is socially. He feels comfortable in the society of other people, establishing relations with them in accordance with the generally accepted rules (kinship, hierarchy). The child absorbs social rules and acquires cultural baggage (language, moral values). This gives him the opportunity:
- Physical
- Emotional
- Spiritual
- Intellectual
- Social progress
A person is a symbiosis of congenital biological nature and a purchased social context. He is born and lives in society and from the first days of life I study social relationships.
Socialization of the personality: the multifaceted process
Personality and society relations are in the process of socialization and lasting a lifetime.
In childhood, the child copies the behavior of parents surrounding his people. It unconsciously remembers passively assimilates the elements of their behavior.
The process of socialization is completed by the creation of a person. The new person appears as a result of the mutual influence of the individual and society on each other.
Family relations and society
Existence is a fact, and life is art. The art of life and communicate with other people a child is in the family. Parents are his teachers, because they have a life experience.
Children are inconsistently, they will easily affect them. The child is in infantal desire: everything is immediately. Without going on a journey, he already wants to come. He wants to be a winner, without participating in the battle.
Parents teach a child to think, evaluate, distinguish good and evil, truth and lies. They teach to love and forgive.
Parents raise a child, fully form a person. They teach a child to "live with other people", live in society. They teach the adoption of another person with its features and disadvantages.
Father and mother make her son or daughter, wanting to see them with decent, smart people.
Education goes through direct imitation, the desire to be similar to the sample. It is more difficult to educate than learning - to give specific knowledge. Education is impossible to squeeze into the framework of the program, and the estimates for it puts life.
A full-fledged family life relies on healthy based on:
- Love
- Trust
- Respect
- Loyalty
- Skill to forgive
Spiritual relations in society
Spiritual maturity is the fruit of spiritual education. It can not be based only on the knowledge of the sacred texts: the Bible, the Quran or Talmud. These are important things to neglect whom it is not worth it. But real spiritual maturity is manifested in the behavior, the nature of man, its attitude towards the near.
"Go with others as you want to come with you" - this rule can be called the basis of the morality of society. It has an amazing force:
- We rejoice when we are attentive and kind to another person
- We are tormented by conscience, if we lie or offend someone
Spiritually mature man internally free. A person is not born free. He becomes them. Free, spiritually mature man:
- knows how to distinguish good and evil, justice and injustice
- he knows himself
- knows how to own itself and its emotions
- creatures another person
How to improve interpersonal relationships in society?
Maintain healthy interpersonal relationships is important for the full life of society and professional activities. Good relations in the family and society are of paramount importance for human physical and mental health, they help:
- create a high level of confidence, cooperation, mutual assistance between people
- provide personal self-esteem
- get satisfaction from work, reducing stress
- strengthen motivation and interest in general
Healthy interpersonal relationships arising in society have a beneficial effect on professional associations:
- a positive image of the collective is created.
- his members expressed a sense of solidarity and responsibility for colleagues
- created full cooperation, unity in the fulfillment of a common cause
- , performance, work efficiency
- disappears fluidity of personnel
- no passes, desets, hospital sheets
What needs to be done to improve interpersonal relationships?
It is necessary to create a favorable context, because all relations imply the presence of two sides. Consider the relationship on the example of organizations, since in everyday life we \u200b\u200boften build them in the team of colleagues. Inside any organization requires:
- Culture of communication based on common values: honesty, respect, mutual trust
- Openness of communication between members of this organization and free exchange of information
- The head of the organization must be an adviser, friend and support of its employees
- Emerging misunderstandings must be allowed quickly and painlessly
Each employee must at a personal level:
- Wish to develop relationships based on mutual respect, honesty and loyalty
- Take into account the opinion of another person
- To trust yourself and colleagues
- Take another person with his features
- Communicate openly, sharing thoughts and information
In such property properties, healthy interpersonal relationships may be built.
We can affect the quality of our social contacts. This is important for human health, his satisfaction with its daily life.
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