FROM deep antiquity To date, international relations occupy the most important place in political life man. Political thinkers of different times and peoples, as well as politicians led and still conduct permanent search for ways to create on earth " eternal world"," Non-European House "," United World Government ", etc. Today, world order depends on the relationship and interaction of more than 200 states on different floors of historical, economic, political and cultural development.
Under international relations Usually understand the totality of political, economic, ideological, legal, diplomatic, cultural, military and other relations and relations between the main subjects of the world community (Fig. 18).
Subjects international relations First of all are states. They determine the development of all forms of international relations due to the fact that this is the only subject that possesses sovereignty. This means that this subject does not recognize any other power in relation to itself, except for its own, no obligations, except those that have taken upon themselves voluntarily or under the influence of special obligations. The state has all the fullness on its territory political power.
In the system of international relations, interstate relations are of paramount importance. However, it should be noted that in modern world There was an objective tendency to expand participants in international relations. Increasingly important subjects in international relations are interstate and international organizations: bilateral and multilateral coalitions, economic and military political unions (blocks), regional organizations, international organizations.
International organizations as subjects of international relations More complex structures than interstate. They can be intergovernmental and non-governmental, as well as mixed typewhere government structures include and public organizations, and even individual members.
Fig. eighteen.
As subjects of international relations, international organizations can enter into interstate relations from their own name And at the same time on behalf of all states in them. The number of international organizations is constantly growing. So, if at the beginning of the XX century. There were 20 intergovernmental and about 200 non-governmental organizations, then they are currently about 300 and more than 2500, respectively.
The activities of international organizations are multilateral. IN modern conditions The sphere of their activities include the problems of war and peace, protecting the natural environment, the problems of population and resources, i.e. Life support of mankind, the problem of overcoming the gap between economically developed and backward countries, many other problems.
The first international organization appeared World Postal Soyuz (UPU), which arose in 1875 and is currently conducting its work in Brussels, produces annuals with lists of all international organizations.
The League of nationsshe became the first international organization operating in the period between world wars. In the statute of the League of Nations, the development of cooperation between nations and the guarantee of their peace and security was proclaimed as the main goal, but this goal was unattainable. Yes, otherwise, there could not be, because among the four permanent members of the Council of the League of Nations, two were represented by Italy and Japan - countries that in alliance with fascist Germany unleashed the second world War. There were other reasons for the most negative influence on the authority of this international organization. It is hardly the main thing among them was the "policy of peace", conducted by democratic countries of the West in relation to fascist Germany and Italy. The crown of this policy was the Munich Agreement of 1938, as a result of which the state independence of Czechoslovakia was eliminated, and then other european countries. Ultimately, the League of Nations, energized by the internal contradictions of the participating countries, failed to block the road to aggressors to the next seizure of new territories, not to withstand, thus checking the time, by the end of the 1930s. In fact, it ceased to operate.
After the end of World War II, in October 1945, a new international organization emerged - United Nations (OOP), created on the initiative of leading participants of the anti-Hitler coalition on the basis of a voluntary association of state efforts in order to maintain and strengthen international Mira and security, as well as the development of cooperation between them. One of the UN main bodies is Security Council, To which the right to determine the presence of any threat to the world, violation of the world or act of aggression, make recommendations on which measures should be taken to maintain or restore international peace and security. At the same time, the decisions of the Security Council are considered accepted only if its permanent members - the USSR (now Russia), the USA, the United Kingdom, France and China vote for them.
The United Nations and the Security Council made a lot to ensure the world, and today their efforts are decreasing the confrontation of the warring parties, the most acceptable solutions are being searched which can prevent conflict situations in different regions World. But to achieve the desired results, unfortunately, it is not always possible. Evidence of this is armed conflicts that are often able to know about themselves in various regions of the world.
Since 1949, functions Council of Europe - Intergovernmental organization of the Western European countries, which is currently expanding at the expense of East european states And acquires a significant political weight in society. In early 1996, Russia was also adopted in this organization.
In 1975, the final stage took place in Helsinki Safety and Cooperation Meetings in Europe (CSCE) with the participation of managers of 33 European states, as well as the United States and Canada. Meeting was appeared an important step On the way to strengthen the discharge of international tensions and establishing relations of equal cooperation between states. In the early 1990s There was an institutionalization of the CSCE into a permanent body, which was provided with great rights, up to implementation necessary measures In order to curb interstate conflicts and conservation of the world. In December 1994, a regular summit was held, on which it was decided to renaming from January 1, 1995 to the OSCE - Safety and Cooperation Organization in Europe.
One of important conditions The successful functioning of modern international organizations is to prevent Dictates on them from a particular state or group of countries. The implementation of this could cause the desire of other states to create their international organizations or unions, which would be equivalent to the revival of block policies.
With all possible circumstances, there is one fundamental alternative to the development of international relations: either the world, or the war is not given. Therefore, the task of politicians, if they deliberately do not seek to incite the contradictions between countries, are not powerful funds as arguments, but negotiations. Such a need has become particularly relevant in our time, in concentration conditions large number arms mass lesion and those types of conventional weapons, which in their characteristics also pose a considerable threat to civilization and life on Earth. Political negotiations - the only reasonable way to solve international problemsaimed at preventing conflict situations, strengthening mutual understanding and cooperation. Negotiations can lead to the achievement of the goals of consensus or compromise.
Consensus (consent, unanimity) - a procedure and decision-making method without a voting and in the absence of formal objections from any of the participants in negotiations against decision-making in general in the interests of a common cause.
If it is impossible to achieve consensus based on consensus, another method should be used - compromise. Agreement achieved by mutual concessions of the parties adhered to opposite opinions and actions.
Compromise is not the end of the struggle, but a truce. With a favorable outcome of further negotiations, the compromise may result in consent on the basis of consensus. But this is achievable, provided that the Contracting Parties comply with equality, to strive for justice, will find mutual language When solving problems facing them.
Plan
Lecture number 5. Modern system of international relations
Our people are the best of all nations,
and therefore it is intended to confuse one way or another.
all other nations or, in any case, take the first
higher place Between them ...
Such a formula is consecrated by any violence, oppression,
infinite wars, all evil and dark in the history of the world.
B.C. Soloviev
IN 1. Subjects of international relations.
AT 2. World order.
IN 3. International conflicts and methods of their settlement.
International relations continue to be struggle for wealth and power between independent actors in a state of relative anarchy.
The system of international relations form subjects of the world community. This system Hierarchical and includes subsystems, levels - global, regional and local.
The main actor of international relations is the state; His policy determines the nature of these relationships.
State is political organization Society, providing its integrity and exercising sovereign public power through the state mechanism. Signs of state: territory, border; population; public power; coercion apparatus; sovereignty; regulatory framework; taxes, treasury, budget; symbolism.
(In the modern world, the process of increasing the number of states is underway. Since the beginning of the 20th century, the number of states increased more than three times. In the 1960s, the growth in the number of states was a consequence of the crash of the empires, and in the 1990s - the collapse of totalitarian states.)
The state is the only subject of world politics with sovereignty. The category "sovereignty" has two aspects - the first is determined by the freedom of choice by the population political regime And the road economic Development. The second - denotes the independence and equality of states, their non-interference in each other's affairs.
Factor sovereignty causes main feature International relations are the lack of a single nucleus of power and management.
The formal processes of world disintegration, the formation of new states is equalized by the real integration process and the growth of their interdependence during globalization. With development information technologies, the world communication community arises, and the permeability of the borders increases, state structures lose some of the powerful powers. New policies are published on the world arena: non-governmental organizations, transnational corporations, interstate regions, etc.
Politics There are activities about the conquest, retention of power and order it. The state policy is internal and external, and the external policy is secondary to the internal. Under foreign Policy It is understood by the course of the state (goals and ways to achieve them) in international relations. She is designed to ensure favorable external conditions For the implementation of goals and tasks internal politicians. At the same time, foreign policy has its own goals and the opposite effect on the inner.
Some geopolitics are developing the theory of geopolitical codes of states - a set of strategic assumptions that the government is about other states in the formation of its foreign Policy.
Foreign policy relies on the potential of the state - economic, demographic, military, scientific and technical, cultural. IN modern states The leadership of the state of state is carried out by foreign policy. To maintain a foreign policy course, there are specialized bodies - Mid, parliamentary committees for foreign policy, embassy, \u200b\u200betc.
Formally, foreign policy is expressed in the development and adoption of foreign policy decisions.
The defining factor of foreign policy is national interest. This is awareness of the indigenous needs of society and their reflection in the activities of the authorities.
The field of national interests of any state belongs:
1) ensuring the internal and external security of the state, maintaining its sovereignty and territorial integrity,
2) an increase in the material and spiritual welfare of the population,
3) the growth of the influence of the state in the world arena.
Specific interests of Russia:
Building an effective economy;
Creation of capable state institutions;
The optimal combination of the interests of the whole country and its regions;
Achievement about high level life;
Creature civil society and the development of democracy;
Saving a favorable external environment.
National interests are not unchanged. They change with the change in the state itself and ambient. Before the authority elite is the task of determining the content of national interests at each stage of the country's development. Means of achieving national interests and conduct of foreign policy are: political, economic, military and cultural and ideological funds.
An international organization can be defined as a stable, structured form of cooperation of its members created on a voluntary basis for a joint decision common problems and functioning within the framework of the Charter. According to the nature of membership, two types of international organizations allocate:
1) intergovernmental - based on contracts;
2) non-governmental organizations that unite non-governmental institutions and citizens of different states.
There are various typologies of intergovernmental international organizations:
1. By territorial sign:
Global;
Regional;
Interregional;
Subregional.
2. For the field of activity:
Organizations of economic nature;
Sectoral organizations;
In the field of culture and sports;
Military-political;
Universal.
An international organization is the phenomenon of historical and dynamically developing. Increased activity occurred in 2 floors. 19th century, due to the increase in the number of sovereign states and the strengthening of contacts between them in the 1st wave of globalization. So arose: the World Telegraph Union, the World Postal Union, the International Bureau of Measures and Libra, the International Red Cross, etc.
After the Second World War, about three thousand intergovernmental organizations and 20 thousand non-governmental, of which about 2 thousand have the status of observers for the UN. United Kingdom, USA, Japan, Brazil participate in more than 100 organizations, France, Denmark - more than 150.
Some international organizations have attributes of political power. First of all, this is the UN. Its bodies can make decisions (Sat Resolutions), which are mandatory for all members of the world community. The UN includes a number of suburbanization, for example: IAEA, WHO, IMF, ILF, UNESCO, international Court.
IN lately The UN has significantly lost its influence, so many problems of world politics are solved outside its framework. For example, within the "eight", "twenty", EU, NATO, etc.
Non-governmental international organizations are unions that consist of public groups and citizens of a number of countries. It can be organizations: professional, demographic, religious, legal, environmental, humanitarian, sports, in defense of the world, etc.
Transnational corporations are specialized non-governmental international commercial organizations. Huge resources allow them to significantly affect world politics. In 2007, there were 79 thousand transnational corporations in the world. TNK had about 790 thousand branches abroad. In 2007, their exports amounted to one third of world exports. They control 50% of world industrial production, almost 2/3 foreign trade, ¾ Informer and 4/5 of the software market, 4/5 patents and licenses. The core of the economic system accounts for about 500 transnational corporations with unlimited economic power. Their potential is comparable to gross product major states. TNK combined in 50-60 financial and industrial blocks.
Transnational corporations leads to different consequences. Positively, they contribute to the development of the global economy and trade, job creation, the implementation of the procedures of a peaceful solution of conflicts. Negative sides are the erosion of national sovereignty, progressive bundle of the world (rich north - poor south).
So, B. modern system international relations are viewed by the following global trends:
1. Expanding the composition and increase in the diversity of political actors.
2. Blur state sovereignty Due to the transparency of state borders, the strengthening of separatism, the exit of the regions to the international level.
3. Formal multipolarity. The configuration of the global structure is transitional (which can be defined as pluralistic unipolarity).
4. The progressive permeability of the face between the internal and foreign policy.
5. Democratization of both internal political and international life.
6. Strengthened impact on world development Complex global problems (political, economic, environmental, humanitarian).
International relations are a specific species public relations. International relationships - This is a combination of political, economic, legal, military, cultural and other relations and relationships between subjects acting on the world stage
The formation and development of international relations occurs under the influence of a number of factors:
the developing world economic and political situation;
balance of military-strategic forces;
activities of international organizations;
the influence of individual states on the course of events in the world;
states of the natural environment, etc.
The main feature of international relations is the absence of a single central nucleus of power and management. They are built on the principle of polycentricism and polyerarchy. Therefore, natural processes and subjective factors play a major role in international relations.
Interstate relations play dominant role in international relations. But the subjects of international relations, along with the state, also include intergovernmental and non-governmental organizations, political parties and movements, social groups and individual individuals (see scheme 15.1).
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Subjects of international political relations |
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National states | |||
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Organizations of regional, interregional, interstate nature, for example, the EU | |||
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International authorities and their bodies, such as UN | |||
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Non-state social and political public organizations and movements | |||
Figure 15.1. Subjects of international political relations
In recent decades, an objective tendency of expansion of participants in international relations has been designated. International organizations are becoming increasingly important subjects. They are usually divided into interstate or intergovernmental and non-governmental.
Interstate organizations are stable associations of states based on contracts, have a certain competence and permanent authorities.
The complexity of interstate relations in political sphereThe need to regulate international life led to the creation of non-governmental organizations. They have a more complex structure than interstate. Such organizations may be purely non-governmental, and may be mixed, the network includes both governmental structures, and public organizations, and even individual members.
As subjects of international relations, international organizations can enter into interstate relations from their own behalf and at the same time on behalf of all states in them. The number of international organizations is constantly growing.
International organizations cover a variety of aspects of international relations. They are created in the economic, political, cultural, national regions, have certain features and specifics.
The largest role in the system of international relations is played by the United Nations (UN). It has become almost the first in the history of the mechanism of a wide multifaceted interaction of various states in order to maintain peace and security, promoting the economic and social progress of all peoples.
Created in 1945, the UN turned into an integral part of the international structure. Its members are about 200 states, which indicates that it has reached almost complete versatility. No major event in the world remains out of sight of the UN.
The UN structure consists of the Secretariat headed by the Secretary-General, whom he elected every 5 years, the Security Council, which consists of 15 countries and the General Assembly, which includes all countries of the organization.
Within the framework of the UN formed whole line organizations that organically entered the system of international relations and as UN structures, and as independent organizations. These include:
- WHO (World Health Organization);
- ILO (International Labor Association);
- IMF (International Monetary Fund);
- UNESCO (organization engaged in issues of culture and science);
- IAEA (International Organization for Atomic Energy);
- UNCTAD (United Nations Conference on Trade and Development);
- International Court.
International government organizations have more levers of impact on international policies and individual states than public organizations that affect mainly through the formation of an international public opinion.
International relations are the space that face and interact on different level: global, interregional, regional and bilateral Various forces (state, economic, political, public, intellectual, etc.).
On the globalthe level is solved by problems relating to all mankind. And one of the main mechanisms by which such problems is solved is the UN activities.
Interregionallevel is international relations between representatives of various regions that have common interests. The mechanism of their implementation is various international organizations in support of peace and solidarity: World Council of Peace (SMM), PAGUESSKY MOWER; Religious organizations: World Council of Churches (WTS), Christian Peace Conference (HMC); Professional organizations: International Organization of Journalists (can), International Organization of the Criminal Police (Interpol); Demographic organizations: International Democratic Women's Federation (MDFG), World Association of Youth (YOU), etc.
Regionallevel is a relationship in the framework of one region - Europe, the Middle East, the Pacific Zone, etc. Subjects of such relations along with states are regional organizations, such as the Association of Southeast Asian States (ASEAN), the European Community (EU), League arab states (Lag), etc.
Bilateral (local)the level is the relationship between two states, for example: Ukraine - Germany, Ukraine - India, etc.
The main forms of international relations conduct cooperation, rivalry and conflict.
Cooperationit is implemented through participation in the activities of various international organizational structures, the conclusion of bilateral and multilateral agreements on friendship and cooperation. The most promising cooperation, which adequately meets the geostrategic interests of subjects of international relations is called a strategic partnership.
The strategic partnership implies large-scale and mutually beneficial ways to interact in various spheres of public life. At the same time, a prerequisite for the strategic partnership is the commonality of views and approaches to key issues of international politics, global and regional development.
Rivalryit assumes the peaceful nature of the struggle between states for the profitable implementation of its national interest, ranging from expanding its capital and technologies before placing military bases. Rivalry is inherent in both countries in relation to strategic partnership and in confrontation relations.
Conflicts on the international Level There are when it is possible to resolve incompatible interests of spirit or several states. They are reflected in the denunciation of contracts, breaking diplomatic relations, economic blockade, provoking internal destabilization through information diversions, terrorist acts, military coups, etc.
International relations are based on two principles: forces and rights.
Principle of power means that the state or group of states can impose their interests to other states, expand its influence, using their advantages in military power, diplomacy, economic power, technological or intellectual development. This principle, regardless of the change in the ratio in its structure of those or other elements, remains the most important factor in geopolitics. At the present stage of world development, the state is the state, the power of which is mainly measured by the economic, technological, information and intellectual potential.
Principle of law It is that the national state in international relations should be relying not only for its strength, but also adhere to the norms of international order.
Stable international procedure involves the optimal connection of the principle of law and the principle of force, or the balance of power. The balance of power is ensured by the ability of the state or group of states to resist its opponents, their aggressive intentions.
All actors on international arena operate in the field of international relations. International relations are a combination of economic, political, legal, ideological, diplomatic, military, cultural and other relations and relationships between the actors operating in the world stage.
The main feature of international relations is the absence of a single central nucleus of power and management. They are built on the principle of polycentricism and polyerarchy. Therefore, natural processes and subjective factors play a major role in international relations.
International relations are the space that face and interact at different levels (global, regional, multilateral and bilateral) various forces: state, military, economic, political, public and intellectual.
International relations are characterized by a subjective factor that reflects the role outstanding leaders, as well as the intentions of other participants in international relations. The subject of international relations is called social groupcapable of being an independent foreign policy agent.
Subject international law - This is a participant in international relations with international rights and duties and carrying out and having them within and on the basis of international law.
Usually referred to four types of subjects of international relations:
1. National states. They are currently over 200. All of them have outlined borders and are sovereign. The state is a priority subject of international relations, since it represents the local community.
It is the states that, or rather interstate relations, primarily determine the nature, climate and the direction of the development of international relations. The purpose of interstate relations is to create the most profitable terms The functioning and development of the states themselves. Of course, interstate relations may affect the most different spheres: political, economic, cultural, etc. At the same time, within each sphere, it is possible to allocate certain subspecies of relations: for example, in the political sphere - diplomatic and military relations, in. Economic - trade, etc.
Influence, state strength on the world arena can be represented as its ability, protecting their own interests, to influence other states on the course of events in the world.
The strength of the state, its position in the system of international relations causes a number of factors. Recently it was believed that the main force for this is military power. Of course, the military potential of the country largely determines its power and the corresponding position in the international arena.
The real state of the state in the world stage is determined by broader indicators. They are considered to include the size of the territory, natural and human resources, the structure of the national economy, the volume and quality of industrial and agricultural production, the ability to ensure protective development Countries, guarantee economic security Societies, as well as the ability of the country to have a progressive impact on international development.
A significant feature of the state as a subject of international relations is its property as sovereignty. National-state sovereignty has two main aspects: internal and external.
Internal aspect means full freedom States in identifying their internal and foreign policy. The external aspect means non-interference states into each other's internal affairs, their equality and independence in relationships. However, formally legal equality of states does not indicate their real equality as subjects of international relations. States differ on the basis of their territory, population, natural resources, economic potential, military power etc. The consequence of such inequality is the real stratification of states for superpasses, great states, medium, small and microstation.
2. Supported or interethnic organizations. The result of interstate relations can be and become association of states based on the norms of international law - the so-called intergovernmental organizations. They are created to implement certain goals of States parties, most often to implement any common interest. These are primarily international government organizations: the UN with its global departments, such as UNESCO, MBRD, IMF, ILF, etc. This includes the European Parliament, the International Court of Justice, etc. To this type of subjects of international relations, organizations arising in order to gain Regions, the population of continents, peoples with close or similar ethnic properties. This is League arab countries, Organization american states, CIS and others.
The largest role in the system of international relations is played by the United Nations (UN). It has become almost the first in history by the mechanism of wide multifaceted interaction of various states in order to maintain peace and security, promoting economic and social progress All nations.
Created in 1945, the UN turned into an integral part of the international structure. Its members are 185 states, which indicates that it has reached almost complete versatility. No major event in the world remains out of sight of the United Nations.
The complexity of interstate relations in the political sphere, the need to regulate economic life leads to the expansion of the relationship between states and the creation of international organizations already as an third group of subjects of international relations. In this capacity (as subjects of international relations), international organizations can enter into interstate relations on their own behalf and at the same time on behalf of all Member States.
International government organizations have more impact levers on international Policy and individual states than public organizations that affect mainly through the formation of an international public opinion.
3. Non-state organizations. These are any international Associationscreated without intergovernmental agreements and acting mainly in the field of economics, science, technology, medicine, etc.
Non-governmental organizations have more complicated structurethan interstate. They can be purely non-governmental, and may be mixed, that is, the government structures and public organizations, and even individual members.
International non-governmental organizations include social and political organizations, as well as transnational corporations and some intergovernmental organizations that seek to approve their economic impact in international community. Examples of such organizations can serve as the World Council of Peace, International Federation Women, International Federation of Democratic Youth, World Organization Health (WHO), World Trade Union Organization, Churches, etc. This includes numerous different corporations (TNCs), ideological associations (Socintern, Comintern).
International monopolies or transnational corporations (TNCs) enjoy a huge influence on the world arena. These include enterprises, institutions and organizations whose goal is to receive profits and which act through their branches simultaneously in several states. The largest TNCs have enormous economic resources that give them advantages in this regard not only before small, but even large powers.
Important entities of world politics are religious organizations.
4. To the fourth type of subjects, some subjects of internal politics can be attributed if their activities go to the national framework and has a significant international reflection, creates significant consequences for international life. These are the organization of the type of Jews in the United States, whose activity acquires international importance, as well as different terrorist groups. To this fourth type of subjects relate to prominent figureswhose national activity acquired a global scale (de Gaulle, M. Gorbachev, D. Sakharov, etc.).
There are two traditions in determining the political and legal status of the subject of international relations:
- - State (monopoly subject of international relations - state)
- - non-governmental (in addition to the state, the subjects of international relations are influential social and political groupsunited in non-governmental organizations - financial groups, TNK, etc.)
State subjects (participants) of international relations.
Non-state actors (participants) of international relations.
2. Goals, interests and means of participants in international relations.
1. General characteristics and types of participants in international relations
At the beginning of the study of the topic, it should be noted that the centuries-old monopolism of the state in international relations led to the fact that international relations, diplomacy, foreign policy, war and the world - all this was and there are relations between states. But the three main trends of the 20th century, especially the second half of half and currently broke this self-evident harmony, the system of participants in international relations. Among such trends should be called:
high and increasing degree of internationalization of all areas modern life. Previously, the main objects of the foreign policy of the state, his participation in international relations were diplomacy, military policy and intelligence. In the current conditions, in the context of the growing internationalization of social relations, the state is forced to engage in economic, financial, scientific and technical, migration, environmental, etc. foreign policy;
the spread of democracy both within the state and all over the world. The problem is that, on the one hand, from the point of view of the right on behalf of the state, only his legitimate authorities and (or) representatives appointed by him may be; On the other hand, in the democratic country, the multi-party opposition system has other interests, estimates, goals. In this regard, the opposition actually affects a large extent on the relationship of democracy with other participants in international relations;
in the context of globalization, the internationalization is formed non-state institutions and their role in the states, in the international arena, it is constantly increasing.
Legally sovereignty and state power within the state (as principles) remain unchanged. But in practice, the possibilities of the state are limited significantly, due to the growing number of areas (objects) of international relations.
One way or another, taking into account these trends, the structure (composition) of subjects (participants, actors) of international relations is significantly expanding. Based on this, it is advisable to all participate in international relations for certain criteria to divide the main categories. One of these basic criteria is the attitude of them to statehood. From this point of view, there are vulnerable subjects and b) non-state entities.
State subjects (participants) of international relations.
It is necessary to understand that the main subject of international relations is currently a state that is a political structure, organization of society.
The development of the state, as a subject of international relations, has a long history. The origin of the state is associated with:
a) the transition of humanity to settling;
b) division (specialization) of labor;
c) the separation of management functions, concentrating it in the hands of a special social layer;
d) establishing political power over the population within a certain territory.
Currently, the state, as a subject of international relations, must have the following signs:
national-state sovereignty;
operation of an independent government;
the presence of a certain territory belonging to it;
accommodation of a certain commonality, which is united by language, culture, customs, etc.
Essence, role, place of the state in the system of international relations is manifested in its functions, among which the main:
maintaining order and safety within a certain boundaries of the territory;
creating conditions for social and economic development; rational distribution of goods and services; maintenance of employment; satisfying the basic needs of the population;
foreign policy.
Features of foreign policy is largely dependent on organizational forms of states, or from the state device.
In the history of the development of the state, from the point of view of its organizational forms, a number of stages are allocated, on each of which existed their form, namely:
world empires;
antique policies (state cities);
european monarchies;
national states.
The modern form of statehood is associated with the concept of sovereignty. In 18, Vennica is the formative form of statehood as the National State. Starting from the 19th century, such a form of the state device applies to the entire European region, and then (with the crash of colonial empires) - to the whole world.
Thus, it is important to assimilate that the development and existence of the modern form of statehood is closely related to the formation and development of the nation, as a special type of social community.
National states are independent, independent entities, the main general sign of which is sovereignty. But they have significant differences, differences, namely: in their territory, in terms of population, economic potential, social stability, political authority, armed forces, in its history (age).
With these differences, there is a certain classification (or stratification) of the countries of the world community. Classification is carried out on various criteria, incl. in terms of socio-economic (developed countries, medium-breeding, developing, superpower). Based on this, each state separately plays an unequal role in the system of international relations. And therefore, further, despite the national, state sovereignty, a dependency system is formed, which significantly complicates the system of international relations and contributes to the emergence of non-state participants in international relations.
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